Lettre d’information du Digital Watch – Numéro 102 – Juillet et Août 2025

Rétrospective juillet-août 2025

Le paysage numérique et géopolitique évolue plus vite que jamais, et il est plus important de le comprendre à sa juste valeur. Ce mois-ci, notre lettre d’information vous emmène au-delà des gros titres et vous fait découvrir les éléments qui influencent la technologie, l’IA et la cybersécurité.

Les leviers du pouvoir : les puces américaines contre les minéraux critiques chinois – qui détient réellement les clés de l’avenir ?

La course mondiale à l’IA : puissances rivales, visions concurrentes et implications pour l’avenir de l’IA.

Les enseignements de l’été : de la désillusion à la clarté : dix perspectives pour l’IA aujourd’hui.

Les cyber frontières : les intrusions numériques ne sont pas seulement techniques, elles redessinent la géopolitique.

Bilan du GTCNL : une étape décisive vers un mécanisme permanent de cybersécurité.Cet été à Genève : événements clés et enseignements qui influencent la gouvernance numérique internationale.



GOUVERNANCE NUMÉRIQUE

Les co facilitateurs du processus SMSI+20 ont publié l’avant projet du document final pour l’examen de la mise en œuvre du Sommet mondial sur la société de l’information (SMSI+20) vingt ans après sa tenue.

Lors de son sommet du 1er septembre à Tianjin, la Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) a mis l’accent sur la technologie, l’IA et la gouvernance numérique, avec une déclaration soulignant la cyber-souveraineté, l’IA inclusive, les normes de cybersécurité et une coopération numérique renforcée.

INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE

L’Assemblée générale des Nations unies a adopté une résolution établissant le cadre de deux nouveaux organes de gouvernance de l’IA — un groupe scientifique international indépendant et un dialogue mondial — convenus dans le cadre du Pacte mondial pour le numérique (PMN) de 2024.

La Commission européenne a publié son Code de bonnes pratiques finalisé pour les modèles d’IA à usage général, jetant ainsi les bases de la mise en œuvre de la loi historique sur l’IA. Le nouveau Code définit les règles en matière de transparence, de droits d’auteur et de sécurité que les développeurs doivent respecter avant les dates limites. Une nouvelle phase de la loi européenne sur l’IA est entrée en vigueur le 2 août, exigeant des États membres qu’ils désignent des autorités de contrôle et appliquent des sanctions.

Pour en savoir plus sur les développements de l’IA cet été, veuillez consulter les informations ci-dessous.

TECHNOLOGIES

La France et l’Allemagne ont annoncé un programme économique commun, s’engageant à unir leurs efforts dans les domaines de l’IA, de l’informatique quantique, des puces électroniques, du cloud et de la cybersécurité, tout en faisant de la souveraineté numérique une priorité politique et d’investissement majeure.

Les États-Unis, le Japon et la Corée du Sud ont organisé des réunions de coopération trilatérale sur l’informatique quantique afin de renforcer leur collaboration en matière de sécurisation des technologies émergentes.

Le gouvernement britannique a dévoilé son plan pour le secteur numérique et technologique, qui vise à porter la croissance de ce secteur à 1 000 milliards de livres sterling, grâce à l’IA, à l’informatique quantique et à la cybersécurité.

Le gouvernement turc prépare une vente aux enchères très attendue des fréquences 5G en octobre, le ministre des Transports et des Infrastructures annonçant que les premiers services devraient démarrer en 2026.

Deux ressortissants chinois ont été inculpés aux États-Unis pour avoir exporté illégalement vers la Chine, au cours des trois dernières années, des puces Nvidia IA de pointe d’une valeur de plusieurs millions de dollars. Pour en savoir plus sur les développements de cet été dans le domaine des puces, veuillez consulter les informations ci-dessous.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Plus de 70 associations de la société civile et de consommateurs ont publié une déclaration mettant en garde contre le fait que les frais d’interconnexion proposés dans le prochain Digital Networks Act de l’UE pourraient compromettre la neutralité du net, augmenter les coûts et freiner l’innovation.

Aux États-Unis, plusieurs groupes de défense de l’intérêt public renoncent à faire appel du jugement de janvier 2025 qui a annulé les règles de neutralité du Net de la FCC. Ils misent désormais sur d’autres stratégies, fédérales et locales, pour préserver un accès ouvert à Internet.

Un projet d’infrastructure numérique de 40 millions d’euros en mer Baltique, soutenu à hauteur de 15 millions par le mécanisme européen pour l’interconnexion en Europe (CEF2), prévoit l’installation de quatre câbles sous-marins et de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de fibre terrestre. Ce nouveau corridor longue distance d’environ 550 km reliera la Suède, l’Estonie et la Finlande afin de renforcer la connectivité dans la région baltique.

Une nouvelle action en justice intentée par Cloud Innovation a exacerbé la crise de gouvernance que traverse actuellement l’AFRINIC, faisant craindre une perte potentielle du contrôle africain sur l’infrastructure Internet du continent.

CYBERSÉCURITÉ

Le rapport de la commissaire australienne à la sécurité en ligne révèle que les géants du numérique ont accompli très peu de progrès dans la lutte contre les abus sexuels sur enfants en ligne. Certains ne suivent même pas le nombre de signalements ou d’employés dédiés, malgré les obligations de transparence légalement contraignantes imposées par l’Online Safety Act australien. https://dig.watch/updates/eu-sets-privacy-defaults-to-shield-minors 

Une note divulguée révèle que le débat européen sur l’instauration du filtrage obligatoire des messages privés s’intensifie. Le Parlement européen menace de bloquer la prolongation des règles volontaires si le Conseil n’accepte pas le principe d’un contrôle obligatoire des conversations en ligne.

Des chercheurs en cybersécurité ont découvert PromptLock, le premier rançongiciel connu alimenté par l’IA, une preuve de concept capable de vols de données et de chiffrement qui met en évidence la manière dont les outils d’IA accessibles au public pourraient aggraver les cybermenaces futures.

INTERPOL a annoncé qu’une opération de répression à l’échelle continentale visant les réseaux de cybercriminalité et de fraude avait conduit à plus de 1 200 arrestations entre juin et août 2025.Le Groupe de travail à composition non limitée (GTCNL) sur la sécurité et l’utilisation des TIC a clôturé sa dernière session de fond en juillet 2025 en adoptant son rapport final tant attendu.

ÉCONOMIE

Le président américain Donald Trump a officiellement signé le GENIUS Act, marquant une étape historique dans la mise en place d’un cadre juridique pour les monnaies stables aux États-Unis.

La Chine envisage actuellement d’autoriser les monnaies stables adossées au yuan dans le but de promouvoir l’utilisation mondiale de sa devise.

Le Bureau national du Bitcoin du Salvador a réparti les réserves de bitcoin du pays sur plusieurs nouvelles adresses afin de renforcer la sécurité, invoquant des risques potentiels futurs tels que l’informatique quantique. 

Le président américain Donald Trump a menacé d’imposer des droits de douane de rétorsion aux pays qui mettent en œuvre des taxes numériques ou des réglementations affectant les entreprises technologiques américaines.

La Chine a proposé un projet de règlement visant à garantir une tarification équitable et transparente sur les plateformes Internet vendant des biens et des services, invitant le public à donner son avis à la suite de nombreuses plaintes émanant de commerçants et de consommateurs.

DROITS DE L’HOMME

La nouvelle loi britannique sur la sécurité en ligne (Online Safety Act) a entraîné une augmentation de l’utilisation des VPN, les sites web ayant mis en place des restrictions d’âge plus strictes afin de se conformer à la législation.

Les autorités russes ont commencé à restreindre partiellement les appels sur Telegram et WhatsApp, invoquant la nécessité de prévenir la criminalité.

JURIDIQUE

Un tribunal de Floride a condamné Tesla à verser 243 millions de dollars de dommages et intérêts pour un accident mortel survenu en 2019 impliquant le système Autopilot, jugeant que son logiciel d’aide à la conduite était défectueux, ce qui pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur les ambitions de Tesla d’étendre son réseau émergent de robotaxis aux États-Unis.

La Cour de justice de l’UE (CJUE) a rejeté un recours contre le cadre de protection des données entre l’UE et les États-Unis, permettant ainsi la poursuite des transferts de données personnelles entre l’UE et les États-Unis sans garanties supplémentaires.

Un juge fédéral américain a refusé de démanteler l’activité de recherche de Google, mais a ordonné à l’entreprise de mettre fin à ses accords d’exclusivité, de partager certaines données avec ses concurrents et de garantir un accès équitable à ses services de recherche et de publicité, après avoir conclu qu’elle avait illégalement maintenu son monopole. Parallèlement, Google a écopé d’une amende de 3,5 milliards d’euros dans l’Union européenne pour abus de position dominante dans la publicité en ligne, l’entreprise ayant favorisé de manière déloyale sa propre plateforme d’échange publicitaire, AdX, en violation des règles de la concurrence de l’UE.

Anthropic a accepté un règlement record de 1,5 milliard de dollars avec des auteurs qui lui reprochaient d’avoir utilisé leurs travaux sans autorisation pour entraîner ses modèles d’IA, sous réserve de l’approbation du tribunal.

SOCIOCULTUREL

Le procureur général du Brésil (AGU) a officiellement demandé à Meta de supprimer les chatbots alimentés par l’IA qui simulent des profils d’enfants et engagent des dialogues sexuellement explicites, invoquant la crainte qu’ils « encouragent l’érotisation des enfants ».

Au Népal, des manifestations de masse ont éclaté à la suite d’une interdiction de 26 plateformes de réseaux sociaux pendant 24 heures et de la corruption du gouvernement, faisant 19 morts.Le président américain Trump a qualifié les préoccupations en matière de sécurité et de confidentialité concernant TikTok de très exagérées et a déclaré qu’il continuerait à prolonger le délai accordé à sa société mère, ByteDance, pour vendre sa participation majoritaire dans TikTok, sous peine d’être interdite à l’échelle nationale.

DÉVELOPPEMENT

L’UE exigera que toutes les plateformes vérifient l’âge des utilisateurs à l’aide du portefeuille d’identité numérique de l’UE d’ici 2026, avec des projets pilotes initiaux dans cinq pays et des amendes pouvant atteindre 18 millions d’euros ou 10 % du chiffre d’affaires mondial en cas de non-conformité.

La France, l’Allemagne, l’Italie et les Pays-Bas ont signé les documents constitutifs d’un nouveau consortium européen pour les infrastructures numériques communes, qui se concentrera sur les programmes numériques développés et utilisables par le public.

Le rapport publié en juillet par le secrétaire général des Nations unies présente en détail un fonds mondial volontaire pour l’IA, dont l’objectif est de réunir entre 1 et 3 milliards de dollars pour aider les pays à se préparer à l’IA grâce à des ressources essentielles, des stratégies nationales et la coopération.

La réalisation de la connectivité Internet universelle d’ici 2030 pourrait coûter jusqu’à 2 800 milliards de dollars, selon un rapport de l’UIT et du CST saoudien, qui appelle à une coopération et à des investissements mondiaux pour combler le fossé numérique qui se creuse et connecter le tiers de l’humanité qui n’a toujours pas accès à Internet.


Depuis plusieurs années, les semi-conducteurs sont au cœur de la rivalité technologique entre les États-Unis et la Chine, influençant les négociations commerciales, les contrôles à l’exportation et les débats sur la sécurité nationale. Les récentes difficultés rencontrées par Nvidia pour commercialiser sa puce H20 en Chine constituent le dernier épisode d’un long bras de fer, illustrant à quel point les technologies de pointe, les minéraux stratégiques et la politique industrielle sont désormais étroitement liés dans la politique mondiale.

La puce H20, lancée l’année dernière pour aider Nvidia à conserver son accès au marché chinois — qui représentait 13 % de ses ventes en 2024 —, était elle-même le résultat de considérations géopolitiques. Cependant, en avril, Washington a informé l’entreprise qu’elle devait obtenir une licence spéciale pour exporter la puce H20 vers la Chine, ce qui a entraîné l’arrêt des livraisons. Cette puce aurait équipé DeepSeek, l’un des modèles d’IA les plus avancés de Chine, ce qui a suscité des inquiétudes aux États-Unis en matière de sécurité nationale.

Nvidia a renouvelé sa demande de licence en juillet et a reçu la garantie qu’elle serait approuvée. Les ventes ont finalement repris, mais seulement après des mois de tergiversations qui reflétaient l’évolution de la position de Washington : en juillet, les contrôles à l’exportation ont été suspendus afin de soutenir les négociations commerciales entre les États-Unis et la Chine. En août, l’administration a oscillé entre la menace de bloquer les ventes de produits Nvidia avancés à la Chine et la possibilité d’approuver des versions modifiées.

En septembre, les ventes ont repris, dans des circonstances inhabituelles : à l’avenir, Nvidia reversera au gouvernement américain 15 % de ses revenus générés par la vente de puces en Chine, un accord largement qualifié d’inédit. AMD fera de même.

Le contexte général est le suivant : les contrôles exercés par la Chine sur les exportations de terres rares ont été au centre des négociations commerciales entre Pékin et Washington cet été. Pourquoi est-ce important ? Parce que la fabrication de puces électroniques dépend fortement de minéraux essentiels tels que le germanium et le gallium. Les États-Unis dépendent fortement des importations pour ces deux minéraux essentiels, en particulier de la Chine, compte tenu de son rôle prépondérant en tant que principal producteur et fournisseur de ces deux produits. Selon un résumé sur les matières premières minérales aux États-Unis, aucun gallium primaire (de faible pureté, non raffiné) n’a été extrait sur le territoire américain depuis 1987, et il n’existe aucune réserve gouvernementale de ce minéral. Les États-Unis produisent du germanium, mais il s’agit d’un sous-produit issu de la récupération des minerais de zinc, et non d’un produit primaire, ce qui rend le processus coûteux. Il existe bien un stock stratégique de 5 tonnes de germanium, mais ce chiffre est dérisoire par rapport aux 199 tonnes de production annuelle de germanium déclarées par la Chine. (Remarque : ces chiffres datent malheureusement de 2023, mais ils donnent une image suffisamment claire de la situation.)

La Chine, de son côté, s’appuie sur les puces NVIDIA pour rester compétitive dans la course mondiale à l’IA. Les alternatives nationales sont encore à la traîne en termes de performances, d’efficacité et de fiabilité. L’utilisation du matériel NVIDIA permet donc à la Chine de déployer immédiatement des solutions d’IA de pointe, tandis que son industrie nationale continue de se développer.

Les États-Unis ont ouvertement lié les concessions sur les puces électroniques aux discussions sur les terres rares : en échange d’une augmentation des livraisons de minéraux de terres rares en provenance de Chine, les États-Unis ont accepté de lever les restrictions à l’exportation de logiciels de conception de micropuces, d’éthane et de moteurs à réaction.

L’interaction entre l’accès aux puces électroniques et l’approvisionnement en minéraux illustre un compromis complexe : chaque partie tire parti de ses atouts, les États-Unis de leur savoir-faire en matière de semi-conducteurs, la Chine de sa domination dans le domaine des minéraux rares.

Les deux pays ont déjà tenté de mettre en place des contrôles à l’exportation, avec des résultats mitigés. Des rapports ont révélé que plus d’un milliard de dollars de puces Nvidia avaient déjà atteint la Chine par des canaux alternatifs. Cela a incité les États-Unis à envisager d’intégrer des dispositifs de suivi dans les expéditions de puces IA afin de surveiller d’éventuels détournements.

Malgré les restrictions à l’exportation imposées par la Chine, le germanium et le gallium continuent d’arriver aux États-Unis par des voies commerciales indirectes, probablement via des réexportations depuis des pays où la Chine en autorise l’exportation.

Ces données ont renforcé les doutes quant à la capacité réelle des contrôles à l’exportation à contenir la diffusion des technologies de pointe et ont incité chacun des acteurs à prendre des mesures pour mieux se positionner et réduire leur dépendance les uns envers les autres.

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États-Unis : tirer parti de la loi CHIPS Act

Les opposants affirment que la propriété publique risque de nuire à la compétitivité mondiale, et certains analystes se demandent si les récentes interventions, notamment l’affirmation de Trump selon laquelle il aurait « sauvé Intel », relèvent davantage du théâtre politique que d’une stratégie industrielle.

Pour ne rien arranger, le département américain du Commerce a annulé une subvention de recherche de 7,4 milliards de dollars signée sous l’administration Biden, ce qui brouille encore davantage le tableau de la politique américaine à long terme en matière de semi-conducteurs.

Les droits de douane constituent également une arme que les États-Unis comptent utiliser : le président Trump a déclaré que les États-Unis imposeraient des droits de douane d’environ 100 % sur les importations de semi-conducteurs, même si les entreprises qui produisent des puces sur le territoire national, ou qui se sont engagées à le faire, en seront exemptées. La société chinoise Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) et Huawei sont susceptibles d’être affectées.

Chine : Gérer les préoccupations liées à Nvidia tout en stimulant la production locale

Pékin, quant à elle, a tenté de mener une stratégie à la fois offensive et défensive.

Selon certaines informations, le groupe de pirates informatiques APT41, lié à la Chine, aurait envoyé un courriel contenant un logiciel malveillant en se faisant passer pour le représentant John Moolenaar, afin de cibler des groupes commerciaux, des cabinets d’avocats et des agences américains dans le but d’obtenir des informations sur les recommandations faites à la Maison Blanche dans le cadre des négociations commerciales controversées. L’ambassade de Chine à Washington a réfuté ces allégations.

Les autorités ont demandé à Nvidia d’expliquer les prétendues failles des puces H20, tandis que les médias d’État sont allés plus loin en avertissant que ces puces n’étaient pas sûres pour un usage domestique. Nvidia a nié ces accusations, soulignant que ses produits ne contenaient aucune porte dérobée.

Le pays intensifie ses efforts pour réduire sa dépendance vis-à-vis des fournisseurs étrangers : il vise à tripler la production nationale de puces IA, tandis que des géants technologiques tels qu’Alibaba dévoilent des alternatives.

D’autres acteurs asiatiques évoluent également dans ce contexte complexe.

En juillet, le ministère du Commerce de Malaisie a annoncé que l’exportation, le transbordement et le transit de puces IA haute performance provenant des États-Unis nécessiteraient désormais un permis commercial, avec effet immédiat.

La Corée du Sud a obtenu des exemptions pour Samsung et SK Hynix concernant les droits de douane de 100 % sur les exportations de semi-conducteurs vers les États-Unis, car ces deux entreprises ont investi aux États-Unis depuis 2022. TSMC, basée à Taïwan (que les États-Unis considèrent comme faisant partie de la Chine), a également réalisé d’importants investissements aux États-Unis. Si elles sont adoptées, ces mesures tarifaires auront des conséquences désastreuses pour les Philippines, car environ 70 % de ses exportations totales proviennent de l’industrie des semi-conducteurs. Plus précisément, 15 % des exportations philippines de semi-conducteurs, soit environ 6 milliards de dollars, sont destinées aux États-Unis.

Cependant, Washington a révoqué le statut d’exportation accélérée de Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC et Intel, rendant ainsi plus difficile l’expédition d’équipements et de technologies américains de fabrication de puces vers leurs usines de fabrication en Chine. À compter du 31 décembre, les expéditions d’outils de fabrication de puces d’origine américaine vers des installations chinoises nécessiteront des licences d’exportation américaines. Toutefois, le département américain du Commerce évalue actuellement les autorisations annuelles pour les exportations de fournitures de fabrication de puces vers les usines de Samsung et SK Hynix basées en Chine.

Qui a l’avantage?

Les États-Unis sont leaders dans la conception et la production avancée de puces, mais leur avantage repose sur l’accès à des minéraux essentiels contrôlés par la Chine. Pékin domine l’approvisionnement en minéraux, mais reste dépendant des puces haut de gamme étrangères jusqu’à ce que la production nationale d’IA se développe. En résumé, l’avantage des États-Unis est technologiquement supérieur mais fragile, tandis que l’influence de la Chine est immédiate mais limitée. Les États-Unis doivent trouver d’autres sources de germanium et de gallium, ou trouver des substituts (tels que l’inuline et le silicone), tandis que la Chine doit stimuler les fabricants de puces nationaux. La rapidité avec laquelle chaque partie remédiera à ses faiblesses déterminera l’avenir de la domination technologique mondiale. Et cela ne se fera pas du jour au lendemain.

La course mondiale à l’IA: puissances rivales, visions concurrentes

La course mondiale à la domination dans le domaine de l’intelligence artificielle s’intensifie, les pays multipliant les stratégies ambitieuses pour façonner l’avenir de cette technologie. Aux États-Unis, la Maison Blanche a lancé une vaste initiative à travers la publication de son document Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan, une stratégie globale visant à consolider la domination américaine dans le domaine de l’IA en encourageant l’innovation open source et en simplifiant les cadres réglementaires. Ce pari sur l’open source marque un tournant dans la politique numérique américaine, cherchant à démocratiser le développement de l’IA pour garder une longueur d’avance sur ses concurrents mondiaux, en particulier la Chine. 

Cette orientation politique audacieuse a reçu le soutien des grandes entreprises technologiques, qui ont approuvé les plans de déréglementation de l’IA du président Trump malgré les préoccupations croissantes du public concernant les risques sociétaux. Le plan met notamment l’accent sur les cadres « anti-woke » de l’IA dans les contrats gouvernementaux, ce qui a suscité des débats sur la neutralité idéologique et les implications éthiques des technologies d’IA dans l’administration publique.

Dans toute l’Europe, les pays accélèrent leurs initiatives en matière d’IA. L’Allemagne envisage une offensive dans le domaine de l’IA afin de rattraper son retard dans les technologies essentielles, tandis que le Royaume-Uni vise un secteur technologique d’une valeur de 1 000 milliards de livres sterling grâce à la croissance de l’IA et de la technologie quantique.

Les pays asiatiques placent de plus en plus l’IA au cœur de leurs stratégies économiques et technologiques. La Corée du Sud accorde la priorité à la croissance tirée par l’IA grâce à d’importants investissements dans les infrastructures et le budget. Cette initiative comprend la création d’une « autoroute de l’IA », à commencer par le centre de données IA d’Ulsan, soutenue par des incitations fiscales audacieuses et des réformes réglementaires visant à attirer les investissements du secteur privé. Elle est complétée par un investissement proposé de 100 000 milliards de wons sud-coréens (71 milliards de dollars américains) destiné à accélérer l’innovation en matière d’IA, les semi-conducteurs de nouvelle génération et le développement d’infrastructures IA et de zones d’innovation.

Dans toute l’Afrique, les gouvernements et leurs partenaires se tournent vers l’IA comme catalyseur de croissance et de réforme de la gouvernance, les stratégies nationales et les investissements internationaux convergeant pour façonner l’avenir numérique du continent. Le Zimbabwe prévoit de lancer une politique nationale en matière d’IA afin d’accélérer l’adoption de cette technologie. Le Nigéria prépare un cadre national pour guider l’utilisation responsable de l’IA dans les domaines de la gouvernance, de la santé, de l’éducation et de l’agriculture. Le Japon s’est engagé à accorder 5,5 milliards de dollars de prêts et a annoncé un ambitieux programme de formation à l’IA afin de renforcer ses liens économiques avec l’Afrique.

L’Amérique latine, en revanche, continue de rencontrer des difficultés pour rejoindre la course mondiale à l’IA. Selon une étude publiée en juillet 2025 par la Commission économique des Nations unies pour l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes, la région accuse un retard par rapport aux économies les plus avancées en matière d’investissements dans l’IA. Ses dépenses ont atteint 2,6 milliards de dollars américains en 2023, soit seulement 1,56 % des investissements mondiaux, alors même que son économie représente près de 6,3 % du PIB mondial. L’étude exhorte l’Amérique latine à accélérer l’adoption de l’IA, en particulier parmi les PME, en renforçant les compétences par l’éducation et la formation, en promouvant des cas d’usage sectoriels et en créant des centres technologiques. Sans ces mesures, la région risque de sous-exploiter le potentiel de l’IA malgré son poids économique significatif.

Dans ce contexte de concurrence accrue, des initiatives de coopération internationale voient également le jour. Le Global AI Governance Action Plan de la Chine, publié quelques jours seulement après le plan américain, plaide pour un modèle de gouvernance de l’IA inclusif, impliquant l’ensemble des parties prenantes. La Chine propose la création d’une organisation internationale de coopération sur l’IA, destinée à aider les pays du Sud global à renforcer leurs capacités, développer un écosystème d’innovation en IA, garantir que les pays en développement bénéficient équitablement des avancées technologiques et favoriser la mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies pour le développement durable. Cette initiative a récemment reçu le soutien du Kazakhstan. À l’heure actuelle, on ignore encore comment cette nouvelle organisation internationale de coopération sur l’IA interagirait avec le Groupe scientifique international indépendant sur l’IA des Nations unies et le Dialogue mondial sur la gouvernance de l’IA, deux initiatives soutenues par la Chine, dont les modalités opérationnelles ont été précisées à la fin de l’été. La création de ces mécanismes a été officiellement approuvée par les États membres des Nations unies en septembre 2024, dans le cadre du GDC. En août, la résolution A/RES/79/325 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies a défini leur mandat et leurs modalités.

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Le groupe scientifique, composé de 40 membres, a pour principale mission de « publier des évaluations scientifiques fondées sur des preuves, synthétisant et analysant les recherches existantes relatives aux opportunités, aux risques et aux impacts de l’IA », sous la forme d’un « rapport de synthèse annuel pertinent sur le plan politique mais non prescriptif » qui sera présenté au Dialogue mondial. Le groupe fournira également « des mises à jour sur ses travaux jusqu’à deux fois par an afin de recueillir les points de vue dans le cadre d’un dialogue interactif entre l’assemblée plénière de l’Assemblée générale et les coprésidents du groupe ».

Le Dialogue mondial sur la gouvernance de l’IA, qui réunira les gouvernements et toutes les parties prenantes concernées, servira de plateforme « pour discuter de la coopération internationale, partager les meilleures pratiques et les enseignements tirés, et faciliter des discussions ouvertes, transparentes et inclusives sur la gouvernance de l’IA, afin de permettre à l’IA de contribuer à la mise en œuvre des objectifs de développement durable et de réduire la fracture numérique entre les pays et au sein de ceux-ci ».

Un autre engagement pris lors du PMN concernait la création d’un Fonds mondial pour l’IA afin de renforcer les capacités en matière d’IA pour le développement durable. Le rapport du Secrétaire général des Nations unies sur les options innovantes de financement volontaire pour le renforcement des capacités en matière d’IA (A/79/966), publié en juillet dernier, propose la création d’un Fonds mondial pour l’IA avec un objectif initial de 1 à 3 milliards de dollars américains. Ce fonds aiderait les pays à se préparer à l’IA, en mettant l’accent sur les fondements (calcul, données, compétences) et les catalyseurs (stratégies nationales, coopération). Le financement reposerait sur des contributions volontaires des gouvernements, des organisations philanthropiques, du secteur privé et des banques de développement, avec une gouvernance assurée par un comité directeur, des panels techniques et la participation de multiples parties prenantes. Les options de capitalisation comprennent une petite taxe sur les transactions technologiques, des contributions sous forme d’actifs numériques et un cofinancement avec les banques, ainsi que des outils tels que les obligations IA, l’annulation conditionnelle de la dette et le financement mixte. Une plateforme de coordination est également proposée afin d’harmoniser les bailleurs de fonds, d’améliorer la coordination stratégique et de normaliser le suivi. Le rapport sera examiné par l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies.

Que les années à venir soient marquées par une fragmentation en sphères technologiques concurrentes ou par un cadre de coopération fragile dépendra de la manière dont les États concilieront leurs ambitions nationales et leurs responsabilités mondiales. L’issue de cet équilibre délicat pourrait déterminer non seulement qui sera à la pointe de l’IA, mais aussi comment l’humanité dans son ensemble vivra avec cette technologie.

De la désillusion estivale à la lucidité automnale : dix leçons pour l’IA

Alors que les étudiants retournent en classe et les diplomates à la table des négociations, une question se pose : quelle est la véritable direction prise par l’IA ?

Cet été a marqué un tournant. Le discours dominant sur l’IA, selon lequel « plus c’est grand, mieux c’est », s’est effondré sous son propre poids. Cette histoire a pris fin en août dernier, avec le lancement très médiatisé de GPT-5.0. Les modèles plus grands ne sont pas nécessairement plus intelligents, et les progrès exponentiels ne peuvent être soutenus par la seule force brute.

Cet automne pourrait donc être une saison de clarification. Dans l’analyse qui suit, nous présentons dix enseignements tirés de l’été de la désillusion autour de l’IA, des développements qui façonneront la prochaine phase de l’histoire de l’IA.

1. Équipement : Plus n’est pas nécessairement synonyme de mieux ; l’intelligence artificielle à petite échelle est importante

L’ascension de Nvidia a incarné la conviction que plus de puissance de calcul garantissait les progrès de l’IA, mais le GPT-5 et de nouvelles études montrent que les rendements diminuent. Les défauts fondamentaux des modèles persistent, ce qui incite à passer des méga-systèmes à du matériel diversifié, à plus petite échelle, adapté à des applications spécifiques.

2. Logiciels : la stratégie open source. 

L’intelligence artificielle open source a connu un essor considérable en 2025, sous l’impulsion de la société chinoise DeepSeek et dans le cadre de la stratégie américaine, remettant en question la domination des laboratoires fermés. Grâce à leurs performances élevées et à leur coût réduit, les modèles ouverts se sont rapidement répandus, relançant les débats sur la sécurité et modifiant les rapports de force. Le code ouvert est devenu à la fois un outil d’innovation et une forme de soft power géopolitique.

3. Données : atteindre les limites et se diriger vers la connaissance 

L’IA manque de données d’entraînement de haute qualité, ce qui entraîne une transition du texte brut vers vers des formes de savoir structuré. Les entreprises recherchent désormais des experts, adoptent des systèmes de recherche augmentée (retrieval-augmented) et créent des graphes de connaissances pour étayer leurs résultats. Cette évolution soulève des questions de gouvernance autour de la propriété et de l’équité, alors que grandit le risque de voir le savoir collectif accaparé par quelques grandes entreprises. 

4. Économie : entre matière première et bulle spéculative
L’IA est à la fois un produit bon marché et une bulle spéculative. Les modèles ouverts et les outils efficaces démocratisent l’accès, tandis que les investissements massifs gonflent les valorisations et risquent de provoquer un effondrement. Le défi consiste à distinguer le battage médiatique de la valeur réelle : soutenir les applications durables tout en évitant les retombées d’un marché en surchauffe.

5. Risques : de la menace existentielle à la réalité

Le débat est passé des menaces existentielles lointaines aux préjudices concrets actuels : préjugés, pertes d’emploi, désinformation et responsabilité. Les prévisions exagérées concernant l’AGI ont perdu leur crédibilité, tandis que les régulateurs et la société civile insistent de plus en plus pour que l’IA soit considérée comme un produit soumis aux lois en vigueur. La gestion des risques actuels renforce la confiance et la stabilité pour l’avenir de l’IA.

6. L’éducation : au cœur de la disruption

L’IA a bouleversé l’enseignement traditionnel en automatisant la rédaction d’essais et les évaluations, créant à la fois une crise et une opportunité. Les écoles doivent passer de l’interdiction de l’IA à une refonte de la pédagogie, en mettant l’accent sur la pensée critique, la créativité et le jugement humain, tout en utilisant l’IA pour personnaliser l’apprentissage et alléger les tâches routinières. La réforme de l’éducation déterminera si les élèves deviendront autonomes grâce à l’IA ou dépendants de celle-ci.

7. Philosophie : De l’éthique à l’épistémologie

Les débats dépassent désormais les simples listes de contrôle sur « l’éthique de l’IA » pour aborder des questions plus profondes liées à la connaissance et à la vérité. Alors que les contenus générés par l’IA façonnent notre cognition, les préoccupations se concentrent sur la manière dont nous acquérons des connaissances, sur qui définit la vérité et sur l’impact de notre dépendance aux algorithmes sur l’action humaine. Ce tournant épistémologique redéfinit l’IA non seulement comme un outil, mais aussi comme une force qui remodèle notre compréhension même du monde.

8. Politique et réglementation : réalisme techno-géopolitique

Les États-Unis, la Chine et l’Union européenne considèrent désormais l’IA comme une infrastructure stratégique, la liant à la sécurité économique et à la puissance mondiale. Washington privilégie la domination et le contrôle de la chaîne d’approvisionnement ; Pékin accélère l’intégration nationale et promeut l’open source à l’étranger ; Bruxelles favorise la souveraineté par l’investissement et la réglementation. Les craintes liées à l’IA générale ont cédé la place à une concurrence pragmatique, où la coopération est menacée mais où le réalisme gagne du terrain.

9. Diplomatie : l’ONU avance lentement mais sûrement

L’ONU s’est imposée comme un acteur incontournable dans la gouvernance de l’IA, adoptant des résolutions qui mettent l’accent sur le renforcement des capacités, le financement et la coopération inclusive. Parmi les propositions figurent la création d’un Fonds mondial pour l’IA, d’un panel scientifique international et d’un dialogue mondial. Bien que le succès dépende de la volonté politique et du financement, l’ONU se forge un rôle de rassembleur légitime et axé sur le développement.

10. Effondrement du récit : du battage médiatique au réalisme

Le battage médiatique autour de l’IA s’essouffle, révélant des promesses exagérées et imposant un retour à la réalité. Les prédictions pessimistes à long terme et les évaluations démesurées cèdent la place à une approche plus raisonnable, axée sur les applications pratiques, les connaissances humaines et l’autonomisation locale. Ce changement de discours, s’il s’accompagne de transparence et de compétences technologiques, pourrait marquer le début d’une ère de l’IA plus réaliste et centrée sur l’humain.

Ce résumé est extrait de l’article du Dr Jovan Kurbalija intitulé « De la désillusion estivale à la clarté automnale : dix leçons pour l’IA ». Lisez l’article complet.

Frontières numériques : comment les intrusions numériques redessinent la géopolitique

Cet été a été marqué par une recrudescence des cyberattaques liées à des groupes soutenus par des États, soulignant à quel point les intrusions numériques sont devenues un élément central de la rivalité géopolitique.

Microsoft est à nouveau au centre d’opérations cybernétiques à haut risque. Une faille dans son logiciel SharePoint a déclenché une vague d’attaques qui s’est rapidement propagée, passant de l’espionnage ciblé à une exploitation plus large. Google et Microsoft ont confirmé que des groupes liés à la Chine figuraient parmi les premiers à agir, mais rapidement, des cybercriminels et d’autres acteurs soutenus par des États se sont joints à eux. Plus de 400 organisations auraient été compromises, faisant de cet incident l’une des violations les plus importantes liées à Microsoft depuis les attaques contre les serveurs Exchange en 2021. L’ampleur même de la violation, qui a compromis des millions d’enregistrements de données personnelles, a démontré le flou qui existe entre l’espionnage, la surveillance de masse et les opérations d’influence stratégique.

Un nouvel avertissement conjoint sur la cybersécurité (CSA) a été publié le 27 août par plus d’une douzaine d’organisations internationales chargées de l’application de la loi, explorant les rouages internes des menaces APT chinoises.

Cet épisode a encore exacerbé les tensions entre Washington et Pékin. Alors que les États-Unis accusaient la Chine d’avoir orchestré des intrusions par l’intermédiaire du groupe Salt Typhoon – une opération qui a permis de siphonner les données de millions d’Américains –, Pékin a rétorqué en affirmant que les États-Unis eux-mêmes avaient exploité une vulnérabilité du serveur Microsoft à des fins offensives. Simultanément, Microsoft a annoncé des restrictions concernant l’accès de la Chine à son système d’alerte précoce cybernétique, signalant ainsi un changement délibéré dans sa manière de gérer la coopération avec la Chine en matière de sécurité.

En Asie, des groupes liés à la Chine ont infiltré les réseaux de télécommunications à travers l’Asie du Sud-Est et ont également ciblé les infrastructures critiques de Singapour, ce qui a conduit à une enquête gouvernementale.

Les opérations liées à la Russie restent parmi les plus perturbatrices, combinant espionnage, sabotage et tactiques hybrides. Aux États-Unis, les tribunaux fédéraux ont confirmé que leurs systèmes avaient été la cible d’une cyberattaque, des rapports suggérant que Moscou en était responsable. Le FBI a averti séparément que des groupes russes continuaient d’explorer les infrastructures critiques en ciblant les dispositifs réseau associés aux systèmes informatiques des infrastructures critiques.

En Europe, la Russie est soupçonnée d’orchestrer des campagnes de sabotage et de pression hybride. Le chef des services de renseignement norvégiens a attribué le sabotage d’un barrage en avril à des pirates informatiques russes, tandis que Bruxelles a signalé un brouillage GPS qui a perturbé le vol de la présidente de la Commission européenne, Ursula von der Leyen, également lié à Moscou. Ces incidents suggèrent que les acteurs malveillants sont de plus en plus disposés à recourir à la guerre cybernétique et électronique non seulement contre des cibles militaires, mais aussi contre des infrastructures civiles et des personnalités politiques. L’Italie a été confrontée à sa propre épreuve lorsque des pirates informatiques soupçonnés d’être soutenus par l’État indien ont ciblé des entreprises de défense, ce qui suggère que les puissances moyennes entrent de plus en plus dans l’arène cybernétique soutenue par l’État.

Nulle part ailleurs la fusion entre cyberconflit et conflit cinétique n’est plus évidente qu’en Ukraine. En collectant et en analysant minutieusement les données numériques issues du conflit sur son territoire, l’Ukraine a fourni des informations précieuses à ses alliés. Cette mine d’informations démontre comment la criminalistique numérique peut non seulement contribuer à la défense, mais aussi renforcer les partenariats internationaux et la compréhension dans un monde complexe.

Dans un environnement aussi tendu, des efforts continus sont déployés pour gérer les risques, protéger les systèmes et naviguer dans les réalités diplomatiques complexes de l’ère numérique. Il est intéressant de noter que ces attaques se sont déroulées parallèlement aux négociations du Groupe de travail à composition non limitée (GTCNL) des Nations unies sur la cybersécurité, qui ont abouti à l’adoption du rapport final du groupe. Le GTCNL joue un rôle central dans l’élaboration des règles cybernétiques, en offrant un forum où les États négocient des normes, des principes et des règles de comportement responsable dans le cyberespace. Cependant, à quoi servent les règles si elles ne sont pas mises en œuvre ? Le GTCNL a toujours eu du mal à traduire en pratique des normes non contraignantes : l’une de ces règles, datant de 2015, interdit de laisser des activités criminelles se dérouler à partir du territoire national, mais les cyberattaques de cet été — et, soyons francs, depuis 2015 — prouvent le contraire. Cependant, le mécanisme mondial, qui a été approuvé dans le rapport final, pourrait apporter un changement. Les États auront la possibilité de rédiger et, à terme, d’adopter des recommandations axées sur l’action. Nous verrons comment ils l’utiliseront à l’avenir.

Le GTCNL des Nations unies conclut ses travaux, ouvrant la voie à un mécanisme permanent de cybersécurité

Le GTCNL sur la sécurité des TIC a adopté son rapport final après d’intenses négociations sur le comportement responsable des États dans le cyberespace. Comme toujours, les compromis entre les divers intérêts nationaux, en particulier ceux des grandes puissances, ont conduit à un texte édulcoré. Bien qu’aucun progrès révolutionnaire n’ait été réalisé, il y a tout de même beaucoup à souligner.

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Les États ont reconnu les risques internationaux pour la sécurité que représentent les rançongiciels, la cybercriminalité, l’intelligence artificielle, la technologie quantique et les cryptomonnaies. Le document soutient des concepts tels que la sécurité dès la conception et la cryptographie quantique, mais ne contient pas de mesures concrètes. Les outils commerciaux d’intrusion informatique (logiciels espions) ont été signalés comme des menaces pour la paix, bien que les propositions de surveillance aient été abandonnées. Le droit international reste la seule limite à l’utilisation des technologies, principalement dans les contextes de conflit. Les infrastructures critiques (IC), y compris les réseaux de fibre optique et les satellites, ont été mises en avant, les cyberattaques contre les IC étant reconnues comme des menaces.

Le débat central sur les normes a porté sur la question de savoir si le rapport final devait donner la priorité à la mise en œuvre des normes volontaires existantes ou au développement de nouvelles. Les États occidentaux et leurs alliés ont insisté sur l’importance de l’application, appelant à reporter les décisions sur de nouvelles normes au futur mécanisme permanent, tandis que plusieurs pays en développement ont soutenu cette approche tout en soulignant leurs limites de capacités. À l’inverse, un autre groupe de pays a plaidé pour poursuivre les travaux sur de nouvelles normes. Certaines délégations ont cherché une voie médiane, en soutenant l’application tout en laissant la porte ouverte à un développement futur. Parallèlement, la Liste de contrôle volontaire des actions pratiques a reçu un large soutien. En conséquence, le rapport final a atténué le langage concernant de nouvelles normes, tandis que la liste de contrôle a été conservée pour des discussions ultérieures plutôt que pour adoption.

Les États ont convenu de poursuivre les discussions sur l’application du droit international à l’utilisation des TIC par les États dans le futur Mécanisme mondial, confirmant que le droit international, et en particulier la Charte des Nations unies, s’applique dans le cyberespace. Les États ont également reconnu l’importance de l’échange des positions nationales sur l’applicabilité du droit international et ont appelé à un renforcement des efforts de renforcement des capacités dans ce domaine afin de permettre une participation significative de tous les États.

L’accord visant à créer un groupe thématique dédié au renforcement des capacités constitue une avancée significative, car il reconnaît officiellement le renforcement des capacités comme un pilier fondamental. Cependant, des questions importantes, notamment celles liées au financement, restent en suspens. Le Portail mondial de coopération et de renforcement des capacités en matière de sécurité des TIC (GSCCP) géré par les Nations unies sera développé selon un modèle modulaire, étape par étape, et des tables rondes continueront à promouvoir la coordination et l’échange d’informations. Toutefois, les propositions relatives à un fonds volontaire des Nations unies et à un programme de bourses ont été reportées.

La priorité donnée à la mise en œuvre des mesures de confiance (CBM) existantes plutôt qu’à l’adoption de nouvelles s’est affirmée lors de ce dernier cycle de négociations, malgré la pression de certains États pour obtenir des engagements supplémentaires, tels qu’un accès équitable au marché des TIC ou des modèles standardisés. Les propositions ne bénéficiant pas d’un large soutien — comme la CBM de l’Iran sur l’accès au marché des TIC, le modèle du Secrétariat ou l’inclusion de la norme J sur la divulgation des vulnérabilités — ont finalement été écartées ou reportées pour un examen ultérieur.

Les États se sont entendus sur les modalités de fonctionnement du futur Mécanisme mondial ainsi que sur la participation des parties prenantes non gouvernementales. Le Mécanisme mondial tiendra une session plénière de fond chaque année dans le cadre de son cycle biennal ; il mènera également ses travaux au sein de deux groupes thématiques spécialisés — l’un consacré aux défis spécifiques, l’autre au renforcement des capacités — afin de permettre des discussions plus approfondies en appui aux délibérations plénières ; et il organisera une conférence d’examen tous les cinq ans. Les organisations non gouvernementales dotées du statut consultatif auprès de l’ECOSOC pourront être accréditées pour participer aux sessions plénières de fond et aux conférences d’examen du Mécanisme mondial, tandis que les autres parties prenantes devront se soumettre à une procédure d’accréditation fondée sur l’absence d’objection.

Cet été à Genève : développements, événements et points à retenir

Évènement de haut niveau du SMSI+20 2025

Cet été, Genève a accueilli un événement mondial majeur dans le domaine du numérique. Du 7 au 11 juillet 2025, la ville a organisé la réunion de haut niveau du SMSI+20, parallèlement au Sommet mondial « AI for Good ».Les discussions, qui ont duré une semaine, s’inscrivaient dans le cadre des préparatifs de la révision du SMSI+20 par l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies, prévue les 16 et 17 décembre 2025. Cette révision réaffirmera l’engagement international en faveur du processus du SMSI et définira l’orientation stratégique pour les deux prochaines décennies de coopération numérique.

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Le résumé du président, publié par le ministre sud-africain des Communications, Solly Malatsi, a souligné le rôle du SMSI en tant que pierre angulaire de la coopération numérique mondiale. Au cours des vingt dernières années, l’architecture du SMSI, ancrée dans le Plan d’action de Genève et l’Agenda de Tunis, a permis d’étendre la connectivité, de responsabiliser les utilisateurs et d’orienter les stratégies nationales et internationales visant à réduire la fracture numérique. Aujourd’hui, plus de 5,5 milliards de personnes (68 % de la population mondiale) sont connectées à Internet, contre moins d’un milliard en 2005. Cependant, 2,6 milliards de personnes restent déconnectées, principalement dans les pays en développement, les pays les moins avancés et les communautés marginalisées, ce qui fait de la connectivité universelle la tâche inachevée la plus urgente.

Certaines réflexions menées à Genève ont porté sur la manière d’adapter la mise en œuvre des lignes d’action du SMSI aux nouvelles réalités : l’essor des technologies de l’IA, de l’informatique quantique et des technologies spatiales ; la persistance de la fracture numérique ; et la mise en œuvre du PMN. Les participants ont largement convenu que les mécanismes existants — le Forum du SMSI, le Forum sur la gouvernance de l’Internet (FGI) et des initiatives telles que « AI for Good » — sont indispensables et idéalement placés pour mettre en œuvre le PMN et traduire ses principes en actions mesurables.

Plusieurs thèmes ont été mis en avant. Premièrement, la nécessité de veiller à ce que la gouvernance numérique suive le rythme des progrès technologiques imprévisibles, tout en préservant les droits humains, la diversité culturelle et linguistique, ainsi que les réalités locales. Deuxièmement, l’importance de l’engagement des jeunes : plus de 280 jeunes ont participé à un programme qui leur était dédié, proposant des rôles de co-responsables, des fonds locaux et un programme permanent du SMSI pour les jeunes. Troisièmement, la reconnaissance du fait que l’inclusion doit aller au-delà de la connectivité pour englober l’accessibilité financière, les compétences numériques et la participation fondée sur les droits.

Les participants ont également souligné que le processus du SMSI devait continuer à associer l’innovation numérique aux objectifs de développement durable, en intégrant les technologies vertes et les solutions intelligentes sur le plan climatique. Des approches éthiques et fondées sur les droits en matière d’IA et d’autres technologies émergentes ont été jugées essentielles, tout comme une coopération internationale renforcée pour lutter contre les menaces liées à la cybersécurité, la désinformation et les préjudices en ligne.

Le résumé du président s’est conclu par un message clair : le SMSI restera la plateforme centrale de promotion de la coopération numérique au-delà de 2025, garantissant la consolidation des acquis des deux dernières décennies tout en s’adaptant aux nouvelles réalités. Il a souligné que la véritable inclusion ne consiste pas seulement à être présent, mais aussi à être entendu. Il est nécessaire d’impliquer ceux qui sont encore exclus, de refléter la diversité des expériences locales et mondiales et de continuer à promouvoir la vision du SMSI d’une société de l’information équitable et centrée sur l’humain au cours des 20 prochaines années.

Nos rapports de session et les analyses de l’IA issues des deux événements sont disponibles sur les pages web dédiées WSIS+20 High-Level Event 2025 et AI for Good Global Summit 2025 de l’Observatoire Digital Watch.

Avant-projet du document final du SMSI+20

Dans la perspective de la réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies consacrée à l’examen du SMSI+20, prévue les 16 et 17 décembre 2025, les négociations et les consultations se concentrent sur le texte concret de ce qui deviendra le document final du SMSI+20. Ce texte concret, appelé « avant-projet », a été publié le 30 août.

La fracture numérique et l’inclusion occupent une place centrale dans l’avant projet. Si la connectivité s’est développée (95 % de la population mondiale a désormais accès au haut débit et l’utilisation d’Internet est passée de 15 % en 2005 à 67 % en 2025), des écarts importants subsistent. Des disparités persistent entre les pays, les zones urbaines et rurales, les sexes, les personnes handicapées, les populations âgées et les locuteurs de langues minoritaires. Le projet préconise un accès abordable au haut débit, des contenus multilingues locaux, l’alphabétisation numérique et des mécanismes permettant de connecter les personnes non connectées, afin de garantir un accès équitable.

L’économie numérique continue de transformer le commerce, la finance et l’industrie, créant des opportunités pour les petites entreprises et celles dirigées par des femmes, mais risquant également d’aggraver les inégalités en raison de la concentration du pouvoir technologique et de l’automatisation. Dans ce contexte, le projet souligne l’engagement à soutenir le développement des services financiers numériques et invite les parties prenantes à favoriser des « environnements numériques ouverts, équitables, inclusifs et non discriminatoires ».

La durabilité environnementale est un élément essentiel à prendre en considération, car les TIC facilitent la surveillance du changement climatique et la gestion des ressources, mais leur croissance contribue à la demande énergétique, aux émissions et aux déchets électroniques. Le projet met en avant un appel à l’élaboration de normes mondiales de reporting sur les impacts environnementaux, de normes mondiales pour la conception de produits durables et de pratiques d’économie circulaire afin d’aligner l’innovation numérique sur les objectifs environnementaux.

L’avant projet réaffirme les droits de l’Homme, la confiance et la sécurité, ainsi que la gouvernance multipartite de l’Internet comme piliers centraux de l’écosystème numérique. Les droits de l’Homme sont considérés comme le fondement de la coopération numérique, avec des engagements à protéger la liberté d’expression, la vie privée, l’accès à l’information et les droits des femmes, des enfants et d’autres groupes vulnérables. Le renforcement de la confiance et de la sécurité dans l’utilisation des technologies est considéré comme essentiel pour l’innovation et le développement durable, l’accent étant mis sur la protection des utilisateurs contre les menaces telles que les abus et la violence en ligne, les discours haineux et la désinformation, tout en garantissant la protection de la vie privée et la liberté d’expression.

Le projet définit une série de caractéristiques clés (souhaitables) pour l’Internet – ouvert, libre, mondial, interopérable, fiable, sécurisé, stable – et souligne la nécessité d’un débat plus inclusif sur la gouvernance de l’Internet, entre les différents groupes de parties prenantes (gouvernements, secteur privé, société civile, universités et communautés techniques) et entre les pays développés et en développement.

Afin de promouvoir le renforcement des capacités en matière d’IA, le projet propose un programme de recherche des Nations Unies sur l’IA et un programme de bourses pour le renforcement des capacités dans ce domaine, tous deux axés sur les pays en développement. Parallèlement, le projet salue les initiatives en cours telles que le Panel scientifique international indépendant sur l’IA et le Dialogue mondial sur l’IA.

Reconnaissant l’importance cruciale de la coopération mondiale en matière de gouvernance de l’Internet, le projet désigne le Forum sur la gouvernance de l’Internet (FGI) comme un organe permanent des Nations Unies et demande un renforcement du soutien du secrétariat, une amélioration des méthodes de travail et la communication des résultats aux entités et processus des Nations Unies (qui sont ensuite appelés à tenir dûment compte de ces résultats dans leurs travaux). La question longtemps débattue de la viabilité financière du FGI est abordée sous la forme d’une demande adressée au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies afin qu’il fasse des propositions sur le financement futur.

Enfin, le projet examine l’interaction entre le SMSI, le Pacte numérique mondial et le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030, et décrit plusieurs mécanismes permettant de mieux les relier et d’éviter les doubles emplois et les chevauchements. Il s’agit notamment d’une feuille de route conjointe pour la mise en œuvre du SMSI et du PMN, de l’intégration de l’examen et du suivi du PMN dans les mécanismes annuels existants du SMSI (au niveau de la Commission de la science et de la technologie au service du développement et du Conseil économique et social) et d’examens de l’alignement du PMN et du SMSI au niveau de l’Assemblée générale. En ce qui concerne les examens globaux, le projet envisage également un examen combiné de l’Agenda 2030 et des résultats de la feuille de route conjointe de mise en œuvre du SMSI et du PMN en 2030, ainsi qu’un examen du SMSI+30 en 2035.

Perspectives d’avenir

L’avant projet prépare le terrain pour les négociations intenses qui précéderont la réunion de haut niveau de décembre 2025. Les États membres et les autres parties prenantes sont invités à soumettre leurs commentaires jusqu’au 26 septembre. Il reste ensuite à déterminer à quoi ressemblera la deuxième version du document final et quels éléments seront conservés, révisés ou supprimés.

Suivez le processus avec nous sur notre page Web dédiée au SMSI+20, où nous suivrons les développements clés, mettrons en avant les débats émergents et fournirons des analyses d’experts au fur et à mesure que les négociations avanceront.


Digital Watch newsletter – Issue 103 – September 2025

September 2025 in retrospect

As the UNGA80 spotlighted AI and digital cooperation, the world’s attention turned to how technology is reshaping diplomacy, democracy, and power.

This edition brings you our top analyses and storylines from across the digital sphere — from open-source AI debates to social media’s growing identity crisis.

UNGA80 spotlight — Global leaders put AI and digital cooperation at the centre of diplomacy.

The open source imperative — Why openness is becoming a strategic asset in the AI race.

The rise of AI slop — As social media turns more artificial, platforms face a crisis of authenticity.

TikTok’s American makeover — A rebrand under scrutiny reveals deeper tensions over trust and control.

Chips and sovereignty — From globalisation to guarded autonomy in the semiconductor race.

Nepal’s Discord democracy — How a banned platform became an unlikely ballot box.

The digital playground — Governments weigh fences and curfews for young users online.

Last month in Geneva — Highlights from events shaping international digital governance.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The Global Dialogue on AI Governance was launched to foster open, inclusive discussions on issues such as safe and trustworthy AI, digital divides, ethics, human rights, transparency, accountability, interoperability, and open-source development.

The UN Secretary-General has opened applications for a 40-member Independent International Scientific Panel on AI, mandated under the Global Digital Compact to deliver annual evidence-based assessments of AI’s opportunities, risks, and impacts to the Global Dialogue on AI Governance and the General Assembly.

A coalition of global experts and leaders has launched the Global Call for AI Red Lines, an initiative that advocates for clear red lines to govern the development and deployment of AI.

Albania introduced the world’s first AI-powered public official, named Diella. Appointed to oversee public procurement, the virtual minister represents an attempt to use technology itself to create a more transparent and efficient government, with the goal of ensuring procedures are ‘100% incorruptible.’

Kazakhstan will establish a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development to drive its goal of becoming a fully digital nation within three years, as part of the forthcoming Digital Kazakhstan strategy.

Italy became the first EU country to pass a national AI law, introducing detailed rules to govern the development and use of AI technologies across key sectors such as health, work, and justice.

The Mexican government is preparing a law to regulate the use of AI in dubbing, animation, and voiceovers to prevent unauthorised voice cloning and safeguard creative rights.

The EU is set to unveil its ‘Apply AI strategy’ to boost homegrown AI as a strategic asset for competitiveness, security, and resilience, reducing reliance on US and Chinese technology..

TECHNOLOGIES

The USA, Japan, and South Korea held trilateral meetings in Seoul and Tokyo to advance quantum cooperation, focusing on securing ecosystems against cyber, physical, and intellectual property threats.

The USA and the UK have signed a Technology Prosperity Deal to strengthen collaboration in frontier technologies, with a strong emphasis on AI, quantum, and the secure foundations needed for future innovation.

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have demonstrated that quantum and classical networks can share existing fibre infrastructure using standard Internet Protocol, a breakthrough with broad implications for governance, infrastructure, and the future of digital societies.

European ministers have signed the Declaration of the Semicon Coalition, calling for an EU Chips Act 2.0 to strengthen semiconductor resilience, innovation, and competitiveness through collaboration, investment, skills development, sustainability, and global partnerships.

The USA proposed producing only half of American chips in Taiwan and moving the rest to the US, but Taiwan rejected the idea, saying it was never part of official discussions.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Meta has announced Candle, a new submarine cable system designed to enhance digital connectivity across East and Southeast Asia. The 8,000-kilometre network will link Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore by 2028, offering a record 570 terabits per second (Tbps) of capacity.

CYBERSECURITY

China has enacted one of the world’s toughest cybersecurity reporting laws, mandating major infrastructure providers and all network operators to report serious cyber incidents within one hour.

Brazil is set to adopt its first national cybersecurity law, the Cybersecurity Legal Framework, which will create a National Cybersecurity Authority to centralise oversight and strengthen protection for citizens and businesses.

Cybercriminal group Radiant has dropped its extortion attempt against Kido Schools and issued an apology, claiming all child data was deleted, but experts doubt the sincerity of the move.

Japanese beer maker Asahi Group Holdings has halted production at its main plant following a cyberattack that caused major system failures. 

Australia has issued regulatory guidance for its upcoming ban on social media use by individuals under 16, effective 10 December 2025, which requires platforms to verify ages, remove underage accounts, and block re-registration attempts. The current ban already includes Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat. The head of Australia’s eSafety Commissioner, Julie Inman Grant, has written to 16 more companies, including WhatsApp, Reddit, Twitch, Roblox, Pinterest, Steam, Kick, and Lego Play, to ‘self-assess’ whether they fall under the ban’s remit.

Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis has indicated that Greece may consider banning social media use for children under the age of 16.

French lawmakers are proposing new rules to curb teen social media use, including automatic nighttime curfews disabling accounts for 15- to 18-year-olds between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. to address mental health concerns.

OpenAI has introduced a specialised version of ChatGPT tailored for teenagers, incorporating age-prediction technology to restrict access to the standard version for users under 18. The company has also introduced new parental controls, providing families with greater oversight of how their teens use the platform.

Meta is expanding teen-specific Facebook and Messenger accounts with stricter default privacy settings and controls to create a safer, more age-appropriate online environment.

ECONOMIC

Apple has asked the European Commission to repeal the Digital Markets Act (DMA), arguing it forces a choice between weakening device security or withholding features from EU users, citing delayed launches of services like Live Translation, iPhone Mirroring, and enhanced location tools.

The EU and Indonesia have finalised a Comprehensive Economic Partnership and Investment Protection Agreement, focusing on technology, digitalisation, and sustainability. This agreement eliminates tariffs on 98.5% of trade, expands market access, and secures critical raw materials for strategic industries.

The UAE has signed the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement under CARF, planning implementation by 2027 to enable automatic crypto tax data sharing and strengthen sector oversight and global transparency.

The People’s Bank of China has opened a digital RMB hub in Shanghai to expand global use and strengthen financial market services.

HUMAN RIGHTS

The European Data Protection Board (EDPB) has adopted guidelines clarifying how the Digital Services Act (DSA) interacts with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The aim is to ensure consistency across rules that touch on issues like transparency of recommender systems, protection of minors, and online advertising.

China’s cyberspace regulator has proposed that major online platforms establish independent expert oversight committees to monitor data practices and security, with noncompliance risking intervention by provincial authorities.

Ghana has launched a year-long national privacy campaign to build public awareness and trust, complemented by professional initiatives like the Ghana Association of Privacy Professionals and recognition for certified Data Protection Officers.

Social media platform Discord has reported a data breach caused by a compromised third-party service provider, exposing personal information of users who had contacted its support and Trust & Safety teams.

LEGAL

The European Commission has fined Google nearly $3.5 billion for abusing its dominance in digital advertising by favouring its own AdX platform in ad-serving and buying tools, breaching EU antitrust rules.

The AI startup, Anthropic, has agreed to pay $1.5 billion to settle a copyright lawsuit accusing the company of using pirated books to train its Claude AI chatbot.

Amazon has agreed to pay $2.5 billion to settle FTC charges that it deceptively enrolled 35 million customers in Prime without clear consent and made cancellation deliberately difficult.

Elon Musk’s xAI has sued OpenAI over alleged technology poaching, while OpenAI asked a judge to dismiss the case as baseless and part of Musk’s ongoing harassment.

Apple and OpenAI have asked a federal judge to dismiss Musk’s claim that they colluded to disadvantage xAI’s Grok chatbot, arguing their partnership is non-exclusive and that xAI has not shown any real competitive harm.

Europe’s General Court has sided with Meta and TikTok in their challenge to the EU’s Digital Services Act supervisory fee, ruling that the 0.05% levy was calculated unfairly and placed a disproportionate financial burden on the companies.

SOCIOCULTURAL

After briefly banning social media, Nepal lifted the restrictions. Nepalis turned to Discord to elect their new prime minister.

An executive order by US President Donald Trump set the stage for a new American-led company to take 80% ownership of TikTok, leaving ByteDance and its Chinese investors with a minority stake under 20%.

The UK government has announced plans to make digital ID mandatory for proving the right to work by the end of the current Parliament, expected no later than 2029.

A Dutch court has ruled that Meta must allow Facebook and Instagram users to set a permanent chronological feed as the default feed, making the option easily accessible and retaining it across app restarts.

YouTube will reinstate accounts previously banned for repeatedly spreading misinformation about COVID-19 and the 2020 US presidential election, marking a further rollback of its moderation policies.

Meta and OpenAI have launched social media apps featuring feeds of AI-generated videos, raising concerns about AI slop.

DEVELOPMENT

The UNDP will launch a Government Blockchain Academy in 2026 to train public officials in blockchain, AI, and emerging technologies, supporting tech-driven economic growth and sustainable development.

The 2025 Digital Participation Platforms Guide was released to help governments and civil society design and manage digital platforms that enhance transparency and civic engagement.

Technology was everywhere at this year’s UN General Assembly. Whether in the General Debate, side events on digital prosperity, or the launch of a new dialogue on AI governance, governments and stakeholders confronted the urgent question of how to ensure that digital transformation serves humanity. Here are the key moments.

Digital Cooperation Day: From principles to implementation in global digital governance

On 22 September, the UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies (ODET) hosted a Digital Cooperation Day, marking the first anniversary of the Global Digital Compact. The event brought together leaders from governments, business, academia, and civil society to discuss how to shift the focus from principle-setting to the implementation of digital governance. Discussions covered inclusive digital economies, AI governance, and digital public infrastructure, with sessions on privacy, human rights in data governance, and the role of technology in sustainable development and climate action. Panels also explored the impact of AI on the arts and innovation, while roundtables highlighted strategies for responsible and equitable use of technology. The Digital Cooperation Day is set to become an annual platform for reviewing progress and addressing new challenges in international digital cooperation. 

Digital@UNGA 2025: Digital for Good – For People and Prosperity

On 23 September, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) hosted Digital@UNGA 2025: Digital for Good – For People and Prosperity. The anchor event spotlighted digital technologies as tools for inclusion, equity, and opportunity. Affiliate sessions throughout the week explored trust, rights, and universal connectivity, while side events examined issues ranging from AI for the SDGs and digital identity to green infrastructure, early-warning systems, and space-based connectivity. The initiative sought to showcase digital tools as a force for healthcare, education, and economic empowerment, and to inspire action and dialogue towards an equitable and empowering digital future for all.

Security Council debate on AI

The UN Security Council held a high-level debate on AI, highlighting the technology’s promise and its urgent risks for peace and security. The debate, chaired by the Republic of Korea President Lee Jae Myung, underscored a shared recognition that AI offers enormous benefits, but without strong global cooperation and governance, it could deepen divides, destabilise societies, and reshape warfare in dangerous ways.

The launch of the Global Dialogue on AI Governance

A major highlight was the High level Meeting to Launch Global Dialogue on AI Governance on 25 September. 

Senior leaders outlined how AI could drive economic growth and development, particularly in the Global South, while plenary discussions saw stakeholders present their perspectives on building agile, responsive and inclusive international AI governance for humanity. A youth representative closed the session, underscoring younger generations’ stake in shaping AI’s future.

The Global Dialogue on AI Governance is tasked, as decided by the UN General Assembly this August, with facilitating open, transparent and inclusive discussions on AI governance. The dialogue is set to have its first meeting in 2026, along with the AI for Good Summit in Geneva. 

Launch of open call for Independent International Scientific Panel on AI

The UN Secretary-General has launched an open call for candidates to join the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence. Agreed by member states in September 2024 as part of the Global Digital Compact, the 40-member Panel will provide evidence-based scientific assessments on AI’s opportunities, risks, and impacts. Its work will culminate in an annual, policy-relevant – but non-prescriptive – summary report presented to the Global Dialogue, along with up to two updates per year to engage with the General Assembly plenary. Following the call for nominations, the Secretary-General will recommend 40 members for appointment by the General Assembly.

The General Debate of the UNGA80

The General Debate opened on 23 September under the theme ‘Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights’. While leaders addressed a broad spectrum of global challenges, digital and AI governance were recurring concerns.

Technology must remain a servant of humanity, not its master. Debates underscored the need to align rapid technological change with global governance, with countries calling for stronger international cooperation and responsible approaches to the development and use of technology. Delegations emphasised that digital technologies must serve humanity – advancing development, human rights, and democracy – while warning of growing risks posed by AI misuse, disinformation, hybrid warfare, cyber threats, and the governance of critical minerals exploitation.

Member states voiced both optimism and concern: they called for ethical, human-centred and responsible AI governance, stronger safeguards for peace and security, and rules and ethical standards to manage risks, including in military applications. Calls for a global AI framework were echoed in various statements, alongside broader appeals for inclusive digital cooperation, accelerated technology transfer, and investment in infrastructure, literacy, and talent development. Several leaders welcomed the new AI mechanisms established by the UNGA. 

Alongside the warnings, governments stressed the promise of digital technologies for development, health, education, productivity, and the green energy transition. Statements highlighted the importance of inclusion, equitable access, connectivity, digital literacy, and capacity-building, especially for developing countries, noting that AI can boost economic autonomy and long-term prosperity if governed responsibly. Delegations also underlined the need to actively address the digital divide through investment in infrastructure, skills, and technology transfer, with many emphasising that the benefits of this new era must be shared fairly with all.

A recurring theme was that bridging technological and social divides requires mature multilateralism and reinforced international cooperation. Speakers warned that digital disruption is deepening geopolitical divides, with smaller and developing nations demanding a voice in shaping emerging governance regimes. Some also noted that advancing secure, rights-based, and human-centric technologies, protecting against cybercrime, and managing the influence of global tech corporations are essential for global stability.

There were also some calls for universal guardrails, international norms, and new frameworks to address risks linked to cybercrime, disinformation, repression, hybrid warfare, and the mental health of youth.

The discussions underscored a common thread: while digital innovation offers extraordinary opportunities for development, inclusion, and growth, its risks demand shared standards, global cooperation, and a commitment to human dignity.

The bigger picture: A comprehensive coverage of UNGA80 can be found on our dedicated web page.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
dig.watch

The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

This year’s open-source pivot is probably the most consequential AI development since the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022. On 20 January, DeepSeek released its open-source reasoning system, an ‘AI Sputnik moment,’  in Marc Andreessen’s words. Then, on 23 July 2025, the Trump administration made open-source a US strategic priority in ‘Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan.’

This AI shift has been counterintuitive. Chinese companies historically favoured proprietary software, and Republicans were rarely open-source champions. Why did both powers shift course? Because open-source has moved from an ideological preference to a strategic priority. The logic is simple: players must adapt to the open-source wave or risk watching global AI standards tilt decisively towards their rival.

What are the strengths of open-source AI?

Open-source AI has emerged as a powerful force, with strengths across speed, cost, motivation, integration, and efficiency. 

Its speed comes from collective development: millions of models are constantly tested and improved by a global community, enabling innovation far faster than closed corporate labs. 

Cost is another advantage, as expenses are distributed across contributors and companies, reducing financial barriers and shifting focus from brute-force computing to smarter architectures. 

The motivation of younger developers also drives progress, since open ecosystems attract talent seeking purpose, learning, and collaboration. 

Crucially, integration is easier in open systems: their transparency and adaptability make them better suited for embedding AI into industries, education, and workflows, fueling a diverse ecosystem of tools and agents. 

Finally, open-source showcases size efficiency. Smaller, well-designed models like Mistral 7B can match or surpass larger ones, lowering hardware demands and making advanced AI broadly accessible.

The ascendant open source paradigm

We are witnessing a major shift towards acceptance of open-source AI as not only ethically favourable but, even more importantly, a strategically superior solution for the future of AI. Openness wins not because it is a moral ideal, but because it delivers superior interoperability, resilience, and innovation at scale. AI open-source shift provides hope that societal values can be aligned with corporate interests.

This text was adapted from Jovan Kurbalija’s analysis ‘The strategic imperative of open source AI’. Read the original below.

The strategic imperative of open source
www.diplomacy.edu

This year, open-source AI transformed from an ideological preference into a strategic imperative, a shift echoing a clear lesson from digital history: open systems win. Just as the open protocols of the internet and the collaborative Linux operating system outcompeted closed, proprietary rivals, today’s open AI models are set to dominate. Openness is no longer just a principle; it is the winning strategy.

On 25 September, Meta quietly introduced Vibes, a new short-form video feed in the Meta AI app, wholly powered by AI. Rather than spotlighting real creators or grassroots content, the feed is built around synthetic content. 

On 30 September, OpenAI revealed Sora, a companion app centred on AI-created short videos, complete with ‘cameo’ features letting people insert their own faces (with permission) into generative scenes.

From the outside, both Vibes and Sora look like competitive copies of TikTok or Reels — only their entire content pipeline is synthetic. 

They are the first dedicated firehoses of what has been officially termed ‘AI slop.’ This phrase, added to the Cambridge Dictionary in July 2025 and defined as ‘content on the internet that is of very low quality, especially when it is created by AI,’ perfectly captures the core concern.

Across the tech world, reactions ranged from bemused to alarmed. Because while launching a new social media product is hardly radical, creating a platform whose entire video ecosystem is synthetic — devoid of human spark — is something else entirely. 

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Why is it concerning? Because it blurs the line between real and fake, making it hard to trust what you see. It can copy creators’ work without permission and flood feeds with shallow, meaningless videos that grab attention but add little value. Algorithms exploit user preferences, while features like synthetic cameos can be misused for bullying or identity abuse. And then there’s also the fact that AI clips typically lack human stories and emotion, eroding authenticity.

What’s next? Ultimately, this shift to AI-generated content raises a philosophical question: What is the purpose of our shared digital spaces?

As we move forward, perhaps we need to approach this new landscape more thoughtfully — embracing innovation where it serves us, but always making space for the authentic, the original, and the human.

For now, Vibes and Sora have not yet been rolled out worldwide. Given the tepid response from early adopters, their success is far from guaranteed. Ultimately, their fate hinges entirely on the extent to which people will use them.

With an executive order, US President Donald Trump brought the protracted TikTok drama to a climax, paving the way for a new company – led by American investors who will own 80% of the platform – to take control of the app. TikTok’s (soon to be former) parent company, ByteDance, and its Chinese investors will retain a minority stake of less than 20%.

A new US-led joint venture will oversee the app’s algorithm, code, and content moderation, while all American user data will be stored on Oracle-run servers in the USA. The venture will have a seven-member board, six of whom are American experts in cybersecurity and national security. 

Media reports that the US investor group is led by software giant Oracle, while prominent backers include private equity firm Silver Lake, media moguls Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch, and Dell’s CEO Michael Dell. 

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The crux of the matter: All US user data will be stored on Oracle-run servers in the USA. Software updates, algorithms, and data flows will face strict monitoring, with recommendation models retrained and overseen by US security partners to guard against manipulation.

The US government has long argued that the app’s access to US user data poses significant risks, as ByteDance is possibly subject to the Chinese 2017 National Intelligence Law, which requires any Chinese entity to support, assist, and cooperate with state intelligence work – including, possibly, the transfer of US citizens’ TikTok data to China. On the other hand, TikTok and ByteDance maintained that TikTok operates independently and respects user privacy.

In early 2024, the US Congress, citing national security risks, passed a law requiring ByteDance, TikTok’s Chinese parent company, to divest control of the app or face a ban in the USA. The law, which had bipartisan support in Congress, was later upheld by the Supreme Court.

However, the administration under President Trump has been repeatedly postponing enforcement via executive orders.

Economic and trade negotiations with China have been central to the delay. As the fourth round of talks in Madrid coincided with the latest deadline, Trump opted to extend the deadline again on 16 September — this time until 16 December 2025 — giving TikTok more breathing room. 

What’s next? There are still some details to be hashed out, such as whether US users will need to install a new app altogether. Nevertheless, this agreement marks a significant step in resolving one of the most high-profile tech-policy disputes of the decade. Additionally, the executive order allows 120 days for the deal to be finalised.

The bottom line: For millions of American users, the political wrangling is background noise. The real change will be felt in their feeds – whether the new, American-guarded TikTok can retain the chaotic creativity that made it a cultural force.

The semiconductor industry is undergoing a profound geopolitical shift. Once emblematic of globalisation and interdependence, chips are now treated as strategic assets, driving states to recalibrate policies around sovereignty, resilience, and control.

China’s recent actions underscore this trend. Its Ministry of Commerce has initiated an anti-dumping investigation into US analogue chips, accusing US firms of ‘lowering and suppressing’ prices in ways that hurt domestic producers. It covers legacy chips built on older 40nm-plus process nodes – not the cutting-edge AI accelerators that dominate geopolitical debates, but the everyday workhorse components that power smart appliances, industrial equipment, and automobiles. These mature nodes account for a massive share of China’s consumption, with US firms supplying more than 40% of the market in recent years.

For China’s domestic industry, the probe is an opportunity. Analysts say it could force foreign suppliers to cede market share to local firms, which are concentrated in Jiangsu and other industrial provinces. At the same time, there are reports that China is asking tech companies to stop purchasing Nvidia’s most powerful processors

And speaking of Nvidia, the company is in the crosshairs again, as China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) issued a preliminary finding that Nvidia violated antitrust law linked to its 2020 acquisition of Mellanox Technologies. Depending on the outcome of the investigation, Nvidia could face penalties.

Meanwhile, Washington is tightening its own grip. Last month, the government also moved into unprecedented territory by considering equity stakes in domestic chipmakers in exchange for CHIPS Act grants. Intel is at the centre of this experiment, with $8.87 billion in grant money potentially converted into a 10% government stake – though negotiations remain unclear. Critics warn such ownership risks politicising the industry, noting that Trump’s claims to have ‘saved Intel’ may be more theatre than strategy

In addition to this, the White House is preparing to impose sweeping tariffs, with imports of semiconductors facing rates of nearly 100%, and exemptions granted to companies that manufacture or commit to manufacturing in the US. Chinese firms, such as SMIC and Huawei, are expected to be hit the hardest. The USA will also require annual license renewals for South Korean firms Samsung and SK Hynix to supply advanced chips to Chinese factories – a reminder that even America’s allies are caught in the middle. 

Nvidia announced a $5 billion investment in Intel to co-develop custom chips with the company. Together, these moves reflect Washington’s broader effort to strengthen its semiconductor leadership amid growing competition from China.

Amid negotiations with Taiwan, US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick floated a proposal that only half of America’s chips should be produced in Taiwan, relocating the other half to the USA, to reduce dependence on a single foreign supplier. But Taiwan’s Vice Premier Cheng Li-chiun dismissed the idea outright, stating that such terms were never part of formal talks and would not be accepted. While Taiwan is willing to deepen commercial ties with the US, it refuses to relinquish control over the advanced semiconductor capabilities that underpin its geopolitical leverage.

The EU is also asserting tighter control over its technological assets. EU member states have called for a revised and more assertive EU Chips Act, arguing that Europe must treat semiconductors as a strategic industry on par with aerospace and defence. The signatories – representing all 27 EU economies – warn that while competitors like the USA and Asia are rapidly scaling public investment, Europe risks falling behind unless it strengthens its domestic ecosystem across R&D, design, manufacturing, and workforce development.

The proposed ‘second-phase Chips Act’ is built around three strategic objectives:

  • Prosperity, through a competitive and innovation-led semiconductor economy
  • Indispensability, by securing key control points in the value chain
  • Resilience, to guarantee supply for critical sectors during geopolitical shocks.

The EU’s message is clear: Europe intends not just to participate in the semiconductor industry, but to shape it on its own terms, backed by coordinated investment, industrial alliances, and international partnerships that reinforce — rather than dilute — strategic autonomy.

The bottom line: The age of supplier nations is over; the age of semiconductor sovereignty has begun. The message is the same around the globe: chips are too critical to trust to someone else.

In a historic first for democracy, a country has chosen its interim prime minister via a messaging app. 

In early September, Nepal was thrown into turmoil after the government abruptly banned 26 social media platforms, including Facebook, YouTube, X, and Discord, citing failure to comply with registration rules. 

The move sparked outrage, particularly among the country’s Gen Z, who poured into the streets, accusing officials of corruption. 

As the ban took effect, the country’s digitally literate youth quickly adapted their strategies:

The protests, however, quickly turned deadly. Within days, the social media ban was lifted. 

Karki was sworn in the same evening. On her recommendation, the President has dissolved parliament, and new elections are scheduled for 5 March 2026, after which Karki will step down.

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Zooming out. On platforms like Discord, Nepali Gen Z encountered a form of digital democracy that felt more egalitarian than physical spaces, precisely because of the anonymity it affords. This has turned Discord into a political arena where participants can speak freely without fear of retaliation and take part in an unprecedentedly ‘democratic’ process on equal footing. Nepalis turned to Discord to debate the country’s political future, fact-check rumours and collect nominations for the country’s future leaders. 

Yet, this very openness also makes democratic practice more difficult: The absence of accountability can deepen polarisation and fuel misinformation, as was the case in Nepal, where false claims circulated about protest leaders being foreign citizens, while pro-monarchy groups operated in parallel Discord channels

However temporary or symbolic, the episode underscored how digital platforms can become political arenas when traditional ones falter. When official institutions lose legitimacy, people will instinctively repurpose the tools at their disposal to build new ones. The events are likely to offer lessons for other governments grappling with the role of censorship during times of unrest.

In response to rising concerns over the impact of AI and social media on teenagers, governments and tech companies are implementing new measures to enhance online safety for young users.

Australia has released its regulatory guidance for the incoming nationwide ban on social media access for children under 16, effective 10 December 2025. The legislation requires platforms to verify users’ ages and ensure that minors are not accessing their services. Platforms must detect and remove underage accounts, communicating clearly with affected users. Platforms are also expected to block attempts to re-register. It remains uncertain whether removed accounts will have their content deleted or if they can be reactivated once the user turns 16.

Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis has indicated that Greece may consider banning social media use for children under the age of 16. Speaking at a UN event in New York, ‘Protecting Children in the Digital Age’, as part of the 80th UN General Assembly, he warned that unchecked social media exposure constitutes the largest uncontrolled experiment on children’s minds. He highlighted national initiatives such as the ban on mobile phones in schools and the launch of parco.gov.gr, which offers age verification and parental controls. Mitsotakis emphasised that enforcement challenges should not hinder action and called for international cooperation to address the increasing risks to children online.

French lawmakers are proposing stricter regulations on teen social media use, including mandatory nighttime curfews. A parliamentary report suggests that social media accounts for 15- to 18-year-olds should be automatically disabled between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. to help combat mental health issues. This proposal follows concerns about the psychological impact of platforms like TikTok on minors. 

In the USA, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has launched an investigation into the safety of AI chatbots, focusing on their impact on children and teenagers. Seven firms, including Alphabet, Meta, OpenAI and Snap, have been asked to provide information about how they address risks linked to ΑΙ chatbots designed to mimic human relationships. Not long after, grieving parents have testified before the US Congress, urging lawmakers to regulate AI chatbots after their children died by suicide or self-harmed following interactions with these tools. 

OpenAI has introduced a specialised version of ChatGPT tailored for teenagers, incorporating age-prediction technology to restrict access to the standard version for users under 18. Where uncertainty exists, it will assume the user is a teenager. If signs of suicidal thoughts appear, the company says it will first try to alert parents. Where there is imminent risk and parents cannot be reached, OpenAI is prepared to notify the authorities. This initiative aims to address growing concerns about the mental health risks associated with AI chatbots, while also raising concerns related to issues such as privacy and freedom of expression. 

Alongside this, OpenAI has introduced new parental controls, providing families with greater oversight of how their teens use the platform. Parents can link accounts with their children and manage settings through a simple dashboard, while stronger safeguards filter harmful content and restrict roleplay involving sex, violence, or extreme beauty ideals. Families can also fine-tune features such as voice mode, memory, and image generation, or set quiet hours when ChatGPT cannot be accessed.

Meta, meanwhile, is expanding its rollout of teen-specific accounts for Facebook and Messenger. These accounts include features designed to provide a more age-appropriate environment, such as stricter default privacy settings and limits on unwanted interactions. The company says these safeguards are part of a broader effort to balance connectivity with protection for young users.

The intentions are largely good, but a patchwork of bans, curfews, and algorithmic surveillance just underscores that the path forward is unclear. Meanwhile, the kids are almost certainly already finding the loopholes.

The digital governance scene has been busy in Geneva in September. Here’s what we have tried to follow. 

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ITU Council Working Groups (CWGs) 

At the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Council Working Groups (CWGs) met between 8 and 19 September to advance various tracks of work. The CWG on WSIS and SDGs looked at the work undertaken by ITU with regard to the implementation of WSIS outcomes and the Agenda 2030, and to discuss issues related to the ongoing WSIS+20 review process. The Expert Group on ITRs continued working on the final report it needs to submit to the ITU Council in response to the task it was given to review the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), considering evolving global trends, tech developments, and current regulatory practices. A draft version of the report notes that members have divergent views on whether the ITRs need revision and even on their overall relevance; there also doesn’t seem to be a consensus on whether and how the work on revising the ITRs should continue. 

On another topic, the CWG on international internet-related public policy issues held an open consultation on ensuring meaningful connectivity for landlocked developing countries. There were also divergent debates on a proposal to improve the work of the CWG and to ‘facilitate discussions within the [CWG] regarding international internet governance’. 

Outer Space Security Conference

The UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) hosted the Outer Space Security Conference on 9-10 September, bringing together diplomats, policy makers, private actors, experts from the military sectors and others to look at ways in which to shape a secure, inclusive and sustainable future for outer space. Some of the issues discussed revolved around the implications of using emerging technologies such as AI and autonomous systems in the context of space technology and the cybersecurity challenges associated with such uses. 

CSTD WG on data governance

The third meeting of the UN CSTD on data governance (WGDG) took place on 15-16 September. The focus of this meeting was on the work being carried out in the four working tracks of the WGDG: 1. principles of data governance at all levels; 2. interoperability between national, regional and international data systems; 3. considerations of sharing the benefits of data; 4. facilitation of safe, secure and trusted data flows, including cross border data flows. 

WGDG members reviewed the synthesis reports produced by the CSTD Secretariat, based on the responses to questionnaires proposed by the co-facilitators of working tracks. The WGDG decided to postpone the deadline for contributions to 7 October. More information can be found in the ‘call for contributions’ on the website of the WGDG.

Keep track of WGDG debates via our dedicated page on the Digital Watch Observatory

WTO Public Forum 2025

WTO’s largest outreach event, the WTO Public Forum, took place from 17 to 18 September under the Theme ‘Enhance, Create and Preserve’. Digital issues were high on the agenda this year, with sessions dedicated to AI and trade, digital resilience, the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions, and e-commerce negotiations, for example. Other issues were also salient, such as the uncertainty created by rising tariffs and the need for WTO reform. During the Forum, the WTO launched the 2025 World Trade Report, under the title ‘Making trade and AI work together to the benefit of all’. The report explores AI’s potential to boost global trade, particularly through digitally deliverable services. It argues that AI can lower trade costs, improve supply-chain efficiency, and create opportunities for small firms and developing countries, but warns that without deliberate action, AI could deepen global inequalities and widen the gap between advanced and developing economies.

Human Rights Council

The Human Rights Council started its 60th session on 8 September, and two reports stood out for us on its agenda. The first was a report on the human rights implications of new and emerging technologies in the military domain on 18 September. Prepared by the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, the report recommends, among other measures, that ‘states and international organizations should consider adopting binding or other effective measures to ensure that new and emerging technologies in the military domain whose design, development or use pose significant risks of misuse, abuse or irreversible harm – particularly where such risks may result in human rights violations – are not developed, deployed or used’. 

The second is a report on privacy in the digital age by the Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. It looks at challenges and risks with regard to discrimination and the unequal enjoyment of the right to privacy associated with the collection and processing of data, and offers some recommendations on how to prevent digitalisation from perpetuating or deepening discrimination and exclusion. Among these are a recommendation for states to protect individuals from human rights abuses linked to corporate data processing and to ensure that digital public infrastructures are designed and used in ways that uphold the rights to privacy, non-discrimination and equality.

Weekly #232 The rise of AI slop: When social media turns more artificial

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26 September – 3 October 2025


HIGHLIGHT OF THE WEEK

The rise of AI slop: When social media turns more artificial

Last Thursday, Meta quietly introduced Vibes, a new short-form video feed in the Meta AI app, wholly powered by AI. Rather than spotlighting real creators or grassroots content, the feed is built around synthetic content. 

This Tuesday, OpenAI revealed Sora, a companion app centred on AI-created short videos, complete with ‘cameo’ features letting people insert their own faces (with permission) into generative scenes.

From the outside, both Vibes and Sora look like competitive copies of TikTok or Reels — only their entire content pipeline is synthetic. 

They are the first dedicated firehoses of what has been officially termed ‘AI slop.’ This phrase, added to the Cambridge Dictionary in July 2025 and defined as ‘content on the internet that is of very low quality, especially when it is created by AI,’ perfectly captures the core concern.

Across the tech world, reactions ranged from bemused to alarmed. Because while launching a new social media product is hardly radical, creating a platform whose entire video ecosystem is synthetic — devoid of human spark — is something else entirely. 

Why is it concerning? Because it blurs the line between real and fake, making it hard to trust what you see. It can copy creators’ work without permission and flood feeds with shallow, meaningless videos that grab attention but add little value. Algorithms exploit user preferences, while features like synthetic cameos can be misused for bullying or identity abuse. And then there’s also the fact that AI clips typically lack human stories and emotion, eroding authenticity.

What’s next? Ultimately, this shift to AI-generated content raises a philosophical question: What is the purpose of our shared digital spaces?

As we move forward, perhaps we need to approach this new landscape more thoughtfully — embracing innovation where it serves us, but always making space for the authentic, the original, and the human.

For now, Vibes and Sorra have not yet been rolled out worldwide. Given the tepid response from early adopters, their success is far from guaranteed. Ultimately, their fate hinges entirely on the extent to which people will use them.

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IN OTHER NEWS THIS WEEK

UNGA80 turns spotlight on digital issues and AI governance

In our previous newsletter, published on Friday, we covered all developments at the UNGA80 up to that day. In this edition, we bring you everything that unfolded from Friday through Monday.

On Friday, AI governance, digital cooperation, and the critical issue of child safety in the digital space stood out in the statements. Member states underlined that the transformative potential of AI for development – from the green energy transition to improved public services – is inextricably linked to the urgent need for global governance. Several leaders welcomed the new AI mechanisms established by UNGA, while others called for new frameworks to manage risks, particularly those related to cybercrime, disinformation, and the mental health of youth. A recurring theme was the need to actively address the digital divide through investments in digital infrastructure, skills, and technology transfer, stressing that the benefits of this new era must be shared fairly with all. The discussions reinforced the message that tackling these complex, interconnected challenges requires mature multilateralism and reinforced international cooperation.

On Saturday, several statements highlighted the importance of d harnessing AI and digital technologies for development, security, and inclusive growth. Delegates emphasised responsible AI governance, ethical frameworks, and international norms to manage risks, including in military applications. The need for equitable access to AI, digital literacy, and capacity building for developing countries was highlighted to bridge technological and social divides. Participants also addressed cybersecurity, disinformation, and the influence of global tech corporations, emphasising the importance of multilateral cooperation and human-centric approaches. One echoing message was that leveraging AI and digital innovation responsibly can drive sustainable development, economic autonomy, and long-term prosperity for all.

On Monday, the transformative potential and urgent risks associated with AI continued to be highlighted. While AI can boost development, health, education, and productivity – especially in least developed countries – it must be governed responsibly to prevent inequality, bias, and insecurity. Calls for a global AI framework were echoed in various statements, alongside broader appeals for inclusive digital cooperation, accelerated technology transfer, and investment in infrastructure, literacy, and talent development. Speakers warned that digital disruption is deepening geopolitical divides, with smaller and developing nations demanding a voice in shaping emerging governance regimes. Bridging the digital divide, advancing secure and rights-based technologies, and protecting against cybercrime were framed as essential.

The bigger picture: A comprehensive coverage of UNGA80 can be found on our dedicated web page.


Chips and sovereignty: From globalisation to guarded autonomy

The global race for semiconductor dominance is accelerating, with both the EU and Taiwan asserting tighter control over their technological assets in response to growing US pressure.

EU member states have called for a revised and more assertive EU Chips Act, arguing that Europe must treat semiconductors as a strategic industry on par with aerospace and defence. The signatories — representing all 27 EU economies — warn that while competitors like the US and Asia are rapidly scaling public investment, Europe risks falling behind unless it strengthens its domestic ecosystem across R&D, design, manufacturing, and workforce development.

The proposed ‘second-phase Chips Act’ is built around three strategic objectives:

  • Prosperity, through a competitive and innovation-led semiconductor economy
  • Indispensability, by securing key control points in the value chain
  • Resilience, to guarantee supply for critical sectors during geopolitical shocks.

The EU’s message is clear: Europe intends not just to participate in the semiconductor industry, but to shape it on its own terms, backed by coordinated investment, industrial alliances, and international partnerships that reinforce — rather than dilute — strategic autonomy.

That same theme of sovereignty defines Taiwan’s position.

Amid negotiations with Taiwan, US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick floated a proposal that only half of America’s chips should be produced in Taiwan, relocating the other half to the USA, to reduce dependence on a single foreign supplier. But Taiwan’s Vice Premier Cheng Li-chiun dismissed the idea outright, stating that such terms were never part of formal talks and would not be accepted. 

While Taiwan is willing to deepen commercial ties with the US, it refuses to relinquish control over the advanced semiconductor capabilities that underpin its geopolitical leverage.

The bottom line: The age of supplier nations is over; The age of semiconductor sovereignty has begun. The message is the same on both sides of the Atlantic: chips are too critical to trust to someone else.


From code to court: xAI vs OpenAI and Apple

In the high-stakes arena of AI, a bitter rivalry is now unfolding in courtrooms.

Elon Musk’s AI venture xAI has launched an aggressive new lawsuit against OpenAI, accusing it of orchestrating a coordinated ‘poaching’ campaign to steal proprietary technology. xAI claims that OpenAI recruiters targeted engineers who then illicitly transferred source code, data-centre playbooks, and training methodologies to further OpenAI’s competitive edge. 

According to xAI, key incidents included employees uploading confidential files to personal devices, and repeated AirDrop transfers — behaviour that Musk’s company says amounts to trade secret misappropriation. Their remedy: damages, injunctions, and orders compelling OpenAI to purge models built on the contested materials. 

OpenAI, however, fired back. In court filings earlier this week, it asked a judge to dismiss xAI’s claims, calling them part of Musk’s ‘ongoing harassment’ of the company. OpenAI contends that xAI employees are free to leave and be hired elsewhere, and that xAI’s allegations are unsubstantiated. 

But the conflict doesn’t stop there.

This August, Musk had accused Apple of colluding with OpenAI to block competition — alleging that Apple disadvantaged the Grok chatbot (developed by xAI) in its App Store rankings precisely to favour OpenAI’s ChatGPT. 

Apple and OpenAI have responded together this week in court, asking a federal judge to dismiss this separate antitrust-style claim. Their defence is blunt: the agreement between Apple and OpenAI is explicitly non-exclusive, and Apple retains the freedom to work with other AI providers. Further, they argue, xAI has failed to plausibly show how embedding ChatGPT into Apple devices has harmed competition.

What’s behind all this? The ferocious race for talent, technological leadership, and market dominance in AI. We’ll see how it pans out.

LOOKING AHEAD
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SSF ITU

On 7–8 October 2025, the ITU will host the Space Sustainability Forum (SSF-25), gathering experts, regulators, industry leaders, and policy makers to address the long-term health, security and governance of outer space.

Swiss IGF

On 9 October 2025, policymakers, researchers, industry representatives, and civil society actors will gather at Welle 7 in Bern, in situ and online, for the Swiss Internet Governance Forum 2025.

SEEDIG 10

With the theme ‘A Decade of Dialogue and Cooperation: What’s Next?‘, the anniversary edition of the South Eastern European Dialogue on Internet Governance (SEEDIG) is designed as both a stocktaking exercise and a forward-looking consultation. 



READING CORNER
quantum ai data science and cybersecurity

Quantum internet is emerging not only as a scientific milestone but as a transformative force that could redefine how governments, healthcare systems, and citizens interact in the digital age.

UNGA

The annual General Debate at UNGA is the stage where countries outline their strategic priorities, concerns, and proposals. Overall, the sentiment of the General Debate can be distilled into three key words: echo, gloom, and hope.

Digital on Day 6 of UNGA80: Global AI governance, technology equity, and closing the digital divide

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Welcome to the fifth daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

Day 6 discussion centred on the transformative potential and urgent risks of AI, emphasising that while AI can boost development, health, education, and productivity—especially in least developed countries—it must be governed responsibly to prevent inequality, bias, and insecurity. Calls for a global AI framework were echoed in various statements, alongside broader appeals for inclusive digital cooperation, accelerated technology transfer, and investment in infrastructure, literacy, and talent development. Speakers warned that digital disruption is deepening geopolitical divides, with smaller and developing nations demanding a voice in shaping emerging governance regimes. Bridging the digital divide, advancing secure and rights-based technologies, and protecting against cybercrime were framed as essential

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Artificial intelligence

  • Responsible AI governance
  • AI presents both unprecedented opportunities and profound challenges, and if harnessed responsibly, it can accelerate development, improve health and education, and unlock economic growth. Without clear governance, AI risks deepening inequalities and undermining security. A global framework is called for to ensure AI is ethical, inclusive, and accessible to all nations, enabling it to serve as a force for development rather than division. (Malawi)
  • AI is a tool that must be harnessed for all humankind, equally in a controlled manner, as opportunities are vast, including for farmers, city planning, and disaster risk management. (President of the General Assembly)
  • The risks of AI are becoming more prevalent, and age-old biases are being perpetuated by algorithms, as seen in the targeting of women and girls by sexually related deepfakes. (President of the General Assembly)
  • Discussions on AI lend further prudence to the argument that ‘we are better together,’ and few would be comfortable leaving the benefits or risks of this immense resource in the hands of a few. (President of the General Assembly)
    International cooperation remains essential to establishing comprehensive regulations governing the use and development of AI. (Timor-Leste)

AI for development and growth

  • The transformative potential of science, technology, and AI, should be harnessed for national and global development. Malawi is optimistic that AI will usher in a new era of enhanced productivity for its citizens, helping to propel the country’s development trajectory. (Malawi)
  • Advancing AI and digital capabilities in LDCs is imperative, requiring investment in digital infrastructure and enhancing digital literacy, implementing e-government initiatives, promoting AI research and innovation, cultivating talent and establishing a policy framework. (Timor-Leste)
  • Making AI a technology that benefits all is an important issue agreed upon in the Global Digital Compact, which also covers peace and security, sustainable development, climate change, and digital cooperation. (Djibouti) 
  • Canada emphasised national strength in AI, clean technologies, critical minerals and digital innovation. (Canada)

Global digital governance

  • Nepal advocates for a global digital cooperation framework that ensures access to infrastructures, digital literacy, and data protection for all. (Nepal)
  • Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. (Malawi, Nepal, Holy See) Digital transformation demands renewed collective action. A renewed collective resolve to fortify the founding values of the UN, and a revitalised, transformed UN are needed. (Malawi, Nepal, Holy See)

Digital technologies and development

Addressing the digital divide and inequality

  • Rapid technological, geopolitical, and environmental shifts are ushering in a new, multipolar global order that offers both opportunities and risks, and insisted that smaller states must not be sidelined but fully heard in shaping it. (Benin)
  • The development gap has expanded between the North and the South despite technological revolutions. (Algeria)
  • Digital transformations deserve urgent global attention, and technology must be inclusive, secure, and rights-based. (Nepal)
  • It is crucial to narrow the digital divide within and among countries to create a peaceful and equitable society. (Nepal)
  • Policies and programmes for technologies and progress should be within the reach of everyone for the good of everyone. (Nicaragua)

Technology transfer 

  • The gap between rich and poor nations continues to widen, and developing countries struggle with limited technology transfer and low productivity. (Malawi)
  • The full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement should include ensuring equitable access to sustainable technologies. (Malawi)
  • The international community is called upon to foster an environment that supports inclusive growth and harnesses the transformative potential of science and technology, and AI. (Malawi)
  • A comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to address the pressing challenges in the Mediterranean, making economic development on the Southern Front a shared priority through investment and technology transfer. (Algeria)
  • Technology transfer must be accelerated and scaled up, with calls for scaled-up, predictable and accessible technology transfer and capacity building for countries on the front line, particularly LDCs. (Nepal)

Cybersecurity

  • Safeguarding cybersecurity is imperative alongside the advancement of AI and digital capabilities in LDCs. (Timor-Leste)
  • Russia has sought to undermine Moldova’s sovereignty through illicit financing, disinformation, cyberattacks, and voter intimidation. (Moldova)

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insights from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

Digital on Day 5 of UNGA80: AI governance, inclusion, and tech for development

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Welcome to the fifth daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

Day 5 discussions revolved around harnessing AI and digital technologies for development, security, and inclusive growth. Delegates emphasised responsible AI governance, ethical frameworks, and international norms to manage risks, including in military applications. The need for equitable access to AI, digital literacy, and capacity building for developing countries was highlighted to bridge technological and social divides. Participants also addressed cybersecurity, disinformation, and the influence of global tech corporations, emphasising the importance of multilateral cooperation and human-centric approaches. Discussions underscored that leveraging AI and digital innovation responsibly can drive sustainable development, economic autonomy, and long-term prosperity for all.

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Artificial intelligence

Responsible AI governance

  • AI‘s transformative force can aid conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian actions, but early, constructive, and inclusive multilateral engagement is essential. However, AI requires guardrails so that it can be harnessed responsibly. (Singapore)
  • Common norms need to be established at the UN as soon as possible to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially AI, for the benefit of all, while mitigating the risks. (Cuba)
  • Military uses of AI and autonomous weapons in the military domain are dangerous and require international laws regulating them. (Saudi Arabia)
  • Meaningful human control must be retained over life-or-death decisions made by AI in conflict, guided by international law and ethical principles, as the rapid advance of AI has led to concerning levels of autonomy in conflict. (San Marino)
  • The establishment of an Independent International Science Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance are fundamental to promoting scientific understanding of AI and ensuring inclusive multistakeholder discussions, which will contribute to building UN membership capacity, fostering shared knowledge, common understanding, and pooled experience, equally benefiting stakeholders from developing countries. (San Marino)

AI for development and growth

  • The UN needs to be future-ready and harness the potential of emerging technologies like AI as a force for good for all. (Singapore)
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promise but carries profound risks, and safeguards against misuse must be established to build digital societies that bridge development divides rather than widen them. (Philippines)
  • Efforts should be enhanced for developing countries to have access to AI and digital technologies. (Egypt)
  • UAE has sought to harness science, technology, and AI to advance sustainable development around the world. (UAE)
  • AI, as a horizontal and cross-cutting technology, has a particular promise for development. The approach to AI is to harness it responsibly for human welfare, with inclusion and impact as the watchwords for the summit India will host in 2026. (India)
  • AI applicationsdigital transformation, and innovation are highly important. (Oman)
  • The paradox of today’s world is that unprecedented technological advancement exists alongside deep inequality. Some children walk miles to fetch water from school, and some children are using AI in their lessons. To turn innovation into inclusion, education is needed. (Grenada)
  • AI and AI-related skills are being considered for teaching, understanding, and use to enhance education access, delivery, and outcome, as the jobs of tomorrow cannot be met with the skills of yesterday. (Grenada)

Digital technologies for development

Digital inclusion and access

  • Technological progress fosters growth and interaction. (Belarus) Technology is a defining force of our age, a connector, an enabler, an equaliser. (Philippines)
  • While interdependence has deepened thanks to technology, new divisions and fault lines have emerged, undermining many of the positive gains. (Belarus)
  • The world is rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and AI, but a widening gap remains between this realm and the one hostage to poverty and marginalisation. United efforts are needed to devise solutions that are capable of narrowing this gap by achieving just and comprehensive human-centred development (Mauritania)
  • The Global Digital Compact is an important tool that underscores the collective commitment to bridging the digital divide and promoting digital inclusion, creating a more equitable future and ensuring that digital technology is used for the benefit of all humanity. (San Marino)
  • Digital access and inclusive governance are important for enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits, supporting the implementation of the Global Digital Compact. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • Investing in human capital, advancing green and digital transitions, and reinforcing institutional resilience are key pillars for long-term prosperity. (Romania) 
  • The digital transition is one of the strategic pillars for the national long-term development programme. (Guinea)
  • Digital transformation and AI applications are a priority, alongside innovation and industrial development. (Oman)
  • The digital and scientific, and technological innovation potential is an untapped resource that can serve as a powerful catalyst for accelerating progress toward attaining the SDGs. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • Digital transformation and the application of modern technology are important to enhance efficiency and strengthen adaptability in ASEAN. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • Digital skillscoding, and technology clubs are now part of the school environment, and primary school students are assessed through electronic testing, prioritising both digital literacy and problem-solving skills. (Grenada)
  • Investment is being made in digital skills for the new economy. (Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis)
  • Digital public infrastructure has redefined governance and enabled the delivery of public services on an unprecedented scale. (India) The Maldives also noted they are digitalising services.
  • Results of self-reliance, developing national capabilities and nurturing talent can be seen in digital applications. (India)
  • The country’s technicians promote digitisation, and training facilities are open to the world. (India)

Technology transfer and capacity building

  • Access to new technology, innovation, and financial resources remains essential for countries in special situations and the most vulnerable groups. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • Adequate financial supporttechnology transfer, and capacity building are crucial for the effective implementation of national climate commitments. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • Technology transfer must be real, predictable, and accessible to SIDS upon the BBNJ Agreement entering into force, along with benefits sharing. (Maldives)
  • Technology transfer and access to concessionary financing and strengthening North-South partnerships are needed to achieve the right to development. (Tunisia)
  • Technology transfer and capacity building through multilateral processes are key to closing the widening gap between climate ambition and the means of implementation. (Philippines)
  • Global partnerships are needed to expand access to technology and innovation. Small states bring valuable experience in adaptation and resilience. (Grenada)
  • UAE supports building technological capacities of other countries, respecting their national values and priorities and ensuring the responsible and ethical use of these technologies in accordance with international law. (UAE)

Cybersecurity and crime

  • Cyber attacks can cross borders in a second, posing a threat that no single nation can resolve alone. (Bahamas)
  • Online scams are a form of transnational crime being actively combatted, as their impacts ripple far and wide, demanding cooperation without borders. (Thailand)
  • The UN Convention Against Cybercrime is welcomed and will contribute to preventing and combating the misuse of technology and safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms, with the assistance of international and regional instruments for its implementation. The Council of Europe’s Cybercrime Programme Office (Bucharest) and the Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre hosted by Romania, contributed significantly to combating transnational crime. (Romania)
  • Surveillance drones are being detected intruding into territory on a daily basis across the border areas, which constitutes a violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity. (Thailand)
  • When powerful actors abandon rules, all nations are at risk; this includes the weaponisation of emerging disruptive technologies. (Iceland)
  • Consensus was achieved on the final report of the Open-ended Working Group on Cybersecurity (OEWG), which strengthened the normative framework for responsible state behaviour in cybersecurity, and it was agreed to establish the Global Mechanism on Cybersecurity as a permanent home for this work at the UN. (Singapore)

Disinformation and human rights online

  • Human rights must be upheld in the digital age and online, especially because that is where most young people are. (Romania, San Marino)
  • The implementation of the Global Digital Compact should ensure a human-centric, human rights-based approach to the digital future, which cannot be left with no rules. (Romania)
  • Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, innovation, culture, and progress, but twisting free speech into the mass production of lies, propaganda, or AI-driven disinformation is not exercising this freedom. (Iceland)
  • Disinformation and conspiracy theories spread online, corroding trust in facts, institutions, and one another, leading to rising intolerance, especially towards marginalised groups. (Iceland)
  • Digital technology increasingly impacts lives, and a few transnationals impose operating systems and control the content that is seen, read, heard, thus manipulating human behaviour under the ‘dictatorship of the algorithm’. (Cuba)

Digital economy and trade

  • The global order is undergoing fundamental shifts impacting trade, technology, and international cooperation. (San Marino)
  • Global corporations transcend borders, shaping economies, technology, and daily life without sufficient accountability, which demands international responses. (Iceland)
  • The negotiation process on the Digital Economy Framework Agreement is being accelerated to position ASEAN as a leading digital economic hub, promoting regional integration, expanding global connectivity, and enhancing capacity for addressing challenges of the modern global economy. (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
  • High-tech control is an economic concern, along with the grip on supply chains and critical minerals, and the shaping of connectivity. (India)
  • There is a need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials and strengthen economic autonomy, maximising the value of raw materials. (Burkina Faso, Niger)
  • Lasting prosperity involves proactive industrialisation policies, maximising the value of raw materials, and creating decent jobs. (Burkina Faso)
  • Making the most of scientific progress, technological advancement and innovation, which are genuine levers for shared, lasting development. (Burkina Faso) 

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insights from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

Digital on Day 4 of UNGA80: Governance, inclusion, and child safety in the AI age

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Welcome to the fourth daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

On Day 4, artificial intelligence (AI) governance, digital cooperation, and the critical issue of child safety in the digital space stood out in the statements. Member states underlined that the transformative potential of AI for development – from the green energy transition to improved public services – is inextricably linked to the urgent need for global governance. Several leaders welcomed the new AI mechanisms established by UNGA, while others called for new frameworks to manage risks, particularly those related to cybercrime, disinformation, and the mental health of youth. A recurring theme was the need to actively address the digital divide through investments in digital infrastructure, skills, and technology transfer, stressing that the benefits of this new era must be shared fairly with all. The discussions reinforced the message that tackling these complex, interconnected challenges requires mature multilateralism and reinforced international cooperation.

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Global digital governance and cooperation

  • The opportunities and consequences of the digital revolution are among today’s complex and interconnected challenges. They cannot be solved by acting alone. (Ireland)
  • Information wars and the regulation of AI are among the global challenges to tackle and which require solidarity among member states. (Cote d’Ivoire)
  • Addressing technological challenges that overwhelmed natural systems, economies, and even basic human rights require international cooperation and the United Nations. (Belize)
  • Global governance rules should be improved at a faster pace, and cooperation should be strengthened so that technological progress can bring real benefits to humanity. (China)
  • There is a call to strengthen multilateral governance, defend international law, promote human rights, and adopt joint measures to address global technological challenges. (Andorra)
  • The UN must embrace digital diplomacy for the AI age. (Malta)
    Inclusive, multistakeholder approaches to global digital governance, AI, and space technologies can ensure that they advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (Bulgaria)
  • The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. (Cote d’Ivoire) It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga) The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries (Lesotho), as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies (Cabo Verde). The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. (Barbados)

Artificial intelligence

Responsible AI (governance)

  • Without safeguards, AI can be very dangerous. It can impact children’s mental health, spread disinformation, cause displacements on the job market, and concentrate immense power in the hands of a few multinational corporations. (Greece)
  • Unregulated AI, while having tremendous promise, poses significant risk. Preserving a rule-based international system can help address the risk. (Barbados)
  • There is a need to build a global governance architecture through multilateral negotiations that will ensure safe, secure, ethical, and inclusive use of AI. The capabilities of this technology should be harnessed responsibly and collectively. (Mauritius)
  • The growing challenge of AI requires a mature multilateralism to tackle successfully. (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
  • AI and other technologies should adhere to the principles of people-centred development, technology for good and equitable benefits, and require improving relevant governance rules and strengthening global governance cooperation. (China)
  • A call was made for the adoption of binding universal standards to regulate the use of AI and ensure it is used to achieve development for the benefit of all. (Cote d’Ivoire)
  • A call was made for an international convention to regulate and govern the development of AI. (Bahrain)
  • Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to manage responsible use of A for development. (Solomon Islands)
  • The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. (Greece, Barbados, Mauritius, Zimbabwe)
  • There is a proposal for a Global AI Governance Initiative and the establishment of a World AI Cooperation Organisation. (China)

AI for development and growth

  • The transformatory potential of AI as a tool for development was recognised. (Greece, Zimbabwe)
  • AI and data analytics offer real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. (Samoa)
  • The benefits of AI, large language models, and quantum computing must not be biased, and their benefits must be shared fairly with all to avoid creating an entire generation who feel excluded and marginalised, making them vulnerable to harmful temptations. (Bangladesh)
  • Cooperating with Israel will provide Arab and Muslim leaders with groundbreaking Israeli technologies, including in AI. (Israel)

Cybersecurity and cybercrime

  • Transnational criminal networks involved in cybercrime are an existential threat to states. (Jamaica)
  • Criminals are misusing technology for harmful behaviours, with destabilising consequences. Establishing frameworks and strategies to combat the use of technology for criminal purposes is supported. (Zimbabwe)
  • Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address cybersecurity challenges. (Solomon Islands)
  • Cybersecurity is one area of cooperation with the EU, the USA, and Brazil. (Cabo Verde)
  • Partnership is sought with states, organisations, and regional and international groupings to strengthen cybersecurity. (Bahrain)
  • There is a need for an open and secure internet. (Bulgaria)

Human rights in the digital space

  • Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address the protection of data and privacy. (Solomon Islands)
  • Multilingualism must be promoted, especially in a context of homogenisation and digitalisation where gaps may leave people behind, as it facilitates inclusive dialogue. (Andorra)
  • An open and secure internet and the protection of human rights are emphasised. (Bulgaria)

Child safety and rights

  • In the digital age, children face new risks and threats, often invisible. A Centre for Digital Well-being and Digital Skills and Competencies and a Digital Well-being Plan for Children and Youth have been created, with specific actions to protect minors and youth in the digital environment. Regulatory and technical frameworks are sought, with the ITU and other agencies, to ensure the internet is a tool for development and child protection. (Andorra)
  • A safe, inclusive digital environment is needed that places children’s rights at the very heart of it. (Andorra)
  • There is a need to protect the mental health of children from the unsupervised experiment run with their brains by platforms where harmful content and addictive scrolling are intentional. Big platforms can no longer profit at the expense of children’s mental health, and a business model built on addictive algorithms that feed what can be labelled as digital junk is unacceptable. Digital technology is no different than any other industry that needs to operate under health and safety regulations, guided by the principle: “Do no harm.” (Greece)
  • A proposal for a pan-European Digital Age of Majority to access digital platforms is being examined by the European Commission, with support from 13 EU Member States. (Greece)
  • Laws are being strengthened to protect children susceptible to harm from technology in this digital age. (Tonga)

Disinformation and hate speech

  • Disinformation and fake news undermine trust. (Pakistan)
  • The spread of fake news distorts reality and threatens the stability of societies, creating a platform for hate to thrive and prejudice to rise, contributing to the “crisis of truth”. (Barbados)
  • Disinformation and hate speech have become matters of grave concern, compounded by the deliberate use of fake news and AI-driven deepfakes. Cooperation is needed to confront these challenges before they erode trust and weaken social harmony. (Bangladesh)
  • Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to combat misinformation. (Solomon Islands)
  • An international convention is called for to combat religious hate speech and racism and ban the abuse of digital platforms to incite extremism, radicalism, or terrorism. (Bahrain)

Digital technologies for development

Opportunities, risks, and applications

  • Technology is both our greatest shared opportunity and one of the defining challenges for our future prosperity. (Greece) Advancements in technologies like AI and network communications, along with their benefits, also bring potential risks. (China) 
  • The principles of people-centred development, technology for good, and equitable benefits need to be adhered to. (China)
  • The digital transformation, including AI and data analytics, offers real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. (Samoa)
  • High-tech innovation developed in Taiwan – including semiconductors, AI, biotech – are vital to global supply chain security and sustainable development. (Belize)
  • Digitisation, AI and crypto are embraced as tools of the future. (Pakistan)
  • Digital innovation is promoted as a way to enable a safe, stable, prosperous, and sustainable environment. (Bahrain)
  • The clean energy potential of the country presents an opportunity to host data centres powered sustainably by renewable energy, which would advance Africa’s digital transformation. Openness is expressed for investment and partnerships in building global data centres. (Lesotho)
  • A global SIDS data hub within the SIDS Center of Excellence in Antigua has launched to improve data, secure investments, and achieve debt sustainability. (Antigua and Barbuda)
  • Examples were given of sectors where digital transformation is introduced: taxation, customs, and land deeds issuance (Togo); online trade union registration (Bangladesh); online healthcare services (Belize).
  • Access to media platforms and new technologies has been weaponised to coerce the forced compliance with some climate goals. (Trinidad and Tobago)

Digital inclusion and access

  • The digital divide should not be allowed to widen further. Resource and capacity constraints of developing economies have to be acknowledged and addressed. (Mauritius)
  • In the fast-changing technological era, a deep concern is the widening digital divide facing youth in the developing world, where the benefits of quantum computing, AI, and large language models must be shared fairly. (Bangladesh)
  • The need for digital inclusion is emphasised. Digital connectivity is prioritised at a national level. (Bulgaria)
  • Priority is given to investment in affordable digital infrastructure, promoting digital literacy, and nurturing innovation ecosystems, with a focus on empowering youth, women, and rural communities. (Lesotho)
  • Investments are made in digital literacy and IT and AI-related skills for the young generation. (Bangladesh) Pilot programmes are run in AI education, and teachers and students will soon engage with custom-designed AI teaching assistants. (Greece)

Technology transfers, cooperation, and support

  • A commitment to official development assistance, technical cooperation, and the sharing of knowledge and best practices is reaffirmed. (Andorra)
  • Member states must commit to technical assistance. (Jamaica)
    There is a call for increased technology transfers and capacity building initiatives. (Tuvalu)
  • Ensuring access to knowledge, data and science is needed to inform strategic planning, enhance resilience, and foster global cooperation in the maritime field. (Tuvalu)
  • Maritime domain awareness and the provision of satellites and data sharing services should be forms of standard support for SIDS in their efforts to protect marine ecosystems. (Antigua and Barbuda)
  • Reparations must also take the form of sustainable investment in technology (along with other areas) to allow Africa to develop and fully enjoy its potential. (Togo)

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insights from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

Weekly #231 UNGA80 turns spotlight on digital issues and AI governance

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19 – 26 September 2025


HIGHLIGHT OF THE WEEK

Technology is everywhere at this year’s UN General Assembly. Whether in the General Debate, side events on digital prosperity, or the launch of a new dialogue on AI governance, governments and stakeholders confronted the urgent question of how to ensure that digital transformation serves humanity. Here are the key moments from the week to date.

Digital Cooperation Day: From principles to implementation in global digital governance

On 22 September, the UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies (ODET) hosted Digital Cooperation Day, marking the first anniversary of the Global Digital Compact. The event gathered leaders from governments, business, academia, and civil society to discuss how to shift the focus from principle-setting to implementation of digital governance. Discussions covered inclusive digital economies, AI governance, and digital public infrastructure, with sessions on privacy, human rights in data governance, and the role of technology in sustainable development and climate action. Panels also explored AI’s impact on the arts and innovation, while roundtables highlighted strategies for responsible and equitable technology use. The Digital Cooperation Day is set to become an annual platform for reviewing progress and addressing new challenges in international digital cooperation. 

The General Debate of the UNGA80

The General Debate opened on 23 September under the theme ‘Better together: 80 years and more for peace, development and human rights’. While leaders addressed a broad spectrum of global challenges, digital and AI governance were recurring concerns.

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Day 1 debates circled around a central message: technology must remain a servant of humanity, not its master. From calls to ensure AI benefits all societies and to build universal guardrails for its responsible use, to concerns over cybercrime, disinformation, and the governance of critical minerals exploitation, delegations stressed the urgent need for cooperation, inclusivity, and safeguards.

Day 2 debates underscored a need to align rapid technological change with global governance, with countries calling for stronger international cooperation and responsible approaches to the development and use of technology. Delegations emphasised that digital technologies must serve humanity – advancing development, human rights, and democracy – while also warning of the growing security risks posed by AI misuse, disinformation, hybrid warfare, and cyber threats. Alongside some calls for rules and ethical standards, many highlighted the importance of inclusion, investment in digital infrastructure, and ensuring that all states can share in the benefits of the digital age.

On Day 3 of the UN General Assembly’s 80th session, AI and digital transformation remained at the forefront of global debates. Member states voiced both optimism and concern: from calls for ethical, human-centred governance of AI and stronger safeguards for peace and security, to warnings about disinformation, repression, and widening digital divides. Governments also highlighted the promise of digital technologies for development, stressing the importance of inclusion, connectivity, and technology transfer. The discussions underscored a common thread—while digital innovation offers extraordinary opportunities, its risks demand global cooperation, shared standards, and a commitment to human dignity.

Diplo and the Geneva Internet Platform are providing reporting from this event, which will last through 30 September, so be sure to bookmark our dedicated web page.

Digital@UNGA 2025: Digital for Good – For People and Prosperity

On 23 September, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) hosted Digital@UNGA 2025: Digital for Good – For People and Prosperity. The anchor event spotlighted digital technologies as tools for inclusion, equity, and opportunity. Affiliate sessions throughout the week explored trust, rights, and universal connectivity, while side events examined issues ranging from AI for the SDGs and digital identity to green infrastructure, early-warning systems, and space-based connectivity. The initiative sought to showcase digital tools as a force for healthcare, education, and economic empowerment, and to inspire action and dialogue towards an equitable and empowering digital future for all.

Security Council debate on AI

The UN Security Council held a high-level debate on AI, highlighting its promise and its urgent risks for peace and security. The debate, chaired by the Republic of Korea President Lee Jae Myung, underscored a shared recognition that AI offers enormous benefits, but without strong global cooperation and governance, it could deepen divides, destabilise societies, and reshape warfare in dangerous ways.

The launch of the Global Dialogue on AI Governance

A major highlight was the High level Meeting to Launch Global Dialogue on AI Governance on 25 September. 

Senior leaders outlined how AI could drive economic growth and development, particularly in the Global South, while plenary discussions saw stakeholders present their perspectives on building agile, responsive and inclusive international AI governance for humanity. A youth representative closed the session, underscoring younger generations’ stake in shaping AI’s future.

The Global Dialogue on AI Governance is tasked, as decided by the UN General Assembly this August, with facilitating open, transparent and inclusive discussions on AI governance. The dialogue is set to have its first meeting in 2026, along with the AI for Good Summit in Geneva. 

Launch of open call for Independent International Scientific Panel on AI

The UN Secretary-General has launched an open call for candidates to join the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence. Agreed by member states in September 2024 as part of the Global Digital Compact, the 40-member Panel will provide evidence-based scientific assessments on AI’s opportunities, risks, and impacts. Its work will culminate in an annual, policy-relevant – but non-prescriptive – summary report presented to the Global Dialogue, along with up to two updates per year to engage with the General Assembly plenary. Following the call for nominations, the Secretary-General will recommend 40 members for appointment by the General Assembly.


IN OTHER NEWS THIS WEEK

Global initiative calls for AI red lines by 2026

A coalition of global experts and leaders has launched the Global Call for AI Red Lines, an initiative that calls for clear red lines to govern the development and deployment of AI.

The initiative warns that advanced AI could soon far surpass human capabilities, escalating risks such as engineered pandemics, mass disinformation, manipulation of individuals—including children, security threats, widespread unemployment, and human rights violations. Some systems have already exhibited harmful or deceptive behaviour, and left unchecked, meaningful human control may become increasingly difficult.

The campaign calls for an operational international agreement on red lines for AI, with robust enforcement mechanisms by 2026, building on existing frameworks and corporate commitments to ensure all advanced AI developers are held accountable.

Signatories include Nobel laureates, former heads of state, and leading AI researchers such as Geoffrey Hinton, Ian Goodfellow and Yoshua Bengio. OpenAI co-founder Wojciech Zaremba, authors Yuval Noah Harari and Stephen Fry.

Why it matters: Warnings about AI’s potentially existential threats are far from new. As early as the 1960s, computer scientist I.J. Good cautioned about an ‘intelligence explosion,’ in which machines could rapidly surpass human cognitive abilities. Today, it often feels like there’s an AI researcher or some other public figure raising concerns about the technology every week. So what makes this initiative stand out? It combines high-profile backing, a demand for an international agreement on red lines, and a concrete timeline. Let’s see what impact it will have. 


TikTok’s great American makeover

With an executive order, US President Donald Trump brought the protracted TikTok drama to a climax, paving the way for a new company—led by American investors who will own 80% of the platform—to take control of the app. TikTok’s (soon to be former) parent company, ByteDance, and its Chinese investors will retain a minority stake of less than 20%.

A new US-led joint venture will oversee the app’s algorithm, code, and content moderation, while all American user data will be stored on Oracle-run servers in the USA. The venture will have a seven-member board, six of whom are American experts in cybersecurity and national security. 

Media reports that the US investor group is led by software giant Oracle, while prominent backers include private equity firm Silver Lake, media moguls Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch, and Dell CEO Michael Dell. 

The crux of the matter: All US user data will be stored securely on Oracle-run servers in the USA, preventing foreign control. Software updates, algorithms, and data flows will face strict monitoring, with recommendation models retrained and overseen by US security partners to guard against manipulation.

The US government has long argued that the app’s access to US user data poses significant risks, as ByteDance is possibly subject to the Chinese 2017 National Intelligence Law, which requires any Chinese entity to support, assist, and cooperate with state intelligence work – including, possibly, the transfer of US citizens’ TikTok data to China. On the other hand, TikTok and ByteDance maintained that TikTok operates independently and respects user privacy.

What’s next? There are still some details to hash out, such as whether US users will be installing a new app altogether. Nevertheless, this agreement marks a significant step in resolving one of the most high-profile tech-policy disputes of the decade. Plus, the executive order leaves 120 days for the deal to take place.

The bottom line: For millions of American users, the political wrangling is background noise. The real change will be felt in their feeds—whether the new, American-guarded TikTok can retain the chaotic creativity that made it a cultural force.


Apple urges EU to scrap Digital Markets Act, calls for ‘fit for purpose’ alternative

Apple has formally requested that the European Commission repeal the Digital Markets Act (DMA), Europe’s landmark digital antitrust law, while ‘a more appropriate fit for purpose legislative instrument is put in place.’ 

This does not come out of left field: The European Commission has launched a public consultation on the first review of the DMA on 3 July, with 24 September being the deadline for submitting views.

Narrowly meeting the deadline, Apple has submitted a view arguing the DMA leaves it with two bad choices: either weaken the security and smooth experience of its devices by opening up to rivals, or hold back features from EU users. It points to delayed launches of tools like Live Translation with AirPods, iPhone Mirroring, and improved location services, which Apple says depend on tight integration that the DMA prevents.

The big picture: Critics in the US argue that European digital regulations unfairly target US tech giants. Apple has acknowledged the challenge, saying, ‘Over time, it’s become clear that the DMA isn’t helping markets. It’s making it harder to do business in Europe.’ 

EU digital affairs spokesman Thomas Regnier noted that the commission was ‘not surprised’ by the tech giant’s move. ‘Apple has simply contested every little bit of the DMA since its entry into application,’ Regnier said. Despite these complaints, the EU remains firm: thanks to the DMA, companies have the right to compete fairly and gatekeepers, like Apple, must allow interoperability of third-party devices with their operating systems, Reinger underlined

The bottom line: Compliance with the DMA is mandatory, and there is little indication that the rules will ease.

The most likely outcome is that Apple continue operating under the DMA while seeking ways to adapt and lobby for adjustments that reduce disruption. European users may see some delays in new features or modifications to services, though.


Record $2.5b settlement forces Amazon to overhaul Prime sign-up and cancellation practices

Amazon has agreed to a $2.5 billion settlement with the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) over deceptive Prime membership practices. The FTC’s investigation, initiated in June 2023, revealed that Amazon enrolled customers into its Prime program without their explicit consent, obscured critical information about costs and terms, and implemented a complex cancellation process designed to deter users from unsubscribing, described as the ‘Illiad process’. Approximately 35 million consumers were affected by these tactics.

Under the terms of the settlement, Amazon is required to pay a $1 billion civil penalty (the largest ever in a case involving an FTC rule violation) and provide $1.5 billion in refunds to consumers harmed by the deceptive Prime enrollment practices (the second-highest restitution award ever obtained by FTC action). 

The settlement requires Amazon to make Prime enrollment and cancellation clear and simple, fully disclose costs and terms, allow easy cancellations, and have an independent supervisor ensure compliance.

This unprecedented settlement underscores the growing scrutiny of tech giants’ business practices and sets a significant precedent for consumer protection enforcement.


The cyberattack that disrupted major European airports

A cyberattack targeting Collins Aerospace, a critical systems provider that operates check-in and boarding platforms for numerous airports around the world, caused widespread disruption at major European airports. Passengers at London Heathrow, Berlin, and Brussels experienced long queues, flight delays, and cancellations throughout Saturday, with some recovery reported on Sunday, though disruptions continued, particularly at Heathrow and Berlin. 

Collins Aerospace confirmed that its Muse software had been hit by a cyberattack and said teams were working to restore services.

In response to the incident, the UK’s National Crime Agency arrested a man in West Sussex on suspicion of computer misuse offences. The suspect has been released on conditional bail while the investigation continues. This might suggest that the investigation is complex and far from concluded. 

Industry experts pointed out that this event highlights the vulnerability of the aviation sector, which often relies on shared software platforms. They suggested that stronger backup systems and better cooperation are needed to improve resilience against such attacks.


LOOKING AHEAD
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Geneva blog

The next meeting of the Geneva Data Community, organised on behalf of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, will bring together key stakeholders for an exchange on current initiatives and developments in the data field and an update from the World Health Organisation (WHO) on advancing the continuum between data, digital, and AI to improve health outcomes.

CADE Mapping and Baseline Study Reports Launch

 The Civil Society Alliances for Digital Empowerment (CADE) consortium will launch its Mapping and Baseline Study Reports. The reports provide a comprehensive overview of civil society participation in key Internet governance spaces—including the IGF, ICANN, ITU, and IETF—with a particular focus on amplifying underrepresented voices from the Global South. They also put forward practical recommendations to strengthen inclusive and meaningful engagement of civil society in digital policy processes.

800x600pix 6th AIPC

The 6th AI Policy Summit continues the multi-stakeholder dialogue with leading experts in exploring the use of public policy and societal engagement to capture the benefits of artificial intelligence, minimize its risks, and enhance its adoption.



READING CORNER
wtr25 md

The 2025 edition of the World Trade Report reveals that, with the right enabling policies, AI could boost the value of cross-border flows of goods and services by nearly 40% by 2040 thanks to productivity gains and lower trade costs. However, for AI and trade to contribute to inclusive growth — with benefits shared widely — policies need to be in place to bridge the digital divide, invest in workforce skills, and maintain an open and predictable trading environment.

AI concepts

Learn the essential AI vocabulary you need. This guide explains key terms like parameters (7B vs 70B), tokens, context windows, LLMs, and AI hallucination.

Digital on Day 3 of UNGA80: AI governance, digital cooperation, and development take centre stage

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Welcome to the third daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

On Day 3, AI and digital transformation remained at the forefront of global debates. Member states voiced both optimism and concern: from calls for ethical, human-centred governance of AI and stronger safeguards for peace and security, to warnings about disinformation, repression, and widening digital divides. Governments also highlighted the promise of digital technologies for development, stressing the importance of inclusion, connectivity, and technology transfer. The discussions underscored a common thread—while digital innovation offers extraordinary opportunities, its risks demand global cooperation, shared standards, and a commitment to human dignity.

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Global digital governance and cooperation

  • There is a need for global standards for transparency, and accountability mechanisms to address abuses associated with digital technologies; these should be as dynamic as the technologies themselves. (European Union)
  • Technological breakthroughs, including artificial intelligence, must foster peace, development, and human dignity. (Haiti)

Artificial intelligence

Responsible AI (governance)

  • human-centred approach to AI is favoured – one based on fundamental values, democracy, and the rule of law. With the EU having adopted a regulatory framework for responsible AI, it calls for an equivalent level of ambition in the international domain(European Union)
  • Rapid technological change, especially the rise of artificial intelligence, must be harnessed in a safe, responsible, and inclusive manner(Montenegro)
  • AI is developing with lightning speed and largely unchecked, posing obvious risks to the social fabric without any agreement on rules and boundaries. (Liechtenstein)
  • Global/international cooperation is needed to set AI on the right course (United Kingdom), and ensure AI systems remain safe, secure, and trustworthy. (Micronesia)
  • A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to guarantee inclusive access and ensure its use is guided by the common good. (Ecuador)
  • The global community must support innovation in emerging technologies like AI while addressing the associated risks(Sweden)
  • AI brings enormous opportunities but also incalculable risks for civilisation, and it should be made a priority of UNGA’s 80th session. (North Macedonia)
  • Concern is expressed about the misuse of AI by capitalism, which could accelerate climate change and liquidate the planet. (Bolivia)
  • The internet, social media platforms, and artificial intelligence reinforce isolation by using algorithms that ensure people receive more of the same content rather than new ideas. (Ghana)

AI for development and growth

  • We must change with the times and take advantage of today’s opportunities such as using AI and other technologies. (Netherlands)
  • AI is the most powerful new lever to advance the UN charter’s vision of social progress and better standards of life. It needs to be forged as a force for freedom, prosperity, and human dignity. (United Kingdom)
  • AI should be championed as a bridge-builder across continents to share its extraordinary potential. (United Kingdom)
  • AI for development is championed through partnerships with African nations to create AI ecosystems that empower communities to meet the sustainable development goals. (United Kingdom)

Digital tech, security, and peace

Cybersecurity

  • Cyber threats are among the major challenges of our time. People trust the UN to tackle such challenges, but often the responses provided have fallen short. (Equatorial Guinea)
  • Micronesia is committed to developing national strategies and policies to safeguard digital data and mitigate the risk of malicious attacks(Micronesia)
  • Artificial intelligence is being used to consolidate repression and empower criminals across the internet. (United Kingdom)

International peace and security

  • New technologies are being utilised to disrupt communications and guidance systems. (Yemen)
  • Wars are now multidimensional, including media, information, and cyberwarfare, war from space, and the use of other technologies that are developed without impunity. (Bolivia)
  • AI, social media, and the internet, including the dark web, carry a potential threat to global peace and security. (Ghana)
  • A call is made for enhanced global cooperation to address the root causes of conflict, including new technologies. (Uganda)
  • The inclusive and constructive dialogue that shaped the first UNGA resolution on AI should serve as a model for discussions on AI, peace, and security, and on the responsible use of AI in the military domain. (Micronesia)
  • International humanitarian law must be upheld, and weapons which “kill randomly” must be banned. (Austria)

Human rights in the digital space

  • The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by the abuse of digital technologies. (European Union)
  • Emerging technologies, particularly AI, pose significant risks to human rights, requiring a move toward multilateral and ethical governance. (Ecuador)

Disinformation and misinformation

  • The rise of disinformation is among the challenges our world is confronted with. (Haiti, Montenegro). Technology makes it easier to disseminate disinformation and sow seeds of division. (Ghana)
  • The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by disinformation. (European Union)
  • Authoritarian states are manipulating large language models so that chatbots answer in the voice of their propaganda. (United Kingdom)

Digital technologies for development

Digital inclusion and access

  • Access to technologies, especially in the digital and artificial intelligence era, is a decisive factor for promoting sustainable development. (Cameroon)
  • Technologies of the future should be embraced as an opportunity for growth, innovation, and a sustainable future. (Norway)
  • Digital access programmes seek to narrow the technological divide for millions. (United Kingdom)
  • A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to avoid new digital gaps. (Ecuador)
  • The national growth and development plan focuses on developing the digital sector and enhancing youth employment. (Gabon)
  • Digital transformation is a catalyst for sustainable development. Partnerships with developed countries in advancing technology are welcomed. (Eswatini) Global partners are invited to invest in technology. (Botswana)
  • There is a desire for a modern state able to invest in people, development, technology, and education. (State of Palestine)
  • Existing inequalities mean that only some are at the frontier of digital technologies. (Dominica) There are widening technological inequalities and unequal access to technology. (Rwanda)

Digital public infrastructure and services

  • There is potential for cooperation in digital connectivity, with Azerbaijan leading initiatives like the Digital Silk Way, which includes plans for an advanced fibre optic cable network under the Caspian Sea. (Azerbaijan)
  • Uganda is deploying digital health solutions to improve service delivery and accountability. (Uganda)

Technology transfers

  • A lack of technological transfer is a major challenge. (Equatorial Guinea)
  • Technology transfers are advocated for. (Ecuador)
  • Support is required in technology transfer to address the intertwined challenges of development and environmental stability. (South Sudan)
  • No state should be locked out of opportunities for growth, finance, and technology due to geographical circumstances. (Ethiopia)
  • A call for increased long-term concessional financing, technology transfer, and fairer trade terms is made to support domestic development efforts. (Tanzania)
  • A call is made for fairer global governance, including equal access to financing for green technologies. (Chad)

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insights from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

Digital on Day 2 of UNGA80: Calls for digital inclusion, responsible AI, and collective security

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Welcome to the second daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Debate (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

Day 2 debates underscored a need to align rapid technological change with global governance, with countries calling for stronger international cooperation and responsible approaches to the development and use of technology. Delegations emphasised that digital technologies must serve humanity – advancing development, human rights, and democracy – while also warning of the growing security risks posed by AI misuse, disinformation, hybrid warfare, and cyber threats. Alongside some calls for rules and ethical standards, many highlighted the importance of inclusion, investment in digital infrastructure, and ensuring that all states can share in the benefits of the digital age.

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Global digital governance and cooperation

  • Technological disruptions are currently outpacing governance. (Kenya)
  • The digital age must be guided by international cooperation, ethical standards, and respect for human rights, with technology placed at the service of humanity. (Albania)
  • The world needs a strong and effective UN system capable of responding to the rapid evolution of new technologies. (Czechia) A renewed UN can strengthen digital security and international cooperation with ethical and inclusive principles that support freedom of expression. (Panama)
  • Albania is co-leading with Kenya the review process of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and will work to ensure a successful outcome. (Albania)
  • International Geneva can make a unique contribution to the attainment of global goals, leveraging its expertise in humanity and innovation as a centre for reflection, discussion, and concerted action. (Switzerland)

Artificial intelligence

Responsible AI (governance)

  • AI must serve human dignity, development, and human rights, and not the other way around. (Estonia)
  • AI governance is seen as one of three significant global challenges facing the international community, along with nuclear weapons and the triple planetary crisis. (Costa Rica)
  • Governments should act swiftly to create regulations that make AI safer and more beneficial for people. Focus should be placed on developing AI  responsibly, not halting progress. (Latvia)
  • A responsible approach from all international institutions, the private sector, and governments is needed to steer the AI revolution. (Slovakia)
  • Regulations, ethical standards, and governance mechanisms are urgently needed in the AI space, to address issues of equity and access. (Guyana)
  • A global standard is called for to ensure the use of AI is transparent, fair, and respects ethical boundaries, without substituting for human judgment or responsibility. (Namibia)
  • The UN General Assembly’s decision to establish two global AI governance mechanisms – the independent international scientific panel and a global dialogue on AI governance –  is welcomed. (Guyana, Costa Rica)

AI for development and growth

  • AI can accelerate progress on the 2030 Agenda if directed towards a fair and equitable digital transformation. (Spain) It can strengthen national economies and collective efforts for development, optimising resources, accelerating medical research, and democratising access to knowledge. (Costa Rica) AI can also promote economic growth, drive scientific progress and innovation, improve healthcare, and make education more accessible. (Latvia) 
  • AI and digitisation can accelerate the demand for energy. (Guyana)
  • Investment is needed in new technologies and artificial intelligence to help developing countries transition to a more prosperous future. (Congo)
  • AI must stand for ‘Africa included‘. (Nigeria)
  • An AI hub for sustainable development is being opened, involving hundreds of African startups in the development of artificial intelligence. (Italy)
  • A neutral sovereign artificial intelligence zone has been proposed. (Sri Lanka)
  • Guyana is establishing an AI hyperscale data centre which will help accelerate digitalisation and improve competitiveness. (Guyana)
  • Equipping citizens with the skills to use AI wisely and responsibly is essential. Estonia is implementing a new ‘Artificial Intelligence Leap’ to provide the best technological tools to students and teachers to maintain a comparative edge in education. (Estonia)

Digital tech, peace and security 

  • Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. (Croatia, Latvia, Ukraine)
  • Acts of hybrid warfare include disinformation campaigns, attempts to undermine public trust, cyberattacks, and acts of sabotage carried out by mercenaries recruited online. (Czechia) Damage to undersea cables and GPS jamming are also part of a growing wave of hybrid attacks. (Latvia)
  • Emerging threats such as cyberattacks, hybrid attacks, and the misuse of AI (for instance to spread disinformation or enable attacks on critical infrastructure) challenge international peace, security, and stability. Countering these requires resilience and increased cooperation. (Latvia, Costa Rica)
  • Technologies like AI, cyber capabilities, space technology and robotics can strengthen defences, but can also be misused by hostile actors. Security needs to be rethought, nationally and globally. Rules, safeguards, and cooperation must keep pace with innovation in technologies, to ensure that they can contribute to resilience and stability. The UN must evolve to be able to effectively address such complex challenges. (Croatia, Cyprus)
  • There is an urgent need for global rules on how AI can be used in weapons, comparable in urgency to preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. (Ukraine)
  • Military automation, enabled by AI, challenges the ability to maintain meaningful human control over life-or-death decisions without adequate regulatory frameworks. The conclusion of a legally binding instrument before 2026 is urged to establish prohibitions and regulations for autonomous weapons systems capable of identifying, selecting, and attacking targets without meaningful human control, stressing that no algorithm should make life or death decisions. (Costa Rica)
  • The arms race is resuming, including in cyberspace. (Senegal) Cybercrime and cyber terrorism are emerging challenges. (Guyana)

Human rights in the digital space

  • Safeguarding digital rights and advancing media freedom are critical for advancing democracy and protecting international law-based multilateral world order. (Estonia)
  • It is proposed to establish a global charter for digital governance and ethical AI to protect human rights in the digital sphere. (Central African Republic)

Disinformation and misinformation

  • Concern was expressed about an emerging generation that grows cynical because it believes nothing and trusts less, due to the rapid advancement of technology. (Nigeria)
  • The ‘pandemic’ of misinformation and disinformation is an emerging challenge. (Guyana)
  • The proliferation of misinformation, particularly via digital platforms, has fuelled distrust between countries, targeting elections, trade negotiations, and public sentiment. (Serbia)
  • Disinformation, which gains even greater volume in digital environments, is eroding public trust and is part of the challenges testing the principles of the UN Charter and the UN’s authority. (Dominican Republic; Sierra Leone)
  • Autocracies are deploying new technology to undermine trust in democracy, institutions, and each other. (Australia)

Digital technologies for development

Digital inclusion and access

  • Ensuring that every person and country benefits from the opportunities of the
    digital age is a global challenge. The international community must work together to close the digital gap between states that can and cannot benefit from digital tech and AI as development tools. (Sri Lanka)
  • There is a need for a new dialogue to promote a level of access to technology that allows emerging economies to more quickly close the wealth and knowledge gap. (Nigeria)
  • The digital divide must be closed. (Costa Rica, Nigeria) Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. (Comoros, Kiribati) 
  • A dedicated initiative is advocated for, bringing together researchers, the private sector, government, and communities to close the digital divide. (Nigeria)
  • Investments are made in digital transformation and the digital economy to foster inclusion and innovation, and ensure no one is left behind. (Albania, Sierra Leone)

Digital public infrastructure and services

  • Digital solutions are vital for overcoming challenges from geographical isolation and limited economies of scale, and are key to enhancing public services, education, commerce, and climate resilience. (Kiribati)
  • The GovStack initiative, co-founded by Estonia in collaboration with the International Telecommunications Union and Germany, provides governments with a
    digital public infrastructure toolbox aimed at modernising digital services by creating a modular, open-source, and scalable framework. (Estonia)
  • Digitalisation is a part of the commitment to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda goals. (Serbia)
  • Digital democracy is a national aim. (Sri Lanka)

Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals

  • Many countries need technology transfers and capacity building (Guatemala), and developed countries must honour their commitments in these areas. (Sierra Leone) Solidarity, translated into technology transfers and other measures, is needed. (Dominican Republic)
  • The world urgently needs supply chains that are more reliable, diversified, and resilient. (Paraguay)
  • Allowing critical infrastructure to depend on authoritarian regimes is gambling with both the economy and democracy. (Paraguay)
  • Africa has an abundance of critical minerals that will drive the technologies of the future. Investments in the exploration, development, and processing of these minerals in Africa will diversify supply to the international market and help shape the architecture for peace and prosperity. Countries that host minerals must benefit from them through investment, partnership, local processing, and jobs. (Nigeria)

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insight from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA
The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

Digital on Day 1 of UNGA80

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Welcome to the first daily report from the General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Debate (UNGA80). Our daily hybrid AI–human reports bring you a concise overview of how world leaders are framing the digital future.

Day 1 debates circled around a central message: technology must remain a servant of humanity, not its master. From calls to ensure AI benefits all societies and to build universal guardrails for its responsible use, to concerns over cybercrime, disinformation, and the governance of critical minerals, delegations stressed the urgent need for cooperation, inclusivity, and safeguards.

While opportunities for innovation, development, and peace were highlighted, speakers warned that without global frameworks, the same technologies could deepen divides, fuel insecurity, and erode human dignity.

To keep the highlights clear and accessible, we leave them in bullet points — capturing the key themes and voices as they emerge.


Tech for humanity and common good & global cooperation

  • Technology must be put at the service of humanity. It must be our servant, not our master. (UN Secretary-General)
  • The use of technology and global connectivity is too often twisted by cynical leaders and warmongering regimes, but can be harnessed for the common good. (Slovenia)
  • A vision of AI for all is needed to ensure that tech advancements contribute to the universal values of humanity. (Republic of Korea)
  • Africa must play an active role in defining international roles and standards and ensuring that technology is at the service of humanity. (Mozambique)
  • The international community must ensure that technology lifts up humanity and no country is locked out of the digital future. (UN Secretary-General)
  • Peak technology is picking up pace, opening horizons of opportunity but paving the way for dangerous forces because they are not regulated. New risks are posed by AI, cyber, space and quantum technologies, and while common frameworks exist, they have been weakened or outpaced. Existing rules and institutions need to be consolidated, and frameworks for peace need to be built. (France)

Artificial intelligence

AI inclusion and capacity building

  • AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. (Türkiye, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, UN Secretary-General) )
  • AI technologies should be used for the benefit of humanity, not as a new tool of domination. The UN Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries could play a critical role in closing the digital and technological gap. (Türkiye)
  • A new international cooperation mechanism is proposed to facilitate the exchange of practical solutions and models of AI in healthcare, education, and culture. (Uzbekistan)
  • Not taking advantage of AI means wasting economic opportunities. Countries need to adapt to the challenges imposed by the need to use AI responsibly. (Morocco)

Responsible AI (governance)

  • The advancement of AI is outpacing regulation and responsibility, with its control concentrated in a few hands. (UN Secretary-General) There is a need for universal guardrails, common standards, and ethical norms to ensure transparency, safety, accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights in its deployment. The UN’s recent steps to establish an international scientific panel and an annual global dialogue on AI governance are supported. (UN Secretary-General, Kazakhstan)
  • Commitment was expressed to building multilateral governance to mitigate the risks of AI, in line with the Global Digital Compact. (Brazil)
  • AI could lead to a dystopia of deepening polarisation, inequality, and human rights abuses if not proactively managed. It can also be a driving force for innovation, prosperity, and direct democracy. (Republic of Korea)
  • Artificial intelligence poses new challenges to human dignity, justice, and labor, with risks of exclusion, social manipulation, and militarization through autonomous weapons. Addressing them requires understanding how AI works and having robust safeguards in place. (Mozambique)

Cybersecurity and cybercrime

  • Digital technologies come with new security threats, in particular cybercrime. Cybersecurity must be an important component of collective security. (Tajikistan)
  • Viet Nam looks forward to the signing ceremony of the UN Convention Against Cybercrime. (Viet Nam)

Digital technology, peace and security

  • There are risks associated with new technologies, from biotech to autonomous weapons. There is also a rise of tools for mass surveillance and control, which can intensify the race for critical minerals and potentially spark instability. (UN Secretary-General)
  • The US will pioneer an AI verification system to enforce the biological weapons convention. (United States)
  • Digital, space and AI technologies should be used as forces for peace, not tools for domination. (Portugal)
  • The use of ICTs to harm peace, security and sustainable development needs to be prevented. (Turkmenistan)

Human rights in the digital space

  • Technology must serve humanity and be a force for good. It must promote human rights, human dignity, and human agency. (UN Secretary-General) 
  • Regulating digital platforms does not mean restraining freedom of expression, but ensuring that what is illegal offline is also illegal online. (Brazil)

Disinformation and misinformation

  • Digital platforms offer possibilities for people to come together, but they have also been used for sowing intolerance, misogyny, xenophobia, and misinformation, necessitating government regulation to protect the vulnerable. (Brazil)
  • The rise of tools for mass disruption and mass social control is a concern. ( UN Secretary-General)
  • There’s a growing challenge of disinformation being used to undermine democratic institutions and destabilize societies. The international community needs to defend truth as a supreme value. (Lithuania)

Digital inclusion and tech for development

  • To bridge the digital and technological divides is central to building resilient societies. (Portugal)
  • It is important to prevent inequalities in digital development and the use of artificial intelligence between countries. (Uzbekistan)
  • Digital transformation must be balanced, reflect the realities and legitimate interests of all states, and be free from politicization and bias. A proposal will be made to establish a world platform on digital integration. (Turkmenistan)
  • There is a need for a technological and a climate diplomacy that can regulate risks and democratise benefits through genuine transfer and sharing of technology and knowledge, so that technology is a factor of inclusive development. (Mozambique)
  • Sustainable development models need to be based on digital and green transition. For this, countries must invest in R&D, train human resources, develop green infrastructure, and formulate national plans, while developed countries must take responsibility in sharing and transferring technology to developing and underdeveloped countries. (Viet Nam)
  • Nations which benefited the most from industrial and economic development in the past should support developing countries through measures such as technology transfers and adequate financing. (Angola)

Critical minerals

  • Robust regulations need to balance responsible mineral extraction with effective environmental protection. (Nauru)
  • Rich countries are demanding greater access to resources and technology. The race for critical minerals cannot repeat the predatory and asymmetrical logic of past centuries. (Brazil)
  • Critical minerals need to be harnessed for inclusive growth and sustainable development, including within the communities where these minerals are extracted from. (South Africa)
  • The governance of strategic minerals needs to ensure that exploitation compiles with the principles of sustainable development,  economic sovereignty and people’s well-being. (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

For other topics discussed, head over to our dedicated UNGA80 page, where you can explore more insight from the General Debate.

Diplo NEWS25 Insta UNGA

The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly brings together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.