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Grassroots internet governance faces crossroads at IGF 2025

At the Internet Governance Forum 2025 in Lillestrøm, Norway, the IGF Support Association convened a critical session addressing the long-term sustainability of National and Regional Internet Initiatives (NRIs). With over 170 NRIs worldwide playing a key role in connecting local voices to global internet policy, participants discussed how a potential renewal of the IGF’s UN mandate might influence their operations.

While many, including internet pioneer Vint Cerf, welcomed the idea of institutional stability through UN backing, most agreed it wouldn’t automatically resolve the chronic funding and legitimacy challenges NRIs face on the ground. A recurring concern was the disconnect between expectations and resources.

After nearly two decades, most NRIs still operate on volunteer labour despite being expected to deliver professional-level outcomes. Sandra Hoferichter of EuroDIG warned that this grassroots model is reaching a breaking point, echoing others who called for more stable secretariats and professional staffing.

Joyce Chen and Fiona Asonga emphasised the importance of formalising multistakeholder teams to prevent initiatives from collapsing when key individuals depart. Funding strategies were a central theme, with diverse models discussed—from partnerships with ccTLD managers and technical communities to modest support from national governments.

Yet securing sustainable private sector investment remains difficult, partly because the IGF’s non-decisional format makes it a harder sell to business. Several speakers stressed the need to articulate clear value propositions, especially for big tech companies that benefit from an open and stable internet but often contribute little to maintaining its governance structures.

The session closed with a consensus that real sustainability demands more than money: NRIs need legitimacy, inclusivity, and a deeper integration with national policymaking. Proposals ranged from establishing parliamentary tracks to expanding sub-national IGFs, all with the aim of grounding internet governance in local realities while keeping it globally connected.

Why does it matter?

Despite unresolved questions, the mood remained constructive, with calls to continue the conversation and co-develop innovative models for the next chapter of grassroots digital governance.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

Global digital dialogue opens at IGF 2025 in Norway

The 2025 Internet Governance Forum (IGF) commenced in Lillestrøm, Norway, with a warm welcome from Chengetai Masango, Head of the UN IGF Secretariat. Marking the sixth year of its parliamentary track, the event gathered legislators from across the globe, including nations such as Nepal, Lithuania, Spain, Zimbabwe, and Uruguay.

Masango highlighted the growing momentum of parliamentary engagement in global digital governance and emphasised Norway’s deep-rooted value of freedom of expression as a guiding principle for shaping responsible digital futures. In his remarks, Masango praised the unique role of parliamentarians in bridging local realities with global digital policy discussions, underlining the importance of balancing human rights with digital security.

He encouraged continued collaboration, learning, and building upon the IGF’s past efforts, primarily through local leadership and national implementation of ideas born from multistakeholder dialogue. Masango concluded by urging participants to engage in meaningful exchanges and form new partnerships, stressing that their contributions matter far beyond the forum itself.

Andy Richardson from the IGF Secretariat reiterated these themes, noting how parliamentary involvement underscores the urgency and weight of digital policy issues in the legislative realm. He drew attention to the critical intersection of AI and democracy, referencing recent resolutions and efforts to track parliamentary actions worldwide. With over 37 national reports on AI-related legislation already compiled, Richardson stressed the IGF’s ongoing commitment to staying updated and learning from legislators’ diverse experiences.

The opening session closed with an invitation to continue discussions in the day’s first panel, titled ‘Digital Deceit: The Societal Impact of Online Misinformation and Disinformation.’ Simultaneous translations were made available, highlighting the IGF’s inclusive and multilingual approach as it moved into a day of rich, cross-cultural policy conversations.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

Spyware accountability demands Global South leadership at IGF 2025

At the Internet Governance Forum 2025 in Lillestrøm, Norway, a powerful roundtable titled ‘Spyware Accountability in the Global South’ brought together experts, activists, and policymakers to confront the growing threat of surveillance technologies in the world’s most vulnerable regions. Moderated by Nighat Dad of Pakistan’s Digital Rights Foundation, the session featured diverse perspectives from Mexico, India, Lebanon, the UK, and the private sector, each underscoring how spyware like Pegasus has been weaponised to target journalists, human rights defenders, and civil society actors across Latin America, South Asia, and the Middle East.

Ana Gaitán of R3D Mexico revealed how Mexican military forces routinely deploy spyware to obstruct investigations into abuses like the Ayotzinapa case. Apar Gupta from India’s Internet Freedom Foundation warned of the enduring legacy of colonial surveillance laws enabling secret spyware use. At the same time, Mohamad Najem of Lebanon’s SMEX explained how post-Arab Spring authoritarianism has fueled a booming domestic and export market for surveillance tools in the Gulf region. All three pointed to the urgent need for legal reform and international support, noting the failure of courts and institutions to provide effective remedies.

Representing regulatory efforts, Elizabeth Davies of the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office outlined the Pall Mall Process, a UK-France initiative to create international norms for commercial cyber intrusion tools. Former UN Special Rapporteur David Kaye emphasised that such frameworks must go beyond soft law, calling for export controls, domestic legal safeguards, and litigation to ensure enforcement.

Rima Amin of Meta added a private sector lens, highlighting Meta’s litigation against NSO Group and pledging to reinvest any damages into supporting surveillance victims. Despite emerging international efforts, the panel agreed that meaningful spyware accountability will remain elusive without centring Global South voices, expanding technical and legal capacity, and bridging the North-South knowledge gap.

With spyware abuse expanding faster than regulation, the call from Lillestrøm was clear: democratic protections and digital rights must not be a privilege of geography.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

WGIG reunion sparks calls for reform at IGF 2025 in Norway

At the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2025 in Lillestrøm, Norway, a reunion of the original Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) marked a significant reflection and reckoning moment for global digital governance. Commemorating the 20th anniversary of WGIG’s formation, the session brought together pioneers of the multistakeholder model that reshaped internet policy discussions during the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).

Moderated by Markus Kummer and organised by William J. Drake, the panel featured original WGIG members, including Ayesha Hassan, Raul Echeberria, Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Avri Doria, Juan Fernandez, and Jovan Kurbalija, with remote contributions from Alejandro Pisanty, Carlos Afonso, Vittorio Bertola, Baher Esmat, and others. While celebrating their achievements, speakers did not shy away from blunt assessments of the IGF’s present state and future direction.

Speakers universally praised WGIG’s groundbreaking work in legitimising multi-stakeholderism within the UN system. The group’s broad, inclusive definition of internet governance—encompassing technical infrastructure and social and economic policies—was credited for transforming how global internet issues are addressed.

Participants emphasised the group’s unique working methodology, prioritising transparency, pluralism, and consensus-building without erasing legitimate disagreements. Many argue that these practices remain instructive amid today’s fragmented digital governance landscape.

However, as the conversation shifted from legacy to present-day performance, participants voiced deep concerns about the IGF’s limitations. Despite successes in capacity-building and agenda-setting, the forum was criticised for its failure to tackle controversial issues like surveillance, monopolies, and platform accountability.

Crowd, Person, People, Press Conference, Adult, Male, Man, Face, Head, Electrical Device, Microphone, Clothing, Formal Wear, Suit, Audience — Jovan Kurbalija, Executive Director of Diplo

Speakers such as Vittorio Bertola and Avri Doria lamented its increasingly top-down character. At the same time, Nandini Chami and Ariette Esterhuizen raised questions about the IGF’s relevance and inclusiveness in the face of growing power imbalances. Some, including Bertrand de la Chapelle and Jovan Kurbalija, proposed bold reforms, including establishing a new working group to address the interlinked challenges of AI, data governance, and digital justice.

The session closed on a forward-looking note, urging the IGF community to recapture WGIG’s original spirit of collaborative innovation. As emerging technologies raise the stakes for global cooperation, participants agreed that internet governance must evolve—not only to reflect new realities but to stay true to the inclusive, democratic ideals that defined its founding two decades ago.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

IGF 2025 opens in Norway with focus on inclusive digital governance

Norway will host the 20th annual Internet Governance Forum (IGF) from 23 to 27 June 2025 in a hybrid format, with the main venue set at Nova Spektrum in Lillestrøm, just outside Oslo.

This milestone event marks two decades of the UN-backed forum that brings together diverse stakeholders to discuss how the internet should be governed for the benefit of all.

The overarching theme, Building Governance Together, strongly emphasises inclusivity, democratic values, and sustainable digital cooperation.

With participation expected from governments, the private sector, civil society, academia, and international organisations, IGF 2025 will continue to promote multistakeholder dialogue on critical topics, including digital trust, cybersecurity, AI, and internet access.

A key feature will be the IGF Village, where companies and organisations will showcase technologies and products aligned with global internet development and governance.

Norway’s Minister of Digitalisation and Public Governance, Karianne Oldernes Tung, underlined the significance of this gathering in light of current geopolitical tensions and the forthcoming WSIS+20 review later in 2025.

Reaffirming Norway’s support for the renewal of the IGF mandate at the UN General Assembly, Minister Tung called for unity and collaborative action to uphold an open, secure, and inclusive internet. The forum aims to assess progress and help shape the next era of digital policy.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

MIT study links AI chatbot use to reduced brain activity and learning

A new preprint study from MIT has revealed that using AI chatbots for writing tasks significantly reduces brain activity and impairs memory retention.

The research, led by Dr Nataliya Kosmyna at the MIT Media Lab, involved Boston-area students writing essays under three conditions: unaided, using a search engine, or assisted by OpenAI’s GPT-4o. Participants wore EEG headsets to monitor brain activity throughout.

Results indicated that those relying on AI exhibited the weakest neural connectivity, with up to 55% lower cognitive engagement than the unaided group. Those using search engines showed a moderate drop of up to 48%.

The researchers used Dynamic Directed Transfer Function (dDTF) to assess cognitive load and information flow across brain regions. They found that while the unaided group activated broad neural networks, AI users primarily engaged in procedural tasks with shallow encoding of information.

Participants using GPT-4o also performed worst in recall and perceived ownership of their written work. In follow-up sessions, students previously reliant on AI struggled more when the tool was removed, suggesting diminished internal processing skills.

Meanwhile, those who used their own cognitive skills earlier showed improved performance when later given AI support.

The findings suggest that early AI use in education may hinder deeper learning and critical thinking. Researchers recommend that students first engage in self-driven learning before incorporating AI tools to enhance understanding.

Dr Kosmyna emphasised that while the results are preliminary and not yet peer-reviewed, the study highlights the need for careful consideration of AI’s cognitive impact.

MIT’s team now plans to explore similar effects in coding tasks, studying how AI tools like code generators influence brain function and learning outcomes.

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New Meta smart glasses target sports enthusiasts

Meta is set to launch a new pair of AI-powered smart glasses under the Oakley brand, targeting sports users. Scheduled for release on 20 June, the glasses mark an expansion of Meta’s partnership with eyewear giant EssilorLuxottica.

Oakley’s sporty design and outdoor functionality make it ideal for active users, a market Meta aims to capture with this launch. The glasses will feature a central camera and likely retail for around $360.

This follows the success of Meta’s Ray-Ban smart glasses, which include AI assistant integration and hands-free visual capture. Over two million pairs have been sold since 2023, according to EssilorLuxottica’s CEO.

Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg continues to push smart eyewear as a long-term replacement for smartphones. With high-fashion Prada smart glasses also in development, Meta is betting on wearable tech becoming the next frontier in computing.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

Canva rolls out text-to-video tool for creators

Canva has launched a new tool powered by Google’s Veo 3 model, allowing users to generate short cinematic video clips using simple text prompts. Known as ‘Create a Video Clip’, the feature produces eight-second videos with sound directly inside the Canva platform.

This marks one of the first commercial uses of Veo 3, which debuted last month. The AI tool is available to Canva Pro, Teams, Enterprise and Nonprofit users, who can generate up to five clips per month initially.

Danny Wu, Canva’s head of AI products, said the feature simplifies video creation with synchronised dialogue, sound effects and editing options. Users can integrate the clips into presentations, social media designs or other formats via Canva’s built-in video editor.

Canva is also extending the tool to users of Leonardo.Ai, a related image generation service. The feature is protected by Canva Shield, a content moderation and indemnity framework aimed at enterprise-level security and trust.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

ChatGPT loses chess match to Atari 2600

ChatGPT, was trounced in a chess match by a 1979 video game running on an Atari 2600 emulator. Citrix engineer Robert Caruso set up the match using Video Chess to test how the AI would perform against vintage gaming software.

The result was unexpectedly lopsided. ChatGPT confused rooks for bishops, forgot piece positions and made repeated beginner mistakes, eventually asking for the match to be restarted. Even when standard chess notation was used, its performance failed to improve.

Caruso described the 90-minute session as full of basic blunders, saying the AI would have been laughed out of a primary school chess club. His post highlighted the limitations of ChatGPT’s architecture, which is built for language understanding, not strategic board gameplay.

While the experiment doesn’t mean ChatGPT is entirely useless at chess, it suggests users are better off discussing the game with the bot than challenging it. OpenAI has not yet responded to the light-hearted but telling critique.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

Switzerland’s unique AI path: Blending innovation, governance, and local empowerment

In his recent blog post ‘Advancing Swiss AI Trinity: Zurich’s entrepreneurship, Geneva’s governance, and Communal subsidiarity,’ Jovan Kurbalija proposes a distinctive roadmap for Switzerland to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of AI. Rather than mimicking the AI power plays of the United States or China, Kurbalija argues that Switzerland can lead by integrating three national strengths: Zurich’s thriving innovation ecosystem, Geneva’s global leadership in governance, and the country’s foundational principle of subsidiarity rooted in local decision-making.

Zurich, already a global tech hub, is positioned to drive cutting-edge development through its academic excellence and robust entrepreneurial culture. Institutions like ETH Zurich and the presence of major tech firms provide a fertile ground for collaborations that turn research into practical solutions.

With AI tools becoming increasingly accessible, Kurbalija emphasises that success now depends on how societies harness the interplay of human and machine intelligence—a field where Switzerland’s education and apprenticeship systems give it a competitive edge. Meanwhile, Geneva is called upon to spearhead balanced international governance and standard-setting for AI.

Kurbalija stresses that AI policy must go beyond abstract discussions and address real-world issues—health, education, the environment—by embedding AI tools in global institutions and negotiations. He notes that Geneva’s experience in multilateral diplomacy and technical standardisation offers a strong foundation for shaping ethical, inclusive AI frameworks.

The third pillar—subsidiarity—empowers Swiss cantons and communities to develop AI that reflects local values and needs. By supporting grassroots innovation through mini-grants, reimagining libraries as AI learning hubs, and embedding AI literacy from primary school to professional training, Switzerland can build an AI model that is democratic and inclusive.

Why does it matter?

Kurbalija’s call to action is clear: with its tools, talent, and traditions aligned, Switzerland must act now to chart a future where AI serves society, not the other way around.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!