Countries

Internet governance in Mongolia has undergone significant transformation in recent years, driven by the government’s commitment to digitalization and technological advancement. Central to these efforts is the ‘Digital Nation Policy (2022–2027),’ which outlines strategies to enhance digital infrastructure, promote e-governance, strengthen cybersecurity, and foster digital literacy. The introduction of the E-Mongolia platform has been a landmark achievement, digitizing thousands of public services to improve accessibility, efficiency, and transparency. Mongolia’s legal framework, including laws on electronic signatures, data protection, and consumer rights, supports a secure and reliable digital ecosystem.

Efforts to bridge the digital divide have included initiatives like partnerships with SpaceX’s Starlink to enhance internet connectivity in remote areas and collaborations with global tech companies to boost digital skills. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, particularly in ensuring equitable access to digital services across urban and rural populations.

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Paraguay’s digital profile in 2025 reflects a country in the midst of significant digital transformation. Internet penetration has reached 82.9%, driven largely by mobile connectivity, with over 9 million active mobile lines. The government continues to expand broadband and fibre infrastructure, with the support of international partners like the Inter-American Development Bank. Starlink has also begun providing satellite internet, improving access in remote areas.

The country’s digital strategies are guided by the National ICT Plan 2022–2030 and the broader Digital Agenda, aiming to strengthen infrastructure, enhance digital literacy, and promote e-government services. In healthcare, the digital health strategy has introduced electronic records and digital tools for chronic disease management. Paraguay also enacted a Digital Identity Law in 2023 to modernise ID systems.

While Paraguay has not yet adopted a formal AI strategy, it is participating in regional governance efforts and hosts emerging initiatives like the TechLab and SoPaIA, which are shaping early AI adoption. A debate is ongoing in Congress to develop national AI regulation.

Cybersecurity is an area of active reform. The country has a national cybersecurity plan and is updating its strategy for 2024–2028. Incidents of ransomware and state-linked cyberespionage have highlighted vulnerabilities. CERT-PY, under MITIC, is the national response team, and Paraguay is a signatory to the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime.

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Guyana is undergoing a significant digital transformation, integrating technology across various sectors to drive economic growth and improve public services. Central to this effort is the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Master Plan 2030, which aims to modernise infrastructure, enhance digital literacy, and promote innovation.

The government is investing in expanding broadband access, with initiatives like the WiFiGY program providing internet connectivity to remote communities. The deployment of satellite internet services, such as STARLINK, further enhances connectivity in underserved regions.

In the realm of data protection, the enactment of the Data Protection Act 2023 establishes a legal framework for safeguarding personal information, ensuring privacy rights for individuals and setting obligations for data controllers and processors.

Artificial intelligence is being integrated into various sectors, with plans to establish the country’s first AI data centre in Berbice, powered by energy from a new gas development project. This facility is expected to support AI applications across different industries.

To improve international connectivity, Guyana is expanding its submarine cable infrastructure. Projects like the Suriname-Guyana Submarine Cable System (SG-SCS) aim to increase bandwidth and support the growing demand for high-speed internet services.

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The Philippines has been actively pursuing a comprehensive agenda for internet governance and digital transformation. This effort is aimed at bolstering economic growth, improving government services, and enhancing the quality of life for its citizens. The country’s approach involves various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector companies, and civil society organisations, working together to achieve these goals.

The Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) is the primary government agency responsible for overseeing the Philippines’ ICT policies and regulations. The regulatory landscape is shaped by several key pieces of legislation and policy initiatives. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 ensures the protection of personal data by mandating secure handling and processing practices for organisations. The National Privacy Commission (NPC) oversees the implementation of the Data Privacy Act, ensuring the protection of personal data across the country. The NPC conducts audits, enforces compliance, and educates both the public and organisations about data privacy best practices. The commission’s efforts are aimed at fostering a culture of data protection and ensuring that personal information is handled responsibly and securely.

Finally, the Free Public Internet Access Act aims to provide free internet access in public places, fostering greater digital inclusion across the nation.

The Philippines adopts a collaborative approach to internet governance, involving various stakeholders from different sectors. The government, through agencies like the DICT, leads the formulation and implementation of policies. The private sector, including telecommunications companies and tech firms, plays a crucial role in developing digital infrastructure and providing services. Civil society organisations and advocacy groups contribute to policy discussions, promote digital rights, and raise awareness about important issues. International organisations, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), offer guidance and support, ensuring that local policies align with global standards. The Philippine Internet Governance Forum (PHIGF) serves as a vital platform for dialogue and cooperation among these diverse stakeholders.

The Philippines actively engages in international cooperation to advance its digital transformation agenda. Partnerships with organisations like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and ASEAN member states help in sharing best practices, securing funding, and implementing joint projects.

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Monaco, despite its small size, is firmly connected to the global internet infrastructure through critical submarine cable systems. The Europe India Gateway (EIG) is a major international cable spanning 15,000 kilometres and linking Europe, Africa, and Asia, with Monaco as one of its key connection points. Operational since 2011, this cable provides high-speed bandwidth and resilience for international data traffic, making Monaco part of a global digital network that connects as far as India. Additionally, the Italy-Monaco cable, which has been in operation since 2001, links the principality directly to Genoa, Italy, stretching 260 kilometres. These submarine cables are essential for Monaco’s digital ambitions, supporting its thriving financial sector, advanced e-governance, and digital innovation under the ‘Extended Monaco’ initiative.

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Moldova’s digital infrastructure is among the strongest in the region. It ranks third globally for gigabit‑capable fiber coverage, with roughly 90% of the population able to subscribe to gigabit‑speed plans. The country also boasts 98% 4G mobile coverage, earning recognition from the UN Development Programme for its advanced digital infrastructure despite economic challenges.

In e‑government, Moldova is making significant strides. The Digital Transformation Strategy (2023–2030) aims for full digital delivery of key public services. Notably, 100 % of key services are now available online, and about 70% of business‑oriented public services were accessed online in 2023—exceeding targets set for 2026. On connectivity adoption, Moldova’s fixed broadband take-up among households reached 86% in 2023, which is above the EU average, while overall household broadband usage was 93%.

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Malaysia has positioned itself as a leading digital hub in Southeast Asia, driven by the MyDIGITAL Blueprint and national initiatives to enhance connectivity and digital infrastructure. Through programs like JENDELA, 4G coverage has expanded to over 96%, while the Digital Nasional Berhad (DNB) rollout has achieved over 52% 5G adoption by the end of 2024, placing Malaysia among the top regional performers.

The country is a critical node in regional and global connectivity, hosting more than 23 active and planned submarine cable systems with landing stations in Penang, Cherating, Morib, and other locations. Key systems such as SEA-ME-WE 4, AAE-1, Asia-Pacific Gateway, and the upcoming SEA-ME-WE 6 link Malaysia to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, making it one of Southeast Asia’s most connected nations. Domestically, the SKR1M cable integrates Peninsular Malaysia with Sabah and Sarawak, ensuring nationwide resilience and supporting the government’s goal to position Malaysia as a regional submarine cable gateway.

Malaysia’s digital governance framework is anchored by the Ministry of Digital and regulatory bodies such as the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), MDEC, and CyberSecurity Malaysia. Comprehensive strategies cover areas like AI policy, cloud infrastructure, data protection, and cybersecurity, supported by institutions such as the National AI Office. With ambitious targets, including the digital economy contributing 22.6% of GDP by 2025, Malaysia is emerging as a regional leader in 5G connectivity, submarine cable infrastructure, and cloud ecosystem development, supported by strong public-private partnerships and integration into global digital networks.

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Namibia has made significant strides in its digital transformation journey, focusing on enhancing connectivity, infrastructure, and cybersecurity. As of 2025, approximately 65% of the population had internet access, reflecting a substantial increase from previous years. This growth is supported by key telecommunications providers such as Telecom Namibia and MTC Namibia, which have been instrumental in expanding both fixed-line and mobile services nationwide. ​

To further bridge the digital divide, the Namibian government has allocated N$120 million over a three-year period for the rollout of network and transmission towers across the country, prioritising schools and clinics. The landing of Google’s Equiano submarine cable in July 2022 has significantly increased international bandwidth, enhancing internet speed and reliability. ​

Recognising the importance of cybersecurity, Namibia has launched initiatives to strengthen its cybersecurity framework, aligning with international standards to protect its digital infrastructure. These efforts are complemented by the implementation of a 5G strategy and revisions to the National Broadband Policy to align with Southern African Development Community (SADC) standards.

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