The 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 80)

Daily summaries
This just-in-time reporting provides an analysis of the general debate of the 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 80), held from 23 to 29 September 2025 in New York. It offers an in-depth examination of the proceedings, including a summary of key discussions, a survey of points of agreement and disagreement, and a linguistic analysis.
The report was produced using a hybrid approach, combining the expertise of human analysts with artificial intelligence. While the primary focus is on statements concerning AI and digital technologies, the analysis also covers other critical issues, including economic development and international security.
Follow-up: Proposals and commitments
The UN General Assembly Debate is an occasion for nations to present proposals and make commitments. This section provides a survey of all subsequent follow-up actions and pledges. These include: financial pledges, announcements of conferences and summits to be hosted, launches of new policy initiatives, establishment of new bodies, and other concrete actions.
The survey begins with follow-up measures endorsed by more than 10 countries, followed by those proposed by individual nations.
Proposals endorsed by more than 10 countries
- UN Reform (UN 80 Initiative): The Secretary-General’s “UN 80” reform initiative was widely endorsed, with speakers committing to engage in the process to make the organisation more effective, efficient, and representative. This includes the urgent and long-overdue reform of the Security Council. (Switzerland, Kenya, Czechia, Latvia, and many others)
- Climate Action (COP30): Numerous speakers called for increased ambition and concrete action ahead of the COP30 climate conference in Brazil, including the submission of stronger nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and the delivery of promised climate finance. (Spain, Latvia, Marshall Islands, Australia)
- Peace Efforts in Ukraine: Several speakers committed to continuing diplomatic efforts to achieve a just and lasting peace in Ukraine, with a focus on upholding the principles of the UN Charter. (Spain, Czechia, Albania, Italy)
- Middle East Peace Process: There were widespread calls to relaunch a credible political process to achieve a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine, with several nations offering to play a role in this process and in the reconstruction of Gaza. (Spain, Monaco, Cyprus, Finland, Italy)
- Haiti Security Mission: Kenya, as the lead nation of the MSS mission in Haiti, urged the Security Council to ensure sustained and coordinated international attention and a careful and orderly transition as the mission’s mandate comes to an end. Panama and the Dominican Republic called for the mission to be transformed into a more robust, UN-backed force.
- Implementation of the “Pact for the Future”: Switzerland, Albania, and others called for the immediate implementation of the “Pact for the Future” and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
- International Conference on the Protection of Civilians: Costa Rica announced it will host the second international conference on the political declaration on strengthening the protection of civilians from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.
- AI Governance Dialogue: Costa Rica and Spain’s leadership in establishing the independent international scientific panel and the global dialogue on AI governance was highlighted as a key next step in managing the technology.
- Adoption of a General Assembly resolution endorsing the ICJ opinion on climate: Micronesia called on the General Assembly to adopt a resolution endorsing the recent International Court of Justice’s advisory opinion on climate change to signal that upholding climate obligations under international law is a shared duty.
Proposals by individual nations
54 proposals
Country | Explanation |
---|---|
Brazil | Launched a global alliance against hunger and poverty at the G20, with the support of 103 countries. |
The United States | Announced an international effort to enforce the Biological Weapons Convention by pioneering an AI verification system. |
Indonesia | Prepared to deploy 20,000 or more troops to help secure peace in Gaza or elsewhere, if decided by the UN Security Council. |
Portugal | Declared its candidacy for the Security Council in 2027-2028. |
Slovenia | Proposed the creation of a “Global Forum for the Future” to give the Pact for the Future unconditional political support. |
Kazakhstan | Is ready to host a new dialogue on nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. |
Kazakhstan | Will host a regional ecological summit in Astana in April next year. |
South Africa | Will preside over the first review conference of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2026. |
Uzbekistan | Proposed holding a World Summit on Professional Education. |
Uzbekistan | Proposed a high-level event dedicated to the fight against childhood cancer. |
Mongolia | Proposed a resolution to designate 11 July as World Horse Day. |
Mongolia | Will host the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in 2026. |
Turkmenistan | Will host a major high-level international forum on the International Year of Peace and Trust in December. |
Turkmenistan | Will submit a draft resolution on the “UN Decade for Sustainable Transport.” |
Chile | Announced its readiness to have the secretariat of the BBNJ agreement established in Valparaiso. |
Chile | Nominated former President Michelle Bachelet as a candidate for the post of UN Secretary-General. |
Tajikistan | Will host a high-level international conference within the “Dushanbe water process” next year. |
Lebanon | Working with Saudi Arabia to organize support conferences for the reconstruction of Lebanon. |
France | Announced that it will soon hold a support conference for the reconstruction of Lebanon. |
Kyrgyzstan | Put forward its candidacy for non-permanent membership in the UN Security Council for 2027-2028. |
Colombia | Calls on the UN General Assembly to vote to establish a powerful peacekeeping army to defend Palestine. |
Poland | Submitted its candidacy for membership in the Human Rights Council for 2029-2031. |
Vietnam | Will assume the presidency of the 11th Review Conference of the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2026. |
Nauru | Pursuing the “higher ground initiative” to build climate-resilient communities on elevated land. |
Nauru | Is advancing the Pacific Resilience Facility. |
Pakistan | Proposed a composite, comprehensive, and result-oriented dialogue with India on all outstanding issues. |
China | Will set up a China-UN global south-south development facility and provide it with USD 10 million in budgetary support. |
China | Will partner with UNDP to establish a global center for sustainable development in Shanghai to accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 agenda. |
Ireland | Will run for a seat on the Human Rights Council from 2027 to 2029. |
Ireland | Called for the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to be extended to all of Sudan. |
Bhutan | Invited all countries and partners to join the g zero forum, a coalition of carbon neutral nations, to accelerate climate ambition. |
Bulgaria | Assumed the chairmanship of the Southeast European cooperation process. |
Bulgaria | Assumed the chairmanship of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Corporation (BSEC) to advance regional security. |
Mali | Announced it has submitted a request for an investigation to the International Court of Justice against Algeria concerning the destruction of a Malian drone. |
Andorra | Will host the seventh global meeting of the mountain partnership in March 2026. |
Trinidad and Tobago | Will seek support for its bid to become a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2027-’28 term. |
Tuvalu | Called for the development of an international treaty on sea level rise. |
Tuvalu | Called for the UNGA to convene a high-level meeting on sea level rise next year (81st session) to consider a UN Declaration. |
Togo | Called upon the African community and its partners to support the Ninth Pan African Congress in Lomé on renewing Pan Africanism. |
Bahrain | Called for an international peace conference in The Middle East, endorsed by the Bahrain Summit. |
Vanuatu | Announced it will introduce a follow-up resolution to the UN General Assembly to affirm the findings of the ICJ’s advisory opinion on climate change and propose actions to operationalise it. |
Eritrea | Called for the categorical lifting of all unilateral coercive measures and sanctions imposed on countries such as Eritrea and Cuba. |
Slovakia | Announced it will host a summit on education and AI in Bratislava to bring together international actors to find solutions for a responsible approach to the technology. |
Italy | Noted its role in co-organising the third UN Food Systems Summit. |
Italy | Committed to the major infrastructure project of the Lobito Corridor as part of its “Mattei Plan for Africa.” |
Azerbaijan | Implementation of the “Trump Route for international peace and prosperity” as a key outcome of the Washington Summit, which will require implementation to ensure access through the Zangezur Corridor. |
Chad | Invited partners to a roundtable for resource mobilisation in Abu Dhabi in November to support its new national development plan. |
UK | Announced it will lead a fight against illicit finance at a UK-hosted summit next year, where AI will be a tool to crack down on fraud. |
Norway | Called for the establishment of a global convention on tax cooperation to enable states to effectively tax citizens and companies. |
Bolivia | Proposed the establishment of a commission for reparations for slavery, apartheid, genocide, and colonialism in the countries of the global South. |
Bolivia | Proposed moving towards a universal declaration of the rights of Mother Earth to strengthen conservation efforts, particularly for the Amazon. |
Ghana | To introduce a motion in the General Assembly to have the slave trade recognised as the greatest crime against humanity and to demand reparations. |
Eswatini | Proposed that the United Nations establish ad hoc committees with equitable representation to tackle global conflicts by visiting hotspots. |
Survey of arguments made during the 80th UN General Assembly Debate
Based on an analysis conducted by DiploAI, a total of 1281 distinct arguments were put forward by heads of state during the 80th UN General Assembly General Debate, highlighting the key priorities and diverse perspectives that defined the international dialogue. 297 arguments focus on AI digital issues.
1281 overall arguments
Topic | Argument | Country/Actor |
---|---|---|
Abraham Accords | Asserted that victory over Hamas will lead to a dramatic extension and expansion of the Abraham Accords, with forward-looking Arab and Muslim leaders recognizing that cooperation with Israel provides groundbreaking Israeli technologies (including AI). | Israel |
Accountability | Recognized the monstrous war crime of the October 7 attacks by Hamas and the trauma on the people of Israel, but stated no crime, however heinous, can justify genocide, demanding accountability for all war crimes. | Ireland |
Accountability | Peace will never be sustainable without justice. Russia’s war crimes, including the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children, demand accountability. A special tribunal for the crime of aggression is supported. | Lithuania |
Digital divide and inequality | The development gap has expanded between the North and the South despite technological revolutions. | Algeria |
Digital divide and inequality | Rapid technological, geopolitical, and environmental shifts are ushering in a new, multipolar global order that offers both opportunities and risks, and insisted that smaller states must not be sidelined but fully heard in shaping it. | Benin |
Digital divide and inequality | Digital transformations deserve urgent global attention, and technology must be inclusive, secure, and rights-based. | Nepal |
Digital divide and inequality | It is crucial to narrow the digital divide within and among countries to create a peaceful and equitable society. | Nepal |
Digital divide and inequality | Policies and programmes for technologies and progress should be within the reach of everyone for the good of everyone. | Nicaragua |
Afghanistan | It is wrong and unjust to isolate Afghanistan and deprive it of foreign assistance. The frozen assets of Afghanistan, amounting to USD 9 billion, must be returned to the Afghan people to help them overcome poverty and hunger. | Kyrgyzstan |
Afghanistan | It is of utmost importance to prevent Afghanistan’s isolation and to provide support to the Afghan people. Uzbekistan also expresses deep concern over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the situation around Ukraine. | Uzbekistan |
African Development | Described the economic situation in Africa as “appalling” and “primitive,” where raw materials are exported for nominal prices and the continent is burdened by debt, corruption, and brain drain. | Eritrea |
African Development | Argued that Africa’s growing demographic weight, with over 25% of the world’s population and one-third of its youth expected by 2050, means the continent’s role in the world’s future will be huge and consequential. | Ghana |
African Development | Endorsed the establishment of African multilateral financial institutions to accelerate the continent’s development. | Kenya |
African Development | Outlined a vision for Africa to seize its own destiny through industrialisation and agricultural transformation. | Madagascar |
African Development | Africa is no longer a prisoner of a stereotype but a space for innovation. Morocco has focused on Africa as a priority in its diplomacy and is working on strategic projects like the gas pipeline project with Nigeria to promote stability and security. | Morocco |
African Instability | Expressed deep concern for instability in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Eastern DRC, linking it to jihadist threats, poverty, and climate change, and calling for targeted international support. | Holy See |
African Representation | Stated that the UN will not be truly “better together” until Africa, home to one-fifth of the world’s population, is afforded a permanent seat on the security council after 80 years of being the only continent without one. | Botswana |
African Representation | Stated that a just representation of Africa in decision-making bodies, particularly a permanent seat on the Security Council, is a condition for the UN’s legitimacy and effectiveness. | Burundi |
African Representation | Argued it is time for the injustices caused to Africa to be repaired, demanding two permanent Security Council seats. | Central African Republic |
African Representation | Stated it is “totally unacceptable” that Africa, the cradle of humanity and home to a fifth of its population, remains marginalised from the security council, describing this exclusion as a “historic injustice” that must be addressed with two permanent seats with veto rights. | Chad |
African Representation | Stated that Africa must finally obtain its legitimate and rightful place within the Security Council. | Comoros |
African Representation | Stated forcefully that Africa deserves permanent representation, “not as the beneficiary of a favour, but as a legitimate partner.” | Congo |
African Representation | Described the security council as the clearest example of how out of step the UN is, with a structure rooted in 1945, and demanded what is Africa’s by right: “full and permanent representation on the most important security organ in the world”. | Equatorial Guinea |
African Representation | Supported the reform of the UN security council in line with the common African position, describing Africa’s under-representation in both permanent and non-permanent categories as a “historical injustice that urgently needs to be corrected”. | Gambia |
African Representation | Stated that after 80 years, African leaders are still making the simple request for at least one permanent seat on the security council with veto power, asking the world, “if not now, then when?”. | Ghana |
African Representation | Argued that Africa’s exclusion from permanent representation is “unacceptable, unfair, and grossly unjust,” demanding at least two permanent seats. | Kenya |
African Representation | Reaffirmed its support for the common African position, the Ezulwini consensus, to correct the historic injustices of the past by granting Africa permanent seats on the Security Council. | Lesotho |
African Representation | Stated that the call to redress the historical injustice to Africa and ensure equitable representation on the Security Council can no longer be delayed. | Namibia |
African Representation | Stated unequivocally that “Nigeria must have a permanent seat at the UN Security Council.” | Nigeria |
African Representation | Stated that the security council’s composition does not reflect current realities and that Africa, a continent of 1.2 billion people where most of the council’s agenda resides, “cannot remain excluded from permanent membership”. | Rwanda |
African Representation | Framed the call for at least two permanent seats for Africa not as a request, but as a “demand for equity.” | Sierra Leone |
African Representation | Reiterated Africa’s position on redressing the continent’s underrepresentation, calling for the admission of at least two permanent seats for Africa with veto power, as articulated by the Ezulwini Consensus. | Tanzania |
African Representation | Called for the comprehensive reform of the UN Security Council to address its imbalance and demanded Africa’s representation as a “special case, as a matter of urgency,” with two permanent seats and two additional non-permanent seats. | Uganda |
African Representation | Reiterated Africa’s long-standing call for comprehensive Security Council reform, stating that Africa’s exclusion from the permanent category is an “aberration which requires urgent redress.” | Zimbabwe |
African Union | The nation is committed to addressing the vulnerabilities of the African continent, supporting the partnership between the UN and the African Union, and believes in the need for African solutions for African problems to achieve the goal of silencing the guns by 2030. | Tunisia |
AI Censorship | Reported experiencing examples of censorship on a well-known commercial AI platform that sought to deny access to the details of history, such as the Barbados slave code. | Barbados |
AI for development and growth | The benefits of AI, large language models, and quantum computing must not be biased, and their benefits must be shared fairly with all to avoid creating an entire generation who feel excluded and marginalised, making them vulnerable to harmful temptations. | Bangladesh |
AI for development and growth | Canada emphasised national strength in AI, clean technologies, critical minerals and digital innovation. | Canada |
AI for development and growth | Investment is needed in new technologies and artificial intelligence to help developing countries transition to a more prosperous future. | Congo |
AI for development and growth | AI can accelerate progress on the 2030 Agenda if directed towards a fair and equitable digital transformation. It can strengthen national economies and collective efforts for development, optimising resources, accelerating medical research, and democratising access to knowledge. AI can also promote economic growth, drive scientific progress and innovation, improve healthcare, and make education more accessible. | Costa Rica |
AI for development and growth | Making AI a technology that benefits all is an important issue agreed upon in the Global Digital Compact, which also covers peace and security, sustainable development, climate change, and digital cooperation. | Djibouti |
AI for development and growth | Efforts should be enhanced for developing countries to have access to AI and digital technologies. | Egypt |
AI for development and growth | Equipping citizens with the skills to use AI wisely and responsibly is essential. Estonia is implementing a new ‘Artificial Intelligence Leap’ to provide the best technological tools to students and teachers to maintain a comparative edge in education. | Estonia |
AI for development and growth | The transformatory potential of AI as a tool for development was recognised. | Greece |
AI for development and growth | The transformatory potential of AI as a tool for development was recognised. | Zimbabwe |
AI for development and growth | The paradox of today’s world is that unprecedented technological advancement exists alongside deep inequality. Some children walk miles to fetch water from school, and some children are using AI in their lessons. To turn innovation into inclusion, education is needed. | Grenada |
AI for development and growth | AI and AI-related skills are being considered for teaching, understanding, and use to enhance education access, delivery, and outcome, as the jobs of tomorrow cannot be met with the skills of yesterday. | Grenada |
AI for development and growth | AI and digitisation can accelerate the demand for energy. | Guyana |
AI for development and growth | Guyana is establishing an AI hyperscale data centre which will help accelerate digitalisation and improve competitiveness. | Guyana |
AI for development and growth | AI, as a horizontal and cross-cutting technology, has a particular promise for development. The approach to AI is to harness it responsibly for human welfare, with inclusion and impact as the watchwords for the summit India will host in 2026. | India |
AI for development and growth | Cooperating with Israel will provide Arab and Muslim leaders with groundbreaking Israeli technologies, including in AI. | Israel |
AI for development and growth | An AI hub for sustainable development is being opened, involving hundreds of African startups in the development of artificial intelligence. | Italy |
AI for development and growth | AI can accelerate progress on the 2030 Agenda if directed towards a fair and equitable digital transformation. It can strengthen national economies and collective efforts for development, optimising resources, accelerating medical research, and democratising access to knowledge. AI can also promote economic growth, drive scientific progress and innovation, improve healthcare, and make education more accessible. | Latvia |
AI for development and growth | The transformative potential of science, technology, and AI, should be harnessed for national and global development. Malawi is optimistic that AI will usher in a new era of enhanced productivity for its citizens, helping to propel the country’s development trajectory. | Malawi |
AI for development and growth | We must change with the times and take advantage of today’s opportunities such as using AI and other technologies. | Netherlands |
AI for development and growth | AI must stand for “Africa included”. | Nigeria |
AI for development and growth | AI applications, digital transformation, and innovation are highly important. | Oman |
AI for development and growth | Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promise but carries profound risks, and safeguards against misuse must be established to build digital societies that bridge development divides rather than widen them. | Philippines |
AI for development and growth | AI and data analytics offer real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. | Samoa |
AI for development and growth | The UN needs to be future-ready and harness the potential of emerging technologies like AI as a force for good for all. | Singapore |
AI for development and growth | AI can accelerate progress on the 2030 Agenda if directed towards a fair and equitable digital transformation. It can strengthen national economies and collective efforts for development, optimising resources, accelerating medical research, and democratising access to knowledge. AI can also promote economic growth, drive scientific progress and innovation, improve healthcare, and make education more accessible. | Spain |
AI for development and growth | A neutral sovereign artificial intelligence zone has been proposed. | Sri Lanka |
AI for development and growth | Advancing AI and digital capabilities in LDCs is imperative, requiring investment in digital infrastructure and enhancing digital literacy, implementing e-government initiatives, promoting AI research and innovation, cultivating talent and establishing a policy framework. | Timor-Leste |
AI for development and growth | UAE has sought to harness science, technology, and AI to advance sustainable development around the world. | UAE |
AI for development and growth | AI is the most powerful new lever to advance the UN charter’s vision of social progress and better standards of life. It needs to be forged as a force for freedom, prosperity, and human dignity. | United Kingdom |
AI for development and growth | AI should be championed as a bridge-builder across continents to share its extraordinary potential. | United Kingdom |
AI for development and growth | AI for development is championed through partnerships with African nations to create AI ecosystems that empower communities to meet the sustainable development goals. | United Kingdom |
AI governance | A call was made for an international convention to regulate and govern the development of AI. | Bahrain |
AI governance | Unregulated AI, while having tremendous promise, poses significant risk. Preserving a rule-based international system can help address the risk. | Barbados |
AI governance | Concern is expressed about the misuse of AI by capitalism, which could accelerate climate change and liquidate the planet. | Bolivia |
AI governance | Commitment was expressed to building multilateral governance to mitigate the risks of AI, in line with the Global Digital Compact. | Brazil |
AI Governance | Committed to green and low-carbon development, established the world’s largest renewable energy system, and proposed the Global AI Governance Initiative and advocated for a World AI Cooperation Organization. | China |
AI governance | AI and other technologies should adhere to the principles of people-centred development, technology for good and equitable benefits, and require improving relevant governance rules and strengthening global governance cooperation. | China |
AI governance | There is a proposal for Global AI Governance Initiative and the establishment of a World AI Cooperation Organization. | China |
AI governance | AI governance is seen as one of three significant global challenges facing the international community, along with nuclear weapons and the triple planetary crisis. | Costa Rica |
AI governance | The UN General Assembly’s decision to establish two global AI governance mechanisms – the independent international scientific panel and a global dialogue on AI governance – is welcomed. | Costa Rica |
AI governance | A call was made for the adoption of binding universal standards to regulate the use of AI and ensure it is used to achieve development for the benefit of all. | Cote d’Ivoire |
AI Governance | Welcomed the Global Digital Compact regulating the use of artificial intelligence and called for the adoption of binding universal standards so as to regulate AI and digital technologies. | Côte d’Ivoire |
AI governance | Common norms need to be established at the UN as soon as possible to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially AI, for the benefit of all, while mitigating the risks. | Cuba |
AI governance | A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to guarantee inclusive access and ensure its use is guided by the common good. | Ecuador |
AI governance | AI must serve human dignity, development, and human rights, and not the other way around. | Estonia |
AI governance | A human-centred approach to AI is favoured – one based on fundamental values, democracy, and the rule of law. With the EU having adopted a regulatory framework for responsible AI, it calls for an equivalent level of ambition in the international domain. | European Union |
AI governance | The internet, social media platforms, and artificial intelligence reinforce isolation by using algorithms that ensure people receive more of the same content rather than new ideas. | Ghana |
AI governance | Without safeguards, AI can be very dangerous. It can impact children’s mental health, spread disinformation, cause displacements on the job market, and concentrate immense power in the hands of a few multinational corporations. | Greece |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Greece |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Barbados |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Mauritius |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Zimbabwe |
AI governance | Regulations, ethical standards, and governance mechanisms are urgently needed in the AI space, to address issues of equity and access. | Guyana |
AI governance | The UN General Assembly’s decision to establish two global AI governance mechanisms – the independent international scientific panel and a global dialogue on AI governance – is welcomed. | Guyana |
AI Governance | Artificial intelligence has a particular promise for development, and India’s approach is to harness it responsibly for human welfare, with inclusion and impact as the watchwords for the summit it will host in 2026. | India |
AI Governance | AI is a “major breakthrough” but also poses risks of deepening technological and geopolitical divides. Kazakhstan welcomes the global dialogue on AI governance under the UN and aims to become a “fully digital power” within three years. | Kazakhstan |
AI governance | Governments should act swiftly to create regulations that make AI safer and more beneficial for people. Focus should be placed on developing AI responsibly, not halting progress. | Latvia |
AI governance | AI is developing with lightning speed and largely unchecked, posing obvious risks to the social fabric without any agreement on rules and boundaries. | Liechtenstein |
AI governance | AI presents both unprecedented opportunities and profound challenges, and if harnessed responsibly, it can accelerate development, improve health and education, and unlock economic growth. Without clear governance, AI risks deepening inequalities and undermining security. A global framework is called for to ensure AI is ethical, inclusive, and accessible to all nations, enabling it to serve as a force for development rather than division. | Malawi |
AI governance | There is a need to build a global governance architecture through multilateral negotiations that will ensure safe, secure, ethical, and inclusive use of AI. The capabilities of this technology should be harnessed responsibly and collectively. | Mauritius |
AI governance | Rapid technological change, especially the rise of artificial intelligence, must be harnessed in a safe, responsible, and inclusive manner. | Montenegro |
AI governance | Artificial intelligence poses new challenges to human dignity, justice, and labor, with risks of exclusion, social manipulation, and militarization through autonomous weapons. Addressing them requires understanding how AI works and having robust safeguards in place. | Mozambique |
AI governance | A global standard is called for to ensure the use of AI is transparent, fair, and respects ethical boundaries, without substituting for human judgment or responsibility. | Namibia |
AI governance | AI brings enormous opportunities but also incalculable risks for civilisation, and it should be made a priority of UNGA’s 80th session. | North Macedonia |
AI Governance | AI is a critical technology that can lead to either a dystopia of inequality or a foundation for innovation and prosperity. The country intends to share its vision for AI through the APEC AI initiative. | Republic of Korea |
AI governance | AI could lead to a dystopia of deepening polarisation, inequality, and human rights abuses if not proactively managed. It can also be a driving force for innovation, prosperity, and direct democracy. | Republic of Korea |
AI governance | The growing challenge of AI requires a mature multilateralism to tackle successfully. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
AI governance | Meaningful human control must be retained over life-or-death decisions made by AI in conflict, guided by international law and ethical principles, as the rapid advance of AI has led to concerning levels of autonomy in conflict. | San Marino |
AI governance | The establishment of an Independent International Science Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance are fundamental to promoting scientific understanding of AI and ensuring inclusive multistakeholder discussions, which will contribute to building UN membership capacity, fostering shared knowledge, common understanding, and pooled experience, equally benefiting stakeholders from developing countries. | San Marino |
AI governance | Military uses of AI and autonomous weapons in the military domain are dangerous and require international laws regulating them. | Saudi Arabia |
AI governance | AI‘s transformative force can aid conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian actions, but early, constructive, and inclusive multilateral engagement is essential. However, AI requires guardrails so that it can be harnessed responsibly. | Singapore |
AI governance | A responsible approach from all international institutions, the private sector, and governments is needed to steer the AI revolution. | Slovakia |
AI governance | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to manage responsible use of A for development. | Solomon Islands |
AI governance | The global community must support innovation in emerging technologies like AI while addressing the associated risks. | Sweden |
AI governance | AI is a tool that must be harnessed for all humankind, equally in a controlled manner, as opportunities are vast, including for farmers, city planning, and disaster risk management. | The UN Secretary General |
AI governance | The risks of AI are becoming more prevalent, and age-old biases are being perpetuated by algorithms, as seen in the targeting of women and girls by sexually related deepfakes. | The UN Secretary General |
AI governance | Discussions on AI lend further prudence to the argument that ‘we are better together,’ and few would be comfortable leaving the benefits or risks of this immense resource in the hands of a few. | The UN Secretary General |
AI Governance | AI is a major new frontier that is largely ungoverned. It must be a servant of humanity, not a master, and requires universal guardrails and common standards. The UN’s recent establishment of an international scientific panel on AI and an annual dialogue on AI governance are welcome steps. | The UN Secretary General |
AI governance | International cooperation remains essential to establishing comprehensive regulations governing the use and development of AI. | Timor-Leste |
AI Governance | AI technologies should be used for the benefit of humanity, not as a new tool of domination. The country has prepared a children’s rights convention for the digital world. | Türkiye |
AI governance | The advancement of AI is outpacing regulation and responsibility, with its control concentrated in a few hands. There is a need for universal guardrails, common standards, and ethical norms to ensure transparency, safety, accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights in its deployment. The UN’s recent steps to establish an international scientific panel and an annual global dialogue on AI governance are supported. | UN Secretary-General |
AI governance | The advancement of AI is outpacing regulation and responsibility, with its control concentrated in a few hands. There is a need for universal guardrails, common standards, and ethical norms to ensure transparency, safety, accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights in its deployment. The UN’s recent steps to establish an international scientific panel and an annual global dialogue on AI governance are supported. | Kazakhstan |
AI Governance | The nation views the UNAT initiative as an opportunity to reform and is seeking to harness AI to advance sustainable development globally, supporting countries to build their technological capacities while ensuring responsible and ethical use. | United Arab Emirates |
AI Governance | Advocated for a concerted effort to invest and partner globally to share the benefits of the AI revolution, embodying an approach to foreign policy defined as “progressive realism” that advances progress through pragmatism. | United Kingdom |
AI Governance | Described the dawn of powerful AI as a “lightning strike of change” comparable to the industrial revolution, presenting a defining opportunity for progress but also profound challenges from its misuse for repression and disinformation. | United Kingdom |
AI governance | Global/international cooperation is needed to set AI on the right course, and ensure AI systems remain safe, secure, and trustworthy. | United Kingdom |
AI governance | Global/international cooperation is needed to set AI on the right course, and ensure AI systems remain safe, secure, and trustworthy. | Micronesia |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Kazakhstan |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Not taking advantage of AI means wasting economic opportunities. Countries need to adapt to the challenges imposed by the need to use AI responsibly. | Morocco |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Türkiye |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI technologies should be used for the benefit of humanity, not as a new tool of domination. The UN Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries could play a critical role in closing the digital and technological gap. | Türkiye |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | UN Secretary-General |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Uzbekistan |
AI inclusion and capacity building | A new international cooperation mechanism is proposed to facilitate the exchange of practical solutions and models of AI in healthcare, education, and culture. | Uzbekistan |
Anti-Imperialism | Positioned itself as defending its sovereign dignity against the “colonialists and imperialists of the world” who seek to annihilate and subjugate its culture and heritage. | Nicaragua |
Authoritarianism | Expressed deep concern over the “alarming” situation in Venezuela and the persecution of opponents in Nicaragua. | Paraguay |
Bilateral Relations | Reiterated a sincere offer for a composite, comprehensive, and result-oriented dialogue with India on all outstanding issues, while also stating that any violation of the Indus Water Treaty represents an “act of war.” | Pakistan |
Border Dispute | The nation is threatened by a border conflict and calls for its neighbour’s strict and sincere adherence to the agreed terms of the ceasefire, full respect for bilateral agreements, and observance of international law, while rejecting unilateral moves to impose territorial sovereignty. | Cambodia |
Border Dispute | While committed to peace and peaceful dialogue, the nation asserted its sovereignty and territorial integrity and condemned its neighbour’s (Cambodia) continued provocation and distortion of the truth regarding the border dispute, noting that the villages in question are in Thai territory. | Thailand |
Capitalism | Identified the “wild capitalist system” and its imperialist face, particularly the new Trump administration’s zeal to restore US hegemony, as the root cause of global conflicts, violence, and the plundering of natural resources. | Bolivia |
Caribbean Security | Stated that the notion that The Caribbean is a “zone of peace” has become a false ideal, citing 623 murders last year and the rerouting of illegal migration, drug cartels, and criminal gangs to the Eastern Caribbean. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Child safety and rights | Commended the work on Security Council Resolution 1612 (children in armed conflict) and joined the New York declaration for the protection of children online to ensure a safe, inclusive digital environment. | Andorra |
Child safety and rights | Identified the most urgent task as protecting the mental health of children from the harmful, addictive algorithms of Big Platforms, arguing that the digital industry needs health and safety regulations. | Greece |
Child safety and rights | Protecting education in times of conflict must be treated as a pillar of peace building, and just as hospitals are protected, so too must schools be safeguarded because a child deprived of learning becomes an adult deprived of dignity. | Grenada |
Child safety and rights | In the digital age, children face new risks and threats, often invisible. A Centre for Digital Well-being and Digital Skills and Competencies and a Digital Well-being Plan for Children and Youth have been created, with specific actions to protect minors and youth in the digital environment. Regulatory and technical frameworks are sought, with the ITU and other agencies, to ensure the internet is a tool for development and child protection. | Andorra |
Child safety and rights | A safe, inclusive digital environment is needed that places children’s rights at the very heart of it. | Andorra |
Child safety and rights | There is a need to protect the mental health of children from the unsupervised experiment run with their brains by platforms where harmful content and addictive scrolling are intentional. Big platforms can no longer profit at the expense of children’s mental health, and a business model built on addictive algorithms that feed what can be labelled as digital junk is unacceptable. Digital technology is no different than any other industry that needs to operate under health and safety regulations, guided by the principle: “Do no harm.” | Greece |
Child safety and rights | A proposal for a pan-European Digital Age of Majority to access digital platforms is being examined by the European Commission, with support from 13 EU Member States. | Greece |
Child safety and rights | Laws are being strengthened to protect children susceptible to harm from technology in this digital age. | Tonga |
Child safety and rights | The nation is deeply concerned about the high number of grave violations against children in conflict, including the denial of humanitarian access, killing, and maiming. It renews its commitment to the CAAC agenda and stresses that impunity for perpetrators is not acceptable. | San Marino |
Climate Action | Was the first to complete the initial cycle of enhanced transparency under the Paris Agreement and to submit its third NDC; will host the global meeting of the mountain partnership to bring the voice of mountain countries to global negotiations. | Andorra |
Climate Action | Stated that climate change is “here, it is now” and demands immediate urgent action, insisting that Net Zero cannot be the finish line; it must be the starting point. | Bhutan |
Climate Action | Takes pride in being carbon negative, sequestering over five times more carbon than it emits, and co-founded the g zero forum—a coalition of carbon neutral nations—to accelerate climate ambition. | Bhutan |
Climate Action | As a tricontinental country with strong ties to the ocean, Chile was the first country in America to ratify the BBNJ agreement. It is ready to host its secretariat in Valparaiso and calls on states to approve the marine protected area proposal for Dominion 1. | Chile |
Climate Action | The president states that there is no more than 10 years to act on climate change, which he calls irreversible. The most powerful man in the world does not believe in science, which is “irrational.” He proposes a global financial policy to mobilise capital for decarbonization, with the debt of the poorest countries forgiven. | Colombia |
Climate Action | Emphasised that climate change is a scientifically proven fact and detailed the EU’s commitment to reducing its emissions by 55% by 2030 and mobilising €300 billion in sustainable investments by 2027 through its Global Gateway Programme. | European Union |
Climate Action | Committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and is on track to achieve renewable energy targets of 50% by 2030, but is constrained by lack of predictable financing. | Jamaica |
Climate Action | Described climate change as the most critical existential threat, disproportionately impacting developing nations like Malawi, and called for bold, accelerated climate action and finance. | Malawi |
Climate Action | Highlighted methane mitigation as a global priority and the “only scalable near-term solution” that can protect vulnerable nations by preventing 0.3 degrees Celsius of warming by the 2040s. | Micronesia |
Climate Action | Mongolia is a country with a long tradition of living in harmony with nature. It will host the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in 2026 and has launched a ten-year Rangeland Flagship Initiative. | Mongolia |
Climate Action | Climate change is a major challenge. Morocco is facing structural drought and has adopted new strategies for water desalination and renewable energy. Artificial intelligence is seen as providing great opportunities but also poses challenges that need a responsible approach. | Morocco |
Climate Action | Mozambique, which has no historical responsibility for climate change, is one of the hardest hit. It advocates for “technological and climate diplomacy” to regulate risks and democratize benefits. | Mozambique |
Climate Action | Urged the world to witness the climate crisis firsthand in the Pacific region and advocated for COP31 to be a “Pacific COP” hosted by Australia in partnership with the Pacific, to drive ambitious action. | Palau |
Climate Action | The need to address and combat climate change is a priority. Portugal has ratified the BBNJ treaty and is committed to protecting its marine surface area. | Portugal |
Climate Action | The Republic of Korea is pursuing a “great energy transition” and will submit a nationally determined contribution this year. It is also committed to sustainable development goals and will co-host the fourth UN Ocean Conference in 2028. | Republic of Korea |
Climate Action | The kingdom is committed to climate action through a balanced and comprehensive approach (circular and balanced carbon economy), having launched the Saudi Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative. It also established a Global Water Organisation to address water challenges. | Saudi Arabia |
Climate Action | Suriname, a low-lying coastal country, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Over 90% of its land is rainforest, making it one of the three “carbon negative” countries on earth. It calls on major emitters to share the responsibility with action and finance. | Suriname |
Climate Action | Tajikistan, with 93% of its land covered by mountains, is deeply concerned about the adverse effects of climate change, including the accelerated melting of glaciers and water scarcity. It will host a High-Level International Conference on Glacier Preservation. | Tajikistan |
Climate Action | Argued that the fight for the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold cannot be won with carbon dioxide reductions alone and that Net Zero cannot be the finish line; it must be the starting point. | Tuvalu |
Climate Action | The consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation and water scarcity are a constant focus. Uzbekistan proposes a World Forum on Water Saving and a global pact for climate migration. It also calls for preventing digital inequalities and using AI for sustainable development. | Uzbekistan |
Climate Agriculture | Is ready and available to share its successful conservation agriculture technique, Vumvooza Intwassa (climate smart), with other UN member states as a model. | Zimbabwe |
Climate Change | Identified climate change as the “biggest security threat in this century” and emphasised that financial reform is essential to unlock the necessary funding for sustainable development and climate action. | The President of the General Assembly |
Climate Change | Stated that climate change and sea level rise are the greatest security threats and continue to be the top development and security priorities, threatening its future statehood and sovereignty. | Tuvalu |
Climate Change & Environment | Highlighted the devastating impact of the climate crisis on small island developing states. | Dominican Republic |
Climate Change & Environment | Noted that as low-lying Pacific states face the worst, Fiji is looking at ways to host island communities, a complex issue of "sovereignty within sovereignty" for landless people displaced before they become stateless. | Fiji |
Climate Change & Environment | Described Madagascar as a victim of climate change and sounded a call for climate justice from polluting countries. | Madagascar |
Climate Change & Environment | Joined other nations in supporting a moratorium until the impacts are better understood. | Marshall Islands |
Climate Change & Environment | Defined climate change as the region's number one security threat and sounded the alarm for the Pacific Islands. | Marshall Islands |
Climate Change & Environment | Advocated for a precautionary approach to deep-sea mining, emphasising the need for a comprehensive scientific understanding of its impacts before any exploitation takes place. | Micronesia |
Climate Change & Environment | Highlighted the need for collective action to protect oceans and combat the climate crisis, announcing Monaco will double its climate financing by 2028. | Monaco |
Climate Change & Environment | Small island developing states face a fundamental challenge of dependency and fragility. Nauru calls for the multidimensional vulnerability index to be a benchmark for development support. The country is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and calls for concrete climate action. | Nauru |
Climate Change & Environment | Expressed strong support for a moratorium on deep-sea mining, arguing that science must guide decisions before irreparable harm is inflicted on biodiversity, fisheries, and ocean ecosystems. | Palau |
Climate Change & Environment | Cited science to warn that the planet is boiling and must be preserved, as there is no other livable planet in the observable universe. | Papua New Guinea |
Climate Change & Environment | Strongly supported Australia's bid to host COP 31 on behalf of the Blue Pacific Continent, arguing that the world must witness the consequences of climate change firsthand in the region. | Samoa |
Climate Change & Environment | Raised the issue of climate displacement and stated the court confirmed that the principle of non-refoulement applies, meaning no state can lawfully return people to places where climate change makes survival impossible. | Solomon Islands |
Climate Finance | Highlighted its role as host of COP29, where it guided negotiations towards the adoption of the “Baku Finance Goal,” a new climate finance target of at least USD 300 billion per year from developed to developing countries. | Azerbaijan |
Climate Finance | Highlighted that only 1% of climate finance flows to SIDS, half of which are loans, and called for the urgent attention to the Antigua and Barbuda agenda for SIDS and the mainstreaming of the MVI. | Belize |
Climate Finance | Described climate change as a “present reality,” not a distant threat, and called on the assembly to scale up financing for climate adaptation, including investments in water infrastructure, early warning systems, and climate-smart agriculture. | Botswana |
Climate Finance | Called for equitable access to climate financing and a reform of the international financial architecture. | Comoros |
Climate Finance | Positioned Africa as a source of solutions to the climate crisis and called for the reform of international finance to unlock climate funding. | Kenya |
Climate Finance | The nation is urging for universal ratification of the BB&J agreement and demanding that the global financial architecture deliver deeper, faster, fairer restructuring, scaling up concessional financing for SIDS, and ensuring that climate finance is additional. | Maldives |
Climate Finance | Stated that climate finance must be scaled up, easily accessible, devoid of burdensome conditions, and responsive to the needs of small island states so the funds “end up in the villages and the communities that need it the most.” | Samoa |
Climate Finance | Advocated for new financing mechanisms that incorporate multidimensional vulnerability criteria, not just per capita income, and provide predictable, accessible, and concessional finance for small island states. | Sao Tome and Principe |
Climate Impact | Reiterated its position as a small island state at the frontline of rising temperatures and sea levels, urging that the cost of preparedness and adaptation should not cause a financial burden on citizens. | Malta |
Climate Impact | Stressed that South Sudan is one of the countries adversely affected by climate change, suffering from recurrent floods and prolonged droughts that intensify food insecurity and mass displacement, despite contributing minimally to global emissions. | South Sudan |
Climate Impact | Described how recurrent category 4 and 5 cyclones have eroded its economy, displaced communities, and set back development, making adaptation and resilience urgent. | Vanuatu |
Climate Justice | It is imperative that nations that benefited most from industrial development fully assume their historical responsibility for climate change by providing adequate financing, technology transfer, and support for developing countries. | Angola |
Climate Justice | Asserted that if major emitters will not cut greenhouse gas emissions, victim states must retain the right to pursue legal remedies consistent with international law for climate harm, which is the “logic of the law” and justice. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Climate Justice | The international community must revise priorities by reducing military spending and increasing development aid. A new global financial system is needed with minimum global tax standards for the super-rich. Brazil has reduced deforestation by half in the last two years and will host COP30. | Brazil |
Climate Justice | Stressed that countries liable for climate change damage must bear the full cost, and that it is grossly unfair for vulnerable countries to take on debt for recovery after disasters. | Fiji |
Climate Justice | Cited the ICJ advisory opinion that affirmed the responsibility to protect the climate system and that obligations under the Paris Agreement to provide financial support, technical assistance, and technology transfer are binding. | Mauritius |
Climate Justice | Stressed that the recent ICJ advisory opinion affirms that climate action is a legal obligation for all states to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, with major emitters carrying the primary duty. | Micronesia |
Climate Justice | Expressed deep concern about the disproportionate impact of climate change on mountain regions like the Himalayas and called for scaled-up, predictable climate finance and for polluters to take responsibility. | Nepal |
Climate Justice | Highlighted the recent International Court of Justice advisory opinion, which confirmed that limiting warming to 1.5 degrees is not optional but a benchmark for international law, creating legal obligations for all states, particularly major emitters. | Palau |
Climate Justice | The effects of climate change are not an accident of geography but a failure of stewardship and a moral failing, as emissions are poured by the many, but the cost is paid daily by the few, especially large ocean states, calling for deep, fast emission cuts and fair finance. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Climate Justice | Articulated the injustice faced by small island developing states, which are among the main victims of climate change despite having negligible greenhouse gas emissions, suffering from consequences driven by the “irresponsible actions of the world’s largest polluters”. | Sao Tome and Principe |
Climate Justice | Welcomed the historic ICJ advisory opinion, which affirmed that climate obligations are erga omnes (owed to the world as a whole) and that the 1.5 degrees Celsius target is legally binding. | Solomon Islands |
Climate Justice | Welcomed the ICJ advisory opinion as a “moral victory” that amplifies the voices of the most vulnerable and strengthens the call for urgent action to cut emissions. | Tonga |
Climate Justice | Highlighted the historic advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on climate change, affirming states’ legal obligations, and announced a follow-up resolution to operationalise it. | Vanuatu |
Climate Policy | Proposed focusing on emissions rather than the fossil fuel industry, suggesting working towards a globally legal binding framework on methane to buy time for decarbonizing technology. | Barbados |
Climate Policy | Strongly criticized developed countries for “force feeding a climate agenda” and blackmailing developing countries, arguing that fossil fuels remain essential for survival and that an imposed agenda leads to job exportation and poverty. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Climate Policy | The “green energy agenda” and “carbon footprint” are called a “scam” and a “hoax.” It is argued that these policies lead to economic destruction and that Europe is on the brink of failure due to them. The U.S. withdrew from the Paris climate accord. | United States |
Climate Resilience | Pushed back against narratives that its islands are sinking, stating it has strategies to adapt and thrive. | Kiribati |
Climate Resilience | Announced the establishment of the Pacific Resilience Facility, a Pacific-owned and Pacific-led fund, with a goal to capitalize it by $500 million by 2026. | Solomon Islands |
Conflict & Aggression | Argued that appeasing aggressors never works and that turning a blind eye to violations of territorial integrity creates space for the next aggressor. | Cyprus |
Conflict & Aggression | Argued that a Russian victory would legitimise brute force and that security is globally interlinked. | Czechia |
Conflict & Aggression | Terrorism, in all its forms, must be countered comprehensively. Iraq is seeking to return displaced persons and reconstruct liberated areas, which requires international support. The country is also working on a plan to repatriate and rehabilitate families of terrorist operatives. | Iraq |
Conflict & Aggression | Kyrgyzstan is suffering from the consequences of the war in Ukraine and the unilateral sanctions imposed on Russia, which negatively affect its economy. The country criticises the hypocrisy of nations that cooperate with Russia while forbidding others from doing the same. | Kyrgyzstan |
Conflict & Aggression | Russia's aggression is a test of whether the principles of the UN Charter will stand. It has sparked crises in energy, migration, and food security. Lithuania will never recognise the annexation of Ukrainian lands and calls for strong political, military, and economic support for Ukraine. | Lithuania |
Conflict & Aggression | The Russian invasion of Ukraine is the most serious conflict in Europe since World War II and a turning point in history. The existing international order is "crumbling before our eyes," and state borders are no longer untouchable. | Poland |
Conflict & Aggression | The root of global problems lies in the incessant attempts by the West to divide the world into "us and them" and the widespread gross violations of the principle of the sovereign equality of states and the non-use of force (e.g., Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya). | Russian Federation |
Conflict & Aggression | Stated that in the 21st century, weapons and strong alliances, not international law, decide who survives. | Ukraine |
Conflict & Aggression | Argued that stopping Putin's war now is cheaper and safer than dealing with the consequences of an expanded conflict. | Ukraine |
Conflict & Aggression | Framed itself as a country that has endured five centuries of struggle and is currently the target of a "criminal aggression" waged in myriad forms to allow external powers to get their hands on its natural resources. | Venezuela |
Conflict Resolution | Stood in full support of Ukraine’s sovereignty and called for the war in Gaza to end. | Albania |
Conflict Resolution | Conflicts in Africa, such as in the Sahel and Sudan, are the result of the passivity of UN member states. In the Middle East, the failure to comply with UN resolutions has perpetuated a conflict that is now a “policy of extermination” against the Palestinian people. | Angola |
Conflict Resolution | Stated that after nearly three decades of Armenian occupation and ineffective negotiations, Azerbaijan exercised its right to self-defence in the 2020 Patriotic War, liberating its territories and restoring its territorial integrity in accordance with international law. | Azerbaijan |
Conflict Resolution | Expressed concern over the proliferation of armed conflicts and reaffirmed that no conflict can be sustainably resolved by force, only through inclusive dialogue. | Benin |
Conflict Resolution | Made a direct call to President Erdoğan to end the occupation and join negotiations to reunify Cyprus. | Cyprus |
Conflict Resolution | Presented the historic agreement reached with Gabon over the sovereignty of the Mbanje, Cocoteras, and Conga Islands, resolved peacefully before the International Court of Justice, as a precedent demonstrating that conflicts can be resolved in line with the UN charter. | Equatorial Guinea |
Conflict Resolution | Proposed that the UN establish ad hoc committees with equitable representation to tackle global conflicts in regions like Africa, the Middle East, and Europe by visiting conflict zones and engaging directly with affected communities. | Eswatini |
Conflict Resolution | France calls for the immediate release of hostages in Gaza and a ceasefire. It supports a two-state solution and the demilitarisation of Hamas. In Ukraine, France, with a coalition of willing nations, is providing security guarantees to ensure a robust and just peace. | France |
Conflict Resolution | Urged an immediate end to ongoing conflicts from Palestine to Sudan and Ukraine, calling on parties to allow uninterrupted humanitarian aid and for the international community to muster the political will to end intractable conflicts. | Gambia |
Conflict Resolution | Argued that any solution not derived from the free will of the Libyan people is destined to fail and presented a vision based on restoring national sovereignty, rejecting foreign interference, and holding an inclusive national dialogue within Libya. | Libya |
Conflict Resolution | Condemned the aggression against Ukraine and violence in the Middle East, calling for de-escalation in Gaza and a two-state solution. | Monaco |
Conflict Resolution | There has been no ceasefire in Ukraine or the Middle East despite the intervention of the most powerful countries. This underscores the need for multilateral intervention. Portugal has declared its decision to recognise the State of Palestine and calls for an immediate ceasefire and the release of hostages. | Portugal |
Conflict Resolution | Urged the international community to stop the flow of lethal weapons and mercenaries to the “terrorist militia,” to condemn and criminalise it, and warned that international silence encourages its crimes. | Sudan |
Conflict Resolution | Framed Syria’s recent history as a struggle against a “repressive regime,” culminating in a military victory that “prioritized tolerance.” | Syria |
Conflict Resolution | A full ceasefire and a just, lasting peace in Ukraine, in accordance with the UN Charter, is necessary. The ICJ’s provisional measures in Gaza must be implemented immediately, and a permanent ceasefire, the release of all hostages, and full humanitarian access are needed. | The UN Secretary General |
Conflict Resolution | Called for the formation of an effective international coalition to restore security and stability in Yemen, rebuild state institutions, and liberate the country from militias and terrorist groups. | Yemen |
Conflict Resolution | Argued that policies of containment and offering incentives have failed, only giving the Houthi militias time and resources to expand their arsenal, and that peace must be “imposed by force”. | Yemen |
Counter-Terrorism | Countering terrorism is a particular priority, as India has a neighbour that is an epicentre of global terrorism, and when nations openly declare terrorism a state policy and terror hubs operate on an industrial scale, such actions must be unequivocally condemned. | India |
Counter-Terrorism | The region faces deliberately imported and sponsored terrorism, which has expanded and intensified despite the presence of Western powers, suggesting that some foreign powers are complicit and have established a subversive plan to destabilise the alliance through intelligence, funding, and equipping terrorists. | Niger |
Counter-Terrorism | Stated Pakistan has been at the front line of global counterterrorism efforts, having suffered the loss of over 90,000 people and $150 billion in economic loss, while facing the relentless brunt of climate change despite contributing less than 1% of global emissions. | Pakistan |
Counter-Terrorism | Detailed Somalia’s efforts in fighting Al Shabaab and ISIS, the “two most dangerous terror organisations,” while building a sustainable national security architecture in partnership with the international community. | Somalia |
Counter-Terrorism | Stated that the Houthi militias are an international terrorist organisation armed with an advanced Iranian arsenal, including ballistic missiles and drones, which they use to threaten regional and global security. | Yemen |
Critical minerals | Rich countries are demanding greater access to resources and technology. The race for critical minerals cannot repeat the predatory and asymmetrical logic of past centuries. | Brazil |
Critical minerals | The governance of strategic minerals needs to ensure that exploitation complies with the principles of sustainable development, economic sovereignty and people’s well-being. | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Critical minerals | Robust regulations need to balance responsible mineral extraction with effective environmental protection. | Nauru |
Critical minerals | Critical minerals need to be harnessed for inclusive growth and sustainable development, including within the communities where these minerals are extracted from. | South Africa |
Cuba Embargo | The devastating and accumulated impact of the US economic blockade, which has been tightened to the extreme as a “comprehensive and prolonged economic war,” aims to deprive Cubans of their livelihoods. The current US Secretary of State was called the “reincarnation of that macabre figure” (Lester Mallory). | Cuba |
Cuba Embargo | Reiterated the call for an end to the economic, commercial, and financial embargo and other restrictions imposed on Cuba. | Guinea Bissau |
Cuba Embargo | Consistently called for an end to the US embargo on Cuba and its removal from the list of state sponsors of terrorism, arguing diplomacy is more effective than isolation. | Saint Lucia |
Culture | Highlighted that land and ocean are central to Samoan culture and identity (Fassino manga and Tofi), making them particularly vulnerable to climate change. | Samoa |
Cybersecurity | Cyber threats are among the major challenges of our time. People trust the UN to tackle such challenges, but often the responses provided have falled short. | Equatorial Guinea |
Cybersecurity | Micronesia is committed to developing national strategies and policies to safeguard digital data and mitigate the risk of malicious attacks. | Micronesia |
Cybersecurity | Russia has sought to undermine Moldova’s sovereignty through illicit financing, disinformation, cyberattacks, and voter intimidation. | Moldova |
Cybersecurity | Safeguarding cybersecurity is imperative alongside the advancement of AI and digital capabilities in LDCs. | Timor-Leste |
Cybersecurity | Artificial intelligence is being used to consolidate repression and empower criminals across the internet. | United Kingdom |
Cybersecurity | Cyber attacks can cross borders in a second, posing a threat that no single nation can resolve alone. | Bahamas |
Cybersecurity | When powerful actors abandon rules, all nations are at risk; this includes the weaponisation of emerging disruptive technologies. | Iceland |
Cybercrime | The UN Convention Against Cybercrime is welcomed and will contribute to preventing and combating the misuse of technology and safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms, with the assistance of international and regional instruments for its implementation. The Council of Europe’s Cybercrime Programme Office (Bucharest) and the Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre hosted by Romania, contributed significantly to combating transnational crime. | Romania |
Cybersecurity | Consensus was achieved on the final report of the Open-ended Working Group on Cybersecurity (OEWG), which strengthened the normative framework for responsible state behaviour in cybersecurity, and it was agreed to establish the Global Mechanism on Cybersecurity as a permanent home for this work at the UN. | Singapore |
Cybersecurity | Online scams are a form of transnational crime being actively combatted, as their impacts ripple far and wide, demanding cooperation without borders. | Thailand |
Cybersecurity | Surveillance drones are being detected intruding into territory on a daily basis across the border areas, which constitutes a violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity. | Thailand |
Cybersecurity | Partnership is sought with states, organisations, and regional and international groupings to strengthen cybersecurity. | Bahrain |
Cybersecurity | There is a need for an open and secure internet. | Bulgaria |
Cybersecurity | Cybersecurity is one area of cooperation with the EU, the USA, and Brazil. | Cabo Verde |
Cybercrime | Transnational criminal networks involved in cybercrime are an existential threat to states. | Jamaica |
Cybersecurity | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address cybersecurity challenges. | Solomon Islands |
Cybersecurity and cybercrime | Digital technologies come with new security threats, in particular cybercrime. Cybersecurity must be an important component of collective security. | Tajikistan |
Cybercrime | Viet Nam looks forward to the signing ceremony of the UN Convention Against Cybercrime. | Viet Nam |
Cybercrime | Criminals are misusing technology for harmful behaviours, with destabilising consequences. Establishing frameworks and strategies to combat the use of technology for criminal purposes is supported. | Zimbabwe |
Debt Relief | Emphasised the need for a new global action for debt cancellation, restructuring, and suspension for African countries and called for coercive measures and trade restrictions targeting Africa to be lifted immediately. | Ethiopia |
Debt Relief | Announced Italy’s plan to convert the entire debt for the least developed nations into local development projects. | Italy |
Decolonization | Reaffirmed that the Western Sahara remains an issue of decolonisation and that the Sahrawi people are entitled to their right to self-determination through direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front under UN auspices. | Algeria |
Defense Policy | Stated that “those who wish for peace must be prepared to defend it,” explaining that Belgium is increasing its defence investment and striving for greater European integration of its armed forces to erect a barrier against new forms of imperialism. | Belgium |
Democracy | Claimed that after facing an arms embargo in the 1990s, Bosnia and Herzegovina now faces an “embargo on democracy,” with some international actors perpetuating a political system established by the Dayton Accords that denies basic human rights and allows a minority to govern the majority. | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Democracy | Sound democracies must go beyond elections and reduce inequalities, guaranteeing basic rights like food, safety, and health. Poverty is as much an enemy of democracy as extremism. | Brazil |
Democracy | Argued that national resilience is not enough to combat hybrid warfare and called for stronger international cooperation to protect democracies from illicit financing, cyberattacks, and disinformation. | Moldova |
Democracy | Celebrated its recent election as a “victory for democracy” over unprecedented pressure, disinformation, and interference from the Kremlin, affirming its future lies within the European family. | Moldova |
Democracy | Mozambique has a strong commitment to democracy, holding regular and transparent elections. The country is promoting an inclusive national dialogue to ensure that all sectors of society are heard. | Mozambique |
Democracy | Reaffirmed Panama’s respect for freedom and democracy and its role as a defender of international law. | Panama |
Democracy | Chose the “hard path” of reforms built through inclusion and consensus to create a democratic order where power is balanced and no autocrat can ever return, establishing 11 independent commissions. | Bangladesh |
Democracy | Presented Gabon’s peaceful and exemplary transition, which culminated in an internationally endorsed presidential election in 2025, as a model of moving from hardship to hope without bloodshed. | Gabon |
Development Aid | Regretted the politicisation of development cooperation, which is used by some partners for partisan interests, and argued that aid must be a tool for solidarity, not a “weapon of coercion”. | Rwanda |
Development Finance | Recalled that developed countries pledged over a decade ago to mobilise USD 100 billion annually for climate action and, over 50 years ago, 0.7% of GNI for development aid, noting that “none of these promises have been fulfilled”. | Cameroon |
Development Finance | Highlighted the alarming shortfall in SDG financing, with developing countries paying more in debt service than on health or education, and called for the implementation of the Seville Commitment. | Djibouti |
Development Finance | Made a “clarion call” to development partners to honor their ODA commitments, noting that its reduction threatens to erode progress achieved thus far in least developed countries. | Lesotho |
Development Finance | Stated commitment to working for a UN that is fit for purpose and remains one of the largest per capita donors to official development assistance (ODA), consistently contributing 1% of its gross national income. | Luxembourg |
Development Finance | Noted that the global financing gap for the SDGs stands at $4 trillion, and that while countries have made countless pledges, they often rebrand and recycle old ideas, failing to deliver tangible progress. | Samoa |
Development Finance | The Seville commitment adopted at the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development is crucial for promoting investment and addressing the debt crisis. The world needs a rule-based and equitable financial system that ensures more effective and inclusive global economic governance. | San Marino |
Development Finance | Stressed the need to bridge the estimated USD 4 trillion annual financing gap for the SDGs by calling on the international community to fully implement existing commitments like the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Seville Commitment. | Uganda |
Development Metrics | Argued that the exclusive use of GDP per capita for classifying countries does not reflect realities or vulnerabilities, and called for more comprehensive indicators that include multidimensional poverty and climate resilience to ensure fair access to concessional financing. | Ecuador |
Digital Access | The nation underscores the importance of enhanced international cooperation, access to new technology, and innovation, supporting the implementation of the Global Digital Compact aimed at enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits. | Laos |
Digital Divide | AI must stand for “Africa included”: Advocated for a dedicated initiative to close the digital divide and ensure emerging economies can access new technologies. | Nigeria |
Digital economy and trade | Lasting prosperity involves proactive industrialisation policies, maximising the value of raw materials, and creating decent jobs. | Burkina Faso |
Digital economy and trade | Making the most of scientific progress, technological advancement and innovation, which are genuine levers for shared, lasting development. | Burkina Faso |
Digital economy and trade | There is a need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials and strengthen economic autonomy, maximising the value of raw materials. | Burkina Faso |
Digital economy and trade | There is a need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials and strengthen economic autonomy, maximising the value of raw materials. | Niger |
Digital economy and trade | Global corporations transcend borders, shaping economies, technology, and daily life without sufficient accountability, which demands international responses. | Iceland |
Digital economy and trade | High-tech control is an economic concern, along with the grip on supply chains and critical minerals, and the shaping of connectivity. | India |
Digital economy and trade | The negotiation process on the Digital Economy Framework Agreement is being accelerated to position ASEAN as a leading digital economic hub, promoting regional integration, expanding global connectivity, and enhancing capacity for addressing challenges of the modern global economy. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital economy and trade | The global order is undergoing fundamental shifts impacting trade, technology, and international cooperation. | San Marino |
Digital inclusion and access | Investments are made in digital transformation and the digital economy to foster inclusion and innovation, and ensure no one is left behind. | Albania |
Digital inclusion and access | Investments are made in digital transformation and the digital economy to foster inclusion and innovation, and ensure no one is left behind. | Sierra Leone |
Digital inclusion and access | In the fast-changing technological era, a deep concern is the widening digital divide facing youth in the developing world, where the benefits of quantum computing, AI, and large language models must be shared fairly. | Bangladesh |
Digital inclusion and access | Investments are made in digital literacy and IT and AI-related skills for the young generation. Pilot programmes are run in AI education, and teachers and students will soon engage with custom-designed AI teaching assistants. | Bangladesh, Greece |
Digital inclusion and access | Technological progress fosters growth and interaction. Technology is a defining force of our age, a connector, an enabler, an equaliser. | Belarus |
Digital inclusion and access | While interdependence has deepened thanks to technology, new divisions and fault lines have emerged, undermining many of the positive gains. | Belarus |
Digital inclusion and access | The need for digital inclusion is emphasised. Digital connectivity is prioritised at a national level. | Bulgaria |
Digital inclusion and access | Access to technologies, especially in the digital and artificial intelligence era, is a decisive factor for promoting sustainable development. | Cameroon |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital divide must be closed. Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Costa Rica |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital divide must be closed. Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Nigeria |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital divide must be closed. Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Comoros |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital divide must be closed. Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Kiribati |
Digital inclusion and access | Existing inequalities mean that only some are at the frontier of digital technologies. There are widening technological inequalities and unequal access to technology. | Dominica, Rwanda |
Digital inclusion and access | A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to avoid new digital gaps. | Ecuador |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital transformation is a catalyst for sustainable development. Partnerships with developed countries in advancing technology are welcomed. Global partners are invited to invest in technology. | Eswatini |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital transformation is a catalyst for sustainable development. Partnerships with developed countries in advancing technology are welcomed. Global partners are invited to invest in technology. | Botswana |
Digital inclusion and access | The national growth and development plan focuses on developing the digital sector and enhancing youth employment. | Gabon |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital skills, coding, and technology clubs are now part of the school environment, and primary school students are assessed through electronic testing, prioritising both digital literacy and problem-solving skills. | Grenada |
Digital inclusion and access | Investment is being made in digital skills for the new economy. | Grenada |
Digital inclusion and access | Investment is being made in digital skills for the new economy. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital transition is one of the strategic pillars for the national long-term development programme. | Guinea |
Digital inclusion and access | Results of self-reliance, developing national capabilities and nurturing talent can be seen in digital applications. | India |
Digital inclusion and access | The country’s technicians promote digitisation, and training facilities are open to the world. | India |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital public infrastructure has redefined governance and enabled the delivery of public services on an unprecedented scale. The Maldives also noted they are digitalising services. | India |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital public infrastructure has redefined governance and enabled the delivery of public services on an unprecedented scale. The Maldives also noted they are digitalising services. | Maldives |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital access and inclusive governance are important for enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits, supporting the implementation of the Global Digital Compact. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital and scientific, and technological innovation potential is an untapped resource that can serve as a powerful catalyst for accelerating progress toward attaining the SDGs. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital transformation and the application of modern technology are important to enhance efficiency and strengthen adaptability in ASEAN. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital inclusion and access | Priority is given to investment in affordable digital infrastructure, promoting digital literacy, and nurturing innovation ecosystems, with a focus on empowering youth, women, and rural communities. | Lesotho |
Digital inclusion and access | The world is rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and AI, but a widening gap remains between this realm and the one hostage to poverty and marginalisation. United efforts are needed to devise solutions that are capable of narrowing this gap by achieving just and comprehensive human-centred development | Mauritania |
Digital inclusion and access | The digital divide should not be allowed to widen further. Resource and capacity constraints of developing economies have to be acknowledged and addressed. | Mauritius |
Digital inclusion and access | There is a need for a new dialogue to promote a level of access to technology that allows emerging economies to more quickly close the wealth and knowledge gap. | Nigeria |
Digital inclusion and access | A dedicated initiative is advocated for, bringing together researchers, the private sector, government, and communities to close the digital divide. | Nigeria |
Digital inclusion and access | Technologies of the future should be embraced as an opportunity for growth, innovation, and a sustainable future. | Norway |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital transformation and AI applications are a priority, alongside innovation and industrial development. | Oman |
Digital inclusion and access | Investing in human capital, advancing green and digital transitions, and reinforcing institutional resilience are key pillars for long-term prosperity. | Romania |
Digital inclusion and access | The Global Digital Compact is an important tool that underscores the collective commitment to bridging the digital divide and promoting digital inclusion, creating a more equitable future and ensuring that digital technology is used for the benefit of all humanity. | San Marino |
Digital inclusion and access | Ensuring that every person and country benefits from the opportunities of the digital age is a global challenge. The international community must work together to close the digital gap between states that can and cannot benefit from digital tech and AI as development tools. | Sri Lanka |
Digital inclusion and access | There is a desire for a modern state able to invest in people, development, technology, and education. | State of Palestine |
Digital inclusion and access | Digital access programmes seek to narrow the technological divide for millions. | United Kingdom |
Digital inclusion and development | Nations which benefited the most from industrial and economic development in the past should support developing countries through measures such as technology transfers and adequate financing. | Angola |
Digital inclusion and development | There is a need for technological and climate diplomacy that can regulate risks and democratise benefits through genuine transfer and sharing of technology and knowledge, so that technology is a factor of inclusive development. | Mozambique |
Digital inclusion and development | To bridge the digital and technological divides is central to building resilient societies. | Portugal |
Digital inclusion and development | Digital transformation must be balanced, reflect the realities and legitimate interests of all states, and be free from politicisation and bias. A proposal will be made to establish a world platform on digital integration. | Turkmenistan |
Digital inclusion and development | It is important to prevent inequalities in digital development and the use of artificial intelligence between countries. | Uzbekistan |
Digital inclusion and development | Sustainable development models need to be based on digital and green transition. For this, countries must invest in R&D, train human resources, develop green infrastructure, and formulate national plans, while developed countries must take responsibility in sharing and transferring technology to developing and underdeveloped countries. | Viet Nam |
Digital public infrastructure and services | There is potential for cooperation in digital connectivity, with Azerbaijan leading initiatives like the Digital Silk Way, which includes plans for an advanced fibre optic cable network under the Caspian Sea. | Azerbaijan |
Digital public infrastructure and services | The GovStack initiative, co-founded by Estonia in collaboration with the International Telecommunications Union and Germany, provides governments with a digital public infrastructure toolbox aimed at modernising digital services by creating a modular, open-source, and scalable framework. | Estonia |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Digital solutions are vital for overcoming challenges from geographical isolation and limited economies of scale, and are key to enhancing public services, education, commerce, and climate resilience. | Kiribati |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Digitalisation is a part of the commitment to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda goals. | Serbia |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Digital democracy is a national aim. | Sri Lanka |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Uganda is deploying digital health solutions to improve service delivery and accountability. | Uganda |
Digital governance | Digital platforms are being used to sow intolerance and misinformation. The internet cannot be a land of lawlessness. Regulating these platforms is not about restraining freedom but protecting the most vulnerable and ensuring what is illegal in the real world is also illegal online. | Brazil |
Digital tech, peace and security | Emerging threats such as cyberattacks, hybrid attacks, and the misuse of AI (for instance to spread disinformation or enable attacks on critical infrastructure) challenge international peace, security, and stability. Countering these requires resilience and increased cooperation. | Costa Rica |
Digital tech, peace and security | Military automation, enabled by AI, challenges the ability to maintain meaningful human control over life-or-death decisions without adequate regulatory frameworks. The conclusion of a legally binding instrument before 2026,is urged to establish prohibitions and regulations for autonomous weapons systems capable of identifying, selecting, and attacking targets without meaningful human control, stressing that no algorithm should make life or death decisions. | Costa Rica |
Digital tech, peace and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Croatia |
Digital tech, peace and security | Technologies like AI, cyber capabilities, space technology and robotics can strengthen defenses, but can also be misused by hostile actors. Security needs to be rethought, nationally and globally. Rules, safeguards, and cooperation must keep pace with innovation in technologies, to ensure that they can contribute to resilience and stability. The UN must evolve to be able to effectively address such complex challenges. | Croatia |
Digital tech, peace and security | Technologies like AI, cyber capabilities, space technology and robotics can strengthen defenses, but can also be misused by hostile actors. Security needs to be rethought, nationally and globally. Rules, safeguards, and cooperation must keep pace with innovation in technologies, to ensure that they can contribute to resilience and stability. The UN must evolve to be able to effectively address such complex challenges. | Cyprus |
Digital tech, peace and security | Acts of hybrid warfare include disinformation campaigns, attempts to undermine public trust, cyberattacks, and acts of sabotage carried out by mercenaries recruited online. Damage to undersea cables and GPS jamming are also part of a growing wave of hybrid attacks. | Czechia |
Digital tech, peace and security | The arms race is resuming, including in cyberspace. Cybercrime and cyber terrorism are emerging challenges. | Guyana |
Digital tech, peace and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Latvia |
Digital tech, peace and security | Acts of hybrid warfare include disinformation campaigns, attempts to undermine public trust, cyberattacks, and acts of sabotage carried out by mercenaries recruited online. Damage to undersea cables and GPS jamming are also part of a growing wave of hybrid attacks. | Latvia |
Digital tech, peace and security | Emerging threats such as cyberattacks, hybrid attacks, and the misuse of AI (for instance to spread disinformation or enable attacks on critical infrastructure) challenge international peace, security, and stability. Countering these requires resilience and increased cooperation. | Latvia, |
Digital tech, peace and security | The arms race is resuming, including in cyberspace. Cybercrime and cyber terrorism are emerging challenges. | Senegal |
Digital tech, peace and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Ukraine |
Digital tech, peace and security | There is an urgent need for global rules on how AI can be used in weapons, comparable in urgency to preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. | Ukraine |
Digital tech, peace and security | Digital, space and AI technologies should be used as forces for peace, not tools for domination. | Portugal |
Digital tech, peace and security | The use of ICTs to harm peace, security and sustainable development needs to be prevented. | Turkmenistan |
Digital tech, peace and security | There are risks associated with new technologies, from biotech to autonomous weapons. There is also a rise of tools for mass surveillance and control, which can intensify the race for critical minerals and potentially spark instability. | UN Secretary-General |
Digital tech, peace and security | The US will pioneer an AI verification system to enforce the Biological Weapons Convention. | United States |
Diplomacy | Argued that war is the final expression of a “radical unwillingness to compromise” and that the UN represents the formidable power of reconciliation, calling on all countries to adopt this spirit. | Luxembourg |
Diplomacy | Positioned Serbia as a “bridge” between East and West and offered Belgrade as a host for UN bodies. | Serbia |
Diplomacy | Called the United Nations the “house of diplomacy and dialogue” and framed the session as a moment to have hard conversations during challenging times. | The President of the General Assembly |
Diplomacy | Amidst global turmoil, the nation has chosen the path of prudence and de-escalation, leveraging its capabilities to build bridges, prevent conflicts, and champion genuine humanitarian diplomacy (e.g., prisoner exchange between Russia/Ukraine, peace talks between Azerbaijan/Armenia). | United Arab Emirates |
Diplomacy | The U.S. is “respected again.” The administration claims to have ended seven “unendable” wars in just seven months, including those between Cambodia and Thailand, and Armenia and Azerbaijan. The UN is criticised for not helping in these peace efforts. | United States |
Disinformation | Identified the loss of shared truth as a bigger, more insidious crisis undermining domestic and global institutions, leading to political tribalism and the deterioration of trust. | Barbados |
Disinformation | Chile condemns the systematic extermination in wars and all forms of terrorism. It is stated that it is unacceptable to lie, and there is no room for denying facts like global warming or the Holocaust. | Chile |
Disinformation | The spread of disinformation and conspiracy theories online is dangerous for democracy. The nation also expects nothing less than to see the United Nations finally led by a woman when the next Secretary General takes office. | Iceland |
Disinformation | Peru warns against the building of false narratives by anti-democratic forces to impose their will. Ideologies of hatred—class, racial, nationalist, religious, or ethnic—are the causes of the worst crimes in human history. | Peru |
Disinformation and hate speech | An international convention is called for to combat religious hate speech and racism and ban the abuse of digital platforms to incite extremism, radicalism, or terrorism. | Bahrain |
Disinformation and hate speech | Disinformation and hate speech have become matters of grave concern, compounded by the deliberate use of fake news and AI-driven deepfakes. Cooperation is needed to confront these challenges before they erode trust and weaken social harmony. | Bangladesh |
Disinformation and hate speech | The spread of fake news distorts reality and threatens the stability of societies, creating a platform for hate to thrive and prejudice to rise, contributing to the “crisis of truth”. | Barbados |
Disinformation and hate speech | Disinformation and fake news undermine trust. | Pakistan |
Disinformation and hate speech | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to combat misinformation. | Solomon Islands |
Disinformation and human rights online | Digital technology increasingly impacts lives, and a few transnationals impose operating systems and control the content that is seen, read, heard, thus manipulating human behaviour under the ‘dictatorship of the algorithm’. | Cuba |
Disinformation and human rights online | Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, innovation, culture, and progress, but twisting free speech into the mass production of lies, propaganda, or AI-driven disinformation is not exercising this freedom. | Iceland |
Disinformation and human rights online | Disinformation and conspiracy theories spread online, corroding trust in facts, institutions, and one another, leading to rising intolerance, especially towards marginalised groups. | Iceland |
Disinformation and human rights online | The implementation of the Global Digital Compact should ensure a human-centric, human rights-based approach to the digital future, which cannot be left with no rules. | Romania |
Disinformation and human rights online | Human rights must be upheld in the digital age and online, especially because that is where most young people are. | Romania |
Disinformation and human rights online | Human rights must be upheld in the digital age and online, especially because that is where most young people are. | San Marino |
Disinformation and misinformation | Autocracies are deploying new technology to undermine trust in democracy, institutions, and each other. | Australia |
Disinformation and misinformation | Digital platforms offer possibilities for people to come together, but they have also been used for sowing intolerance, misogyny, xenophobia, and misinformation, necessitating government regulation to protect the vulnerable. | Brazil |
Disinformation and misinformation | Disinformation, which gains even greater volume in digital environments, is eroding public trust and is part of the challenges testing the principles of the UN Charter and the UN’s authority. | Dominican Republic |
Disinformation and misinformation | The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by disinformation. | European Union |
Disinformation and misinformation | Technology makes it easier to disseminate disinformation and sow seeds of division. | Ghana |
Disinformation and misinformation | The ‘pandemic’ of misinformation and disinformation is an emerging challenge. | Guyana |
Disinformation and misinformation | The rise of disinformation is among the challenges our world is confronted with. | Haiti |
Disinformation and misinformation | The rise of disinformation is among the challenges our world is confronted with. | Montenegro |
Disinformation and misinformation | There’s a growing challenge of disinformation being used to undermine democratic institutions and destabilise societies. The international community needs to defend truth as a supreme value. | Lithuania |
Disinformation and misinformation | Concern was expressed about an emerging generation that grows cynical because it believes nothing and trusts less, due to the rapid advancement of technology. | Nigeria |
Disinformation and misinformation | The proliferation of misinformation, particularly via digital platforms, has fuelled distrust between countries, targeting elections, trade negotiations, and public sentiment. | Serbia |
Disinformation and misinformation | Disinformation, which gains even greater volume in digital environments, is eroding public trust and is part of the challenges testing the principles of the UN Charter and the UN’s authority. | Sierra Leone |
Disinformation and misinformation | The rise of tools for mass disruption and mass social control is a concern. | UN Secretary-General |
Disinformation and misinformation | Authoritarian states are manipulating large language models so that chatbots answer in the voice of their propaganda. | United Kingdom |
Domestic Progress & Reforms | The nation has achieved a historic milestone by adopting a new constitution by a large majority through a referendum, marking its long-awaited return to the constitutional order. | Guinea |
Domestic Progress & Reforms | The nation has made broad structural transformations, achieving 93 per cent of Vision 2030 performance indicators, with the unemployment rate among Saudis decreasing to 6.3 per cent and women's participation in the labour market increasing to over 36 per cent. | Saudi Arabia |
Domestic Progress & Reforms | Announced that Somalia is undertaking universal suffrage elections for the first time in 57 years, with over 40 political associations registered to participate, marking a return to its democratic roots. | Somalia |
Domestic Progress & Reforms | Reported that Syria has restored its international relations and is now rebuilding with a new state, laws, and institutions. | Syria |
Drug Policy | The violent war on drugs is a failure and a policy of “domination” by the US. The president claims his government has successfully replaced it with an effective anti-trafficking policy based on the voluntary eradication of coca crops. He denounces being “decertified” by Trump despite his government’s success. | Colombia |
Economic Development | The Republic of Guinea has achieved its first sovereign credit rating (B+ with stable outlook by Standard and Poor), which places it as the second largest economy in French-speaking West Africa and opens access to more favourable international capital markets. | Guinea |
Economic Development | Announced its graduation to middle-income country status in December 2024, a recognition of progress in gross national income and human development, while appealing for continued international support to ensure a smooth transition. | Sao Tome and Principe |
Economic Development | Emphasised taking responsibility for its own economic development through domestic revenue generation, public financial management, and joining regional bodies like the East Africa Community and the African Continental Free Trade Area. | Somalia |
Economic Development | Views economic development as a vital pathway to opportunity, harnessing trade and sports as drivers of growth, unity, and national pride. | Tonga |
Economic Development | Outlined a clear vision to diversify its economy beyond its reliance on diamonds, inviting global partners to invest in renewable energy, technology, and sustainable agriculture to build resilience. | Botswana |
Economic Development | Detailed major infrastructure projects underway, including a deep-sea port, a new international airport, and a Black Sea submarine cable, aimed at enhancing connectivity and Europe's energy security. | Georgia |
Economic Development | The president has launched the Simandou 2040 program, built on five strategic pillars (agriculture, education, infrastructure, economy/finance, and health/well-being), financed essentially by revenues from the Simandou iron deposit (the world's largest). | Guinea |
Economic Development | Presented Paraguay as a "giant that is reemerging," citing its strong economic growth and social programs. | Paraguay |
Economic Injustice | Stated that economic injustice, stemming from imbalanced wealth creation and sharing, has remained the primary challenge for humanity since ancient times. | Eritrea |
Economic Injustice | Argued against rising protectionism, stating that for over two centuries, free and fair trade has been the "only true engine of progress," decimating extreme poverty and enabling medical breakthroughs. | Belgium |
Economic Injustice | Stated that Africa must exercise sovereignty over its natural resources, negotiate better deals for a bigger share, and insist on value addition to end the cycle of foreign exploitation and poverty in resource-rich communities. | Ghana |
Economic Injustice | Argued for a strategic shift from humanitarian assistance to investment, outlining plans to develop major economic hubs and calling on partners to support this transition through mechanisms like the renewal of the HOPE/HELP law. | Haiti |
Economic Injustice | Nauru calls on the international community to end unilateral economic measures, such as those affecting Cuba, that deepen vulnerabilities and limit development opportunities. | Nauru |
Economic Injustice | Called for urgent action on debt relief and a system where host countries benefit from their mineral resources. | Nigeria |
Economic Injustice | Reiterated its line of thought that the country seeks trade for prosperity, not aid and grant, to build its economy and sustain its over 10 million people. | Papua New Guinea |
Economic Injustice | Proposed that the assembly accept inequality and poverty as a "global catastrophe" and act accordingly. | Sri Lanka |
Economic Injustice | Joined other global South countries in demanding urgent and comprehensive reform of the global financial system, including scaling up concessional financing, revising sovereign credit rating frameworks, and increasing Africa's voice in the IMF and World Bank. | Tanzania |
Economic Policy | Presented its governing vision of “Mexican Humanism,” which prioritises justice, separates political and economic power, and builds a “moral economy of well-being” that has lifted millions out of poverty. | Mexico |
Economic Policy | The U.S. is the “hottest country in the world” with a booming economy, low inflation, and rising wages. In just eight months, the administration has secured over USD 17 trillion in new investment. | United States |
Economic Reform | Lebanon is undertaking a program of financial and economic recovery, including the fight against corruption and the modernisation of its administration. It is also joining international conventions and promoting public freedom and youth participation. | Lebanon |
Economic Sovereignty | It is critical to reconsider economic development strategies by focusing on economic autonomy, local use of resources, and industrialisation, and to urgently break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials. | Burkina Faso |
Economic Sovereignty | Stated that it is no longer acceptable for African nations to be relegated to the role of raw material providers and called for win-win partnerships to process resources locally, create jobs, and interact with the world on the basis of equity. | Gabon |
Education | The definition of education is changing to include technical training, vocational education, and digital skills, with a certificate in coding or renewable energy being as powerful as a law degree, which is why Grenada is considering the teaching and use of AI. | Grenada |
Education | Education is the single greatest social, economic, and creative equaliser, a “broad road to resilience, to innovation, and to peace” that transforms circumstances into possibility and saves people from the poverty of diminished possibility. | Grenada |
Education | Partnerships are crucial for small states to gain reach and resources, but donors, multilateral institutions, and the private sector are called upon not only to fund/give but to co-create and co-learn, treating education as collaboration and investment. | Grenada |
Education | Technology and education without ethics are insufficient; the next generation must be equipped to think critically, act ethically, and live responsibly in digital spaces to become “stewards of truth” and “guardians of humanity” in an age of misinformation. | Grenada |
Elections | Announced that Guinea Bissau is scheduled to hold presidential and legislative elections, reaffirming the country’s prioritisation of dialogue, inclusion, and the consolidation of the democratic rule of law. | Guinea Bissau |
Elections | Affirmed that the Presidential Transition Council has a clear agenda centred on holding free, credible, and inclusive elections, with significant progress already made in preparing for the vote despite the security crisis. | Haiti |
Elections | Stated the objective of ending the transitional period through free and fair elections based on a clear constitutional framework, allowing Libyans to choose their leaders without external tutelage. | Libya |
Elections | Affirmed that the transitional period must end with general elections scheduled for December 2026, which will allow the people to democratically elect their leaders for the first time in the nation’s history. | South Sudan |
Environmental Crisis | Declared a national state of emergency due to an ongoing oil leak from a World War II sunken vessel, appealing to the international community for help in addressing a crisis that “far exceeds Micronesia’s capacity”. | Micronesia |
Environmental Issues | The country will continue its work on environmental and climate issues, seeking to establish a regional centre to combat desertification and an international day of multilingual diplomacy. | Turkmenistan |
Environmental Law | Is among the first 60 states to ratify the agreement on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BB&J). | Cabo Verde |
Environmental Law | Welcomed reaching the required 60 ratifications for the BB&J agreement and emphasized that the next crucial step is its effective implementation. | Samoa |
Environmental Law | Urged all states to support including “ecocide” as the fifth independent crime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to prevent future environmental destruction. | Vanuatu |
Environmental Policy | Positioned Guyana as an emerging energy producer, carefully balancing its green footprint with production. | Guyana |
Environmental Policy | Highlighted Guyana’s Low Carbon Development Strategy and its role as a seller of carbon credits. | Guyana |
Environmental Policy | Criticised “green plans” in the West for leading to deindustrialisation and suffering among the vulnerable. | Italy |
Environmental Rights | Called for a universal declaration of the rights of Mother Earth and urged international cooperation to strengthen the conservation of the Amazon, stating that “defending the Amazon means defending life”. | Bolivia |
Environmental Stewardship | Asserted that its forest and oceans are great global assets, holding 6-7% of the world’s biodiversity and acting as a big carbon sink, and asked for big carbon footprint holders to assist in preserving these resources. | Papua New Guinea |
EU Accession | Argued that its EU accession has been obstructed for 20 years, not by objective criteria but by “subjective nationalistic reasons,” specifically citing the imposed condition of constitutional amendments related to history, culture, and language. | North Macedonia |
EU Aspiration | The National Assembly has adopted the law on initiating the process of Armenia’s accession to the European Union, which is an incentive to consistently continue democratic reforms and become institutionally and substantively compliant with EU standards, a choice that is a matter of strategy for a democratic state. | Armenia |
EU Integration | Stated that Montenegro’s strategic focus is on joining the European Union by 2028, viewing the integration process as a catalyst for lasting progress, stability, and security in Europe. | Montenegro |
EU Policy | The president agrees with some of President Trump’s criticisms of Europe, calling its recent policies “ideological madness” that have led to bad decisions on migration and “green craziness” that is destroying economic and agricultural markets. | Poland |
Eurasian Security | The way to end the bloodshed in Ukraine lies in returning to the principle of indivisible security. The president of the Republic of Belarus has put forward an initiative to develop a Eurasian Charter of multipolarity and diversity in the twenty-first century to launch a new paradigm for an Eurasian architecture of equal and indivisible security. | Belarus |
Eurasian Security | Russia is open to negotiations on the root causes of the Ukraine conflict and is offering a constructive alternative to the dangerous course of expansion by proposing the building of an architecture of equal and indivisible security in Eurasia, notably through the development of a Eurasian Charter of diversity and multipolarity. | Russian Federation |
Family Policy | Outlined its strategy of spending 5% of GDP on supporting families, including tax exemptions for mothers. | Hungary |
Female Leadership | Celebrated the election of its first female president, stating that the “time of women has come” in Mexico and that it should also come for the United Nations, hoping the next secretary-general will be a woman from its region. | Mexico |
Female Secretary-General | Expressed confidence that the next Secretary-General will be a woman from the region. | Costa Rica |
Female Secretary-General | Encouraged member states to put forward qualified female candidates for the next Secretary-General, stating that “after eighty years, it is high time for a woman to be at the helm of this organisation.” | Denmark |
Female Secretary-General | Expressed a forward-looking hope for the day when a woman leads the UN as secretary-general, viewing it as a symbol of “true equality”. | Dominica |
Female Secretary-General | Expressed hope that seeing a woman preside over the General Assembly is a good sign for the selection of the next secretary-general, a position in which “no woman has ever served over eight decades”. | Liechtenstein |
Female Secretary-General | Stated its support for the proposal to consider electing a female United Nations Secretary-General, reflecting its commitment to gender equality. | Malawi |
Female Secretary-General | Progress on gender equity is too modest. A woman has never served as UN Secretary-General, and this must change. Electing a woman to the role would be historic but only the beginning of a deeper transformation. | Slovenia |
Female Secretary-General | Questioned why, after 80 years, no woman has been elected secretary-general if the choice is based on merit, expressing a clear preference for this to change. | Sweden |
Female Secretary-General | In 80 years, a woman has never been chosen for the role of UN Secretary-General. The choice rests with member states, and it is time for them to show the same leadership as their predecessors by selecting a woman for the role. | The President of the General Assembly |
Financial Reform | Called for reform of decision-making and governance in global financial institutions, coordinated global measures against illicit financial flows, and the recovery of stolen and illicit assets. | Bangladesh |
Financial Reform | Advocated for the Bridgetown Initiative to reset the global financial system, emphasizing the need to expand liquidity, close the financing gap, and mainstream debt swaps and climate resilient debt clauses. | Barbados |
Financial Reform | Asserted that the reform impetus must extend to global economic and financial governance through the reform of the Bretton Woods institutions and international financial architecture. | Côte d’Ivoire |
Financial Reform | Argued that the main obstacle to development goals is a financial architecture that does not reflect the realities of developing countries. | Dominican Republic |
Financial Reform | Demanded a reset of the global financial architecture, which is currently “rigged against Africa,” and called for Africa to have a greater say in multilateral financial institutions. | Ghana |
Financial Reform | Advocated for the reform of global governance, economic, and financial institutions, citing BRICS as a constructive alternative and noting Africa’s heavy burden of external debt and resource pillaging. | Mali |
Financial Reform | The current financial system is untenable, having fostered debt burdens and perpetrated power imbalance, and reforms are needed to address the structural asymmetries that undermine developing countries, especially climate vulnerable ones. | Philippines |
Financial Reform | The current international financial architecture is outdated and unjust. South Africa calls for urgent reform to ensure fair representation and to address the debt of developing countries. It is concerning that trade is being used as a weapon against nations. | South Africa |
Financial Reform | The nation renews its call for a comprehensive and deep reform of the international financing system and its institutions to guarantee justice, access to financial resources, and the implementation of innovative mechanisms, such as the debt-for-climate swap initiative. | Tunisia |
Financial Reform | Argued that the post-war financial institutions no longer reflect today’s realities and perpetuate structural inequalities, calling for comprehensive reform to strengthen the representation of developing countries. | Zambia |
Foreign Interference | Stated that the Libyan crisis is deepened by foreign interventions and that the international community must end these interventions to allow Libyans to find a consensus-based settlement. | Algeria |
Foreign Interference | Condemned the “open, blatant, sometimes public support of foreign state sponsors who, for imperialist reasons, are destabilizing our entity,” and accused the Ukrainian regime of supplying drones to terrorist groups. | Mali |
Foreign Interference | Condemned the “absolutely illegal and completely immoral military threat” hanging over its head, calling the justifications “false and tasteless lies,” which it believes no one in the world believes. | Venezuela |
Foreign Investment | Invited businessmen and women to discover Equatorial Guinea as a safe and attractive destination for investment, offering political stability, fiscal incentives, and a clear vision through its 2035 development agenda. | Equatorial Guinea |
Foreign Policy | Expressed strong alignment with President Donald Trump, praising his policies on immigration and international trade. | Argentina |
Foreign Policy | Outlined Canada’s foreign policy as resting on three pillars: defence and security, economic resilience through diversified trade, and core values including democracy, human rights, and gender equality. | Canada |
Foreign Policy | Framed foreign policy around these three pillars, noting that influence for smaller countries comes from smart diplomacy. | Finland |
Foreign Policy | Stated that Paraguay’s foreign policy is based on shared values like the rule of law, not just economic interests. | Paraguay |
Foreign Policy | Highlighted Spain’s foreign policy priorities, including its work on the Human Rights Council and its aspiration to be a beacon for gender equality. | Spain |
Foreign Policy | Its foreign policy is incurred on multilateralism, guided by the principle of sovereignty, equality, and peaceful coexistence. | Zimbabwe |
Fragile States | Highlighted that over 30 UN member states are classified as fragile and conflict-affected, a number that is “frighteningly higher” when factoring in climate change vulnerability. | Somalia |
Freedom of Speech | Pledged to strive for more openness and respect for dissenting opinions, noting an inclination over the past decade to “cancel views that are not fashionable to dominating narratives.” | Trinidad and Tobago |
Gaza Conflict | Insisted that Israeli hostages must be released but condemned the forced removal and genocide in Gaza, and protested the denial of a visa to the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization to attend the assembly in person. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Gaza Conflict | Recalled that the UN once confronted apartheid in South Africa with sanctions and declarations, suggesting that the same lessons must be drawn regarding the genocide in Palestine. | Belize |
Gaza Conflict | Stated that the violence perpetrated against the population in the Gaza Strip indicates the existence of several elements of genocide as defined by the convention, and condemned the silence of the international political public. | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Gaza Conflict | The actions in Gaza—indiscriminate bombings, forced displacement, collective punishment, and the weaponisation of food and medicine—betray the vow of “Never again” born from the ashes of the Holocaust, a universal promise that should stop being broken. | Brunei Darussalam |
Gaza Conflict | Described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a “collective failure,” with the situation in Gaza amounting to a “humanitarian scandal and an unprecedented moral challenge” that undermines global peace. | Chad |
Gaza Conflict | Described the situation as “worse than a mere war, it’s a carnage” and urgently called for it to end. | Croatia |
Gaza Conflict | Strongly urged Israel to stop its “crimes against humanity” and “genocide” in Gaza and expressed full support for an independent Palestinian state. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
Gaza Conflict | Stated that what is happening in Gaza has “nothing to do with self-defence,” describing it as a man-made famine and a humanitarian catastrophe that must end immediately. | Denmark |
Gaza Conflict | Described the situation in Gaza as an “unspeakable horror” where a genocide is underway and famine is wielded as a weapon of war, while the international community is unable to stop it. | Djibouti |
Gaza Conflict | Expressed devastation at the loss of innocent lives in Gaza, stating the situation has “crossed all red lines” and calling for a ceasefire. | Estonia |
Gaza Conflict | Suggested that a UN committee should facilitate dialogue by asking Palestinians what it would take to release hostages and asking Israelis what it would take for them to stop the bombardment to avoid further loss of innocent lives. | Eswatini |
Gaza Conflict | Described the unimaginable suffering in Gaza, where children are starving, as a “humanitarian catastrophe that shocks the world’s conscience,” condemning the use of starvation as an immoral weapon of war. | European Union |
Gaza Conflict | The nation unequivocally condemned the Hamas attack but called the Israeli military operations in Gaza crimes against humanity and systematic ethnic cleansing, demanding an immediate ceasefire, unhindered humanitarian access, and the two-state solution. | Iceland |
Gaza Conflict | Accused the “Zionist regime” and the United States of genocide in Gaza and violating international law. | Iran |
Gaza Conflict | Stated Israel must finish the job of crushing Hamas, who are holed up in Gaza City, to prevent a repeat of the October 7 atrocities, and that the war could end now if Hamas agrees to demands for demilitarization and security control. | Israel |
Gaza Conflict | Argued that accusations of genocide are false, citing Israel’s measures to minimize civilian casualties, and that charges of starvation are baseless, claiming Israel has led over 2,000,000 tons of food and aid into Gaza (one ton per person). | Israel |
Gaza Conflict | Stated that Israel’s large-scale war has “exceeded that limit” by disproportionately involving the Palestinian civilian population. | Italy |
Gaza Conflict | The current Israeli government is not a willing partner for peace; its actions, including settler expansion and targeting of holy sites, are intentionally burying the idea of a Palestinian state. The provocative call for a “greater Israel” is a blatant violation of neighbours’ sovereignty. | Jordan |
Gaza Conflict | The conflict is described as the longest-standing in the world, with Palestinians enduring a “cruel cycle of yet again.” It is an illegal occupation and a flagrant violation of UN resolutions. The war in Gaza is one of the darkest moments in the UN’s history. | Jordan |
Gaza Conflict | Kyrgyzstan expresses empathy for the Palestinian people and demands an end to what it calls the “genocide against the Palestinians.” While condemning the 7 October terrorist attacks, it argues that the fight against terrorism must be proportionate and must not lead to the mass death of civilians. | Kyrgyzstan |
Gaza Conflict | Condemned in the strongest terms the countries “hiding behind immoral neutrality” regarding the “genocide and flagrant violations of international law” subjected to the Palestinian people, especially in Gaza. | Libya |
Gaza Conflict | Urged for a comprehensive, just, and lasting peace in Ukraine, an immediate ceasefire, full humanitarian access in Gaza, and the immediate release of all hostages. | Luxembourg |
Gaza Conflict | The nation cannot congratulate itself on its inability to end the occupation of Palestine, as the world is watching in high definition as genocide unfolds, which is modern-day colonisation dressed in the cape of Western tolerance. | Malaysia |
Gaza Conflict | Israel’s ongoing genocide has killed more than 66,000 civilians. The sheer hypocrisy is that this genocide is sustained by weapons and money from the very countries that claim to defend human rights, and the nation states that this complicity is the “shame of this century.” | Maldives |
Gaza Conflict | Demanded an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza, the immediate release of hostages, and unimpeded humanitarian aid, emphasizing that the world must not turn its back or use double standards. | Malta |
Gaza Conflict | Stated that the war and suffering in Gaza “must end now,” urging the Israeli government to drastically change its course while also asserting that Hamas is a terrorist organisation that must lay down its arms. | Netherlands |
Gaza Conflict | Urged Hamas and other conflicting parties to “give peace a go” and sit at the table of peace, citing Israel’s offer to stop the war if hostages are released. | Papua New Guinea |
Gaza Conflict | The Israeli leader believes in a “greater Israel” and wants to continue the war to destroy Gaza and expand settlements. This is presented as a rejection of peace with the Palestinians. It is difficult to cooperate with a mentality that negotiates with delegations while plotting to assassinate them. | Qatar |
Gaza Conflict | Stated that dropping bombs on civilians, using starvation as a weapon, and destroying hospitals in Palestine are “unacceptable, inhumane, and atrocious” and cannot constitute self-defence. | Saint Lucia |
Gaza Conflict | Described the “raging genocide and neocolonial oppression” against the Palestinian people as a continuing affront to international law, stating that the “hottest part of hell is reserved for those perpetrators of genocide and those who are complicit in it.” | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Gaza Conflict | Slovenia calls for an immediate end to the genocide in Gaza. The country’s leaders have a moral duty to act and cannot afford silence or passivity. | Slovenia |
Gaza Conflict | While condemning Hamas, they made an impassioned plea for an end to the “abhorrent acts” of the Israeli government, demanding a ceasefire and the upholding of international humanitarian law. | Spain |
Gaza Conflict | Accused Israeli occupation forces of waging a “war of genocide, destruction, starvation, and displacement” in the Gaza Strip, killing or injuring over 220,000 Palestinians and destroying over 80% of infrastructure. | State of Palestine |
Gaza Conflict | Described the October 7 attacks by Hamas as the “worst mass murder of Jews since the Holocaust” and demanded the release of hostages, while also calling Israel’s waging of the war “unacceptable” and the famine in Gaza a catastrophe that “cannot go on”. | Sweden |
Gaza Conflict | The Israeli government’s actions are described as a policy of “occupation, deportation, exile, genocide, and life destruction.” The international community’s silence is seen as complicity. Türkiye calls for an immediate ceasefire, unhindered humanitarian aid, and accountability for the perpetrators of the genocide. | Türkiye |
Gaza Conflict | Türkiye expresses regret at the absence of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas from the assembly and thanks countries that have recognised the State of Palestine. The situation in Gaza is described as a genocide, with over 65,000 civilian casualties, including more than 20,000 children. It is stated that starvation is being used as a weapon of war. | Türkiye |
Gaza Conflict | The nation insists on an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza, the release of hostages, and unhindered humanitarian aid delivery, while also condemning Israel’s treacherous and reprehensible attack against the state of Qatar as a flagrant violation of its territorial integrity. | United Arab Emirates |
Gaza Conflict | Demanded “hostages out now, aid in now, and a ceasefire now,” while also asserting that Hamas is a “vile, pitiless terrorist organization that must have no future in Gaza”. | United Kingdom |
Gender Equality | Highlighted Albania’s progress in advancing gender equality and its focus on expanding opportunities for youth. | Albania |
Gender Equality | Mongolia has prioritised gender equality, with women making up 25% of its parliament. It supports initiatives to nominate women for the UN Secretary-General and calls for Security Council reform to ensure equitable representation. | Mongolia |
Gender Equality | As the fifth president and a woman, delivered a message of encouragement to every girl and woman. | Namibia |
Gender Equality | Reported remarkable progress in education, with school enrolment rising from 300,000 to 2.1 million children and near gender parity in primary schools, and noted the achievement of 40% female representation at the vice-presidential level. | South Sudan |
Gender Equality | Argued that gender equality is not just a women’s issue but a “driver of progress,” stating that where women prosper, societies prosper, and called to “push back the pushback” against women’s and girls’ rights. | Sweden |
Gender Equality | Highlighted that women’s rights are the “yardstick of the freedom of a society” and noted the frequent applause at the mention of a possible future female Secretary-General. | The President of the General Assembly |
Genocide Allegations | Cited the Independent International Commission on the Occupied Territories’ conclusion that Israel is responsible for the commission of genocide in Gaza and that all states are obliged to act to prevent and punish it, stating that “to do nothing is not neutrality. It is complicity.” | Ireland |
Genocide Allegations | Voiced its “historical and permanent condemnation of the genocide” and the “barbaric policy of denial of the Palestinian people.” | Nicaragua |
Genocide Allegations | Accused the Democratic Republic of Congo of continued collaboration with “genocidal and UN-sanctioned armed groups” like the FDLR and the Wazalendo militias, whose brutality bears an “alarming resemblance” to the genocidal militias of 1994. | Rwanda |
Genocide Allegations | South Africa brought a case against Israel to the International Court of Justice, insisting that a ruling be made that genocide is being committed in Gaza. The UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry has found Israel responsible for the commission of genocide in Gaza. | South Africa |
Genocide Recognition | Reaffirmed the importance of recognising the genocide committed against the Hutu of Burundi in 1972 as a crucial step for memory, truth, and reconciliation. | Burundi |
Geopolitics | Condemned “big power rivalries interlaced with personal vainglories and hubris” for unsettling the world and giving way to a bellicosity of language. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Global Conflicts | The world is driven by conflict, injustice, and disregard for international law. Indonesia will not remain silent while Palestinians are denied justice and legitimacy. The country believes in multilateralism and will not give up on hopes and ideals. | Indonesia |
Global Conflicts | The ongoing conflicts and crises remind us that the UN’s founding promise remains unfulfilled. The world is witnessing a “delusion” and a growing sense of impunity. The climate crisis accelerates and intensifies other crises. | Mozambique |
Global Cooperation | Advocated for settling differences peacefully through dialogue, resisting camp-based confrontation, and pursuing universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization to reinvigorate cooperation amid sluggish global growth. | China |
Global Cooperation | The world is breaking down due to division and selfishness, which is a major risk. The idea of a “united West against a global South” is a vestige of a past era. The UN is not failing; it is being blocked by some, often the most powerful. | France |
Global Cooperation | The nation has a long history of hosting displaced persons (Myanmar), championing the right to health (universal health coverage), and striving for open and fair trade, built not on walls of tariffs but on bridges of trust. | Thailand |
Global Cooperation | In a globalised, digitalised world, we must work together or suffer alone. The climate crisis, CO2 emissions, and uncontrolled AI are global problems that no country can solve on its own. | The President of the General Assembly |
Global Crisis | Described the international order as standing at the “brink of a precipice” with devastating wars and instability. | Cyprus |
Global Crisis | Recognised that the world is confronted by multiple crises, or a “poly crisis,” including persistent conflicts, socioeconomic inequalities, and environmental shocks that disproportionately affect developing countries. | Guinea Bissau |
Global Crisis | Characterised the current moment as one of extreme political and economic upheaval requiring redoubled efforts. | Switzerland |
Global Democracy | The UN must become a “united humanity” and a “global democracy” with a new Security Council without a veto. He calls for a “revolution by the peoples of the world” to overcome the climate crisis and save life on the planet. | Colombia |
Digital governance | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. Digital transformation demands renewed collective action. A renewed collective resolve to fortify the founding values of the UN, and a revitalised, transformed UN are needed. | Malawi |
Digital governance | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. Digital transformation demands renewed collective action. A renewed collective resolve to fortify the founding values of the UN, and a revitalised, transformed UN are needed. | Nepal |
Digital governance | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. Digital transformation demands renewed collective action. A renewed collective resolve to fortify the founding values of the UN, and a revitalised, transformed UN are needed. | Holy See |
Digital governance | Nepal advocates for a global digital cooperation framework that ensures access to infrastructures, digital literacy, and data protection for all. | Nepal |
Digital governance and cooperation | The digital age must be guided by international cooperation, ethical standards, and respect for human rights, with technology placed at the service of humanity. | Albania |
Digital governance and cooperation | Albania is co-leading with Kenya the review process of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and will work to ensure a successful outcome. | Albania |
Digital governance and cooperation | Albania is co-leading with Kenya the review process of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and will work to ensure a successful outcome. | Kenya |
Digital governance and cooperation | There is a call to strengthen multilateral governance, defend international law, promote human rights, and adopt joint measures to address global technological challenges. | Andorra |
Digital governance and cooperation | Addressing technological challenges that overwhelmed natural systems, economies, and even basic human rights require international cooperation and the United Nations. | Belize |
Digital governance and cooperation | Inclusive, multistakeholder approaches to Digital governance, AI, and space technologies can ensure that they advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). | Bulgaria |
Digital governance and cooperation | Global governance rules should be improved at a faster pace, and cooperation should be strengthened so that technological progress can bring real benefits to humanity. | China |
Digital governance and cooperation | Information wars and the regulation of AI are among the global challenges to tackle and which require solidarity among member states. | Cote d’Ivoire |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Cote d’Ivoire |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Tonga |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Lesotho |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Cabo Verde |
Digital governance and cooperation | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries, as it can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. The broader Pact for the Future provides a roadmap for protecting people and the planet. | Barbados |
Digital governance and cooperation | The world needs a strong and effective UN system capable of responding to the rapid evolution of new technologies. A renewed UN can strengthen digital security and international cooperation with ethical and inclusive principles that support freedom of expression. | Czechia, |
Digital governance and cooperation | The world needs a strong and effective UN system capable of responding to the rapid evolution of new technologies. A renewed UN can strengthen digital security and international cooperation with ethical and inclusive principles that support freedom of expression. | Panama |
Digital governance and cooperation | There is a need for global standards for transparency, and accountability mechanisms to address abuses associated with digital technologies; these should be as dynamic as the technologies themselves. | European Union |
Digital governance and cooperation | Technological breakthroughs, including artificial intelligence, must foster peace, development, and human dignity. | Haiti |
Digital governance and cooperation | The opportunities and consequences of the digital revolution are among today’s complex and interconnected challenges. They cannot be solved by acting alone. | Ireland |
Digital governance and cooperation | Technological disruptions are currently outpacing governance. | Kenya |
Digital governance and cooperation | The UN must embrace digital diplomacy for the AI age. | Malta |
Digital governance and cooperation | International Geneva can make a unique contribution to the attainment of global goals, leveraging its expertise in humanity and innovation as a centre for reflection, discussion, and concerted action. | Switzerland |
Global Governance | Shared China’s wisdom and solution for global transformations, underscoring principles like adhering to sovereign equality, abiding by international rule of law, practicing multilateralism, and focusing on real actions. | China |
Global Governance | Pointed to the inequitable representation of states in the global security, political, and financial architecture as a glaring need for reform, calling for more decentralisation of institutional capacity to the global South, especially Africa. | Ethiopia |
Global Governance | Argued for a reform of global political, economic, and financial governance systems to give Africa fairer representation. | Senegal |
Global Health | Argued that a recent shortage of essential medicines exposed the inequities of the global health system and called for building resilient systems through local production and fairer mechanisms, affirming that access to medicines is a human right. | Botswana |
Global Health | Noted the rise of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health issues, with the latter affecting over one billion people, urging the UN to address it as a solvable human right challenge. | Mauritius |
Global Inaction | The international community has met the conflict with “decades of inertia.” The UN must echo the call of ordinary people around the world who are demanding peace and justice. | Jordan |
Global Inequality | Framed the world as a “tale of two cities,” where for some it is the best of times with strong economies and technology, while for many others it remains the worst of times with persistent poverty, conflict, and the severe impacts of climate change. | Dominica |
Global Instability | Characterised the current era as an “age of dangers,” with global security in its worst shape since World War II. | Hungary |
Global Instability | Observed that the world is “teetering again,” caught in the same currents that led to two world wars. | Senegal |
Global Governance | Stated that the post-Cold War order is over and that all member states have agency in shaping the new one. | Finland |
Global Governance | Observed a growing tension between a rules-based multilateral order and a transactional, multipolar approach. | Finland |
Global Governance | The world today consists of two contrasting realms—one rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and artificial intelligence, while the other remains hostage to poverty and marginalisation—requiring humanity to unite efforts for a just and comprehensive human-centred development. | Mauritania |
Global Priorities | The world must choose peace rooted in international law, human dignity and human rights, climate justice, technology at the service of humanity, and a strengthened UN for the 21st century. | The UN Secretary General |
Global South | Bharat, under Prime Minister Modi, believes it has both a duty to contribute and an obligation to motivate the Global South, having undertaken more than 600 major development projects in 78 countries and responded to the urgent requirements of its neighbours. | India |
Global South | The global South has borne the brunt of unequal economic policies, remains unrepresented in decision-making, underserved in development financing, and sidelined in global governance, and a fairer international order cannot be built without it at its centre. | Malaysia |
Global South | South Africa’s foreign policy is guided by the needs of its people and the continent of Africa. The country will preside over the g-20, the first time it will be held on the African continent. | South Africa |
Global Threats | Described a global landscape of unprecedented threats, including wars, rivalries, and climate crises. | Central African Republic |
Governance & Democracy | Diagnosed a global problem where leaders prioritize short-term comfort at the expense of long-term growth. | Argentina |
Governance & Democracy | Condemned the "structured antisystem that fights to impose a system that eliminates the boundary between democracy and autocracy as well as between truth and lies." | Cabo Verde |
Governance & Democracy | Denounced the persecution of indigenous leaders, journalists, and judges who oppose corruption. | Guatemala |
Governance & Democracy | Described Guatemala as returning to a democratic path after a long period of corruption, while still facing harassment from anti-democratic actors. | Guatemala |
Governance & Democracy | Centred his address on the principle "that which you would not approve for yourself, do not approve for others." | Iran |
Governance & Democracy | Offered the lesson of living amidst diversity with over 1,000 tribes and 850 languages, and highlighted the Bougainville peace agreement as a model showing that peace can be achieved through dialogue. | Papua New Guinea |
Governance & Democracy | Concluded that the real obstacle to solving global problems is a lack of political will. | Senegal |
Governance & Democracy | Described corruption as an "epidemic" and a "decisive threat to democracy." | Sri Lanka |
Governance & Democracy | Argued that strong international organisations need strong members, defined by domestic stability, freedom, and prosperity. | Switzerland |
Haiti Crisis | Supported a single Haitian-led plan executed under a single security council mandate and financed through a single transparent Haiti fund to ensure public accountability and results-based disbursements. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Haiti Crisis | The multinational security support mission in Haiti must evolve into a force strong enough to meet the threat of violence and lawlessness, and the world must act by establishing a dedicated United Nations support office for Haiti to coordinate aid and nurture democracy. | Bahamas |
Haiti Crisis | Insisted that the crisis in Haiti requires a Haitian-led and owned transition process and called for a united response and support from the United Nations to resolve it. | Dominica |
Haiti Crisis | Urged member states to operationalize the secretary-general’s recommendations for a transition to a more robust hybrid mechanism to deal with the situation in Haiti, as security operations alone will not suffice. | Jamaica |
Haiti Crisis | Urged member states to operationalise the recommendations for a transition to a more robust hybrid mechanism in Haiti, as security operations alone will not suffice. | Jamaica |
Haiti Crisis | Shared experiences from leading the security mission in Haiti, highlighting its successes despite being underfunded and urging sustained international effort. | Kenya |
Hate Speech | Called for an international convention to combat religious hate speech and racism and banning the abuse of digital platforms to incite extremism, radicalism, or terrorism. | Bahrain |
Hegemony | Argued that global turbulence is caused by the “high-handedness and arbitrariness” of hegemonic forces that place their exclusive interests above the common good of mankind. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
Historical Injustice | Called for the UN to support a campaign to “correct the map,” highlighting the Mercator projection’s intentional reduction of the African continent’s size as a distortion and a symbol of historic injustice. | Togo |
Historical Justice & Reparations | Argued that the current crises are fueled by the injustices of the past that are not resolved, as people live with the memory of their wounds, and that reparations must involve the proper reform of global trade and economic systems. | Togo |
Historical Justice & Reparations | Suriname acknowledges the CARICOM 10-point plan for reparatory justice, stating that "slavery was a crime, is a crime against humanity," and supports reparations. | Suriname |
Historical Justice & Reparations | Announced a decision adopted by the African Union to classify slavery, deportation, and colonisation as crimes against humanity and genocide against the people of Africa. | Togo |
Hostage Release | Called for the immediate release of Bipin Joshi, a Nepali student held hostage by Hamas since October 2023. | Nepal |
Human Capital | Outlined its national strategy of investing in its people through free primary and secondary education, deployment of health workers, and scaling up social safety nets. | Zambia |
Human rights in the digital space | Proud of its reform and development that resulted in pioneering initiatives such as alternative sentencing measures, open prisons, and a special court for children. | Bahrain |
Human rights in the digital space | Committed to advancing human rights through dialogue and cooperation, prioritizing gender equality and empowering women and girls. | Bulgaria |
Human rights in the digital space | Called for an end to the politicisation of human rights and denounced “special mechanisms” like the Special Rapporteur on Burundi, claiming the reports are subjective and biased. | Burundi |
Human rights in the digital space | Expressed deep concern over the constant pushback on human rights norms, running for a seat on the Human Rights Council from 2027 to 2029 to demonstrate its commitment. | Ireland |
Human rights in the digital space | The implementation of the Global Digital Compact should ensure a human-centric, human rights-based approach to the digital future, as the space cannot be left without rules. Furthermore, the nation warned against malign foreign interference and disinformation (e.g., in Moldova’s elections). | Romania |
Human rights in the digital space | Rejected the selective, arbitrary, political, and biased application of human rights frameworks and standards, and attempts to elevate some rights over others. | Zimbabwe |
Human rights in the digital space | Multilingualism must be promoted, especially in a context of homogenisation and digitalisation where gaps may leave people behind, as it facilitates inclusive dialogue. | Andorra |
Human rights in the digital space | Regulating digital platforms does not mean restraining freedom of expression, but ensuring that what is illegal offline is also illegal online. | Brazil |
Human rights in the digital space | An open and secure Internet and the protection of human rights are emphasised. | Bulgaria |
Human rights in the digital space | It is proposed to establish a global charter for digital governance and ethical AI to protect human rights in the digital sphere. | Central African Republic |
Human rights in the digital space | Emerging technologies, particularly AI, pose significant risks to human rights, requiring a move toward multilateral and ethical governance. | Ecuador |
Human rights in the digital space | Safeguarding digital rights and advancing media freedom are critical for advancing democracy and protecting international law-based multilateral world order.. | Estonia |
Human rights in the digital space | The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by the abuse of digital technologies. | European Union |
Human rights in the digital space | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address the protection of data and privacy. | Solomon Islands |
Human rights in the digital space | Technology must serve humanity and be a force for good. It must promote human rights, human dignity, and human agency. | UN Secretary-General |
Humanitarian Access | Affirmed the government’s commitment to international humanitarian law, detailing a national plan for the protection of civilians and a pledge to facilitate the passage of humanitarian aid through agreed-upon crossings. | Sudan |
Humanitarian Aid | Announced a further significant financial contribution to support the humanitarian crisis in Gaza right now, prioritizing aid delivery. | New Zealand |
Humanitarian Crises | Called out the “genocidal destruction” in both Gaza and Sudan and urged the international community to immediately find the funding ($266 million total) to support the children in both locations for the next three months. | Barbados |
Humanitarian Crises | Troubled by the humanitarian disasters in Democratic Republic Of Congo, Syria, Sudan, and Myanmar, warning that the effects of large-scale violence and famine will create further intergenerational cycles of violence. | New Zealand |
Humanitarian Crisis | Portrayed Haiti as a country at war, experiencing a devastating human tragedy where criminal gangs impose violence, causing mass displacement, food insecurity, and the collapse of the health and education systems. | Haiti |
Humanitarian Security | Argued that humanitarian and refugee crises are vectors of insecurity that fuel organised crime. | Costa Rica |
Geopolitics | Russia’s aggression is seen as rooted in an imperial and colonial vision. Poland’s own history as a victim of colonial policies makes it a reliable partner for Asian and African countries and gives it a special understanding of neo-imperial ambitions. | Poland |
Indigenous Rights | Highlighted the importance of Indigenous peoples’ voices in enriching Canada’s democracy at home and diplomacy abroad. | Canada |
Indigenous Rights | Noted that the human rights of indigenous peoples in the Pacific remain a matter of ongoing concern and acknowledged the need for sustained dialogue on decolonisation. | Vanuatu |
International Cooperation | Tajikistan plays a proactive role in “voter diplomacy” and proposes a resolution to proclaim a “decade of promotion of peace for future generations.” It also advocates for the adoption of an “International Year of Legal Literacy.” | Tajikistan |
International Interference | Alleged that a part of the international community invested “enormous diplomatic and financial efforts” to annul a European Court of Human Rights verdict that found ethno-territorial discrimination in the country, describing it as “classic political corruption”. | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
International Justice | Stated it has turned to the International Court of Justice to address the destruction of a Malian drone by the Algerian Junta and condemned Algeria’s alleged support for international terrorism. | Mali |
International Justice | It is unacceptable for one country to invade another using a false narrative to justify war, or to slaughter civilians and take hostages. The heroes who defended Peru’s democracy are being persecuted, while terrorists are compensated, which is described as a “world in reverse.” | Peru |
International Justice | The perpetrators of war crimes must be tried before competent courts. Poland supports the work of the ICC and the establishment of a special tribunal for aggression. There must be no room for relativising crimes, and “no war can be profitable for the aggressors.” | Poland |
International Law | Argued that international law is not applied equally to all states, pointing to conflicts where armed force is used to change borders, creating dangerous precedents that undermine the UN charter. | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
International Law | International law is the best guarantee that reason will prevail over might. Chile calls for justice for those responsible for the genocide against the Palestinian people, and for the orders of the International Court of Justice to be implemented. | Chile |
International Law | Expressed alarm that conflicts are proliferating, norms on the use of force are being violated “with chilling regularity,” and the Security Council is paralysed by the veto. | Djibouti |
International Law | International courts like the ICJ and ICC have been defied and targeted with punitive measures, an especially alarming trend for small states whose very existence depends on the functioning system of international law. | Iceland |
International Law | Stressed that to avoid the proliferation of conflicts, international law—including human rights and humanitarian law—must be respected everywhere, whether in the Middle East, Europe, or Latin America. | Mexico |
International Law | Insisted that international law cannot be applied with double standards, stating that “when we condemn Russia’s blatant violations of international law in Ukraine, we must also speak just as clearly against Israel’s violation of the rules in Palestine”. | Norway |
International Law & Order | Argued that the language of weapons has won out and called for a reaffirmation of the primacy of law. | Congo |
International Law & Order | The fundamental principles of self-determination and equal rights are under siege, and a world not governed by rules is a world where the strong impose their will; the rules-based international order is nothing short of essential for small states like Iceland. | Iceland |
International Law & Order | Welcomed the International Court of Justice's decision providing legal certainty for maritime zones. | Kiribati |
International Law & Order | The nation reaffirms its firm adherence to the fundamental principles enshrined in the UN Charter, including the peaceful settlement of disputes, international cooperation, solidarity, and peaceful coexistence, which have guided the world through challenges. | Laos |
International Law & Order | Emphasised its commitment to the rule of law through strong support for the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, viewing them as indispensable enforcement mechanisms of international law. | Liechtenstein |
International Law & Order | Withdrew from the Rome Statute of the ICC to prioritize homegrown justice mechanisms in line with social values and mechanisms to serve the interests of its peoples. | Mali |
International Law & Order | Applauded the ICJ advisory opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, which paved the way for negotiations leading to the signature of an agreement with the UK, calling it a "vindication of international law." | Mauritius |
International Law & Order | Foreign policy is based on peace, mutual respect, and cooperation, believing in the peaceful settlement of disputes through dialogue and diplomacy. | Pakistan |
International Law & Order | The international community must restore collective security and the legitimacy of the international system. A firm position from the Security Council is needed to achieve peace. | Qatar |
International Law & Order | Romania is a staunch supporter of international law, leading in promoting the universal jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), especially after the ICJ's advisory opinion on climate change obligations, and calls on other states to join its declaration. | Romania |
International Law & Order | Argued that the principle cannot be applied selectively, stating its violation anywhere becomes justification for conflict everywhere. | Serbia |
International Law & Order | Vietnam, as a nation that has endured immense pain from wars, treasures peace. The country calls for concrete actions to honour peace, reaffirming the primacy of international law and the UN Charter. | Viet Nam |
International Order | Contrasted the current geopolitical landscape with the “brutal logic of power” described by Thucydides, advocating for a world based on mutual respect, international law, and strong partnerships rather than one where “the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must”. | Belgium |
International Order | Stated its position is clear, predictable, and consistent, condemning coup d’etat, terrorism, genocide, and assaults on territorial integrity. | Cabo Verde |
International Order | Urged the peoples of the world to strengthen their organisation and coordination to prevail against injustice, domination, and plunder and build a new global order. | Eritrea |
International Order | Characterised the last century by the failure of global governance architectures like the League of Nations and the UN, arguing that past and present global systems are based on “monopoly, plunder, and domination.” | Eritrea |
International Order | Stated that the world must choose between a world of barbaric force and one of peaceful, rules-based order. | Estonia |
International Order | Posed a crucial choice for the world: a rules-based international order that upholds multilateralism and the UN charter, or a “chaotic world based on unilateralism, violence, and with disruption”. | European Union |
International Order | Expressed deep concern over attempts to destroy the rules-based order, stating a new “might makes right” order is emerging. | Latvia |
International Order | The international order is being eroded by the irresponsible actions of those who should know better. The present day is compared to 1938, when appeasement emboldened aggressors and led to war. | Lithuania |
International Order | The nation confronts the erosion of the rules-based order along three fault lines: the rule of law against conquest, respect for sovereignty/territorial integrity, and multilateralism, which is being undermined by selective law application and impunity. | Maldives |
International Order | Emphasised the protection of the international legal order as the most important principle of the UN charter, providing a counterweight to the idea that “might is right”. | Netherlands |
International Order | Stated that the international order is on the precipice of breaking down, with the shift from rules to power continuing its malignant path and the Security Council effectively paralyzed. | New Zealand |
International Order | The post-world war order has come to an end, with the current distribution of power being very different from 1945, resulting in a world that is more turbulent, more uncertain, and in some places, violent. | Singapore |
International Order | The international community must not accept a “new normal” where “might makes right.” The adoption of the Pact for the Future has charted a path forward, but bold action is needed. | Slovenia |
International peace and security | International humanitarian law must be upheld, and weapons which “kill randomly” must be banned. | Austria |
International peace and security | Wars are now multidimensional, including media, information, and cyberwarfare, war from space, and the use of other technologies that are developed without impunity. | Bolivia |
International peace and security | AI, social media, and the internet, including the dark web, carry a potential threat to global peace and security. | Ghana |
International peace and security | The inclusive and constructive dialogue that shaped the first UNGA resolution on AI should serve as a model for discussions on AI, peace, and security, and on the responsible use of AI in the military domain. | Micronesia |
International peace and security | A call is made for enhanced global cooperation to address the root causes of conflict, including new technologies. | Uganda |
International peace and security | New technologies are being utilised to disrupt communications and guidance systems. | Yemen |
International Security | Argued that the concept of international peace and security must be broadened to include the fight against transnational organised crime, which undermines governability and has consequences similar to traditional armed conflicts. | Ecuador |
International Solidarity | Suriname is a country of great diversity and an example of peaceful coexistence. It calls for the lifting of the unjust embargo against Cuba. International solidarity is described as a necessity for a prosperous future. | Suriname |
International Support | Lebanon, while shouldering the burden of displacement and reconstruction, does not seek special privileges. It calls on the international community to act with responsibility, fairness, and equality to help it reclaim its role as a land of freedom. | Lebanon |
Iran crisis | France, Germany, and the UK have triggered a process to restore international sanctions on Iran due to its breach of nuclear obligations. Iran must make a gesture and allow inspections or face sanctions. | France |
Iran crisis | Since Iran does not comply with its obligations under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and its nuclear programme is concerning, Germany had no choice but to trigger the snapback of sanctions on Iran, while remaining open to negotiations on a new agreement. | Germany |
Korean Peninsula | A new journey towards peaceful coexistence and shared growth is proposed. The government reaffirms it will not pursue unification by absorption and has no intention of engaging in hostile acts. A pragmatic and phased solution for denuclearisation is sought. | Republic of Korea |
Kosovo crisis | Described the “dramatic circumstances” of Serbs in Kosovo and reaffirmed that it is an inseparable part of the country. | Serbia |
Landlocked Countries | Promoted the vision that Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) can become “land-linked” rather than landlocked through structural transformation, trade facilitation, and regional connectivity. | Zambia |
LDCs | Emphasised its role as chair of the Global Coordination Bureau of the Least Developed Countries, leading efforts to ensure equitable and inclusive development. | Nepal |
Leadership | Framed the work of the UN through the lens of a mother’s responsibility to ensure a brighter future for the next generation, expressing that leaders have a promise to make the future “at least a little better than the present”. | Austria |
Leadership | Stressed the need for courageous political leadership that creates possibilities and appeals to “our better angels,” citing Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s trip to Jerusalem. | New Zealand |
Maritime Law | The nation is committed to the rules-based international order, having ratified the BB&J agreement and abiding by the 1982 Law of the Sea as reinforced by the binding 2016 arbitral award on the South China Sea, despite being the receiving end of illegal, coercive, aggressive, and dangerous actions in its own waters. | Philippines |
Maritime Rights | Stated that international law defines the seas as a “common heritage of mankind” and grants equal right of access to all states, and that Ethiopia will work to advance its legitimate policy objective of access through diplomacy and peaceful engagement. | Ethiopia |
Maritime Security | Highlighted its location and partnership with the EU, USA, and Brazil in cooperative maritime security, preventing and combating drug trafficking, human trafficking, maritime piracy, and cybersecurity. | Cabo Verde |
Maritime Security | Stressed the importance of maritime security and proposed strengthening regional cooperation to combat piracy, trafficking, and illegal fishing. | Panama |
Middle East Conflict | Lithuania watches the situation in the Middle East with deep concern and calls for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the release of all hostages, and unhindered humanitarian aid. The only alternative is a credible political process towards a two-state solution. | Lithuania |
Middle East Conflict | The nation firmly condemned the Hamas attack but stated there is no justification for the brutal killings and collective punishment of Palestinians in Gaza, or for the illegal strikes on Iranian and Qatari facilities, and it called for the immediate lifting of illegal anti-Iranian sanctions. | Russian Federation |
Middle East Conflict | The U.S. has brokered an end to the twelve-day war between Israel and Iran after a military operation destroyed Iran’s nuclear facilities. In Gaza, Hamas is condemned for the October 7 attacks, and a ceasefire is urged, conditioned on the release of all hostages. | United States |
Middle East Peace | Called for an international peace conference in The Middle East, endorsed by the Bahrain Summit, to lead to direct negotiations for a comprehensive and sustainable solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. | Bahrain |
Middle East Peace | Stated that sustainable peace in the Middle East can only be achieved through dialogue and diplomacy in accordance with international law, with respect for human life and dignity. | North Macedonia |
Migrant Rights | Filipino migrants are the backbone of maritime trade, and their rights should be a gathering point, not a fault line, for governments. The nation also stresses that AI offers promise but carries profound risks and must be harnessed responsibly. | Philippines |
Migration | Made clear that the Dominican Republic will continue to protect its borders and enforce its migration regime. | Dominican Republic |
Migration | The nation rejects any scenarios to forcibly displace the Palestinian people, which would be a crime of ethnic cleansing, affirming that egypt is not and will not be a “gate to liquidate the Palestinian cause” or a partner in a “new Nakba.” | Egypt |
Migration | Highlighted Guatemala’s efforts to provide dignified treatment to migrants while tackling the root causes of its own emigration. | Guatemala |
Migration | Rejected the criminalisation of migration through harsher laws and militarised borders, arguing that people migrate due to unequal systems, not by choice. | Honduras |
Migration | Stated that Hungary will continue to protect its border from illegal migrants, even if it means paying a €1 million daily penalty. | Hungary |
Migration | Characterised illegal migration as a humanitarian and economic challenge, calling for a comprehensive development approach that supports infrastructure and job creation in countries of origin, rather than narrow security approaches. | Libya |
Migration | Reported on the reduction of migrant flows through the Darien region but stressed the root causes remain, while drug trafficking is increasing. | Panama |
Migration | The nation’s approach to irregular migration is based on respecting human rights, rejecting all forms of racial discrimination, and is calling for a comprehensive approach that prioritises development in origin countries and does not place a burden that exceeds the capacity of countries of the South. | Tunisia |
Migration | The southern U.S. border has been secured, and illegal entry has been stopped. The UN is criticised for funding an “assault on Western countries” by providing cash assistance, food, and debit cards to illegal migrants. Europe is warned that its “suicidal” energy and immigration policies will lead to its “death.” | United States |
Modern Warfare | Modern wars involve “new forms of cruelty and death,” and the main objective of current wars seems to be systematic extermination. The country condemns all forms of terrorism and barbarity against civilians. | Uruguay |
Multilateralism | Reminded the assembly that 80 years after the charter, “better together remains an aspiration, devoutly to be wished and yet to be achieved.” | Antigua and Barbuda |
Multilateralism | The United Nations was created out of the “ashes” of world wars and is the best tool for multilateral action to tackle complex, intractable, and dangerous modern crises such as nuclear weapons proliferation, pandemics, cyber attacks, financial contagion, and climate change. | Bahamas |
Multilateralism | Reaffirms its commitment to strengthen multilateral cooperation, upholding international law, and the principles of the UN Charter. | Bahrain |
Multilateralism | The ideals of the UN are under threat, with multilateralism in a crisis marked by repeated concessions to power, sanctions, and unilateral interventions. This parallels a weakening of democracy globally. | Brazil |
Multilateralism | The ideals of multilateralism are being put to the test by geopolitical divisions and rivalries that often hamper the Security Council, and if the world genuinely believes it is “better together,” it must reinvigorate trust in multilateral institutions and invest in preventive diplomacy. | Cambodia |
Multilateralism | Stated that the multilateral system is under threat from rising unilateralism and protectionism, but retreat is not an option, and Canada will work to strengthen institutions like the UN. | Canada |
Multilateralism | Stressed the pivotal role of the UN in decolonisation, conflict resolution, and development over the past 80 years and the need to build a more inclusive and effective multilateralism. | Djibouti |
Multilateralism | Called for a multilateralism that is more innovative and representative, takes into account the realities of developing countries, promotes gender equality, and opens up space for youth in decision-making. | Ecuador |
Multilateralism | The multilateral international system is facing challenges and its pillars are being eroded as a result of crimes committed in full view of the international community, exacerbated by the use of double standards across the board. | Egypt |
Multilateralism | Stressed a long-standing commitment to the United Nations and the sacrosanct principles of its charter, viewing multilateral engagement as essential to fight poverty, address climate change, and maintain global peace. | Gambia |
Multilateralism | Insisted on the primacy of international cooperation at a time when the world risks slipping back into an order where “might is right.” | Ireland |
Multilateralism | The world has changed profoundly, and there is a real crisis of trust in multilateral institutions. Serious violations of international law have become a new normal. | Kazakhstan |
Multilateralism | Reaffirmed commitment to the UN’s founding ideals of peace, justice, freedom, dignity, human rights, and international law, as well as its method of diplomacy, compromise, and solidarity. | Luxembourg |
Multilateralism | Aligned its foreign policy with the theme “better together,” emphasising both national sovereignty and the necessity of global collaboration to achieve its development goals. | Malawi |
Multilateralism | For the continued relevance of the multilateral decision-making system, its legitimacy has to be restored, and it should respond to the needs of all, especially the Global South. | Mauritius |
Multilateralism | Emphasised the UN’s historic role and reaffirmed Monaco’s commitment to multilateral values. | Monaco |
Multilateralism | Reaffirmed Montenegro’s commitment to the UN’s founding principles of peace, international law, and human rights, viewing the organisation as indispensable despite its imperfections. | Montenegro |
Multilateralism | The world is in a transition from an old global system to a new one. The UN, despite its successes, must adapt to these changes. Morocco has always called for a multilateralism that is committed to equality, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. | Morocco |
Multilateralism | Despite frustrations, reaffirmed a belief in multilateralism, warning that a departure from universal principles towards pragmatic opportunism pushes the world towards an uncertain future of geopolitical competition. | North Macedonia |
Multilateralism | Portugal is a deeply multilateralist country guided by the UN Charter. A world with more cooperation and respect for international law is safer and more predictable. The UN faces an existential moment without change and renewal. | Portugal |
Multilateralism | Argued that multilateralism is not an option but a necessity for small island developing states (SIDS) to meet challenges largely emanating from the unilateral actions of powerful countries. | Saint Lucia |
Multilateralism | Asserted that intractable problems require mature multilateralism, including reforming global governance, pursuing peaceful coexistence, and tackling the challenges of artificial intelligence. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Multilateralism | Called for a reimagining of multilateralism to ensure peace, dignity, and equality are realities in people’s lives. | Sierra Leone |
Multilateralism | Stressed that global challenges like poverty, conflict, and climate change require redoubled efforts to strengthen multilateralism, solidarity, and shared action to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs). | Somalia |
Multilateralism | Stated that multilateralism is not a choice but a necessity for small island states that cannot face global challenges like climate change alone. | Vanuatu |
Multilateralism | Despite a multitude of challenges, the UN has stood as the embodiment of humanity’s aspiration for peace and cooperation. However, the global system is fragmented, and multilateralism is under strain from strategic rivalry and a decline in political will. | Viet Nam |
Multilateralism | Reaffirmed its faith in multilateralism and the UN Charter as the foundation for international peace and cooperation, while acknowledging the need for key reforms to ensure genuine inclusiveness for Africa. | Zambia |
Multilingualism | Advocated for multilingualism as a condition for equitable participation within the multilateral system, co-facilitating the resolution on multilingualism and establishing a monitoring platform. | Andorra |
Multipolar World | Acknowledged the shift towards a multipolar global order and positioned Benin as a “stabilising and cooperative force” that respects international law and favours preventive diplomacy. | Benin |
Multipolar World | The world is becoming multipolar, which is a positive development, but without effective multilateral institutions, it can lead to chaos. International cooperation is not naivete; it’s a hard-headed pragmatism. | The UN Secretary General |
Multipolar World | Supports a pluripolar world and the ideal that the world should live in balance, free of hegemonic empires, blackmail, or threats. | Venezuela |
MVI Advocacy | Strongly supported the application of the MVI to replace outdated GDP metrics, arguing that its reforming economy is penalized with high borrowing costs despite reducing its debt-to-GDP ratio significantly. | Jamaica |
MVI Advocacy | Strongly supported the application of the multidimensional vulnerability index that more accurately assesses countries’ development needs and their eligibility for concessional financing. | Jamaica |
MVI Advocacy | Called for the full and immediate integration of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) into the policies of international financial institutions, ensuring that support reflects genuine need and vulnerability, not just income levels. | Palau |
MVI Advocacy | The adoption of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) is a pivotal turning point because it measures susceptibility and risk, acting as a “living lens” where GDP is a “static snapshot,” and it must be fully institutionalised across all International Financial Institutions. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
National Defense | Portrayed Iran’s response to alleged aggression as a “twelve-day defence” that fortified national unity. | Iran |
National Defense | Described its decisive response to unprovoked aggression from the eastern front (India), asserting the right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, and credited President Donald Trump for facilitating a ceasefire and averting a catastrophic full-fledged war. | Pakistan |
National Development | Under the visionary leadership of its president, Ivorians are tirelessly continuing efforts to build a stable, inclusive, resilient, and prosperous nation with irreversible development. | Côte d’Ivoire |
National Development | Highlighted its focus on national prosperity through a self-reliant economy, citing large-scale housing and rural development projects as evidence of its success despite external pressures. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
National Development | Celebrated the commissioning of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which will transform its renewable energy capacity, bring electricity to 60 million Ethiopians, and liberate millions of women from searching for firewood. | Ethiopia |
National Development | The country is committed to transforming from a landlocked into a land-linked country, with infrastructure development like the Lao-China Railway and seaport development serving as a top priority to reduce transportation costs and open new routes for regional economic and trade integration. | Laos |
National Development | The nation has implemented comprehensive health coverage, achieving approximately 21 per cent of the total population insured, and has diversified its economy, recording a growth rate of 5 per cent in 2024 and expecting inflation not to exceed 2.5 per cent. | Mauritania |
National Development | Claimed Togo is “doing better than some,” having integrated over 70% of the SDGs targets into its national strategies, leading to a rise in the Human Development Index and a reduction in poverty. | Togo |
National Development | Uzbekistan is building a “new Uzbekistan” aligned with SDGs. It has reduced poverty from 35% to 6.6% and increased higher education uptake from 9% to 42%. It proposes a World Summit on Professional Education and a high-level event to fight childhood cancer. | Uzbekistan |
National Governance | Stressed the need to unite sovereign institutions, particularly security, defence, and financial bodies, based on professional mechanisms rather than polarisation or quotas. | Libya |
National Governance | The nation prioritises the strengthening of the rule of law, good governance (transparency, independent judiciary), and the consolidation of values of justice, having chosen dialogue as a constant approach in managing public affairs and promoting social cohesion through structured programmes that embody spatial justice. | Mauritania |
National Governance | Shared that Nepal is at a “historical crossroads” following youth-led calls for good governance, with a female prime minister now leading the country towards general elections in 2026. | Nepal |
National Governance | The new trajectory is built on reaffirming sovereignty over natural resources (which had been plundered by foreign powers), breaking with unfair conventions, and achieving food self-sufficiency through a vast agricultural programme. | Niger |
National Governance | Fulfilled the pledge made by the chairman of the Sovereignty Council to appoint a civilian prime minister, presenting a civilian government of technocrats to consolidate civilian governance and democratic transition. | Sudan |
National History | Framed Namibia’s journey to independence as one of the UN’s most successful stories. | Namibia |
National Identity | Lebanon, a country where Christians and Muslims coexist as equals, offers a unique and irreplaceable model of freedom and plurality in a region torn by religious and ethnic conflicts. The fall of this model would foster extremism and violence. | Lebanon |
National Identity | Uruguay is a small country with a deep vocation for peace and respect. Its political system is based on consensus, and its institutions are robust. The country is a “fraternal and hospitable land” for migrants. | Uruguay |
National Reform | Embarked on a path of comprehensive national reforms, culminating in the adoption of the tenth amendment to the constitution, aimed at addressing the legacy of political and security instability. | Lesotho |
National Resilience | Peru is a “mestizo nation” that has overcome political violence, a coup attempt, and economic recession. The government has regained stability and confidence, with a growing economy and low inflation. | Peru |
National Role & Sovereignty | Is preparing and looking forward to hosting the forthcoming GCC Summit and will use its upcoming non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council to promote dialogue and peace. | Bahrain |
National Role & Sovereignty | Defined true sovereignty not as isolationism but as the capacity to act independently while engaging in dialogue and cooperation to address common challenges. | Benin |
National Role & Sovereignty | Cambodia has transformed from a country that once hosted UN peacekeeping missions to a steadfast contributor to global security, deploying over 10,000 peacekeepers to 10 UN missions across the globe since 2006. | Cambodia |
National Role & Sovereignty | Iraq, which has a long history and has triumphed over terrorism, has regained its rightful place in the international community. The country is a founding member of many organisations, including the UN, and is ready to act as a bridge between East and West. | Iraq |
National Role & Sovereignty | Offered Malta's unique mix of geography (crossroads of two continents), constitutional neutrality, and diplomatic tradition as the ideal location to host dialogue between warring parties. | Malta |
National Role & Sovereignty | Reaffirmed its commitment to the canal's neutrality and efficient operation as a global public good. | Panama |
National Role & Sovereignty | Stated the right to pursue shared prosperity peacefully and securely without domination, interference, or intervention from any neighbor or power from afar, while lamenting nefarious activities seeking to pollute its democracy. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
National Role & Sovereignty | Uruguay, despite its small size, offers itself to the world as a host for negotiations and a promoter of dialogue and peace. Its strength lies in its intangible capacities, not its military or economic dominance. | Uruguay |
National Security | Announced a referendum to debate the presence of foreign military bases to help control criminal activities, which will be coupled with a call for a constituent assembly to draft a new charter to defeat narcoterrorism. | Ecuador |
National Security | Stated that in response to rising violence, the government recognised the existence of a non-international armed conflict and designated several criminal groups as terrorists, waging an “existential war against narcoterrorism”. | Ecuador |
National Values & Identity | justice, peace, respect: Germany's work at the UN is summarised by three key objectives: Justice (meaning development, combating climate change, and fair humanitarian aid distribution), Peace (contributing to peacekeeping missions and peacebuilding), and Respect (for the UN Charter, international law, and human rights). | Germany |
National Values & Identity | no war, no migration, no gender: Summarised its approach as advocating for peace talks, closed borders, and a traditional definition of family. | Hungary |
National Vision | Presented Argentina as a country that has learned the “hard way” and is now on the “thorny but right path” of reform. | Argentina |
National Vision | The nation is taking responsibility at home through its Maldives 2.0 blueprint for change, which focuses on reshaping governance, digitalising services, and building an inclusive, future-ready economy with a focus on sustainability and youth. | Maldives |
National Vision | Outlined a vision for Sri Lanka based on a non-corrupt administration, poverty eradication, and digitalisation. | Sri Lanka |
National Well-being | Will promote Gross National Happiness as an alternate measure of success to the conventional Gross Domestic Product. | Bhutan |
NATO Expansion | The so-called victors of the Cold War forgot the principle of indivisible security and adopted a logic of superiority and confrontation behind NATO’s eastward expansion, which led to Ukraine conflict and security threats for many states. | Belarus |
NATO Expansion | The Kyiv regime is eliminating the russian language and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which violates human rights, while NATO continues to expand right up to Russia’s borders, undermining the principle of indivisible security and strengthening its own security at the expense of others. | Russian Federation |
Neutrality | The current global situation requires coordinated interaction among states. Turkmenistan, a permanently neutral state, views neutrality as an effective mechanism for peacebuilding. It has initiated the inclusion of a separate item on “neutrality for peace and security” on the UNGA agenda. | Turkmenistan |
North Korea | North Korea’s nuclear and missile development is a grave threat. Japan seeks to normalise relations with North Korea through a comprehensive resolution of outstanding issues, including the abduction of Japanese citizens. | Japan |
Nuclear Deterrent | Stated that its nuclear war deterrent is a necessary response to aggressive US-led military exercises and that its status as a nuclear state is enshrined in its constitution and will never be given up. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
Nuclear Disarmament | Japan is deeply concerned about nuclear threats and the lowering of the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons. It supports the NPT as the most effective framework for a world without nuclear weapons and calls on world leaders to visit Hiroshima and Nagasaki to understand the reality of atomic bombings. | Japan |
Nuclear Disarmament | Arms control treaties are collapsing, and military spending is at a record high. Kazakhstan is ready to host a new dialogue on nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation. | Kazakhstan |
Nuclear Disarmament | Highlighted Kiribati’s active support for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. | Kiribati |
Nuclear Disarmament | South Africa will preside over the first review conference of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2026. The country reaffirms its commitment to gender equality and supports the election of a female Secretary-General. | South Africa |
Nuclear Justice | Recalled its history as a UN trusteeship where the US conducted 67 nuclear tests, for which its communities still seek justice. | Marshall Islands |
Nuclear Program | Categorically denied that Iran has ever sought or will ever seek to build a nuclear bomb, based on a religious edict. | Iran |
Ocean Governance | Emphasised its commitment to strong multilateral ocean governance to combat illegal fishing and protect marine life. | Kiribati |
Ocean Governance | Called for integrated ocean governance, stronger financing for marine conservation, and resilient maritime infrastructure, and will host the Pacific Resilience Facility to strengthen climate and disaster resilience. | Tonga |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | A global SIDS data hub within the SIDS Center of Excellence in Antigua has launched to improve data, secure investments, and achieve debt sustainability. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Digital innovation is promoted as a way to enable a safe, stable, prosperous, and sustainable environment. | Bahrain |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | High-tech innovation developed in Taiwan – including semiconductors, AI, biotech – are vital to global supply chain security and sustainable development. | Belize |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | The principles of people-centred development, technology for good, and equitable benefits need to be adhered to. | China |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Technology is both our greatest shared opportunity and one of the defining challenges for our future prosperity. Advancements in technologies like AI and network communications, along with their benefits, also bring potential risks. | Greece |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Technology is both our greatest shared opportunity and one of the defining challenges for our future prosperity. Advancements in technologies like AI and network communications, along with their benefits, also bring potential risks. | China |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | The clean energy potential of the country presents an opportunity to host data centres powered sustainably by renewable energy, which would advance Africa’s digital transformation. Openness is expressed for investment and partnerships in building global data centres. | Lesotho |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Digitisation, AI and crypto are embraced as tools of the future. | Pakistan |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | The digital transformation, including AI and data analytics, offers real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. | Samoa |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Examples were given of sectors where digital transformation is introduced: taxation, customs, and land deeds issuance (Togo); online trade union registration (Bangladesh); online healthcare services (Belize). | Togo |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Examples were given of sectors where digital transformation is introduced: taxation, customs, and land deeds issuance (Togo); online trade union registration (Bangladesh); online healthcare services (Belize). | Bangladesh |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Examples were given of sectors where digital transformation is introduced: taxation, customs, and land deeds issuance (Togo); online trade union registration (Bangladesh); online healthcare services (Belize). | Belize |
Opportunities, risks, and applications | Access to media platforms and new technologies has been weaponised to coerce the forced compliance with some climate goals. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Organized Crime | Highlighted the need to confront the rise of international organised crime, noting that criminal networks exploit gaps between legal systems and that deeper cooperation is needed to make societies “open for business but closed for crime”. | Belgium |
Organized Crime | Described transnational criminal networks as an existential threat and called for a global war on gangs—a coordinated international campaign to cut off the flow of weapons, money, and influence that sustains them. | Jamaica |
Organized Crime | Transnational criminal networks involved in cybercrime, trafficking arms, narcotics, and people are an existential threat to states in the Caribbean. | Jamaica |
Organized Crime | Called for nothing less than a global war on gangs, a coordinated international campaign to cut off the flow of weapons, money, and influence that sustains them. | Jamaica |
Organized Crime | Will fight “fire with fire within the law” against drug cartels, willingly supporting the International Security Alliance involving the US and other countries to combat drug trafficking in the hemisphere. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Palestinian Governance | Rejected the actions of Hamas on October 7, stating they do not represent the Palestinian people, and affirmed that the Palestinian National Authority is ready to assume full responsibility for governance in Gaza, with Hamas having no role and being required to hand over its weapons. | State of Palestine |
Palestinian Statehood | Took the decision to recognize a Palestinian state, but stated this will take full diplomatic effect only once conditions are met, such as the release of hostages, the disarmament of Hamas, and the establishment of a Palestinian government excluding Hamas. | Andorra |
Palestinian Statehood | Announced that Australia had recognised the State of Palestine, linking the decision to the UN Charter’s mission. | Australia |
Palestinian Statehood | Articulated a clear vision for a two-state solution and stated that Austria will recognise Palestine as a state “at that point in the future when this step can make the most meaningful contribution to peace”. | Austria |
Palestinian Statehood | Recognising the state of Palestine and supporting its full membership in the UN is not a reward but an inherent right of the Palestinian people, essential for peace, dignity, and reconciliation. | Brunei Darussalam |
Palestinian Statehood | The nation reiterates its firmest solidarity with the Palestinian people, stating that the genocidal extermination and ethnic cleansing actions of the zionist regime condemn 2,200,000 human beings in Gaza to hunger, and demands that this general assembly unequivocally declare Palestine’s right to be a UN member state. | Cuba |
Palestinian Statehood | Vehemently condemned leaders who recognized a Palestinian state after October 7, arguing that the Palestinians do not want a state next to Israel but instead of Israel, and that giving them a state near Jerusalem after the massacre is “sheer madness.” | Israel |
Palestinian Statehood | Japan states that the situation in Palestine threatens the foundation of a two-state solution. It condemns Israeli actions that aggravate the humanitarian crisis and calls for their immediate cessation. Japan’s position is not whether but “when” to recognize a Palestinian state. | Japan |
Palestinian Statehood | The situation in the Palestinian territories is deteriorating. Morocco calls for a ceasefire, humanitarian assistance, and the promotion of a two-state solution based on the 1967 lines with East Jerusalem as its capital. | Morocco |
Palestinian Statehood | Acknowledged that Palestinian statehood recognition is a matter of when, not if, but stated that the current situation is counterproductive and not the best chance to preserve the two-state solution, choosing to make the gesture when conditions offer greater prospects for peace. | New Zealand |
Palestinian Statehood | From the podium, the nation called for a global peaceful campaign to lift the blockade and undo the injustice imposed on the Palestinian people to secure their freedom through the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state. | Oman |
Palestinian Statehood | The Palestinian question is a deeply painful and enduring human and political issue that must take precedence in deliberations, requiring an end to the occupation, undoing the injustice, and restoring legitimate rights through the two-state solution. | Oman |
Palestinian Statehood | On 15 May, the parliament mandated the government to recognise the state of Palestine. The nation announced the official recognition of the State of Palestine as a sovereign and independent state within internationally recognised borders, calling it an essential step to reaffirm that peace must be built on justice and equality. | San Marino |
Palestinian Statehood | The nation hopes for an immediate ceasefire, but will recognise the state of Palestine only when it has an effective government that accepts Israel’s right to exist and categorically renounces terrorism; it will reconsider its position if Israel takes further steps to extinguish a two-state solution. | Singapore |
Palestinian Statehood | Urged all states that have not yet done so to recognise the state of Palestine and to support its bid for full membership in the UN. | State of Palestine |
Palestinian Statehood | The country emphasises a principled position on the Palestinian issue, calling for an immediate cessation of hostility and a two-state solution. It also expresses concern over terrorism and illegal weapons smuggling. | Tajikistan |
Peace | Emphasised that creating the conditions for peace is a collective responsibility for all nations. | Australia |
Peace | Stated that sustainable peace demands being truthful, pursuing solutions based on history, truth, and fairness, and pursuing peace “on the right side of history.” | Fiji |
Peace | Announced that Pacific leaders adopted the Ocean of Peace declaration, rooted in mutual respect for sovereignty and the Pacific Way of life, which is a platform for global order and a stable multipolar region. | Fiji |
Peace | Stated that the fundamental philosophy of the Georgian government is to preserve peace at all costs and spare its people from war, drawing on the bitter experience of the 2008 conflict. | Georgia |
Peace | Nauru, a small island nation, stands firmly against war and conflict, believing that dialogue must prevail. The country is committed to peaceful coexistence and multilateral solutions, and its strategy is to invest in its people, who are its greatest asset. | Nauru |
Peace | Adopted the Ocean of Peace declaration with other Pacific leaders, claiming the right of the people to peace and a collective vision for a resilient, peaceful, and prosperous Blue Pacific Continent. | Solomon Islands |
Peace | Invoked the words of Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi (“It happened, therefore it could happen again”) as a call to action. | Switzerland |
Peace | Turkmenistan proposes a World Summit on a Culture of Peace and Trust and the development of a “Global Code of International Trust” to build relations based on respect for sovereignty. | Turkmenistan |
Peace | Stated that there can be no sustainable development in the absence of peace and that “instability anywhere is instability everywhere.” | Zambia |
Peace & Disarmament | Expressed alarm at the "dangerous slide" of a new arms race, with record military spending. | Congo |
Peace & Disarmament | Warned that the risk of nuclear conflict is the highest it has been in decades and called for their "complete, verifiable, and irreversible elimination." | Costa Rica |
Peace & Disarmament | Outlined Nigeria's long struggle with violent extremism, stating that values and ideas deliver the ultimate victory. | Nigeria |
Peace & Disarmament | Called for predictable funding for African peace support operations to tackle terrorism. | Senegal |
Peace Agreement | Peace has been established with Azerbaijan based on the 1991 Alma-ata declaration, confirming the inviolability of the international borders between the former soviet socialist republics, an achievement made possible by the decisive role of US President Donald Trump. | Armenia |
Peace Agreement | Announced that in August 2025, the foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Armenia initialled a peace agreement in Washington, and the leaders signed a joint declaration witnessed by US President Donald Trump, marking a new chapter in relations. | Azerbaijan |
Peace Agreement | Reported that the revitalised peace agreement has held for seven years, with its implementation about 60% executed, leading to relative peace and the return of many displaced South Sudanese. | South Sudan |
Peace and Development | The nation fully identifies with the session’s theme, noting that peace, coexistence, development, and human rights are becoming a reality in Guinea, which places hope in the United Nations despite its potential decline. | Guinea |
Peace and Justice | The Lebanese experience has shown that there is no development without peace and no peace without justice. Lebanon calls for an immediate end to the devastation in Gaza, the revival of a new political track for a two-state solution, and the complete implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1701. | Lebanon |
Peace and Security | Summarised that the clear message from member states was the need to do more to stem war and violence, particularly in Gaza, Ukraine, and Sudan, and to uphold the UN Charter. | The President of the General Assembly |
Peace Plan | Presented a nine-point plan for peace, demanding an immediate end to the war, unconditional humanitarian aid, release of all hostages and prisoners, complete Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, and the establishment of a modern, democratic Palestinian state. | State of Palestine |
Peace Plan | Outlined a roadmap for peace that includes a ceasefire, the withdrawal of the rebel militia from occupied cities, lifting the siege of Al Fasher, the safe return of displaced people, and a Sudanese-led national dialogue. | Sudan |
Peacebuilding | Peace is “not a vacation” but requires daily work and care to be protected from indifference and pessimism, necessitating the diligent institutionalisation of peace, including clarifying the fate of missing persons and addressing the issue of persons deprived of liberty. | Armenia |
Peacebuilding | The nation achieved peace and national reconciliation through its win-win policy that ended thirty years of internal conflict without a single bullet being fired, allowing the economy to achieve high annual growth and position for least developed country (LDC) graduation by 2029. | Cambodia |
Peacebuilding | Presented its own journey from conflict to peace as an example of African good practice. | Central African Republic |
Peacebuilding | Stressed that the UN is needed as a mediator and that its absence from this role is a reason for the current number of wars. | Finland |
Peacebuilding | Argued that peace is built from the bottom up by addressing the structural causes of violence through social inclusion, decent jobs, and education, and that the international community must end the arms race. | Mexico |
Peacebuilding | Peace is a just order with individuals flourishing in dignity, as shown by the success story of the Bangsamoro autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao (BARM), which tells that peacebuilding endows communities with their rightful future. | Philippines |
Peacebuilding | Highlighted its role in the G7+ group of conflict-affected countries, bringing its own experience to influence the global agenda for peace and sustainable development. | Timor-Leste |
Peacekeeping | Stated that Cameroon has made the choice of peace and development and is actively participating in UN peacekeeping operations and training personnel from other African nations for these missions. | Cameroon |
Peacekeeping | The president suggests the UN General Assembly should vote to establish a powerful peacekeeping army of nations to defend Palestine and stop the genocide, as diplomacy has failed. | Colombia |
Peacekeeping | Indonesia is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping forces and is prepared to deploy 20,000 or more troops to secure peace in Gaza or elsewhere, if decided by the Security Council. | Indonesia |
Peacekeeping | Highlighted its dedication to international peace through significant contributions of troops to UN missions, with a particular focus on promoting the participation of women in operational roles. | Malawi |
Peacekeeping | Mongolia has deployed over 23,000 peacekeepers to 16 UN missions over 23 years. The country has a nuclear-weapon-free status and is committed to disarmament and non-proliferation. | Mongolia |
Peacekeeping | Championed robust peacekeeping that puts civilians first, the responsibility to protect, and the Kigali Principles, drawing on the lessons from the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. | Rwanda |
Political Violence | Denounced recent political assassinations, stating that political violence is “immoral, intolerable, and profoundly harmful.” | Paraguay |
Post-Conflict Justice | Highlighted the ongoing search for 1,744 missing people from its Homeland War. | Croatia |
Poverty Reduction | Reported that under the current government, poverty in Honduras has fallen from 73% in 2021 to 63% in 2024, and the homicide rate is the lowest in twenty years. | Honduras |
Reconciliation | Is pursuing constitutional reform and has established a truth and reconciliation commission to confront its history, foster dialogue, and build the foundation for a more coherent society after periods of instability. | Fiji |
Reconciliation | Addressed “Abkhaz and Ossetian brothers and sisters” across the occupation line, calling for joint efforts to overcome obstacles and rebuild broken bridges to live together in a united, developed Georgia. | Georgia |
Refugee Crisis | Detailed the severe humanitarian impact of the war in Sudan, with over 2 million Sudanese refugees having fled to Chad, and called on the international community for support as Chad cannot bear this burden alone. | Chad |
Refugee Crisis | Pointed out that it hosts the largest number of refugees in Africa (1.9 million), but its progressive model is under “serious pressure” due to declining international support, warning that refugee hosting should not become a “death burden”. | Uganda |
Regional Conflict | Delivered a harsh condemnation of the “coup regime” in Mali for its “rudeness and vulgarity” in attacking Algeria, while affirming that Algeria’s hand remains extended to the Malian people. | Algeria |
Regional Conflict | Condemned in the strongest terms the “brutal Israeli aggression against Qatar.” | Kuwait |
Regional Conflict | The nation strongly condemns the Iranian attack on Sicily, Qatar, and the continued Israeli aggressions in the region (including on Qatar, Iran, Yemen, Lebanon, and Syria), calling for international measures to deter Israel from such criminal behaviour. | Saudi Arabia |
Regional Conflict | Accused Israel of continued strikes and attacks against Syria, which threaten new crises in the region. | Syria |
Regional Conflict | Characterised the situation in Yemen not as a domestic crisis but as a test of the international system, with the country held hostage by the Iranian regime’s expansionist schemes and its Houthi militia proxies. | Yemen |
Regional Conflicts | The killing and displacement of Palestinian civilians are “inhumane” and a “disgrace for humanity.” Iraq reiterates its call for a two-state solution and condemns attacks by the “Zionist entity” against Qatar, Syria, and Lebanon. | Iraq |
Regional Conflicts | Kazakhstan is concerned about the Ukrainian crisis and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. It reaffirms support for a two-state solution with the UN playing a central role. It also welcomes the normalisation of relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia. | Kazakhstan |
Regional Conflicts | Qatar is continuing its diplomatic efforts to settle other crises, such as in Ukraine and in Africa. It supports a new phase for Syria, a comprehensive dialogue for Sudan, and stability in Lebanon. | Qatar |
Regional Conflicts | Türkiye highlights its efforts in mediating conflicts, including between Russia and Ukraine, and Azerbaijan and Armenia. The country has also worked on the normalisation of relations with Armenia. | Türkiye |
Regional Connectivity | The Trip Route infrastructure project, an accurate reflection of the Crossroads of Peace program, will operate in Armenia’s territory to link the east to the west and the north to the south with highways, railways, pipelines, and electricity lines, with the prospect of opening the border with Turkey. | Armenia |
Regional Connectivity | The nation’s agreements with Azerbaijan establish connectivity through the Trip Route for international transportation on the basis of respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and jurisdiction, and it resolutely rejects the use of the term “Zangezur Corridor,” which is perceived as a territorial claim. | Armenia |
Regional Connectivity | Introduced the “Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity (TRIP),” an outcome of the Washington Summit, which will ensure unimpeded access through the Zangezur Corridor and foster regional connectivity. | Azerbaijan |
Regional Cooperation | The nation is committed to peace and harmony, advancing sustainable development, and working through ASEAN and other frameworks like APAC and the Belt and Road Initiatives to strengthen cooperation and enhance development. | Brunei Darussalam |
Regional Cooperation | Central Asia is called upon to revive its historic mission as a bridge between civilisations. Turkmenistan will propose an international forum on “Central Asia, a space of peaceful coexistence.” | Turkmenistan |
Regional Cooperation | The region of Central Asia has been transformed into a region of peace, good neighbourliness, and partnership. Uzbekistan proposes new projects and a UN resolution to deepen regional partnership and economic integration. | Uzbekistan |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Argued that the Republic of Kosovo's seat in the assembly remains "unjustly empty" and called its recognition an "act of justice." | Albania |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | The actions of European neighbours to lay mines, build walls, and erect fences on the border with Russia and Belarus are seen as creating a sense of impending threat from the east and a measure of harsh self-isolation that drives EU countries into domestic economic and political crisis. | Belarus |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Denounced the "French occupation" of the Comorian island of Mayotte. | Comoros |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Called for full respect of the Dayton Paris Peace Accord, emphasizing the rights of the three constituent peoples. | Croatia |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Called out Turkish President Erdoğan for preaching peace while Turkey continues its 51-year occupation of Cyprus. | Cyprus |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Stated the crisis in Haiti represents a "serious threat to peace and security" for the region and urged a more robust UN force. | Dominican Republic |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Advocated for strengthening the European Union's strategic autonomy, including joint European borrowing to finance critical European defense projects such as missile and drone defense. | Greece |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Denounced Venezuela's persistent threats and aggression in violation of international law. | Guyana |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Stated that the current multinational security support mission is insufficient and called for a "strong force with a clear mandate" and adequate resources to combat heavily armed criminal networks that pose a regional threat. | Haiti |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Stated that any unilateral action altering the special status of Jerusalem is "morally and legally unacceptable" and that an equitable solution is essential for peace. | Holy See |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Envisioned a "powerful Iran alongside powerful neighbours," free from weapons of mass destruction. | Iran |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Highlighted the continued tragedy of Kuwaiti missing persons from the 1990 invasion. | Kuwait |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Asserted that the resolution has been "falsely portrayed" and does not provide a basis for invasion. | Marshall Islands |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | The Moroccan autonomy initiative is presented as the only realistic solution to the regional dispute over the Sahara. The initiative has growing international support and is considered by two-thirds of UN member states as the sole pragmatic and credible basis to settle the dispute. | Morocco |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Niger fully supports the ASS, which is asserting the right of member states to determine their own destiny, pinpoint priorities, and craft regional cooperation that exclusively serves their people. | Niger |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Warned that blocking the European integration of the Western Balkans creates a geopolitical vacuum, leaving the region open to influences from third geopolitical powers and posing a security risk. | North Macedonia |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Stated that the Balkans must be a space for regional ownership, with Serbia as a guarantor of the Dayton Peace Agreement. | Serbia |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Urged the international community to support Panama's proposed gang suppression force (5,500 members) to subdue gangs and restore order in Haiti. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Regional Cooperation & Issues | Vietnam will strive to maintain peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea in accordance with international law. | Viet Nam |
Regional Hub | Highlighted Georgia’s role as a multidimensional regional hub and a natural bridge between Europe and Asia, contributing significantly to the development of the Middle Corridor strategic route for trade and energy transit. | Georgia |
Regional Relations | The Bahamas insists on the vision of a two-state solution (Israel and Palestine) and calls for the immediate lifting of the Cuba embargo, which has punished ordinary people. | Bahamas |
Regional Relations | Implored the US to end the oppressive, unlawful embargo against Cuba and called for a mature conversation between the US and Venezuela to scale back tensions. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Regional Role | As custodians of Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, Jordan safeguards them against actions that violate the status quo. Jordan is also serving as the main base for international humanitarian response in Gaza. | Jordan |
Regional Security | Outlined Australia’s strategy of investing in its capabilities and relationships to strengthen regional security. | Australia |
Regional Security | Called for a new regional security architecture in the Middle East and North Africa, led by the UN, grounded in diplomacy, respect for sovereignty, and long-term investment in peace. | Bulgaria |
Regional Security | Works to make the Black Sea region a space of stability and sustainable development, and will assume the chairmanship of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. | Bulgaria |
Regional Security | Positioned Cyprus as a “safe harbour in turbulent waters” and a responsible actor in the Eastern Mediterranean. | Cyprus |
Regional Security | Underscored its role as a large troop contributor to the African Union mission in Somalia and its commitment to finding a peaceful resolution to the ongoing conflict in Sudan. | Djibouti |
Regional Security | The nation presents a joint vision for security and cooperation in the region with Saudi Arabia, based on balanced and comprehensive security for all countries, and stresses the importance of supporting the national institutions of Sudan and holding simultaneous presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya. | Egypt |
Regional Security | Claimed successful military operations crippled Hezbollah and the Houthis, eliminated the Assad regime in Syria, and devastated Iran’s atomic weapons and ballistic missiles programs, removing an existential threat to Israel and a mortal threat to the civilized world. | Israel |
Regional Security | ASEAN did not stand idle when conflict threatened to spiral between neighbours, stepping in to convene both sides and implement a ceasefire that it is now actively monitoring on the ground. | Malaysia |
Regional Security | Led by the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), it is driven by a common commitment to pool efforts to tackle terrorism through a coordinated homegrown response, following the withdrawal of international forces. | Mali |
Regional Security | Highlighted its role in advancing peace and security in Somalia, South Sudan, DRC, and Sudan, noting it is the largest troop contributor to the African Union mission in Somalia and a guarantor of the South Sudan peace agreement. | Uganda |
Regional Stability | Being situated at the crossroads of three continents, Greece acts as a pillar of stability, upholding international law, and seeking dialogue with neighbors. | Greece |
Renewable Energy | Championed clean renewable energy as a way to move beyond the false choice between economic growth and environmental responsibility. | Australia |
Renewable Energy | Championed the Just Energy Transition initiative and highlighted the potential to harness its natural resources (water, wind, solar) to host global data centers, cooled naturally by its highland climate. | Lesotho |
Renewable Energy | Major projects have been launched in the energy transition and sustainable development, including a hybrid renewable energy plant and the adoption of a green hydrogen law. | Mauritania |
Renewable Energy | The nation emphasises the imperative of transitioning to clean energy sources and is committed to seizing emerging opportunities in trade and sustainable development, placing high importance on digital transformation and AI applications. | Oman |
Reparatory Justice | Asserted that reparatory justice is not charity but principled restitution for the historic crimes of colonialism, slavery, and native genocide, which imposed rigid trade routes and underdevelopment. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Reparatory Justice | Proposed the establishment of a commission for reparations for slavery, apartheid, genocide, and colonialism, to be funded by those who design “war and death,” and called for a formal condemnation of colonialism as a historic mistake. | Bolivia |
Reparatory Justice | Declared that the slave trade must be recognised as the greatest crime against humanity and that Ghana, as the African champion on reparations, intends to introduce a motion to demand reparations for enslavement and colonialism. | Ghana |
Reparatory Justice | Called for reparations from France for the ransom Haiti was forced to pay for its independence, framing it as a matter of justice and truth, and welcomed recent statements from the French presidency acknowledging this historical injustice. | Haiti |
Reparatory Justice | The nation condemns the self-avowed support of France for terrorism in the Sahel and solemnly demands that France shoulder its duty of remembrance, recognise its crimes (e.g., pillage of uranium, historical massacres), and pay colonial debts. | Niger |
Reparatory Justice | The nation reaffirmed its shared agenda for reparatory justice for the brutality of the transatlantic slave trade and colonisation, noting that when emancipation came, it was the enslavers, not the enslaved, who received reparations. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Reparatory Justice | Maintained its adamant stance on the “just cause for reparations from Europe for the African slave trade,” describing it as a moral imperative rooted in historical injustices. | Saint Lucia |
Reparatory Justice | Asserted that reparations for slavery, deportation, and colonisation must be provided as an ethical imperative to repent for past misdeeds and repair history, which will allow a new stage for international relations. | Togo |
Revisionism | The West has developed its own version of the truth about WWII, erasing memories, demolishing monuments, and rewriting history, calling into question the legitimacy of the postwar world order and the universal principles of the United Nations. | Belarus |
Revisionism | Warned that might over right risks becoming the norm, with revisionist narratives resurging and some leaders remaining “trapped in the past.” | Greece |
Right to Development | Welcomed the drafting of the International Pact on the Right to Development, stating that its adoption would be a milestone affirming that development is a “fundamental right and not a privilege”. | Cameroon |
Right to Development | As the current chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), expressed commitment to advancing the interests of developing countries and called for accelerated progress on the adoption of the long-overdue covenant on the right to development. | Uganda |
Rule of Law | Is emphasizing the definitive entrenchment of the rule of law in the country, especially as regards the practice of politics, to ensure that democracy and peace are irreversible. | Côte d’Ivoire |
Sahel Region | Argued that instead of constantly stigmatising and condemning the states of the Sahel, the international community should support them in their battle against terrorism. | Gabon |
Sanctions | Called for the categorical lifting of all unilateral coercive measures and sanctions imposed on countries like Eritrea and Cuba, including the “unjust” embargo against Cuba. | Eritrea |
Sanctions | Denounced illegal unilateral sanctions, such as those imposed against Cuba, as measures that “throttle economies and condemn people to misery” and must cease immediately. | Honduras |
Sanctions | Unilateral coercive measures contradict the UN Charter and international law, hinder sustainable development, and impose unjust suffering on innocent people, leading to a call to lift the economic and financial embargo against Cuba. | Laos |
Sanctions | Simply advocating for a two-state solution is not enough; there must be concrete action against the occupying force, including sanctioning israel, as its brutality will spill over to the rest of the world. | Malaysia |
Sanctions | Reiterated its historic position against the embargo on Cuba and its rejection of sanctions and trade embargoes in general, arguing they harm the well-being of people and do not contribute to peace. | Mexico |
Sanctions | Called for an end to the “illegal” economic embargo on Cuba and sanctions on Zimbabwe. | Namibia |
Sanctions | Categorically condemned “hateful, execrable policies of criminal economic blockade” and coercive unilateral measures as crimes against humanity. | Nicaragua |
Sanctions | The nation condemns the Israeli aggression on Qatar, Iran, Yemen, Syria, and Lebanon, and calls for imposing sanctions on Israel in response to its blatant violations of international law and unlawful encroachments on state sovereignty. | Oman |
Sanctions | Appealed to the international community for the removal of targeted individual sanctions and the arms embargo on South Sudan to support its efforts toward peace and democratic processes. | South Sudan |
Sanctions | Opposed unilateral coercive measures, such as the embargoes on Zimbabwe and Cuba, and condemned the “hypocrisy and scandal” of international companies prospering from the exploitation of Africa’s natural wealth while causing or supporting conflicts. | Tanzania |
Sanctions | Continued to face challenges from illegal unilateral coercive measures (sanctions) imposed upon it and reiterated the call for their unconditional removal. | Zimbabwe |
Sea Level Rise | Called for the development of an international treaty on sea level rise to codify the legal rights of affected states and peoples and affirm the principles of statehood continuity and permanent maritime boundaries. | Tuvalu |
Seabed Mining | Nauru is a sponsoring state for deep seabed mineral exploration, which it sees as a pathway to resilience and a contribution to global solutions. It is advocating for the International Seabed Authority to work with renewed purpose to adopt exploitation regulations. | Nauru |
Security Cooperation | Proposed a new security architecture, offering to share Ukraine’s war-tested weapons and defence production capabilities with partners. | Ukraine |
Security Council Reform | The Security Council is tarnished by politicisation and is, in fact, a “troublemaker” as a result of the complicity of some permanent members who are themselves major actors and financers of the crises of our time. | Burkina Faso |
Security Council Reform | Pointed to the UN’s political paralysis, particularly how the Security Council has allowed the aggressor in Ukraine to veto collective action and has become a bystander to the suffering in Gaza and Sudan. | Liechtenstein |
Security Council Reform | Pointed out that the Security Council is increasingly paralysed and unable to fulfil its mandate, citing the war in Ukraine and the humanitarian suffering in Gaza as key examples. | Montenegro |
Security Council Reform | It is urgent to revitalise the UN and adapt it to contemporary realities through reforms. Angola advocates for two permanent seats and five non-permanent seats for Africa in an expanded Security Council. | Angola |
Security Council Reform | UN reform must keep up with the times, including expanding the category of permanent members to include developing countries from Africa, Latin America, and Asia, to prevent the UN from suffering the same fate as the League of Nations and to reflect the interests of the global majority (BRICS, SCO, ASEAN). | Belarus |
Security Council Reform | Supports the reform of the UN, including the Security Council, to be more representative, responsive, and effective, specifically including deserving nations such as India and Japan. | Bhutan |
Security Council Reform | The Security Council, the guardian of peace, has too often been paralysed, restricted by veto, divided by interests, and mute in the face of grave injustice, undermining its credibility and the foundation of the UN, with reform needed to limit the use of the veto towards its eventual elimination. | Brunei Darussalam |
Security Council Reform | Expressed the aspiration to see the long-awaited reform of the UN Security Council to "allow Africa to occupy its rightful place" in line with the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration. | Cameroon |
Security Council Reform | Advocated for a comprehensive reform of the Security Council, arguing it is failing its purpose. | Czechia |
Security Council Reform | Called for the restructuring of the UN and its Security Council to be fully representative of all regions of the world to create an all-inclusive and legitimate structure. | Eswatini |
Security Council Reform | Argued for a reformed Security Council where underrepresented regions have a stronger voice, proposing new permanent seats. | Finland |
Security Council Reform | Stressed that international peace and justice can only be guaranteed through a revitalised multilateralism, which requires security council reform that takes into account African claims for representation as enshrined in the Syrt Declaration and the Ezulwini Consensus. | Gabon |
Security Council Reform | After 80 years, the UN must be fit for purpose, and the Security Council needs additional permanent and non-permanent seats to reflect the world's actual realities, with permanent seats going to Africa, Asia, and Latin America. | Germany |
Security Council Reform | Categorically rejected that decisions on peace and security are held by five permanent members and called for the elimination of the veto, especially in cases of genocide and war crimes. | Honduras |
Security Council Reform | Resistance to UN reform is undermining its credibility, and it is imperative to address the historical injustice done to Africa and expand both permanent and non-permanent membership of the Security Council. | India |
Security Council Reform | Japan calls for a decisive reform of the Security Council, with an expansion of both permanent and non-permanent memberships. It proposes freezing the veto power of new permanent members for 15 years. | Japan |
Security Council Reform | Stated a firm conviction in the dire need to reform the Security Council to enshrine justice and transparency. | Kuwait |
Security Council Reform | The nation believes three urgent reforms are key to survival: limiting or abolishing the veto (challenging it each time), ensuring authority flows back to the general assembly (as the conscience of the world), and redesigning global financing mechanisms for the global South. | Malaysia |
Security Council Reform | UN80 must be the repair moment, requiring a serious reform that tackles Security Council paralysis, including an expanded and more representative council with a rotator seat for SIDS (small island developing states) and led by a female secretary general. | Maldives |
Security Council Reform | Supported India having a permanent seat on the council, commensurate with its constructive role in global affairs. | Mauritius |
Security Council Reform | Called for restructuring the security council to enhance its legitimacy by including underrepresented voices such as Japan, India, Germany, Brazil, and the African continent. | Micronesia |
Security Council Reform | The issue of Security Council reform is particularly important, and Russia calls for its democratisation exclusively through the expansion of the representation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, supporting permanent seats for Brazil and India, and correcting the historical injustice towards Africa. | Russian Federation |
Security Council Reform | The Security Council is not credible if it excludes representation from the regions most vulnerable to the threats of our time, including Africa, Latin America, and small island developing states (SIDS), calling for a seat at the table where peace is forged. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Security Council Reform | Supported the reform of the Security Council to reflect 21st-century geopolitical realities and to include at least one permanent seat for the African continent. | Sao Tome and Principe |
Security Council Reform | Stated that the Security Council is "failing" in its mission to maintain peace. | Slovakia |
Security Council Reform | Slovenia supports Security Council reform and proposes requesting an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on whether a permanent member can claim a legitimate veto right in cases of genocide and crimes against humanity. | Slovenia |
Security Council Reform | The Security Council has proven ineffective, and its credibility is being eroded. South Africa advocates for its reform, arguing that Africa and South America are not represented, which is "unjust" and "unacceptable." | South Africa |
Security Threats | Highlighted the growing threat of hybrid warfare, cyberattacks, and the misuse of AI. | Latvia |
SIDS Vulnerability | Climate change, whose storms and rising seas make no distinction, is an urgent and existential crisis for small island states, which do not have the resources to adapt and rely on those most responsible to change their behaviour. | Bahamas |
SIDS Vulnerability | Emphasized the essential need for SIDS to operationalize the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index, mechanisms for converting debt into climate finance, and the Loss and Damage Fund. | Cabo Verde |
SIDS Vulnerability | Used the proverb “when elephants fight, the grass gets trampled” to describe how small island developing states feel the brunt of confrontations between global powers through sanctions, trade restrictions, and conflict. | Dominica |
SIDS Vulnerability | Described climate change as an existential threat and the most consequential challenge facing SIDS, framing climate action as a moral and legal obligation. | Saint Lucia |
SIDS Vulnerability | Underlined the unique vulnerabilities of SIDS and the need to apply the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) in development financing to ensure tailored support. | Timor-Leste |
Small States | Positioned small states like Costa Rica as leaders who build bridges and forge consensuses. | Costa Rica |
Social Business | Advanced the idea of social business—where profits are entirely reinvested for social good—as a path that can be applied to address challenges like environmental degradation and wealth concentration. | Bangladesh |
Social Cohesion & Security | Characterised extremist and racist ideas as being as "deadly as epidemics." | Sri Lanka |
Social Justice & Inclusion | Stressed the importance of youth, who make up a large proportion of its population, as leaders and drivers of sustainable development, calling for their inclusion in decision-making. | Malawi |
Social Justice & Inclusion | The world needs more women and youth as leaders in decision-making processes. The UN must prioritise the protection of women and youth as agents of change. | Portugal |
Societal Transformation | Framed Albania’s journey from dictatorship to a proud European nation as proof that dialogue and partnership can transform societies. | Albania |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Declared that the devastating humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza is unjustifiable and that the "war must end now," while also unequivocally condemning the "horrible" attacks by Hamas on October 7. | Austria |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Called urgently for an immediate ceasefire in Ukraine as a precondition for genuine talks, stating that Russia "cannot simply talk peace during the day and bomb during the night". | Austria |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stood in solidarity with the Palestinian people in their pursuit of a home and dignity, noting the "carnage in Gaza," while also affirming support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. | Botswana |
Solidarity & Condemnation | There will be no military solution in Ukraine, and the conflict needs a realistic diplomatic solution. The conflict in Palestine is an "unacceptable genocide," and nothing justifies the collective punishment of the Palestinian people. The only viable answer is an independent Palestinian state. | Brazil |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Condemned Russia's "illegal full-scale invasion of Ukraine" as a grave breach of the UN Charter and pledged long-term support, stating that "might does not make right." | Canada |
Solidarity & Condemnation | The UN was created 80 years ago, but the goal of a world free from violence and war has not been achieved. In Gaza, thousands of innocent people have died simply for being Palestinian, which is a global crisis of humanity. | Chile |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Described the situation of the Palestinian people as a "tragedy" and the response in Gaza as a "genocide." | Comoros |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Described Russia's invasion as a "horrific and illegal war of choice" and pledged that Denmark will continue to support Ukraine militarily, economically, and politically "for as long as it takes." | Denmark |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Urged the immediate lifting of the long-running economic embargo against Cuba, describing it as harmful, unjustified, and belonging to a bygone era. | Dominica |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Characterised Russia's attack on Ukraine as a threat to every nation, stating that if the invasion is accepted, "no country will ever be safe," and affirmed firm support for Ukraine's fight for a just and lasting peace and its path to EU membership. | European Union |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Condemned Israel's actions in Gaza as "not warfare, but mass extermination" and a "systematic slaughter." | Guyana |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Fully supported the coalition of the willing to stand with Ukraine and insisted that the world must increase economic and political pressure on Russia until it comes to the table for peace talks. | Ireland |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Encouraged continued domestic reform in Cuba and greater integration into international systems, while supporting dialogue to end the embargo. | Jamaica |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Described the situation as an "unfolding of genocide before our eyes," resulting from double standards in international law. | Kuwait |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Pledged that as a new Security Council member, Latvia will stand with Ukraine and work for a just and lasting peace. | Latvia |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the release of hostages, and safe humanitarian access, affirming the need for a two-state solution. | Latvia |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Renewed its call for the unconditional removal of unilateral coercive measures on Zimbabwe and Cuba to allow them the opportunity to achieve development. | Lesotho |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stated unequivocally that Moldova can stand in peace "because Ukraine stands," condemned Russia's war of aggression, and supported Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. | Moldova |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stated that the failure to address the crisis in Gaza could become the "moral failure that defines this era." | Namibia |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Drew attention to the crisis in Sudan, where half the population faces food insecurity and famine has been declared in parts of Darfur and Kordofan, calling on warring parties to allow humanitarian aid and announcing national financial support. | Netherlands |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Reiterated its "unequivocal solidarity" with Cuba and Venezuela, identifying with their battles for freedom, dignity, and sovereignty. | Nicaragua |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Characterized Israel's actions as a "genocidal onslaught" and "unspeakable terror" that is a stain on the global conscious, and urged an immediate ceasefire. | Pakistan |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Called on the international community not to turn a blind eye to what it described as crimes against humanity and the "early warning signs of a genocide" in the targeting and massacre of Congolese Tutsi and the Banyamulenge community. | Rwanda |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Described Gaza as "hell for thousands of souls," where all lines have been crossed. | Senegal |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Described the Security Council's inaction on Gaza as a "heart-wrenching" failure where a "preventable genocide was not prevented." | Sierra Leone |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Condemned war as a tragedy and called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and the implementation of a two-state solution. | Sri Lanka |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Reaffirmed unwavering support for Ukraine's sovereignty and stated that holding Russia accountable for its "blatant violation" of the UN charter is essential to deter further aggression and preserve the global order. | Sweden |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Expressed firm solidarity with the people of Gaza, stating that Syrians wish upon no one the suffering they endured. | Syria |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Emphasised its moral connection to the struggle of the Sahrawi people for self-determination and called for the urgent implementation of a two-state solution for Palestine. | Timor-Leste |
Solidarity & Condemnation | The Security Council is still unable to end the genocidal war and starvation against the Palestinian people, and the nation values the wave of international recognition, urging full Palestine membership without delay, as the state is a state pursuant to international law. | Tunisia |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Deeply regretted the continued exclusion of Taiwan from the UN system, calling for its admission as a member, and supported the lifting of unilateral economic sanctions on Cuba. | Tuvalu |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stated that what is happening in Gaza is "indefensible, inhumane, and utterly unjustifiable," calling for concerted diplomatic action to end the "terrible, terrible war" now. | United Kingdom |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stands in solidarity with the people of Palestine, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Western Sahara, and calls for the lifting of UCMs on Belarus, DPRK, Eritrea, Iran, and Zimbabwe. | Venezuela |
Solidarity & Condemnation | Stated it supports President Putin and the noble Russian people in their struggle against neo-Nazism and the militarist aggression of the Western world. | Venezuela |
Sovereignty | Stated it has acted with restraint in the face of repeated aggression and provocative actions by its neighbor Guatemala at its southern boundary, which challenge Belize’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. | Belize |
Sovereignty | Burkina Faso has chosen to take its destiny into its own hands to combat imported terrorism supported by “dark forces” coveting its resources, and it condemns the condescending stance of certain UN agencies and the alleged support provided to criminals by foreign states (e.g., France). | Burkina Faso |
Sovereignty | Reaffirmed that state sovereignty is the “bedrock of international order” and an “unalienable right” enshrined in the UN charter, guaranteeing that each people can determine its own destiny. | Chad |
Sovereignty | Defended the principle of sovereignty, stating that every people has the right to design its own development model free of interference and arbitrary sanctions, which undermine their independence. | Equatorial Guinea |
Sovereignty | Declared that while Georgia is open to dialogue and cooperation with major economies, it will never accept being spoken to in the “language of ultimatums, blackmail or intimidation”. | Georgia |
Sovereignty | The president chose to fully embrace national sovereignty by revoking several non-compliant mining permits and transforming the education system to promote intellectual property and excellence, thus providing the necessary human capital for development. | Guinea |
Sovereignty | There is a human obligation to preserve Lebanon. Its preservation requires a clear stand and action to liberate all its territory and restore its exclusive sovereignty, enforced solely by its legitimate armed forces. | Lebanon |
Sovereignty | Affirmed its commitment to an exclusively peaceful reintegration of its territory based on sovereignty and territorial integrity within internationally recognised borders. | Moldova |
Sovereignty | Called for the complete, unconditional, and immediate withdrawal of Russian troops and ammunition from Moldovan territory in line with Russia’s international obligations. | Moldova |
Sovereignty | Will soon celebrate the 150th anniversary of its constitution, a profound reminder of its sovereignty, unity, and enduring independence. | Tonga |
Srebrenica Genocide | Recalled the Srebrenica genocide and other war crimes, noting that the UN peacekeeping force (UNPROFOR) were “to a large extent mere observers” and that certain commanders did not want to activate airstrikes to prevent the genocide. | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
State Terrorism | Confirmed that the Iranian regime orchestrated attacks on a synagogue and Jewish restaurant in Australia. | Australia |
State Terrorism | The government of Israel is accused of committing “state terrorism” with a treacherous attack in Doha that targeted Hamas’s negotiating delegation, violating Qatar’s sovereignty and international law. | Qatar |
Statehood | Noted that the ICJ opinion affirmed that even if rising seas inundate their islands, their statehood and maritime boundaries will endure, preserving their sovereignty and rights. | Solomon Islands |
Statehood | Has amended its constitution to ensure statehood in perpetuity, and maritime boundaries remain permanent, and signed the landmark Falepili union treaty with Australia, which legally commits Australia to recognize Tuvalu’s sovereignty in perpetuity. | Tuvalu |
Strategic Partnership | Detailed the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding with the US to establish a strategic working group and develop a Charter on Strategic Partnership, and noted President Trump’s waiver of sanctions imposed under Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act. | Azerbaijan |
Sustainable Development | Faced the reality that with only five years remaining, progress on the SDGs is “far off track,” requiring redoubled collective efforts, international solidarity, and shared responsibility. | Eswatini |
Sustainable Development | Highlighted its status as the world’s first “ecological state” and its commitment to the 2030 agenda, having integrated all SDGs into its national framework almost a decade ago. | Montenegro |
Sustainable Development | Reaffirmed the “Pact for the Future” and the 2030 Agenda as robust commitments that must be implemented without delay. | Switzerland |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Concluded with the vision of building a world of three zeros: zero carbon, zero wealth concentration, and zero unemployment, which the young generation will build. | Bangladesh |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Highlighted Benin's significant progress towards achieving the SDGs but called for a deep-rooted reform of the international financial architecture to better support countries of the South. | Benin |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Proposed global initiatives for rebuilding fragile states, protecting critical ecosystems, and a "green corridor" for development. | Central African Republic |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Pledged to set up a China-UN global south-south development facility with $10 million in budgetary support and establish a global center for sustainable development in Shanghai to accelerate UN 2030 agenda implementation. | China |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Is in the top three countries in terms of sustainable development goal index progress between 2015 and 2024, and has shown the biggest improvement in Africa on the Human Development Index. | Côte d'Ivoire |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Indonesia is close to meeting its SDGs, having achieved self-sufficiency in rice and starting to export it. The country is directly experiencing the effects of climate change and is shifting from fossil fuels to renewables. It is committed to its Paris Agreement obligations and aims for net-zero emissions earlier than 2060. | Indonesia |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Global progress on SDGs is at a mere 17%, but Mongolia's implementation is at 66.7%, ranking it 14th in the Multilateralism Index. The country has been a strong advocate for landlocked developing countries. | Mongolia |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Saint Kitts And Nevis has launched CISA, a blueprint to 2040 guided by seven fundamental pillars (e.g., energy transition, water security, circular economy), which places people at the center of progress and entwines sustainability with prosperity. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Outlined its ambition to become the first country in the world with its entire national territory designated as a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, positioning the archipelago as a "living laboratory of sustainability". | Sao Tome and Principe |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Developing countries, particularly mountainous and landlocked ones, face multiple challenges in achieving the SDGs. The amount of funding for sustainable development is insufficient. | Tajikistan |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | The nation's sustainable development is guided by the sufficiency economy philosophy, built on balance, resilience, and moderation, which empowers people while protecting the planet. | Thailand |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Turkmenistan will initiate the proclamation of a "UN Decade for Sustainable Transport" for 2026-2035 and advocate for a draft resolution on the "key role of reliable and stable energy connectivity." | Turkmenistan |
Sustainable Development (SDGs) | Sustainable development models based on digital and green transitions are needed. Developed countries have a responsibility to transfer technology and mobilise green finance for developing nations. | Viet Nam |
Taiwan | Urged the UN to find appropriate ways to recognize Taiwan as an indispensable partner in the shared pursuit of sustainable development, citing its global leadership in high-tech innovation and AI. | Belize |
Taiwan | Argued that UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not address Taiwan’s representation and does not preclude its participation, and that the UN must find suitable ways to include Taiwan so it can contribute to the SDGs. | Eswatini |
Taiwan | Stated that China wrongly interpreted UNGA Resolution 2758 to claim Taiwan is part of the People’s Republic, resulting in the silencing of Taiwan’s 23 million people and preventing their full participation in the UN system. | Palau |
Taiwan | Argued that Taiwan “deserves a place in this forum,” calling its exclusion an “affront.” | Paraguay |
Tax Cooperation | Proposed a global convention on tax cooperation, arguing that the capacity for states to tax citizens and companies is the “backbone of public service delivery” and the cornerstone of sustainable development. | Norway |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | Peak technology is picking up pace, opening horizons of opportunity but paving the way for dangerous forces because they are not regulated. New risks are posed by AI, cyber, space and quantum technologies, and while common frameworks exist, they have been weakened or outpaced. Existing rules and institutions need to be consolidated, and frameworks for peace need to be built. | France |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | Africa must play an active role in defining international roles and standards and ensuring that technology is at the service of humanity. | Mozambique |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | A vision of AI for all is needed to ensure that tech advancements contribute to the universal values of humanity. | Republic of Korea |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | The use of technology and global connectivity is too often twisted by cynical leaders and warmongering regimes, but can be harnessed for the common good. | Slovenia |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | Technology must be put at the service of humanity. It must be our servant, not our master. | UN Secretary-General |
Tech for humanity and the common good & global cooperation | The international community must ensure that technology lifts up humanity and no country is locked out of the digital future. | UN Secretary-General |
Tech Governance | The world is suffering from a powerful cultural domination and the dictatorship of the algorithm, imposed by a few US transnationals, necessitating the establishment of common norms at the UN to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially AI, for the benefit of all. | Cuba |
Technology & Future Challenges | Identified nuclear weapons, the triple planetary crisis, and AI governance as the three most significant global challenges. | Costa Rica |
Technology & Future Challenges | The nation is worried about the risk related to new technology in the military domain, where AI is used to select targets and make life-or-death decisions. It believes that meaningful human control must be retained over such decisions. | San Marino |
Technology & Future Challenges | Highlighted the rise of cheap drones and AI as creating the "most destructive arms race in human history." | Ukraine |
Technology transfer | A comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to address the pressing challenges in the Mediterranean, making economic development on the Southern Front a shared priority through investment and technology transfer. | Algeria |
Technology transfer | The gap between rich and poor nations continues to widen, and developing countries struggle with limited technology transfer and low productivity. | Malawi |
Technology transfer | The full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement should include ensuring equitable access to sustainable technologies. | Malawi |
Technology transfer | The international community is called upon to foster an environment that supports inclusive growth and harnesses the transformative potential of science and technology, and AI. | Malawi |
Technology transfer | Technology transfer must be accelerated and scaled up, with calls for scaled-up, predictable and accessible technology transfer and capacity building for countries on the front line, particularly LDCs. | Nepal |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Global partnerships are needed to expand access to technology and innovation. Small states bring valuable experience in adaptation and resilience. | Grenada |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Access to new technology, innovation, and financial resources remains essential for countries in special situations and the most vulnerable groups. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Adequate financial support, technology transfer, and capacity building are crucial for the effective implementation of national climate commitments. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Technology transfer must be real, predictable, and accessible to SIDS upon the BBNJ Agreement entering into force, along with benefits sharing. | Maldives |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Technology transfer and capacity building through multilateral processes are key to closing the widening gap between climate ambition and the means of implementation. | Philippines |
Technology transfer and capacity building | Technology transfer and access to concessionary financing and strengthening North-South partnerships are needed to achieve the right to development. | Tunisia |
Technology transfer and capacity building | UAE supports building technological capacities of other countries, respecting their national values and priorities and ensuring the responsible and ethical use of these technologies in accordance with international law. | UAE |
Technology transfers | A call is made for fairer global governance, including equal access to financing for green technologies. | Chad |
Technology transfers | Technology transfers are advocated for. | Ecuador |
Technology transfers | A lack of technological transfer is a major challenge. | Equatorial Guinea |
Technology transfers | No state should be locked out of opportunities for growth, finance, and technology due to geographical circumstances. | Ethiopia |
Technology transfers | Support is required in technology transfer to address the intertwined challenges of development and environmental stability. | South Sudan |
Technology transfers | A call for increased long-term concessional financing, technology transfer, and fairer trade terms is made to support domestic development efforts. | Tanzania |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | A commitment to official development assistance, technical cooperation, and the sharing of knowledge and best practices is reaffirmed. | Andorra |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | Maritime domain awareness and the provision of satellites and data sharing services should be forms of standard support for SIDS in their efforts to protect marine ecosystems. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | Member states must commit to technical assistance. | Jamaica |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | Reparations must also take the form of sustainable investment in technology (along with other areas) to allow Africa to develop and fully enjoy its potential. | Togo |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | There is a call for increased technology transfers and capacity building initiatives. | Tuvalu |
Technology transfers, cooperation, and support | Ensuring access to knowledge, data and science is needed to inform strategic planning, enhance resilience, and foster global cooperation in the maritime field. | Tuvalu |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | Many countries need technology transfers and capacity building. Developed countries must honour their commitments in these areas. Solidarity, translated into technology transfers and other measures, is needed. | Sierra Leone, |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | Many countries need technology transfers and capacity building. Developed countries must honour their commitments in these areas. Solidarity, translated into technology transfers and other measures, is needed. | Guatemala |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | Many countries need technology transfers and capacity building. Developed countries must honour their commitments in these areas. Solidarity, translated into technology transfers and other measures, is needed. | Dominican Republic |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | Africa has an abundance of critical minerals that will drive the technologies of the future. Investments in the exploration, development, and processing of these minerals in Africa will diversify supply to the international market and help shape the architecture for peace and prosperity. Countries that host minerals must benefit from them through investment, partnership, local processing, and jobs. | Nigeria |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | The world urgently needs supply chains that are more reliable, diversified, and resilient. | Paraguay |
Technology transfers, trade, and critical minerals | Allowing critical infrastructure to depend on authoritarian regimes is gambling with both the economy and democracy. | Paraguay |
Territorial Dispute | The nation continues to place the dispute of the three occupied Emirati islands in the Arabian Gulf (Greater Tumb, Lesser Tumb, and Abu Musa) at the forefront of national priorities, calling on Iran to end its occupation and resolve the dispute through direct negotiations or the International Court of Justice. | United Arab Emirates |
Trade | Made a solemn request for the renewal of the African Growth and Opportunity Act, warning of “disastrous” consequences if it is not. | Madagascar |
Trade | Urged the UN to redouble efforts to safeguard connectivity and resist the trend towards protectionism and trade barriers, which will only make everyone poorer. | Malta |
Trade | The geopolitical shifts are disrupting the multilateral trading and economic system, with tariffs and export controls being used as levers to secure unilateral advantage, which is to the detriment of small, trade-dependent states. | Singapore |
Transitional Justice | Highlighted its reform agenda since 2017, including the implementation of the Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission’s recommendations and enacting legislation to prosecute international atrocity crimes and combat corruption. | Gambia |
Transitional Justice | Pledged to bring those accountable for bloodshed to justice and announced the formation of a National Commission for Transitional Justice. | Syria |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Condemned the “horrific” terrorist attack by Hamas, called for the release of hostages, and urged Israel to protect civilians in Gaza while reaffirming Canada’s commitment to a two-state solution and its recent recognition of Palestine. | Canada |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Stated that a negotiated two-state solution is the “only path to peace” for Israelis and Palestinians, requiring security and dignity for both peoples, and highlighted the EU’s role as the largest provider of humanitarian aid to Palestinians. | European Union |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Reaffirmed the call for a two-state solution to enable the Palestinian people to regain their legitimate national rights within the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital, and supported Palestine’s membership in the UN. | Gambia |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | The “terrible war in Gaza” must end, hostages must be released, and the only solution is two states for two peoples; the nation’s raison d’état is that the security of Israel will always be part of its foundation. | Germany |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Force is no foundation for security. The only path is a two-state solution, with an independent and viable Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living alongside a secure Israel. | Jordan |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Mozambique supports a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine as the only “fair way” to achieve peace. It also firmly opposes unilateral measures and embargoes against countries like Cuba, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. | Mozambique |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Reaffirmed the desire for an independent, sovereign state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital, living in peace and security with its neighbours, and free of violence and extremism. | State of Palestine |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Uruguay has a consistent and steadfast position in favour of a two-state solution. It takes seriously the reports of the international community and urges an immediate suspension of military operations, the end of civilian deaths, and the release of hostages. | Uruguay |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Argued that the question of Palestine faces the threat of erasure through annexation and displacement and that the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state is an indispensable necessity for regional stability. | Algeria |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Reaffirmed tireless support for a two-state solution, arguing a recognized Palestinian state is the best guarantee of peace. | Comoros |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Emphasised that the two-state solution is the only path to lasting peace and that the keys to Palestinian state recognition can no longer lie in the hands of the Israeli government. | Denmark |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Affirmed its historic position on the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and called for direct negotiations and humanitarian assistance, seeing the two-state solution as a path to give peace a chance. | Ethiopia |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Reaffirmed Gabon's long-standing support for a two-state solution as the only way to guarantee a just and lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians, and called for the lifting of the embargo on Cuba. | Gabon |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Maintained a strategic partnership with Israel but warned that the continuation of its course of action in Gaza will ultimately harm Israel's own interests, leading to an erosion of international support and alienating remaining allies. | Greece |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Advocated for a just and lasting peace based on a two-state solution, calling for the release of all hostages, a permanent ceasefire in Gaza, and respect for humanitarian law. | Holy See |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Indonesia reiterates its complete support for a two-state solution, which must include an independent Palestine and a guarantee of safety and security for Israel. This is presented as a path for the "two descendants of Abraham" to live in peace and harmony. | Indonesia |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | The Lao PDR supports the UN80 initiative and the adoption of the Pact for the Future, and continues to support the two-state solution for Palestine, urging the international community to intensify efforts for recovery and reconstruction. | Laos |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Supported the implementation of a two-state solution and formally recognized the state of Palestine to maintain that objective. | Luxembourg |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | The genocidal war in Gaza is a true litmus test for the human conscience. The nation reiterates its support for the Palestinian people, stressing that stability depends on the establishment of an independent state, and renews its commitment to the legitimate demands of the African continent (Zulwini consensus) for equitable representation in global governance structures. | Mauritania |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Expressed deep concern for the Palestinian people in Gaza, called for an immediate ceasefire, and consistently supported a peaceful resolution based on a two-state solution in accordance with international law. | Montenegro |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Argued that a two-state solution remains the "most dignified path to lasting peace for the people of Palestine." | Nigeria |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Peace can only be achieved through a two-state solution based on UN resolutions and the borders of 1967, with East Jerusalem as the capital of an independent Palestinian state. Qatar urges more states to recognise Palestine. | Qatar |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Military escalation will not achieve peace or security. The two-state solution is the only path that would guarantee the security of all countries in the region, with the nation co-chairing the high-level conference for the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine. | Saudi Arabia |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Noted proudly that Slovakia had recognised the right of the Palestinian people to their own state more than three decades ago. | Slovakia |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Stressed that the international community must achieve a viable two-state solution and that Spain's recognition of Palestine contributes to this goal. | Spain |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | The nation supports the Sudanese people's aspirations for an end to the civil war and a transition to an independent civilian government. It believes in the centrality of the two-state solution for a permanent, just, and comprehensive solution to the issue. | United Arab Emirates |
Two-State Solution (Israel-Palestine) | Expressed full support for the Palestinian Authority and the two-state solution, while rejecting the use of the Palestinian cause as a "trading card" by outlaw militias. | Yemen |
Ukraine Support | Poland has shown incredible solidarity with Ukraine, providing homes to a million Ukrainian refugees and offering military assistance. The country will always react adequately to provocations, such as the recent Russian drone attack that violated its borders. | Poland |
Ukraine Support | Pledged to stand with Ukraine “today, tomorrow, and one hundred years from now,” arguing that the world will suffer if Russia’s aggression is allowed to pay. | United Kingdom |
Ukraine War | Stated that Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine represents an existential challenge to the rule-based international order and threatens the very legitimacy of the UN. | Bulgaria |
Ukraine War | Denounced Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as a violation of the UN Charter that threatens the rules-based system. | Czechia |
Ukraine War | Argued that the only path to peace is to increase international pressure on Russia and hold it accountable. | Estonia |
Ukraine War | Denounced Russia’s war against Ukraine as one of the gravest breaches of the UN Charter. | Estonia |
Ukraine War | Conveyed Pope Leo XIV’s message of peace, renewing his appeal for an immediate ceasefire in Ukraine to pave the way for sincere dialogue. | Holy See |
Ukraine War | Expressed respect for President Donald Trump, stating he is “the only hope to make peace in Ukraine.” | Hungary |
Ukraine War | Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine is a blatant violation of the UN Charter and an assault on the organisation itself, with the aggressor sitting on the Security Council being “obscene.” The tens of thousands of Ukrainian children abducted must be returned immediately. | Iceland |
Ukraine War | The fully fledged war of aggression against ukraine is unprovoked and challenges the rule-based international order, with the nation urging for an immediate, complete, and unconditional ceasefire and supporting the pursuit of justice and accountability. | Romania |
Ukraine War | Denounced Russia’s aggression, stating that peace is not possible without justice and pledged Spain’s continued support. | Spain |
UN Accountability | Noted that the UN should be capable of delivering an “apology” for what took place in its name. | Marshall Islands |
UN Candidacy | Presented its candidacy for the UN security council, highlighting its status as a small, militarily neutral country, a proud host of a UN headquarters, and a champion of international law, disarmament, and peacekeeping. | Austria |
UN Candidacy | The nation’s faith in the UN Charter endures, and it is ready to rise up to the challenge of forging new pathways for international peace and security by seeking a non-permanent seat in the Security Council for the term 2027-2028. | Philippines |
UN Candidacy | Announced its candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2029–2030 term, reaffirming its commitment to global peace and security. | Tanzania |
UN Charter | Urged a recommitment to the UN’s original principles of peace, justice, and truth, and called for a reform of the institution that balances human rights, peace and security, development, and the rule of law. | Holy See |
UN Charter | Urged the international community to rekindle the vision of the UN’s founders, which is anchored on solidarity and the relentless pursuit of peace based on international law, in contrast to the current “chaos in the form of unilateralism with arrogance” and barbaric wars. | Tanzania |
UN Crisis | Diagnosed the UN’s current state as a dual crisis: political, because core charter principles are under threat, and financial, because several member states are reducing contributions, hindering its core mission. | Norway |
UN Effectiveness | The UN’s founding was a wise decision that has largely succeeded in maintaining global peace and stability. However, the UN is now in a complex situation, with major powers turning their backs on one another, and this is happening at a time when we are perhaps closest to a global conflict. | Angola |
UN Effectiveness | Argued that after 80 years, the UN has not met its goals, with the world remaining more divided and unequal, and the risk of a third world war being “very close”. | Bolivia |
UN Effectiveness | Asked whether the UN is still on its founding trajectory of preserving peace, given the ongoing conflicts and horrors in Gaza, the DRC, and Sudan. | Burundi |
UN Effectiveness | Posed critical questions about whether the UN has succeeded in shielding people from war and famine, concluding that the current international situation, marked by proliferating conflicts, offers a “clear and negative answer”. | Cameroon |
UN Effectiveness | Argued that 80 years after its founding, the UN “has never disappointed as much as it is today,” citing its inability to stop bloody conflicts, its service to the interests of great powers, selective sanction mechanisms, and the failures of peacekeeping missions. | Chad |
UN Effectiveness | Argued that the genocide in Gaza, devastation in Ukraine, and the global weapons business show the failure of the multilateral system to achieve peace and prevent barbarism. | Honduras |
UN Effectiveness | Questioned whether the UN has succeeded in its primary purpose, with 56 ongoing armed conflicts. | Italy |
UN Effectiveness | Criticised the weakness of the UN and the global system, pointing to the lack of effective action in global conflicts. | Ukraine |
UN Empowerment | Member states, particularly the permanent members of the Security Council, must empower the secretary general to fulfil his mandate in line with the purposes of the UN Charter, especially in the areas of international peace and security. | Oman |
UN History | Argued that the UN’s founders were not naive idealists but deep realists who, having experienced two world wars and the Great Depression, recognised that humanity “simply could not continue as before” and needed shared norms to prevent another global catastrophe. | Norway |
UN Leadership | Peru, as a founding member, believes it is time for the next UN Secretary-General to come from Latin America to ensure better representation. | Peru |
UN Reform | Endorsed the "Pact for the Future" as a guiding framework to revive multilateral cooperation. | Albania |
UN Reform | Expressed concern that the UN is "incapable and voiceless," with its principles violated and resolutions unimplemented, while multilateralism is manipulated by unilateral actions. | Algeria |
UN Reform | Argued the UN has become a supranational model of government run by bureaucrats seeking to impose a specific way of life. | Argentina |
UN Reform | Proposed a core mandate focused on peace, international subsidiarity, institutional efficiency, and normative simplification. | Argentina |
UN Reform | Any lack of effectiveness in the UN lies squarely at the feet of member states, and the solution is to “fix it,” not abandon it, by addressing structural and institutional weaknesses and ensuring standards are evenly applied. | Bahamas |
UN Reform | Acknowledged that the UN is "far from perfect" and expressed support for the UN80 reform agenda to address immense challenges in security and prosperity. | Belgium |
UN Reform | Supported the UN80 initiative but stressed it must be transparent, accountable, and lead to a thorough reform of the Security Council that includes fair African representation. | Benin |
UN Reform | Demanded profound reforms, including making the UN General Assembly a body with binding power, declaring the world a zone of peace, and democratising the Security Council to give a voice to the global South. | Bolivia |
UN Reform | Bold reforms are urgently needed, notably introducing a bold Security Council reform granting Africa a permanent seat on the council, and addressing the structural causes of international injustice like the embargo on Cuba and sanctions. | Burkina Faso |
UN Reform | Supported an ambitious, inclusive, and balanced UN reform that is member-state-led and focused on the real needs of people, not priorities fashioned by external actors. | Burundi |
UN Reform | The nation supports pragmatic, incremental UN reform that strengthens effectiveness without undermining the Charter, including empowering preemptive diplomacy, strengthening the general assembly, and expanding non-permanent Security Council seats to better reflect today's multipolar world. | Cambodia |
UN Reform | Chile believes the UN must be renewed and reformed. The country announces the nomination of former President Michelle Bachelet as a candidate for the post of UN Secretary-General, emphasising the need for regional balance and to remedy the historic gender imbalance in the organisation. | Chile |
UN Reform | Called for a multilateralism that is more representative of the 21st century and delivers tangible results. | Congo |
UN Reform | Stated that emerging technologies are reshaping security and that reforming the UN is an "existential necessity." | Croatia |
UN Reform | The most urgent priority is to create a new international order, which includes protecting and strengthening the UN in its intergovernmental essence, rejecting agendas subject to arbitrary priorities, and emphasising the central role of the general assembly as the most democratic and representative organ. | Cuba |
UN Reform | Called for UN reform to expand the representation of developing countries and correct the “Western-led inappropriate structure” of the Security Council to prevent the abuse of the UN’s title. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea |
UN Reform | Supported the UN 80 reform initiative, stating that if the UN fails to transform, it risks irrelevance. | Dominican Republic |
UN Reform | Restoring the United Nations and international financial institutions is a necessity to ensure a balanced representation in decision-making bodies and to lift the historic injustice inflicted upon the African continent (Zulwini consensus), while providing concessional financing and addressing the debt crisis. | Egypt |
UN Reform | Stated that the UN’s 80th anniversary must be an opportunity for critical self-reflection, acknowledging the “woeful shortcomings” of the multilateral system and its failure to meet the expectations of the world’s peoples. | Equatorial Guinea |
UN Reform | Endorsed ambitious, system-wide UN reform and highlighted Estonia's own "artificial intelligence leap" as a model. | Estonia |
UN Reform | France unequivocally supports the expansion and reform of the Security Council, especially for the African continent. A new financial architecture is needed to address global economic imbalances and mobilise private and public financing for global challenges like climate change, health, and education. | France |
UN Reform | Used the Mayan concept of a “katun” to frame the UN’s 80th anniversary as an opportunity to repair and achieve justice. | Guatemala |
UN Reform | Stated the UN has not fulfilled its mandate and called for urgent reform of the Security Council. | Guatemala |
UN Reform | Stated that to meet 21st-century challenges, the UN must undertake urgent reforms that reflect today’s geopolitical realities, expand and democratise the Security Council, and provide a voice to the global South. | Guinea Bissau |
UN Reform | The UN is in a state of crisis and remains gridlocked when peace is under threat, development is derailed, and human rights are violated, leading to an erosion of belief in multilateralism. | India |
UN Reform | Argued that a profound, pragmatic, and realistic reform of the UN is necessary and urgent. | Italy |
UN Reform | Japan questions whether the UN is fulfilling its expected role 80 years after its founding. It is concerning that the Security Council is not functioning effectively due to the veto power of permanent members. | Japan |
UN Reform | Comprehensive reform of the UN is a "strategic necessity," not a subject for endless contemplation. The Security Council needs to be reformed, with major powers from Asia, Africa, and Latin America represented on a rotational basis. | Kazakhstan |
UN Reform | Welcomed reforms that improve efficiency and protect mandates vital to vulnerable nations. | Kiribati |
UN Reform | Kyrgyzstan supports the UN80 initiative and calls for the reform of the Security Council. The country, which has never been a member of the council, believes that all countries should have the opportunity to serve and that the rights of African states should be expanded. | Kyrgyzstan |
UN Reform | Supported the UN 80 initiative, arguing that the UN must evolve to remain effective. | Latvia |
UN Reform | Framed the UN80 reform process as the “only chance” to make the organisation leaner, more effective, and more productive, and to embrace its original purpose as the guardian of peace and security. | Liechtenstein |
UN Reform | Lithuania supports the Secretary-General's UN80 reform agenda. No permanent seat on the Security Council should grant a state permanent impunity. The call for a more inclusive, effective, and accountable UN deserves broad support. | Lithuania |
UN Reform | Rejected the idea that the UN’s need is less imperative and called for leaders to never lose hope, insisting that the biggest threat to the UN comes from those who reject the idea of change and reforms. | Malta |
UN Reform | Stated that the UN’s 80th anniversary is an opportunity to breathe new life into multilateralism by reforming its operations. | Monaco |
UN Reform | The UN's legacy includes the independence of many nations, including Mozambique, which celebrates its 50th anniversary of independence. Despite its challenges, the UN remains at the forefront of global processes. Any reform effort must include the reform of the Security Council. | Mozambique |
UN Reform | The UN must adapt to address the realities of today. Nauru urges that the special circumstances of SIDS be a guiding principle in ongoing reforms. | Nauru |
UN Reform | Supported the UN80 initiative as a means for the organisation to “change with the times,” enhance its impact, simplify its structure, and forge stronger partnerships with other bodies. | Netherlands |
UN Reform | The powerless UN, hampered by the veto of Western powers, must be reformed to be more inclusive and fairer, as the fight against terrorism must be self-sufficient and not rely on foreign assistance, which has often been used to threaten and humiliate. | Niger |
UN Reform | Stressed the need for profound reforms of the UN, including the Security Council, to make it more inclusive and effective, and strongly advocated for a woman to be elected as the next Secretary-General. | North Macedonia |
UN Reform | Advocated for “tough love” in reforming the UN through the UN80 initiative, calling for an organisation that is “stronger, yet leaner,” more efficient, and has sharper prioritisation of its resources and mandates. | Norway |
UN Reform | Called for a comprehensive reform of the UN to make it more effective and representative. | Panama |
UN Reform | Peru is convinced that the world needs "more and a better UN." It supports the UN80 initiative and calls for a transformation in UN governance to prevent institutional stalemates and make it more effective. | Peru |
UN Reform | Portugal supports the UN80 initiative and the Pact for the Future. The reform of the Security Council is a priority, with a focus on three pillars: prevention, partnership, and protection. It is unacceptable that the use of a veto continues to paralyse essential decisions. | Portugal |
UN Reform | The Republic of Korea supports the UN80 initiative and hopes for a reform of the Security Council to increase the number of non-permanent members. The country is a member of the Security Council for 2024-2025. | Republic of Korea |
UN Reform | The nation affirms its commitment to multilateralism, and the UN80 initiative must be an inclusive reform process capable of delivering innovative solutions, one that preserves the integrity and balance of the three UN pillars on an equal basis. | San Marino |
UN Reform | The nation emphasises the urgent need for the UN to become more capable and more efficient in keeping pace with developments and finding the necessary approaches to resolve crises, calling for an end to the brutal and unchecked practices in Gaza, including starvation, forced displacement, and systematic killing. | Saudi Arabia |
UN Reform | Concluded that the world does not need a louder UN, but a "braver United Nations." | Sierra Leone |
UN Reform | Argued that the UN's credibility has been reduced and that it needs reform, especially of the Security Council. | Slovakia |
UN Reform | The UN can only be successful if all nations adhere to its resolutions and if the power of a single veto is eliminated. The Security Council should be expanded to include all nations with major influence, including Brazil, India, and African countries. | Suriname |
UN Reform | Stated that the UN must critically assess its ability to fulfil its founding role and supported the UN 80 reform program. | Switzerland |
UN Reform | The contemporary world is experiencing instability, turbulence, and escalating conflicts, making the UN’s role more important than ever. Tajikistan supports the UN80 initiative and the expansion of the Security Council. | Tajikistan |
UN Reform | The UN is at a crossroad facing critical challenges, and for it to fulfil its purpose, it must evolve with the changing times, with Thailand standing ready to play a constructive role in shaping a UN that is truly fit for purpose. | Thailand |
UN Reform | Concluded that the UN80 initiative offers a concrete pathway to make the institution “better, stronger, more effective, fit for purpose” and urged delegations to support the process constructively. | The President of the General Assembly |
UN Reform | The UN is at a "crossroads" and needs a "renovation." The UN80 initiative and wider reform processes are necessities, not luxuries, and member states must give them their full support. | The President of the General Assembly |
UN Reform | Argued that the UN cannot delay urgent reforms, proposing that the General Assembly be given greater power in security matters to prevent a single state from paralysing the collective security system. | Timor-Leste |
UN Reform | Affirmed that UN reform is not abstract but about “survival, dignity, fairness, and efficiency” for small island states. | Tonga |
UN Reform | The nation is celebrating the UN’s anniversary, but notes that the current era is marked by unprecedented frequency of violations of international law, requiring determined and tireless work to renew trust in multilateral work and reform the organisation. | Tunisia |
UN Reform | Türkiye supports the UN80 initiative to make the organisation more effective. The current Security Council is criticised, and the statement "the world is bigger than five" is repeated, emphasising the need for a system where the "righteous are powerful, not the powerful are righteous." | Türkiye |
UN Reform | The world is in a complex and rapidly changing situation, with the role of international institutions weakening. Uzbekistan fully supports the UN80 initiative and the transformation of the Security Council to protect the interests of developing countries. | Uzbekistan |
UN Reform | Global governance institutions must undergo vigorous reforms to become more adaptive and equitable. Vietnam supports the UN80 initiative to build a “leaner, more coherent, effective, and efficient” UN. | Viet Nam |
UN Relevance | Maintained that despite its flaws, the UN remains a unique space where dialogue is still possible, and its legitimacy and future lie in the full participation of all members in decision-making. | Guinea Bissau |
UN Relevance | Questioned the UN’s relevance, warning that institutions drift into irrelevance when they do not adapt and reform. | Kenya |
UN Relevance | Countered claims that the UN can no longer justify its existence by highlighting its achievements in disarmament, international justice, and humanitarian aid, arguing that without it, millions would be deprived of food, water, and medical assistance. | Netherlands |
UN Relevance | The nation recalls the fate of the League of Nations and stresses that the UN must not share the same fate, urging the world to act to ensure that aggressors can no longer replace the rule of law with the rule of the mighty. | Romania |
UN Relevance | Argued that in a time of extreme complexity and uncertainty, the UN is not only useful but indispensable and irreplaceable. | Spain |
UN Relevance | Countered the narrative that the UN is failing by asserting that its founding vision remains valid and that now is the time to act and defend the fundamental rules and principles of the charter for future generations. | Sweden |
UN Support | As Germans, the nation is deeply grateful for the opportunity to be engaged for peace, prosperity, and security in the UN, which means it feels particularly responsible for the organisation, noting that the UN is only as strong as its member states want it to be. | Germany |
UN Support & Gratitude | Its national motto and message is that "united virtue is stronger," which guides its commitment to fair, balanced international cooperation and multilateralism. | Andorra |
UN Support & Gratitude | Stated that if the UN has fallen short, it is because its members have failed to act, and the current crises are a warning that reveal a pattern of international indifference and impunity. | Belize |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN Charter is not just a legal text but a moral covenant and a collective vow against war and dehumanisation, which for small states like Brunei affirms sovereignty, dignity, and belonging, making multilateralism a "lifeline." | Brunei Darussalam |
UN Support & Gratitude | Its core identity and message to the world is that "unity makes strength," which is more urgent than ever in a world shaken by division and conflicts. | Bulgaria |
UN Support & Gratitude | The 80th anniversary is not a cause for celebration but is akin to looking at an embarrassing fiasco, a collective disappointment, and a structural failure, marred by unfulfilled optimism, disappointment, and shattered dreams. | Burkina Faso |
UN Support & Gratitude | Stated that the UN's anniversary is a reminder that the destinies of all peoples are intertwined. | Central African Republic |
UN Support & Gratitude | Stated that the international system centered around the UN and international order based on law have achieved unprecedented development, while warning that unilateralism and Cold War mentality are resurfacing, challenging the international order. | China |
UN Support & Gratitude | Reaffirmed the ideals of solidarity and multilateralism while noting they are threatened by a resurgence of armed conflicts. | Congo |
UN Support & Gratitude | Recalled the UN's role in Croatia's own struggle for independence as a lesson in how to end a complex war. | Croatia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Acknowledged the UN's achievements while noting that the world has not become more secure, particularly due to Russia. | Czechia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Concluded that global challenges require greater cooperation and that multilateralism must thrive for future generations. | Czechia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Argued that despite current challenges like rising poverty and wars, the UN is "as essential as ever," and the solution is to adapt and reform it, not abandon it. | Denmark |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN was founded 80 years ago to serve peace, development, and human rights. While the dream of cooperation was right, today's world faces proliferating conflicts, climate change, and unregulated technology, which threaten the collective capacity to act. | France |
UN Support & Gratitude | As Germans, the nation is deeply grateful for the opportunity to be engaged for peace, prosperity, and security in the UN, which means it feels particularly responsible for the organisation, noting that the UN is only as strong as its member states want it to be. | Germany |
UN Support & Gratitude | Stated that the UN is at a crossroads, facing raging conflicts and a looming shadow of genocide and annexation. | Guyana |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN's founding ideals of equality and unalienable rights to life and liberty inspired Indonesia's own struggle for independence. The UN and its agencies provided vital assistance in the country's early development. | Indonesia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Iraq thanks the UN for its support in the defence of its democratic system. The country has responded positively to the UN80 initiative and is ready to discuss hosting UN regional headquarters. | Iraq |
UN Support & Gratitude | Recalled the UN's success in liberating Kuwait as a model of achieving justice and peace. | Kuwait |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN, despite criticism, remains the only truly universal organisation that has a special role in preventing global conflicts. However, today, new conflicts are erupting in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, and the world community applies "double standards" to them. | Kyrgyzstan |
UN Support & Gratitude | Stated that the UN's very foundations—sovereign equality, adherence to international law, and collective problem-solving—are being challenged in a way not seen before, threatening to undermine the entire system. | Liechtenstein |
UN Support & Gratitude | Described the UN as a "temple of multilateralism" that has kept the flame of unity and peace burning. | Madagascar |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN has been a beacon of hope for 80 years. Mongolia has consistently upheld the UN Charter and its principles. The country's history and traditions of peaceful coexistence are an example to follow. | Mongolia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Highlighted its 70-year history as a UN member, proudly noting it is the largest troop-contributing country to peacekeeping missions and a steadfast advocate for disarmament. | Nepal |
UN Support & Gratitude | The history of the Republic of Korea, from colonial rule to a strong democracy with UN assistance, proves the value of the UN's existence. The country is now a proud member and is ready to take on the role of a leading nation. | Republic of Korea |
UN Support & Gratitude | Asserted that the UN Charter remains the only framework capable of holding the world together. | Serbia |
UN Support & Gratitude | Held up the UN's role in ending Sierra Leone's civil war as proof that multilateral solidarity works. | Sierra Leone |
UN Support & Gratitude | Even in fractious times, multilateralism still works, citing the consensus adoption of the BB&J treaty, the agreement on the normative framework for cybersecurity (open-ended working group), and the conclusion of WIPO treaties as success stories. | Singapore |
UN Support & Gratitude | Despite the pessimism, the multilateral system and international law underpinned by the UN still remain the best way to uphold global peace and prosperity in a fair and inclusive way, especially for a small, trade-dependent state like Singapore. | Singapore |
UN Support & Gratitude | Recalled that peace has been the UN's defining mission, a mission that is now under threat. | Slovakia |
UN Support & Gratitude | The hopes for peace and cooperation following the end of the Cold War have not materialised. The Security Council is failing, progress on SDGs is lagging, and international law is under siege. The genocide convention risks becoming a relic of the past. | Slovenia |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN has played an important role in decolonisation, human rights, and development. However, it has been unsuccessful in preventing wars and human rights violations, with the war returning to Europe and other parts of the world. | Suriname |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN is not a luxury but a necessity. Without institutions like UNICEF, WFP, and WHO, the world would be much worse off. The UN is a compass pointing toward peace, humanity, and justice, and it is the "life insurance for every country." | The President of the General Assembly |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN and its Charter are not failing; it is member states that are failing to uphold them. Failures in places like Gaza and Ukraine are not the fault of humanitarian law or the UN as an institution, but of the unwillingness of member states to hold violators accountable. | The President of the General Assembly |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN was founded as a practical strategy for humanity's survival, but its principles are now under siege. The world faces an age of disruption and suffering, and a choice must be made between a world of raw power and a world of laws. | The UN Secretary General |
UN Support & Gratitude | The UN was founded as a practical strategy for humanity's survival, but its principles are now under siege. The world faces an age of disruption and suffering, and a choice must be made between a world of raw power and a world of laws. | The UN Secretary General |
UN Support & Gratitude | Described itself as an "indisputable symbol of the triumph of the international system," having restored its independence through the UN, and reaffirmed that multilateralism is a necessity. | Timor-Leste |
UN Support & Gratitude | Uruguay's international tradition includes staunch support for multilateralism, international law, and dialogue. The country has deployed battalions to UN peace operations for 35 years without interruption and is the leading country in Latin America for this. | Uruguay |
UN’s role and global challenges | The UN was founded as a practical strategy for humanity’s survival, but its principles are now under siege. The world faces an age of disruption and suffering, and a choice must be made between a world of raw power and a world of laws. | The UN Secretary General |
Unilateralism | The conduct of a small group of countries that does not conform to minimum acceptable standards of global coexistence is the root of unilateral and subjective sanctions. The exclusion of Palestine’s president from the assembly is a “profoundly negative signal.” | Angola |
Unity | Concluded with a call for unity and action, stating that division is not a solution. | Madagascar |
Urban Development | Offered the world an alternate approach to urban living: the Gelufu Mindfulness City, a special administrative region founded on the values of sustainability, harmony, spirituality, and Gross National Happiness. | Bhutan |
US Foreign Policy | The president criticises US foreign policy as a continuation of a “stone age” that uses missiles against unarmed young people in the Caribbean and is leading humanity to an abyss. He accuses President Trump of being an accomplice to a “genocide” in Gaza. | Colombia |
US Foreign Policy | The nation strongly rejects threats of aggression against Venezuela, repudiates the Monroe Doctrine, and condemns the US naval and air deployment in the Caribbean, which generates a dangerous situation that violates international law and regional security. | Cuba |
US Foreign Policy | Denounced what it termed “unacceptable State’s terrorism” and “bellicose rhetoric” from imperialist powers, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. | Nicaragua |
Veto Power | UN reform should make further progress in representativity and working methods, and the nation explicitly stated the need to act together and make sure that the aggressor “doesn’t have the power to veto anymore” on the wars it has started. | Romania |
War Crimes | Accused the rebel Rapid Support militia of perpetrating crimes against the Sudanese people, including systematic killing, torture, looting, and rape as part of an integrated project to control Sudan and plunder its wealth. | Sudan |
Water Rights | Egypt’s perspective on conflicts gives precedence to the sovereignty of states and settling disputes by peaceful means, warning that Ethiopia’s imposition of a fait accompli on the Nile is delusional, and Egypt is ready to resort to justice and international arbitration to protect its existential interests. | Egypt |
Water Security | Iraq is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Water scarcity in transboundary rivers is an “existential threat.” Iraq calls on Turkey and Iran to reach permanent agreements for the management of the Tigris and Euphrates river basins. | Iraq |
Women's Participation | Multilateralism is more effective when women participate fully in peacekeeping, conflict prevention, or humanitarian response, as their voices and leadership strengthen the community and make peace more durable. | Thailand |
Women's Rights | Expressed alarm at setbacks in human rights, particularly for women, and called for a collective commitment to combat violence against them. | Monaco |
Youth | Concluded with a call to ensure every child has the right to live in peace and have a decent life. | Slovakia |
Youth Empowerment | Described Bangladesh’s journey, spearhead by its youth who defeated tyranny, as a reminder of the extraordinary power of ordinary people and a source of hope. | Bangladesh |
297 arguments on AI and digitalisation
Topic | Argument | Country/Actor |
---|---|---|
Common good & global cooperation | Technology must be put at the service of humanity. It must be our servant, not our master. | UN Secretary-General |
Common good & global cooperation | The use of technology and global connectivity is too often twisted by cynical leaders and warmongering regimes, but can be harnessed for the common good. | Slovenia |
AI inclusion and capacity building | A vision of AI for all is needed to ensure that tech advancements contribute to the universal values of humanity. | Republic of Korea |
Digital governance | Africa must play an active role in defining international roles and standards and ensuring that technology is at the service of humanity. | Mozambique |
Digital divide and inclusion | The international community must ensure that technology lifts up humanity and no country is locked out of the digital future. | UN Secretary-General |
Digital governance | Peak technology is picking up pace, opening horizons of opportunity but paving the way for dangerous forces because they are not regulated. New risks are posed by AI, cyber, space and quantum technologies, and while common frameworks exist, they have been weakened or outpaced. Existing rules and institutions need to be consolidated, and frameworks for peace need to be built. | France |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Türkiye, |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Kazakhstan |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | Uzbekistan |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI capacity gaps must be closed. All countries and societies must be able to use, design and develop AI, and benefit from the opportunities the technology offers. | UN Secretary-General |
AI for development | AI technologies should be used for the benefit of humanity, not as a new tool of domination. The UN Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries could play a critical role in closing the digital and technological gap. | Türkiye |
AI for development | A new international cooperation mechanism is proposed to facilitate the exchange of practical solutions and models of AI in healthcare, education, and culture. | Uzbekistan |
AI for development | Not taking advantage of AI means wasting economic opportunities. Countries need to adapt to the challenges imposed by the need to use AI responsibly. | Morocco |
AI governance | The advancement of AI is outpacing regulation and responsibility, with its control concentrated in a few hands. | UN Secretary-General |
AI governance | There is a need for universal guardrails, common standards, and ethical norms to ensure transparency, safety, accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights in its deployment. The UN’s recent steps to establish an international scientific panel and an annual global dialogue on AI governance are supported. | UN Secretary-General |
AI governance | There is a need for universal guardrails, common standards, and ethical norms to ensure transparency, safety, accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights in its deployment. The UN’s recent steps to establish an international scientific panel and an annual global dialogue on AI governance are supported. | Kazakhstan |
AI governance | Commitment was expressed to building multilateral governance to mitigate the risks of AI, in line with the Global Digital Compact. | Brazil |
AI governance | AI could lead to a dystopia of deepening polarisation, inequality, and human rights abuses if not proactively managed. It can also be a driving force for innovation, prosperity, and direct democracy. | Republic of Korea |
Tech, peace, and security | Artificial intelligence poses new challenges to human dignity, justice, and labor, with risks of exclusion, social manipulation, and militarization through autonomous weapons. Addressing them requires understanding how AI works and having robust safeguards in place. | Mozambique |
Cybersecurity | Digital technologies come with new security threats, in particular cybercrime. Cybersecurity must be an important component of collective security. | Tajikistan |
Cybercrime | Viet Nam looks forward to the signing ceremony of the UN Convention Against Cybercrime. | Viet Nam |
Tech, peace, and security | There are risks associated with new technologies, from biotech to autonomous weapons. There is also a rise of tools for mass surveillance and control, which can intensify the race for critical minerals and potentially spark instability. | UN Secretary-General |
Tech, peace, and security | The US will pioneer an AI verification system to enforce the Biological Weapons Convention. | United States |
Tech, peace, and security | Digital, space and AI technologies should be used as forces for peace, not tools for domination. | Portugal |
Tech, peace, and security | The use of ICTs to harm peace, security and sustainable development needs to be prevented. | Turkmenistan |
Human rights online | Technology must serve humanity and be a force for good. It must promote human rights, human dignity, and human agency. | UN Secretary-General |
Content governance | Regulating digital platforms does not mean restraining freedom of expression, but ensuring that what is illegal offline is also illegal online. | Brazil |
Content governance | Digital platforms offer possibilities for people to come together, but they have also been used for sowing intolerance, misogyny, xenophobia, and misinformation, necessitating government regulation to protect the vulnerable. | Brazil |
Tech, peace, and security | The rise of tools for mass disruption and mass social control is a concern. | UN Secretary-General |
Trust | There’s a growing challenge of disinformation being used to undermine democratic institutions and destabilise societies. The international community needs to defend truth as a supreme value. | Lithuania |
Digital divide and inclusion | To bridge the digital and technological divides is central to building resilient societies. | Portugal |
Digital divide and inclusion | It is important to prevent inequalities in digital development and the use of artificial intelligence between countries. | Uzbekistan |
Digital governance | Digital transformation must be balanced, reflect the realities and legitimate interests of all states, and be free from politicisation and bias. A proposal will be made to establish a world platform on digital integration. | Turkmenistan |
Technology transfer | There is a need for technological and climate diplomacy that can regulate risks and democratise benefits through genuine transfer and sharing of technology and knowledge, so that technology is a factor of inclusive development. | Mozambique |
Technology transfer | Sustainable development models need to be based on digital and green transition. For this, countries must invest in R&D, train human resources, develop green infrastructure, and formulate national plans, while developed countries must take responsibility in sharing and transferring technology to developing and underdeveloped countries. | Viet Nam |
Technology transfer | Nations which benefited the most from industrial and economic development in the past should support developing countries through measures such as technology transfers and adequate financing. | Angola |
Critical minerals | Robust regulations need to balance responsible mineral extraction with effective environmental protection. | Nauru |
Critical minerals | Rich countries are demanding greater access to resources and technology. The race for critical minerals cannot repeat the predatory and asymmetrical logic of past centuries. | Brazil |
Critical minerals | Critical minerals need to be harnessed for inclusive growth and sustainable development, including within the communities where these minerals are extracted from. | South Africa |
Critical minerals | The governance of strategic minerals needs to ensure that exploitation complies with the principles of sustainable development, economic sovereignty and people’s well-being. | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Digital governance | Technological disruptions are currently outpacing governance. | Kenya |
Digital governance | The digital age must be guided by international cooperation, ethical standards, and respect for human rights, with technology placed at the service of humanity. | Albania |
Common good & global cooperation | The world needs a strong and effective UN system capable of responding to the rapid evolution of new technologies. | Czechia |
Common good & global cooperation | A renewed UN can strengthen digital security and international cooperation with ethical and inclusive principles that support freedom of expression. | Panama |
Digital governance | Albania is co-leading with Kenya the review process of the World Summit on the Information Society - WSIS - and will work to ensure a successful outcome. | Albania |
Common good & global cooperation | International Geneva can make a unique contribution to the attainment of global goals, leveraging its expertise in humanity and innovation as a centre for reflection, discussion, and concerted action. | Switzerland |
AI governance | AI must serve human dignity, development, and human rights, and not the other way around. | Estonia |
AI governance | AI governance is seen as one of three significant global challenges facing the international community, along with nuclear weapons and the triple planetary crisis. | Costa Rica |
AI governance | Governments should act swiftly to create regulations that make AI safer and more beneficial for people. Focus should be placed on developing AI responsibly, not halting progress. | Latvia |
AI governance | A responsible approach from all international institutions, the private sector, and governments is needed to steer the AI revolution. | Slovakia |
AI governance | Regulations, ethical standards, and governance mechanisms are urgently needed in the AI space, to address issues of equity and access. | Guyana |
AI governance | A global standard is called for to ensure the use of AI is transparent, fair, and respects ethical boundaries, without substituting for human judgment or responsibility. | Namibia |
AI governance | The UN General Assembly’s decision to establish two global AI governance mechanisms – the independent international scientific panel and a global dialogue on AI governance – is welcomed. | Guyana |
AI governance | The UN General Assembly’s decision to establish two global AI governance mechanisms – the independent international scientific panel and a global dialogue on AI governance – is welcomed. | Costa Rica |
AI for development | AI can accelerate progress on the 2030 Agenda if directed towards a fair and equitable digital transformation. | Spain |
AI for development | It can strengthen national economies and collective efforts for development, optimising resources, accelerating medical research, and democratising access to knowledge. | Costa Rica |
AI for development | AI can also promote economic growth, drive scientific progress and innovation, improve healthcare, and make education more accessible. | Latvia |
AI for development | AI and digitisation can accelerate the demand for energy. | Guyana |
AI for development | Investment is needed in new technologies and artificial intelligence to help developing countries transition to a more prosperous future. | Congo |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI must stand for “Africa included”. | Nigeria |
AI for development | An AI hub for sustainable development is being opened, involving hundreds of African startups in the development of artificial intelligence. | Italy |
AI governance | A neutral sovereign artificial intelligence zone has been proposed. | Sri Lanka |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Guyana is establishing an AI hyperscale data centre which will help accelerate digitalisation and improve competitiveness. | Guyana |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Equipping citizens with the skills to use AI wisely and responsibly is essential. Estonia is implementing a new ‘Artificial Intelligence Leap’ to provide the best technological tools to students and teachers to maintain a comparative edge in education. | Estonia |
Tech, peace, and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Croatia |
Tech, peace, and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Latvia |
Tech, peace, and security | Concerns were raised about the impact of drones – with or without AI – on peace and security. The proliferation of drones available to countries with limited resources or non-state actors presents a rapidly evolving security threat, having increased the lethality and changed the economics of war. | Ukraine |
Tech, peace, and security | Acts of hybrid warfare include disinformation campaigns, attempts to undermine public trust, cyberattacks, and acts of sabotage carried out by mercenaries recruited online. | Czechia |
Tech, peace, and security | Damage to undersea cables and GPS jamming are also part of a growing wave of hybrid attacks. | Latvia |
Tech, peace, and security | Emerging threats such as cyberattacks, hybrid attacks, and the misuse of AI (for instance to spread disinformation or enable attacks on critical infrastructure) challenge international peace, security, and stability. Countering these requires resilience and increased cooperation. | Latvia |
Tech, peace, and security | Emerging threats such as cyberattacks, hybrid attacks, and the misuse of AI (for instance to spread disinformation or enable attacks on critical infrastructure) challenge international peace, security, and stability. Countering these requires resilience and increased cooperation. | Costa Rica |
Tech, peace, and security | Technologies like AI, cyber capabilities, space technology and robotics can strengthen defenses, but can also be misused by hostile actors. Security needs to be rethought, nationally and globally. Rules, safeguards, and cooperation must keep pace with innovation in technologies, to ensure that they can contribute to resilience and stability. The UN must evolve to be able to effectively address such complex challenges. | Croatia |
Tech, peace, and security | Technologies like AI, cyber capabilities, space technology and robotics can strengthen defenses, but can also be misused by hostile actors. Security needs to be rethought, nationally and globally. Rules, safeguards, and cooperation must keep pace with innovation in technologies, to ensure that they can contribute to resilience and stability. The UN must evolve to be able to effectively address such complex challenges. | Cyprus |
Tech, peace, and security | There is an urgent need for global rules on how AI can be used in weapons, comparable in urgency to preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. | Ukraine |
Tech, peace, and security | Military automation, enabled by AI, challenges the ability to maintain meaningful human control over life-or-death decisions without adequate regulatory frameworks. The conclusion of a legally binding instrument before 2026,is urged to establish prohibitions and regulations for autonomous weapons systems capable of identifying, selecting, and attacking targets without meaningful human control, stressing that no algorithm should make life or death decisions. | Costa Rica |
Tech, peace, and security | The arms race is resuming, including in cyberspace. | Senegal |
Cybercrime | Cybercrime and cyber terrorism are emerging challenges. | Guyana |
Human rights online | Safeguarding digital rights and advancing media freedom are critical for advancing democracy and protecting international law-based multilateral world order.. | Estonia |
Digital governance | It is proposed to establish a global charter for digital governance and ethical AI to protect human rights in the digital sphere. | Central African Republic |
Content governance | The ‘pandemic’ of misinformation and disinformation is an emerging challenge. | Guyana |
Content governance | The proliferation of misinformation, particularly via digital platforms, has fuelled distrust between countries, targeting elections, trade negotiations, and public sentiment. | Serbia |
Content governance | Disinformation, which gains even greater volume in digital environments, is eroding public trust and is part of the challenges testing the principles of the UN Charter and the UN’s authority. | Dominican Republic |
Content governance | Disinformation, which gains even greater volume in digital environments, is eroding public trust and is part of the challenges testing the principles of the UN Charter and the UN’s authority. | Sierra Leone |
Trust | Autocracies are deploying new technology to undermine trust in democracy, institutions, and each other. | Australia |
Trust | Concern was expressed about an emerging generation that grows cynical because it believes nothing and trusts less, due to the rapid advancement of technology. | Nigeria |
Digital divide and inclusion | Ensuring that every person and country benefits from the opportunities of the digital age is a global challenge. The international community must work together to close the digital gap between states that can and cannot benefit from digital tech and AI as development tools. | Sri Lanka |
Digital divide and inclusion | There is a need for a new dialogue to promote a level of access to technology that allows emerging economies to more quickly close the wealth and knowledge gap. | Nigeria |
Digital divide and inclusion | The digital divide must be closed. | Costa Rica |
Digital divide and inclusion | The digital divide must be closed. | Nigeria |
Digital divide and inclusion | Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Comoros |
Digital divide and inclusion | Advancing digital inclusion and the digital transition is essential for states to meet development goals. | Kiribati |
Digital divide and inclusion | A dedicated initiative is advocated for, bringing together researchers, the private sector, government, and communities to close the digital divide. | Nigeria |
Digital economy and trade | Investments are made in digital transformation and the digital economy to foster inclusion and innovation, and ensure no one is left behind. | Albania |
Digital economy and trade | Investments are made in digital transformation and the digital economy to foster inclusion and innovation, and ensure no one is left behind. | Sierra Leone |
Digital development | Digital solutions are vital for overcoming challenges from geographical isolation and limited economies of scale, and are key to enhancing public services, education, commerce, and climate resilience. | Kiribati |
Digital public infrastructure and services | The GovStack initiative, co-founded by Estonia in collaboration with the International Telecommunications Union and Germany, provides governments with a digital public infrastructure toolbox aimed at modernising digital services by creating a modular, open-source, and scalable framework. | Estonia |
Digital development | Digitalisation is a part of the commitment to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda goals. | Serbia |
Digital governance | Digital democracy is a national aim. | Sri Lanka |
Technology transfer | Many countries need technology transfers and capacity building (Guatemala), developed countries must honour their commitments in these areas. (Sierra Leone) Solidarity, translated into technology transfers and other measures, is needed. | Dominican Republic |
Digital economy and trade | The world urgently needs supply chains that are more reliable, diversified, and resilient. | Paraguay |
Digital economy and trade | Allowing critical infrastructure to depend on authoritarian regimes is gambling with both the economy and democracy. | Paraguay |
Critical minerals | Africa has an abundance of critical minerals that will drive the technologies of the future. Investments in the exploration, development, and processing of these minerals in Africa will diversify supply to the international market and help shape the architecture for peace and prosperity. Countries that host minerals must benefit from them through investment, partnership, local processing, and jobs. | Nigeria |
Digital governance | There is a need for global standards for transparency and accountability mechanisms to address abuses associated with digital technologies; these should be as dynamic as the technologies themselves. | European Union |
Common good & global cooperation | Technological breakthroughs, including artificial intelligence, must foster peace, development, and human dignity. | Haiti |
AI governance | A human-centred approach to AI is favoured – one based on fundamental values, democracy, and the rule of law. With the EU having adopted a regulatory framework for responsible AI, it calls for an equivalent level of ambition in the international domain. | European Union |
AI governance | Rapid technological change, especially the rise of artificial intelligence, must be harnessed in a safe, responsible, and inclusive manner. | Montenegro |
AI governance | AI is developing with lightning speed and largely unchecked, posing obvious risks to the social fabric without any agreement on rules and boundaries. | Liechtenstein |
AI governance | Global/international cooperation is needed to set AI on the right course (United Kingdom), and ensure AI systems remain safe, secure, and trustworthy. | Micronesia |
AI governance | A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to guarantee inclusive access and ensure its use is guided by the common good. | Ecuador |
AI governance | The global community must support innovation in emerging technologies like AI while addressing the associated risks. | Sweden |
AI governance | AI brings enormous opportunities but also incalculable risks for civilisation, and it should be made a priority of UNGA’s 80th session. | North Macedonia |
AI governance | Concern is expressed about the misuse of AI by capitalism, which could accelerate climate change and liquidate the planet. | Bolivia |
Content governance | The internet, social media platforms, and artificial intelligence reinforce isolation by using algorithms that ensure people receive more of the same content rather than new ideas. | Ghana |
Digital development | We must change with the times and take advantage of today’s opportunities such as using AI and other technologies. | Netherlands |
AI for development | AI is the most powerful new lever to advance the UN charter’s vision of social progress and better standards of life. It needs to be forged as a force for freedom, prosperity, and human dignity. | United Kingdom |
AI for development | AI should be championed as a bridge-builder across continents to share its extraordinary potential. | United Kingdom |
AI for development | AI for development is championed through partnerships with African nations to create AI ecosystems that empower communities to meet the sustainable development goals. | United Kingdom |
Cybersecurity | Cyber threats are among the major challenges of our time. People trust the UN to tackle such challenges, but often the responses provided have falled short. | Equatorial Guinea |
Cybersecurity | Micronesia is committed to developing national strategies and policies to safeguard digital data and mitigate the risk of malicious attacks. | Micronesia |
Tech, peace, and security | Artificial intelligence is being used to consolidate repression and empower criminals across the internet. | United Kingdom |
Tech, peace, and security | New technologies are being utilised to disrupt communications and guidance systems. | Yemen |
Tech, peace, and security | Wars are now multidimensional, including media, information, and cyberwarfare, war from space, and the use of other technologies that are developed without impunity. | Bolivia |
Tech, peace, and security | AI, social media, and the internet, including the dark web, carry a potential threat to global peace and security. | Ghana |
Common good & global cooperation | A call is made for enhanced global cooperation to address the root causes of conflict, including new technologies. | Uganda |
AI governance | The inclusive and constructive dialogue that shaped the first UNGA resolution on AI should serve as a model for discussions on AI, peace, and security, and on the responsible use of AI in the military domain. | Micronesia |
Tech, peace, and security | International humanitarian law must be upheld, and weapons which “kill randomly” must be banned. | Austria |
Human rights online | The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by the abuse of digital technologies. | European Union |
Human rights online | Emerging technologies, particularly AI, pose significant risks to human rights, requiring a move toward multilateral and ethical governance. | Ecuador |
Trust | The rise of disinformation is among the challenges our world is confronted with. (Haiti, Montenegro). Technology makes it easier to disseminate disinformation and sow seeds of division. | Ghana |
Human rights online | The values of freedom, democracy, and human rights are threatened by disinformation. | European Union |
Content governance | Authoritarian states are manipulating large language models so that chatbots answer in the voice of their propaganda. | United Kingdom |
Digital development | Access to technologies, especially in the digital and artificial intelligence era, is a decisive factor for promoting sustainable development. | Cameroon |
Digital development | Technologies of the future should be embraced as an opportunity for growth, innovation, and a sustainable future. | Norway |
Digital divide and inclusion | Digital access programmes seek to narrow the technological divide for millions. | United Kingdom |
AI governance | A move towards multilateral and ethical governance of AI is necessary to avoid new digital gaps. | Ecuador |
Digital development | The national growth and development plan focuses on developing the digital sector and enhancing youth employment. | Gabon |
Digital development | Digital transformation is a catalyst for sustainable development. Partnerships with developed countries in advancing technology are welcomed. (Eswatini) Global partners are invited to invest in technology. | Botswana |
Digital development | There is a desire for a modern state able to invest in people, development, technology, and education. | State of Palestine |
Digital divide and inclusion | Existing inequalities mean that only some are at the frontier of digital technologies. | Dominica |
Digital divide and inclusion | There are widening technological inequalities and unequal access to technology. | Rwanda |
Digital development | There is potential for cooperation in digital connectivity, with Azerbaijan leading initiatives like the Digital Silk Way, which includes plans for an advanced fibre optic cable network under the Caspian Sea. | Azerbaijan |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Uganda is deploying digital health solutions to improve service delivery and accountability. | Uganda |
Technology transfer | A lack of technological transfer is a major challenge. | Equatorial Guinea |
Technology transfer | Technology transfers are advocated for. | Ecuador |
Technology transfer | Support is required in technology transfer to address the intertwined challenges of development and environmental stability. | South Sudan |
Digital divide and inclusion | No state should be locked out of opportunities for growth, finance, and technology due to geographical circumstances. | Ethiopia |
Technology transfer | A call for increased long-term concessional financing, technology transfer, and fairer trade terms is made to support domestic development efforts. | Tanzania |
Technology transfer | A call is made for fairer global governance, including equal access to financing for green technologies. | Chad |
Digital governance | The opportunities and consequences of the digital revolution are among today’s complex and interconnected challenges. They cannot be solved by acting alone. | Ireland |
Digital governance | Information wars and the regulation of AI are among the global challenges to tackle and which require solidarity among member states. | Cote d’Ivoire |
Common good & global cooperation | Addressing technological challenges that overwhelm natural systems, economies, and even basic human rights requires international cooperation and the United Nations. | Belize |
Digital governance | Global governance rules should be improved at a faster pace, and cooperation should be strengthened so that technological progress can bring real benefits to humanity. | China |
Digital governance | There is a call to strengthen multilateral governance, defend international law, promote human rights, and adopt joint measures to address global technological challenges. | Andorra |
Digital governance | The UN must embrace digital diplomacy for the AI age. | Malta |
Digital governance | Inclusive, multistakeholder approaches to global digital governance, AI, and space technologies can ensure that they advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). | Bulgaria |
Digital governance | The Global Digital Compact is welcomed. (Cote d’Ivoire) It is an opportunity to strengthen multilateralism, which is needed for its implementation and a more inclusive global governance. (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga) The Compact is not a luxury, but a necessity for developing countries (Lesotho), The Compact can help advance equitable access to digital technologies. | Cabo Verde |
AI governance | Without safeguards, AI can be very dangerous. It can impact children’s mental health, spread disinformation, cause displacements on the job market, and concentrate immense power in the hands of a few multinational corporations. | Greece |
AI governance | Unregulated AI, while having tremendous promise, poses significant risk. Preserving a rule-based international system can help address the risk. | Barbados |
AI governance | There is a need to build a global governance architecture through multilateral negotiations that will ensure safe, secure, ethical, and inclusive use of AI. The capabilities of this technology should be harnessed responsibly and collectively. | Mauritius |
AI governance | The growing challenge of AI requires a mature multilateralism to tackle successfully. | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
AI governance | AI and other technologies should adhere to the principles of people-centred development, technology for good and equitable benefits, and require improving relevant governance rules and strengthening global governance cooperation. | China |
AI governance | A call was made for the adoption of binding universal standards to regulate the use of AI and ensure it is used to achieve development for the benefit of all. | Cote d’Ivoire |
AI governance | A call was made for an international convention to regulate and govern the development of AI. | Bahrain |
AI governance | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to manage responsible use of A for development. | Solomon Islands |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Greece |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Barbados |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Mauritius, |
AI governance | The establishment of the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance is welcomed, as these lay the foundations of a global architecture where AI can be steered by science and guided by cooperation. They can also help to avoid deepening inequality and leaving people exposed to the risk and exploitation of AI and the distortion of facts. | Zimbabwe |
AI governance | There is a proposal for Global AI Governance Initiative and the establishment of a World AI Cooperation Organization. | China |
AI for development | The transformatory potential of AI as a tool for development was recognised. | Greece |
AI for development | The transformatory potential of AI as a tool for development was recognised. | Zimbabwe |
AI for development | AI and data analytics offer real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. | Samoa |
AI inclusion and capacity building | The benefits of AI, large language models, and quantum computing must not be biased, and their benefits must be shared fairly with all to avoid creating an entire generation who feel excluded and marginalised, making them vulnerable to harmful temptations. | Bangladesh |
Technology transfer | Cooperating with Israel will provide Arab and Muslim leaders with groundbreaking Israeli technologies, including in AI. | Israel |
Cybercrime | Transnational criminal networks involved in cybercrime are an existential threat to states. | Jamaica |
Cybercrime | Criminals are misusing technology for harmful behaviours, with destabilising consequences. Establishing frameworks and strategies to combat the use of technology for criminal purposes is supported. | Zimbabwe |
Cybersecurity | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address cybersecurity challenges. | Solomon Islands |
Cybersecurity | Cybersecurity is one area of cooperation with the EU, the USA, and Brazil. | Cabo Verde |
Cybersecurity | Partnership is sought with states, organisations, and regional and international groupings to strengthen cybersecurity. | Bahrain |
Cybersecurity | There is a need for an open and secure internet. | Bulgaria |
Digital governance | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to address the protection of data and privacy. | Solomon Islands |
Digital divide and inclusion | Multilingualism must be promoted, especially in a context of homogenisation and digitalisation where gaps may leave people behind, as it facilitates inclusive dialogue. | Andorra |
Human rights online | An open and secure Internet and the protection of human rights are emphasised. | Bulgaria |
Human rights online | In the digital age, children face new risks and threats, often invisible. A Centre for Digital Well-being and Digital Skills and Competencies and a Digital Well-being Plan for Children and Youth have been created, with specific actions to protect minors and youth in the digital environment. Regulatory and technical frameworks are sought, with the ITU and other agencies, to ensure the internet is a tool for development and child protection. | Andorra |
Human rights online | A safe, inclusive digital environment is needed that places children’s rights at the very heart of it. | Andorra |
Human rights online | There is a need to protect the mental health of children from the unsupervised experiment run with their brains by platforms where harmful content and addictive scrolling are intentional. Big platforms can no longer profit at the expense of children’s mental health, and a business model built on addictive algorithms that feed what can be labelled as digital junk is unacceptable. Digital technology is no different than any other industry that needs to operate under health and safety regulations, guided by the principle: “Do no harm.” | Greece |
Digital governance | A proposal for a pan-European Digital Age of Majority to access digital platforms is being examined by the European Commission, with support from 13 EU Member States. | Greece |
Human rights online | Laws are being strengthened to protect children susceptible to harm from technology in this digital age. | Tonga |
Trust | Disinformation and fake news undermine trust. | Pakistan |
Trust | The spread of fake news distorts reality and threatens the stability of societies, creating a platform for hate to thrive and prejudice to rise, contributing to the “crisis of truth”. | Barbados |
Trust | Disinformation and hate speech have become matters of grave concern, compounded by the deliberate use of fake news and AI-driven deepfakes. Cooperation is needed to confront these challenges before they erode trust and weaken social harmony. | Bangladesh |
Content governance | Support is expressed for efforts to develop a governance framework to combat misinformation. | Solomon Islands |
Content governance | An international convention is called for to combat religious hate speech and racism and ban the abuse of digital platforms to incite extremism, radicalism, or terrorism. | Bahrain |
Common good & global cooperation | Technology is both our greatest shared opportunity and one of the defining challenges for our future prosperity. (Greece) Advancements in technologies like AI and network communications, along with their benefits, also bring potential risks. | China |
Common good & global cooperation | The principles of people-centred development, technology for good, and equitable benefits need to be adhered to. | China |
Digital development | The digital transformation, including AI and data analytics, offers real opportunities to drive an inclusive, just energy transition, particularly through off-grid solutions and smarter energy planning. | Samoa |
Digital economy and trade | High-tech innovation developed in Taiwan – including semiconductors, AI, biotech – are vital to global supply chain security and sustainable development. | Belize |
Digital development | Digitisation, AI and crypto are embraced as tools of the future. | Pakistan |
Digital development | Digital innovation is promoted as a way to enable a safe, stable, prosperous, and sustainable environment. | Bahrain |
Digital development | The clean energy potential of the country presents an opportunity to host data centres powered sustainably by renewable energy, which would advance Africa’s digital transformation. Openness is expressed for investment and partnerships in building global data centres. | Lesotho |
Digital public infrastructure and services | A global SIDS data hub within the SIDS Center of Excellence in Antigua has launched to improve data, secure investments, and achieve debt sustainability. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Examples were given of sectors where digital transformation is introduced: taxation, customs, and land deeds issuance (Togo); online trade union registration (Bangladesh); online healthcare services. | Belize |
Tech, peace, and security | Access to media platforms and new technologies has been weaponised to coerce the forced compliance with some climate goals. | Trinidad and Tobago |
Digital divide and inclusion | The digital divide should not be allowed to widen further. Resource and capacity constraints of developing economies have to be acknowledged and addressed. | Mauritius |
Digital divide and inclusion | In the fast-changing technological era, a deep concern is the widening digital divide facing youth in the developing world, where the benefits of quantum computing, AI, and large language models must be shared fairly. | Bangladesh |
Digital divide and inclusion | The need for digital inclusion is emphasised. Digital connectivity is prioritised at a national level. | Bulgaria |
Digital divide and inclusion | Priority is given to investment in affordable digital infrastructure, promoting digital literacy, and nurturing innovation ecosystems, with a focus on empowering youth, women, and rural communities. | Lesotho |
Capacity building | Investments are made in digital literacy and IT and AI-related skills for the young generation. | Bangladesh |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Pilot programmes are run in AI education, and teachers and students will soon engage with custom-designed AI teaching assistants. | Greece |
Technology transfer | A commitment to official development assistance, technical cooperation, and the sharing of knowledge and best practices is reaffirmed. | Andorra |
Capacity building | Member states must commit to technical assistance. | Jamaica |
Technology transfer | There is a call for increased technology transfers and capacity building initiatives. | Tuvalu |
Capacity building | Ensuring access to knowledge, data and science is needed to inform strategic planning, enhance resilience, and foster global cooperation in the maritime field. | Tuvalu |
Capacity building | Maritime domain awareness and the provision of satellites and data sharing services should be forms of standard support for SIDS in their efforts to protect marine ecosystems. | Antigua and Barbuda |
Technology transfer | Reparations must also take the form of sustainable investment in technology (along with other areas) to allow Africa to develop and fully enjoy its potential. | Togo |
AI governance | AI‘s transformative force can aid conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian actions, but early, constructive, and inclusive multilateral engagement is essential. However, AI requires guardrails so that it can be harnessed responsibly. | Singapore |
Digital governance | Common norms need to be established at the UN as soon as possible to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially AI, for the benefit of all, while mitigating the risks. | Cuba |
Tech, peace, and security | Military uses of AI and autonomous weapons in the military domain are dangerous and require international laws regulating them. | Saudi Arabia |
Tech, peace, and security | Meaningful human control must be retained over life-or-death decisions made by AI in conflict, guided by international law and ethical principles, as the rapid advance of AI has led to concerning levels of autonomy in conflict. | San Marino |
AI governance | The establishment of an Independent International Science Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance are fundamental to promoting scientific understanding of AI and ensuring inclusive multistakeholder discussions, which will contribute to building UN membership capacity, fostering shared knowledge, common understanding, and pooled experience, equally benefiting stakeholders from developing countries. | San Marino |
Common good & global cooperation | The UN needs to be future-ready and harness the potential of emerging technologies like AI as a force for good for all. | Singapore |
AI governance | Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promise but carries profound risks, and safeguards against misuse must be established to build digital societies that bridge development divides rather than widen them. | Philippines |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Efforts should be enhanced for developing countries to have access to AI and digital technologies. | Egypt |
AI for development | UAE has sought to harness science, technology, and AI to advance sustainable development around the world. | UAE |
AI for development | AI, as a horizontal and cross-cutting technology, has a particular promise for development. The approach to AI is to harness it responsibly for human welfare, with inclusion and impact as the watchwords for the summit India will host in 2026. | India |
Digital development | AI applications, digital transformation, and innovation are highly important. | Oman |
Digital divide and inclusion | The paradox of today’s world is that unprecedented technological advancement exists alongside deep inequality. Some children walk miles to fetch water from school, and some children are using AI in their lessons. To turn innovation into inclusion, education is needed. | Grenada |
AI inclusion and capacity building | AI and AI-related skills are being considered for teaching, understanding, and use to enhance education access, delivery, and outcome, as the jobs of tomorrow cannot be met with the skills of yesterday. | Grenada |
Digital development | Technological progress fosters growth and interaction. | Belarus |
Digital development | Technology is a defining force of our age, a connector, an enabler, an equaliser. | Philippines |
Digital divide and inclusion | While interdependence has deepened thanks to technology, new divisions and fault lines have emerged, undermining many of the positive gains. | Belarus |
Digital divide and inclusion | The world is rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and AI, but a widening gap remains between this realm and the one hostage to poverty and marginalisation. United efforts are needed to devise solutions that are capable of narrowing this gap by achieving just and comprehensive human-centred development | Mauritania |
Digital divide and inclusion | The Global Digital Compact is an important tool that underscores the collective commitment to bridging the digital divide and promoting digital inclusion, creating a more equitable future and ensuring that digital technology is used for the benefit of all humanity. | San Marino |
Digital governance | Digital access and inclusive governance are important for enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits, supporting the implementation of the Global Digital Compact. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital development | Investing in human capital, advancing green and digital transitions, and reinforcing institutional resilience are key pillars for long-term prosperity. | Romania |
Digital development | The digital transition is one of the strategic pillars for the national long-term development programme. | Guinea |
Digital development | Digital transformation and AI applications are a priority, alongside innovation and industrial development. | Oman |
Digital development | The digital and scientific, and technological innovation potential is an untapped resource that can serve as a powerful catalyst for accelerating progress toward attaining the SDGs. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital development | Digital transformation and the application of modern technology are important to enhance efficiency and strengthen adaptability in ASEAN. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Capacity building | Digital skills, coding, and technology clubs are now part of the school environment, and primary school students are assessed through electronic testing, prioritising both digital literacy and problem-solving skills. | Grenada |
Capacity building | Investment is being made in digital skills for the new economy. | Grenada |
Capacity building | Investment is being made in digital skills for the new economy. | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Digital public infrastructure and services | Digital public infrastructure has redefined governance and enabled the delivery of public services on an unprecedented scale. | India |
Capacity building | Results of self-reliance, developing national capabilities and nurturing talent can be seen in digital applications. | India |
Capacity building | The country’s technicians promote digitisation, and training facilities are open to the world. | India |
Technology transfer | Access to new technology, innovation, and financial resources remains essential for countries in special situations and the most vulnerable groups. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Technology transfer | Adequate financial support, technology transfer, and capacity building are crucial for the effective implementation of national climate commitments. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Technology transfer | Technology transfer must be real, predictable, and accessible to SIDS upon the BBNJ Agreement entering into force, along with benefits sharing. | Maldives |
Technology transfer | Technology transfer and access to concessionary financing and strengthening North-South partnerships are needed to achieve the right to development. | Tunisia |
Technology transfer | Technology transfer and capacity building through multilateral processes are key to closing the widening gap between climate ambition and the means of implementation. | Philippines |
Common good & global cooperation | Global partnerships are needed to expand access to technology and innovation. Small states bring valuable experience in adaptation and resilience. | Grenada |
Capacity building | UAE supports building technological capacities of other countries, respecting their national values and priorities and ensuring the responsible and ethical use of these technologies in accordance with international law. | UAE |
Cybersecurity | Cyber attacks can cross borders in a second, posing a threat that no single nation can resolve alone. | Bahamas |
Cybercrime | Online scams are a form of transnational crime being actively combatted, as their impacts ripple far and wide, demanding cooperation without borders. | Thailand |
Cybercrime | The UN Convention Against Cybercrime is welcomed and will contribute to preventing and combating the misuse of technology and safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms, with the assistance of international and regional instruments for its implementation. The Council of Europe’s Cybercrime Programme Office in Bucharest and the Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre hosted by Romania, contributed significantly to combating transnational crime. | Romania |
Tech, peace, and security | Surveillance drones are being detected intruding into territory on a daily basis across the border areas, which constitutes a violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity. | Thailand |
Tech, peace, and security | When powerful actors abandon rules, all nations are at risk; this includes the weaponisation of emerging disruptive technologies. | Iceland |
Cybersecurity | Consensus was achieved on the final report of the Open-ended Working Group on Cybersecurity - OEWG - which strengthened the normative framework for responsible state behaviour in cybersecurity, and it was agreed to establish the Global Mechanism on Cybersecurity as a permanent home for this work at the UN. | Singapore |
Human rights online | Human rights must be upheld in the digital age and online, especially because that is where most young people are. | Romania |
Human rights online | Human rights must be upheld in the digital age and online, especially because that is where most young people are. | San Marino |
Human rights online | The implementation of the Global Digital Compact should ensure a human-centric, human rights-based approach to the digital future, which cannot be left with no rules. | Romania |
Content governance | Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, innovation, culture, and progress, but twisting free speech into the mass production of lies, propaganda, or AI-driven disinformation is not exercising this freedom. | Iceland |
Trust | Disinformation and conspiracy theories spread online, corroding trust in facts, institutions, and one another, leading to rising intolerance, especially towards marginalised groups. | Iceland |
Content governance | Digital technology increasingly impacts lives, and a few transnationals impose operating systems and control the content that is seen, read, heard, thus manipulating human behaviour under the ‘dictatorship of the algorithm’. | Cuba |
Digital economy and trade | The global order is undergoing fundamental shifts impacting trade, technology, and international cooperation. | San Marino |
Digital governance | Global corporations transcend borders, shaping economies, technology, and daily life without sufficient accountability, which demands international responses. | Iceland |
Digital economy and trade | The negotiation process on the Digital Economy Framework Agreement is being accelerated to position ASEAN as a leading digital economic hub, promoting regional integration, expanding global connectivity, and enhancing capacity for addressing challenges of the modern global economy. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
Digital economy and trade | High-tech control is an economic concern, along with the grip on supply chains and critical minerals, and the shaping of connectivity. | India |
Critical minerals | There is a need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials and strengthen economic autonomy, maximising the value of raw materials. | Burkina Faso |
Critical minerals | There is a need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials and strengthen economic autonomy, maximising the value of raw materials. | Niger |
Critical minerals | Lasting prosperity involves proactive industrialisation policies, maximising the value of raw materials, and creating decent jobs. | Burkina Faso |
Digital development | Making the most of scientific progress, technological advancement and innovation, which are genuine levers for shared, lasting development. | Burkina Faso |
AI governance | AI presents both unprecedented opportunities and profound challenges, and if harnessed responsibly, it can accelerate development, improve health and education, and unlock economic growth. Without clear governance, AI risks deepening inequalities and undermining security. A global framework is called for to ensure AI is ethical, inclusive, and accessible to all nations, enabling it to serve as a force for development rather than division. | Malawi |
AI for development | AI is a tool that must be harnessed for all humankind, equally in a controlled manner, as opportunities are vast, including for farmers, city planning, and disaster risk management. | President of the General Assembly |
AI governance | The risks of AI are becoming more prevalent, and age-old biases are being perpetuated by algorithms, as seen in the targeting of women and girls by sexually related deepfakes. | President of the General Assembly |
Common good & global cooperation | Discussions on AI lend further prudence to the argument that ‘we are better together,’ and few would be comfortable leaving the benefits or risks of this immense resource in the hands of a few. | President of the General Assembly |
AI governance | International cooperation remains essential to establishing comprehensive regulations governing the use and development of AI. | Timor-Leste |
Digital development | The transformative potential of science, technology, and AI, should be harnessed for national and global development. Malawi is optimistic that AI will usher in a new era of enhanced productivity for its citizens, helping to propel the country’s development trajectory. | Malawi |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Advancing AI and digital capabilities in LDCs is imperative, requiring investment in digital infrastructure and enhancing digital literacy, implementing e-government initiatives, promoting AI research and innovation, cultivating talent and establishing a policy framework. | Timor-Leste |
AI inclusion and capacity building | Making AI a technology that benefits all is an important issue agreed upon in the Global Digital Compact, which also covers peace and security, sustainable development, climate change, and digital cooperation. | Djibouti |
Digital development | Canada emphasised national strength in AI, clean technologies, critical minerals and digital innovation. | Canada |
Digital governance | Nepal advocates for a global digital cooperation framework that ensures access to infrastructures, digital literacy, and data protection for all. | Nepal |
Common good & global cooperation | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. | Malawi |
Common good & global cooperation | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. | Nepal |
Common good & global cooperation | Digital transformation and digital and technological disruption are converging with other crises, such as climate catastrophe and widening inequality. | Holy See |
Common good & global cooperation | Rapid technological, geopolitical, and environmental shifts are ushering in a new, multipolar global order that offers both opportunities and risks, and insisted that smaller states must not be sidelined but fully heard in shaping it. | Benin |
Digital divide and inclusion | The development gap has expanded between the North and the South despite technological revolutions. | Algeria |
Digital governance | Digital transformations deserve urgent global attention, and technology must be inclusive, secure, and rights-based. | Nepal |
Digital divide and inclusion | It is crucial to narrow the digital divide within and among countries to create a peaceful and equitable society. | Nepal |
Digital divide and inclusion | Policies and programmes for technologies and progress should be within the reach of everyone for the good of everyone. | Nicaragua |
Technology transfer | The gap between rich and poor nations continues to widen, and developing countries struggle with limited technology transfer and low productivity. | Malawi |
Technology transfer | The full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement should include ensuring equitable access to sustainable technologies. | Malawi |
Common good & global cooperation | The international community is called upon to foster an environment that supports inclusive growth and harnesses the transformative potential of science and technology, and AI. | Malawi |
Technology transfer | A comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to address the pressing challenges in the Mediterranean, making economic development on the Southern Front a shared priority through investment and technology transfer. | Algeria |
Technology transfer | Technology transfer must be accelerated and scaled up, with calls for scaled-up, predictable and accessible technology transfer and capacity building for countries on the front line, particularly LDCs. | Nepal |
Cybersecurity | Safeguarding cybersecurity is imperative alongside the advancement of AI and digital capabilities in LDCs. | Timor-Leste |
Tech, peace, and security | Russia has sought to undermine Moldova’s sovereignty through illicit financing, disinformation, cyberattacks, and voter intimidation. | Moldova |
Consult UN GA 80 AI assistant
Disclaimer: This is not an official session record of the UN GA 80. DiploAI generates these resources from audiovisual recordings, and they are presented as-is, including potential errors. We strive for accuracy to the best of our ability.
Linguistic analysis
A linguistic analysis of the national statements delivered during the 80th UN General Assembly General Debate reveals that diplomats strategically employed a suite of linguistic and rhetorical devices to frame their arguments, persuade a global audience, and navigate the complex discourse on emerging issues like AI and digital governance.
Metaphore
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly describes one thing by stating that it is another, different thing, in order to suggest a shared quality or characteristic. It creates an implicit, hidden comparison without using the words “like” or “as” (which would make it a simile). It transfers the qualities of one concept to another.
Examples: “The world is a stage.” (This suggests that life shares traits with a play, such as people having roles, performing, and experiencing entrances and exits.)
- “This General Assembly Hall is the heartbeat of that truce.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “The pillars of peace and progress are buckling under the weight of impunity.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “The UN is a moral compass, a force for peace and peacekeeping, a guardian of international law, a catalyst for sustainable development, a lifeline for people in crisis, a lighthouse for human rights.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “The signing of the charter in 1945 gave hope to millions, gave us a north star that guided our path from the ashes of war.” (The President of the General Assembly)
- “We are here today. Because at its best, the United Nations is more than a meeting place. It’s a moral compass, a force for peace and peacekeeping, a guardian of international law, a catalyst for sustainable development, a lifeline for people in crisis, a lighthouse for human rights, and the center that transforms your decisions…” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “Rules are the voice of reason used in international relations.” (Spain)
- “The memory of the twentieth century calls to us each time that we gather in this general assembly.” (Spain)
- “What we call the glass palace must be truly a house of glass.” (Italy)
- “Born from the ashes of the Second World War, the United Nations emerged as a beacon of hope for humanity.” (Montenegro)
- “UN Agenda 2030 remains our guiding light for sustainable development.” (Montenegro)
- “the UN is the proverbial town square of our modern global village” (Ghana)
- “The tremors of the international order have opened deep geopolitical fault lines.” (North Macedonia)
- “Jerusalem is the jewel of our heart and our eternal capital.” (Palestine)
- “The European Union must break the armour of consensus as soon as possible if it wants to complete that reunification of Europe” (North Macedonia)
- “This is a lightning strike of change, a technological revolution” (United Kingdom)
- “If events like these constitute your life experience, you do not believe that the world is a rose garden.” (Norway)
- “The winds of conflicts are blowing across almost all continents, all marked with blatant violations of international law.” (Barbados)
- “We lifted a dark cloud that could have claimed millions and millions of lives.” (Israel)
- “To every Pakistani, you stood as one unbreakable wall of Binyanum masseuse, excellencies.” (Pakistan)
- “This United Nations was the phoenix that rose from that darkness, the highest expression of our commitment to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.” (Ireland)
- “The floor is not in the hammer, but in the hand that lets it fall.” (Bahamas)
- “Education is not a narrow path to employment. It is a broad road to resilience, to innovation, and to peace.” (Grenada)
- “Peace requires daily care like a newborn baby to be protected from infections, the cold and the heat, the indifference and the pessimism.” (Armenia)
- “The world is now facing the harsh reality that might makes right, and that interdependence is no longer the cornerstone of peace, but rather a tool of threat and coercion.” (Cambodia)
- “We are suffering from the dictatorship of the algorithm.” (Cuba)
- “The Security Council, the guardian of peace, has too often been paralysed, restricted by veto, divided by interests, and mute in the face of grave injustice.” (Brunei Darussalam)
- “Where GDP is a static snapshot, the MVI is a living lens. It sees susceptibility. It weighs shocks. It measures exposure.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- “Reform is justice. Reform is prudence. Reform is protection and equity.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- “Spiraling oppositions underway in various parts of our world… are only the tip of the iceberg.” (Eritrea)
- “Military dominance, which is an expired currency of a bygone era, is not moral tender and cannot purchase peace and stability.” (Saint Lucia)
- “The old military order, though fraught with contradictions, is pregnant with renewal… But with diplomacy as the midwife, this troubled gestation can deliver a new era of peace and stability.” (Saint Lucia)
- “The UN Charter is the bedrock of our foreign policy. It is a compass that guides our actions on the global stage.” (Nepal)
- “The Security Council is paralysed by the recourse to the veto, which has become systematic. International law and the norms which have guided us to date are being called into question, a dangerous trend.” (Djibouti)
- “The Security Council must not be the graveyard of conscience.” (Djibouti)
Analogy
An analogy is a comparison between two different things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification. It highlights the similarities in the relationship between the parts of each thing, rather than just the things themselves.
Simple Example: “A heart is to a body as a pump is to a water system.” This doesn’t just compare a heart and a pump; it explains that the relationship a heart has to a body (circulating blood) is similar to the relationship a pump has to a water system (circulating water).
- “multipolerity without effective multilateral institutions can court cows as Europe has learned the hard way, resulting in World War one.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “The climate crisis does not stop at borders. CO2 emissions anywhere affect people everywhere. Even the wealthiest cities in the world cannot shield themselves from wildfires.” (The President of the General Assembly)
- “What kind of a human conscience can possibly bear this? Possibly. How can one stay silent vis-à-vis this? In a world where children are dying of starvation and lack of medication, can we possibly have calm and peace?” (Türkiye)
- “A time without rules is returning to the Middle Ages.” (Spain)
- “A world without rules is uncharted territory.” (Spain)
- “Russia’s trying to do to Moldova what Iran once did to Lebanon.” (Ukraine)
- “Our people will remain rooted like the olive trees, firm as the rocks.” (Palestine)
- “Of everything that man erects and builds in his urge for living, nothing is in my eyes better and more valuable than bridges… They are more important than houses, more sacred than temples… this timeless truth reminds us that bridges are not only structures of stone, but structures of peace.” (Montenegro, quoting Ivo Andric)
- “My first days in office after my return felt as though I had just awakened from a Rip Van Winkle-style sleep.” (Ghana)
- “I wonder if the UN is turning into the League of Nations.” (North Macedonia)
- “If it looks like a duck, it swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, well, then it must be a duck. The crimes in Gaza must stop.” (Ghana)
- “I am reminded of the old African proverb, and I quote, when elephants fight the grass gets trampled, end of quote. With a small island developing states, we are the grass.” (Dominica)
- “Giving the Palestinians a state one mile from Jerusalem after October 7 is like giving Al Qaeda a state one mile from New York City after 11 September. This is sheer madness.” (Israel)
- “However, there is an old saying about a musical instrument that sums up well the vex question of Palestinian statehood recognition. If the string is too tight, it will snap. But if it is too loose, the instrument will not play.” (New Zealand)
- “Madam president, we must remind ourselves that this is not a video game. This is not science fiction, and Palestinians are not imaginary people.” (Saint Lucia)
Paralelism
Parallelism is a writing technique that uses the same grammatical structure for two or more parts of a sentence, list, or idea. Its primary purpose is to create balance, rhythm, and clarity, making the text more memorable and forceful. It makes sentences “parallel” by using matching words, phrases, or clauses.
Famous Example: “Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.” — Abraham Lincoln
(The parallel prepositional phrases “of…, by…, for…” create a powerful, rhythmic effect.)
- “A world of raw power or a world of laws? A world that is a scramble for self-interest or a world where nations come together.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “Rising smoke from bombed-out cities. Rising anger in fractured societies. Rising seas, swelling coastlines.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “That is not naivete. It is hard-headed pragmatism.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “He says we should spend less on defence — so he wants us to be defenceless.” (The President of the General Assembly)
- “We came, we saw, we conquered.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “Words, not weapons. Diplomacy, not warfare. Solidarity, not confrontation.” (Luxembourg)
- “We are not better than anyone, and no one is better than us.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- “There can be no peace without development, no development without peace, and neither peace, no development, or sustainable without respect for human rights.” (Mauritius)
- “Progress and peril, innovation and instability, hope and hardship coexisting side by side.” (Grenada)
- “We must help rebuild markets so that merchants trade rather than flee. We must help rebuild schools so that children learn rather than languish. We must help rebuild hospitals so that mothers are treated rather than traumatised.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses extreme and obvious exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect. It is not meant to be taken literally. It overstates something to highlight a point or create a strong impression.
Example: “I’ve told you a million times to clean your room.” “I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.”
- “In my first term, I built the greatest economy in the history of the world.” (United States)
- “I ended seven unendable wars.” (United States)
- “I’ve told you a million times.” (The President of the General Assembly)
- “Humanity had descended into the abyss.” (Ireland)
- “Surely, the hottest part of hell is reserved for those perpetrators of genocide and those who are complicit in it.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Rhetorical question
A rhetorical question is a question that is asked not to get an answer, but to make a point or create a dramatic effect. The person asking it either implies the answer is obvious or they immediately provide the answer themselves. It’s a persuasive technique used to engage the audience and emphasise a statement by framing it as a question.
Example: “Are you kidding me?” (Expressing disbelief, not seeking information.)
- “What kind of world do we choose to build together?” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “Would a single person be better off without it?” (The President of the General Assembly)
- “What is the purpose of the United Nations?” (United States)
- “Who will save them? Who will save the innocent?” (Indonesia)
- “How long before we hold all nations to the same standards?” (Jordan)
- “Is this a dream? Maybe. But this is the beautiful dream that we must work together towards.” (Indonesia)
- “Which of the great ideals enshrined therein, peace, dignity, equality, justice, progress, has ceased to be relevant or to represent an ethical imperative?” (Spain)
- “What can Sudan or Somalia or Palestine or any other people living through war really expect from the UN or the global system?” (Ukraine)
- “Is the United Nations relevant to the demands of our time?” (Kenya)
- “What the next acronyms of our global development aspirations will be.” (Somalia)
- “Now is the time to ask ourselves what has gone wrong and what steps must be taken to correct these challenges… what is the UN doing to address these issues effectively?” (Eswatini)
- “For what? To take ownership over natural resources, to take control over commodities” (Bolivia)
- “so today, Madam President, I stand here in this exact spot and ask the world, if not now, then when?” (Ghana)
- “What kind of peace, development or protection of human rights can we even talk about if this kind of violence is allowed…?” (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- “Who takes hostage grandmothers and grandchildren? Hamas does.” (Israel)
- “Who would have lived to tell what happened?” (Pakistan)
- “Can none of these persons pause and reflect upon the question posed unanswered by all the world’s great religions.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- “But where we ask is the quality of leadership that can pull Israelis and Palestinians back from the abyss to project hope to the victims of this intolerable violence.” (New Zealand)
- “Is this what we really want?” (Bahamas)
- “But can we remain lucky every season, every single year?” (Bahamas)
- “Why did they wait so long?” (Russian Federation)
- “Is it surprising to anyone, therefore, that based on publicly available data from United Nations and other agencies, at least sixty-six thousand and fifty-three Palestinians have been killed.” (Saint Lucia)
Antithesis
Antithesis is a rhetorical device that places two strongly contrasting or opposite ideas in a balanced grammatical structure to highlight their difference. This side-by-side placement creates a powerful and memorable effect. It uses parallel structure to emphasize a stark contrast.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” The contrasting ideas “best” and “worst” are framed in an identical grammatical structure, making the contrast between them even sharper.
Famous Example: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” — Neil Armstrong
- “Cooperation over chaos, law over lawlessness, peace over conflict.” (The UN Secretary-General)
- “Lies turned into truth, and truth turned into lies.” (Peru)
- “We are here today to discuss world peace and the world’s shared prosperity. We are not here for some other reason.” (Republic of Korea)
- “We stand on the right side of peace and reason, or we stand with violence and intolerance.” (Paraguay)
- “Because we believe in a future where democracy does not merely survive but flourishes. Because we believe in a future in which development reaches everyone, not just a few.” (Paraguay)
- “The absence of the world war has not always meant the presence of genuine peace and prosperity in the world.” (Montenegro)
- “On the one side, there is a widespread national front… In return, we have an exclusionary sectarian fascist organisation” (Yemen)
- “amid everyday violence, the world is oscillating between nihilistic pessimism and hedonistic escapism, between hopeless lamentation and heartless indifference” (North Macedonia)
- “For Israel, every civilian casualty is a tragedy. For Hamas, it’s a strategy.” (Israel)
- “As the prophets of Israel foretold in the Bible, you’ve turned good into evil and evil into good.” (Israel)
- “A world not governed by rules will be a world where the strong impose their will and the weaker will pay the price.” (Iceland)
- “Instability anywhere is instability everywhere.” (Zambia)
- “Landlocked need not mean isolated and encased.” (Zambia)
Allusion
Allusion is a literary device where a writer or speaker makes a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, thing, idea, or event from history, literature, mythology, religion, or culture. It relies on the audience’s shared knowledge to understand the reference and its deeper meaning without it being explicitly explained.
Example: “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.” This doesn’t just mean the man was romantic. It alludes to Shakespeare’s Romeo, implying he was passionate, impulsive, and a classic lover.
- “The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- “I believe that the root causes of Russian aggression are primarily ideological. Russia refers to an imperial vision that treats entire nations as colonial property. It denies them subjectivity on a regular basis, claiming that they are artificial constructs, and it justifies the invasion as a historical correction.” (Poland)
- “we will reenact the Thucydides’ Melian Dialogue with the strong doing what they can and the weak what they must.” (North Macedonia)
- “Today, we are reminded of the million dialogue of the Greek historian Thucydides… The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.” (Belgium)
- “I am reminded of the words of the famous British novelist, Charles Dickens in his acclaimed novel… ‘It was the best of times. It was the worst of times’… As we celebrate eighty years of the existence of the United Nations, we are living a tale of two worlds.” (Dominica)
- “It all seems, in the words of Chinua Achebe, to be falling apart.” (Barbados)
- “The survivors are entitled, my friends, to use the words of Bob Marley. How can you be sitting there telling me that you care? When every time I look around, the people suffer in the suffering in every way, in everywhere.” (Barbados)
- “As the prophets of the Israel foretold in the Bible, you’ve turned good into evil and evil into good.” (Israel)
- “To every Pakistani, you stood as one unbreakable wall of Binyanum masseuse, excellencies.” (Pakistan)
- “…through the words of the Hebrew prophet Micah, what does the Lord require of us to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with our God.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Anaphora
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that involves the deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. It uses repetition to create a powerful rhythm, build emphasis, and evoke emotion.
Famous Example: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills…” — Winston Churchill
- “Ours is a world that is fast paced and unrestrained, one that frequently brings us to the brink, one in which there are voices that continue to proclaim the end of multilateralism…” (Spain)
- “We must act quickly to protect lives, to protect the innocence of children, to provide youth with a future” (Haiti)
- “Haiti wants peace. Haiti expects peace. Haiti has the right to peace.” (Haiti)
- “We cannot normalise cruelty. We cannot normalise hatred. We cannot normalise xenophobia and racism.” (Ghana)
- “We’re tired of the continued image of poverty-stricken… We’re tired of having people extract the most… We’re tired of not being represented…” (Ghana)
- “They beheaded men. They raped women. They burnt babies alive.” (Israel)
- “Trust between neighbors, trust between the governed and the governing, trust in our instructions, trust in our social order, trust in our health systems, trust in our global rules, governance structures.” (Barbados)
- “Africa is demanding justice because it has paid with its blood and its own resources for the prosperity of other continents. Africa is demanding justice because between 8090% of its cultural heritage is today in foreign museums. Africa is demanding justice because African human remains remain in the hands of foreigners outside of the continent…” (Togo)
- “It was not wealth that brought me here. It was not privilege that brought me here. It was access.” (Grenada)
- “We must cut emissions deeply and quickly, scale finance fairly and urgently, and equip vulnerable nations with the tools to survive and to thrive.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- “We will never give up sovereignty, abandon the right existence and violate the constitution… We will never give up nuclear, which is our state law… we will never walk away from this position.” (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)
- “A better future for our United Nations, a better future for the international community, and a better future for the whole of humanity.” (Algeria)
Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, idea, animal, or even a natural force is given human attributes, characteristics, or feelings. It makes the non-human seem human to create a vivid image or to help explain an idea.
Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.”
(Whispering is a human action; the wind is described as if it can speak.)
- “The memory of the twentieth century calls to us…” (Spain)
- “The chaos that shadows our world is a reminder that we cannot afford the luxury of inaction.” (Nigeria)
- “Civilised discourse tempered with patience and calm has given way to a bellicosity of language shouted across continents and oceans…” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Triad – ‘Rule of three’
A triad is the use of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses to make ideas more memorable, impactful, and complete. Its power comes from creating a rhythm that feels balanced and whole to the human ear, often building to a climax.
Example: “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
- “…retreating into idealism, complacency or shortsightedness.” (Spain)
- “…to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.” (Switzerland, quoting the UN Charter)
- “We need bold multilateralism and a united nations that is not only reformed, but reinvigorated. The UN must be more than a meeting place. It must be a working place for people, for peace, and for our planet.” (Sierra Leone)
- peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights, as the bedrock of all United Nations action” (Montenegro)
- “a future of stability, a future of progress, and a future of common success” (Montenegro)
- “a war of genocide, destruction, starvation, and displacement” (Palestine)
- “one state, one law and one legal security force” (Palestine)
- “to freedom, dignity, independence and sovereignty” (Palestine)
- “accessible, affordable, predictable, and just” (Somalia)
- “dialogue, peace, stability and sustainable development.” (Georgia)
- “development, respect for human dignity and peace.” (Haiti)
- “Better Together, eighty years and more for peace, development and human rights” (Multiple speakers, citing the theme)
- “You condemn us, You embargo us, and you wage political and legal warfare…” (Israel)
- “…to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with our God.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- “…one nation, one people, one country.” (Papua New Guinea)
- “Justice, Peace, Respect.” (Germany)
- “To prevail against perennial injustices, domination, decit, coercion, intimidation, plunder, and monopolization, whatnot.” (Eritrea – The core sequence of negative concepts is a rhythmic sequence)
- “To live in peace, democracy with dignity and freedom.” (Honduras)
- “A world where prosperity is shared, security is collective, and peace is lasting.” (Canada)
Ad Hominem
Ad hominem is attacking the person making an argument instead of the argument itself. It’s a fallacy because it diverts attention from the logic and evidence, which is what actually matters.
Example: “Don’t listen to his health advice; he’s out of shape.”
- “Those who peddled the blood libels of genocide and starvation against Israel are no better than those who peddled blood libels against the Jews in the Middle Ages when they falsely accused us of poisoning wells, spreading plague, and using the blood of children to bake Passover matzahs.” (Israel)
- “…the French regime who’s nostalgic for the colonial era and concerned by the loss of influence in the Sahel, support for Ukrainian regime is a maneuver that’s consistent, which aims to occupy the attention of the international community, focusing it the attention on the war in Ukraine, at the same time sponsoring terrorist groups who are growing in number in the Sahel.” (Mali)
- “The current secretary of state of The United States is the reincarnation of that macabre figure.” (Cuba)
- “It is the height of rudeness and vulgarity by which this failed poet has spoken and this coup plotter. It is only the illusion of a soldier and lowly conduct that does not deserve anything but a codescendence, and it only inspires disgust.” (Algeria)
Straw man
Straw Man is misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. It’s a fallacy because it argues against a distorted, weaker version of the original point.
Example:
- Original: “We should have more regulations on carbon emissions.”
- Straw Man: “So you want to destroy the economy and ban all cars? That’s ridiculous!”
- “Wait a minute. We believe in a two state solution where the Jewish state of Israel will live side by side in peace with the Palestinian state. There’s only one problem with that. The Palestinians, they don’t believe in this solution. They never have. They don’t want a state next to Israel. They want a Palestinian state instead of Israel.” (Israel)
Reducito ad absurdum
Reductio ad Absurdum is disproving an argument by showing that its logical conclusion leads to an absurd or ridiculous outcome. It’s a logical technique that demonstrates the original premise must be false because it results in a contradiction or an impossible situation.
Example:
Reductio: “Then a magician truly saws a person in half, and optical illusions are impossible.”
Claim: “You can always trust what you see with your own eyes.”
- “Would a country committing genocide plead with the civilian population it is supposedly targeting to get out of harm’s way? Would we tell them get out if we want to commit genocide? What? Did the Nazis ask the Jews to leave, kindly leave, go out?” (Israel)
Red herring
Red Herring is introducing an irrelevant point to divert attention from the real issue. It’s a fallacy because it sidetracks the argument, leading the discussion away from what is actually important.
Example:
- Argument: “Your policy has failed to reduce crime rates.”
- Red Herring: “Why are you talking about crime when we should be discussing my excellent education record?”
- “So first at the UN, let’s do a pop quiz, and raise your hand if you know the answer. Here’s the first question. Who shouts death to America? Is it a) Iran, b) Hamas, c) Hesbollah, d) the Houthis, or e) all of the above?” (Israel)
Appeal to authority
Appeal to Authority is using the opinion of an authority figure as evidence in an argument, even if they are not a legitimate expert on the topic. It becomes a fallacy when their authority is irrelevant to the subject, making the argument weak and misleading.
Example:
- Fallacious: “A famous actor says this diet pill works, so it must be effective.” (The actor is not a doctor or scientist.)
- Valid: “Leading cardiologists say this diet pill is effective, based on clinical trials.” (The authority is relevant and qualified.)
Appeal to emotions
Appeal to Emotion relies on feelings like fear, pity, or pride to win an argument, instead of using logic and evidence.
Example:
- Argument: “This policy will raise taxes by 3%.”
- Appeal to Emotion: “If you support this tax, you’re betraying hardworking families and starving our children!” (Uses guilt and fear instead of discussing the policy’s merits.)
- “They burnt babies alive. They burnt babies alive in front of their parents. What monsters.” (Israel)
- “I leave you with an image that has stayed with me for the last week of a young Palestinian girl of six or seven years old, walking in the midst of the rubble in Gaza. Her eyes were hollow and full of despair… she carried her sister on her shoulders, both shoulders, clearly recognizing that it was she who would have to carry the burden of taking them to safety.” (Barbados)
False dilemma
False Dilemma is presenting a complex situation as having only two opposing choices, when in reality more options exist. It’s a fallacy because it creates an oversimplified and misleading either/or scenario to force a choice.
Example: “You’re either with us, or you’re with the terrorists.” (It ignores all neutral or alternative positions.)
- “To overcome that storm, you have to stand with Israel, but that’s not what you’re doing.” (Israel)
- “These are the times that define us, either we’re in favour of peace and life, or we are cowardly promoters of war, misery and death.” (Nicaragua)
Slippery slope
Slippery Slope is arguing that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related, extreme events. It’s a fallacy because it assumes this chain reaction will happen without providing evidence that each step is likely to occur.
Example: “If we allow this minor regulation, soon the government will control every aspect of our lives.”
- “You can’t appease your way out of jihad, and you won’t escape the Islamist storm by sacrificing Israel.” (Israel)
Sarcasm
Sarcasm is the use of irony to mock or convey contempt. It’s a rhetorical device where the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal words, often delivered with a distinctive tone.
Example: Saying “What a beautiful day!” during a torrential downpour.
- “Last month, even the UN not exactly a supporter of Israel. You’re supposed to laugh, by the way.” (Israel)
Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions (like “and,” “or,” “but”) in close succession, especially where they are not grammatically necessary. Its effect is to slow the rhythm, add weight and emphasis, or create a sense of overwhelming abundance or continuity.
Example: “We have ships and men and money and supplies.” (Instead of “We have ships, men, money, and supplies.”)
Polysyndeton
- “Financial crisis that started in 02/2008, which then triggered fiscal crises across many of the world’s countries. And if that was not enough, a social crisis characterised by rising inequality with the consequences there too, be it substance abuse, mental health challenges, homelessness, or human trafficking. Then there was a global pandemic lasting two to three years and taking the lives of millions of people. And for those surviving, they had restricted movement and restricted choices.” (Barbados)
Climax
Climax is the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing importance or power. Its effect is to build tension and create a sense of rising intensity, leading to a powerful and memorable conclusion.
Example: “It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s Superman!”
- “We’ve hammered the Houthis, including yesterday. We crushed the bulk of Hamas’ terror machine. We crippled Hezbollah, taking out most of its leaders and much of its weapons arsenal… We destroyed Assad’s armaments in Syria. We deterred Iran’s Shiite militias in Iraq. And most importantly, and above anything else that I could say to you or that we did in this past year, in this past decade, we devastated Iran’s atomic weapons and ballistic missiles programs.” (Israel)
Other linguistic devices
- Simile: “Heat that hangs like a heavy blanket smothers harvests and hardens the soil.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
- Alliteration: “A persistent sense that a better tomorrow is possible even as catastrophes loom and dangers lurk.” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- Epistrophe:
- “Half the Khouthi leadership in Yemen, gone. Yuhya Yuhya Senwar in Gaza, gone. Nasser sorry. Hassan Nasrallah in Lebanon, gone. The Assad regime in Syria, gone.” (Israel)
- “…not only crimes against humanity, but first and foremost, crimes of genocide against the peoples of Africa. Yes. It is a genocide. A genocide. A genocide.” (Togo)
- Other:
- “the idea that light could emerge from darkness and that solidarity could triumph over despair.” (Montenegro)
- “the idea of peace and unity triumph over division and hostility” (Montenegro)