Human rights principles

Digital fraud declines in Russia after rollout of Cyberbez measures

Russia has reported a sharp decline in cyber fraud following the introduction of new regulatory measures in 2025. Officials say legislative action targeting telephone and online scams has begun to deliver measurable results.

State Secretary and Deputy Minister of Digital Development Ivan Lebedev told the State Duma that crimes covered by the first package of reforms, known as ‘Cyberbez 1.0’, have fallen by 40%, according to confirmed statistics.

Earlier this year, Lebedev said Russia records roughly 677,000 cases of phone and online fraud annually, with incidents rising by more than 35% since 2022, highlighting the scale of the challenge faced by authorities.

In April, President Vladimir Putin signed a law introducing a range of countermeasures, including a state information system to combat fraud, limits on unsolicited marketing calls, stricter SIM card issuance rules, and new compliance obligations for banks.

Further steps are now under discussion. Officials say a second package is being prepared, while a third set of initiatives was announced in December as Russia continues to strengthen its digital security framework.

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UK report quantifies rapid advances in frontier AI capabilities

For the first time, the UK has published a detailed, evidence-based assessment of frontier AI capabilities. The Frontier AI Trends Report draws on two years of structured testing across areas including cybersecurity, software engineering, chemistry, and biology.

The findings show rapid progress in technical performance. Success rates on apprentice-level cyber tasks rose from under 9% in 2023 to around 50% in 2025, while models also completed expert-level cyber challenges previously requiring a decade of experience.

Safeguards designed to limit misuse are also improving, according to the report. Red-team testing found that the time required to identify universal jailbreaks increased from minutes to several hours between model generations, representing an estimated forty-fold improvement in resistance.

The analysis highlights advances beyond cybersecurity. AI systems now complete hour-long software engineering tasks more than 40% of the time, while biology and chemistry models outperform PhD-level researchers in controlled knowledge tests and support non-experts in laboratory-style workflows.

While the report avoids policy recommendations, UK officials say it strengthens transparency around advanced AI systems. The government plans to continue investing in evaluation science through the AI Security Institute, supporting independent testing and international collaboration.

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New Kimwolf Android botnet linked to a record-breaking DDoS attacks

Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered a rapidly expanding Android botnet known as Kimwolf, which has already compromised approximately 1.8 million devices worldwide.

The malware primarily targets smart TVs, set-top boxes, and tablets connected to residential networks, with infections concentrated in countries including Brazil, India, the US, Argentina, South Africa, and the Philippines.

Analysis by QiAnXin XLab indicates that Kimwolf demonstrates a high degree of operational resilience.

Despite multiple disruptions to its command-and-control infrastructure, the botnet has repeatedly re-emerged with enhanced capabilities, including the adoption of Ethereum Name Service to harden its communications against takedown efforts.

Researchers also identified significant similarities between Kimwolf and AISURU, one of the most powerful botnets observed in recent years. Shared source code, infrastructure, and infection scripts suggest both botnets are operated by the same threat group and have coexisted on large numbers of infected devices.

AISURU has previously drawn attention for launching record-setting distributed denial-of-service attacks, including traffic peaks approaching 30 terabits per second.

The emergence of Kimwolf alongside such activity highlights the growing scale and sophistication of botnet-driven cyber threats targeting global internet infrastructure.

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AI reshapes media in North Macedonia with new regulatory guidance

A new analysis examines the impact of AI on North Macedonia’s media sector, offering guidance on ethical standards, human rights, and regulatory approaches.

Prepared in both Macedonian and English, the study benchmarks the country’s practices against European frameworks and provides actionable recommendations for future regulation and self-regulation.

The research, supported by the EU and Council of Europe’s PRO-FREX initiative and in collaboration with the Agency for Audio and Audiovisual Media Services (AVMU), was presented during Media Literacy Days 2025 in Skopje.

It highlights the relevance of EU and Council of Europe guidelines, including the Framework Convention on AI and Human Rights, and guidance on responsible AI in journalism.

AVMU’s involvement underlines its role in ensuring media freedom, fairness, and accountability amid rapid technological change. Participants highlighted the need for careful policymaking to manage AI’s impact, protecting media diversity, journalistic standards, and public trust online.

The analysis forms part of broader efforts under the Council of Europe and the EU’s Horizontal Facility for the Western Balkans and Türkiye, aiming to support North Macedonia in aligning media regulation with European standards while responsibly integrating AI technologies.

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Healthcare faces growing compliance pressure from AI adoption

AI is becoming a practical tool across healthcare as providers face rising patient demand, chronic disease and limited resources.

These AI systems increasingly support tasks such as clinical documentation, billing, diagnostics and personalised treatment instead of relying solely on manual processes, allowing clinicians to focus more directly on patient care.

At the same time, AI introduces significant compliance and safety risks. Algorithmic bias, opaque decision-making, and outdated training data can affect clinical outcomes, raising questions about accountability when errors occur.

Regulators are signalling that healthcare organisations cannot delegate responsibility to automated systems and must retain meaningful human oversight over AI-assisted decisions.

Regulatory exposure spans federal and state frameworks, including HIPAA privacy rules, FDA oversight of AI-enabled medical devices and enforcement under the False Claims Act.

Healthcare providers are expected to implement robust procurement checks, continuous monitoring, governance structures and patient consent practices as AI regulation evolves towards a more coordinated national approach.

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US platforms signal political shift in DSA risk reports

Major online platforms have submitted their 2025 systemic risk assessments under the Digital Services Act as the European Commission moves towards issuing its first fine against a Very Large Online Platform.

The reports arrive amid mounting political friction between Brussels and Washington, placing platform compliance under heightened scrutiny on both regulatory and geopolitical fronts.

Several US-based companies adjusted how risks related to hate speech, misinformation and diversity are framed, reflecting political changes in the US while maintaining formal alignment with EU law.

Meta softened enforcement language, reclassified hate speech under broader categories and reduced visibility of civil rights structures, while continuing to emphasise freedom of expression as a guiding principle.

Google and YouTube similarly narrowed references to misinformation, replaced established terminology with less charged language and limited enforcement narratives to cases involving severe harm.

LinkedIn followed comparable patterns, removing references to earlier commitments on health misinformation, civic integrity and EU voluntary codes that have since been integrated into the DSA framework.

X largely retained its prior approach, although its report continues to reference cooperation with governments and civil society that contrasts with the platform’s public positioning.

TikTok diverged from other platforms by expanding disclosures on hate speech, election integrity and fact-checking, likely reflecting its vulnerability to regulatory action in both the EU and the US.

European regulators are expected to assess whether these shifts represent genuine risk mitigation or strategic alignment with US political priorities.

As systemic risk reports increasingly inform enforcement decisions, subtle changes in language, scope and emphasis may carry regulatory consequences well beyond their formal compliance function.

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Instacart faces FTC scrutiny over AI pricing tool

US regulators are examining Instacart’s use of AI in grocery pricing, after reports that shoppers were shown different prices for identical items. Sources told Reuters the Federal Trade Commission has opened a probe into the company’s AI-driven pricing practices.

The FTC has issued a civil investigative demand seeking information about Instacart’s Eversight tool, which allows retailers to test different prices using AI. The agency said it does not comment on ongoing investigations, but expressed concern over reports of alleged pricing behaviour.

Scrutiny follows a study of 437 shoppers across four US cities, which found average price differences of 7 percent for the same grocery lists at the same stores. Some shoppers reportedly paid up to 23 percent more than others for identical items, according to the researchers.

Instacart said the pricing experiments were randomised and not based on personal data or individual behaviour. The company maintains that retailers, not Instacart, set prices on the platform, with the exception of Target, where prices are sourced externally and adjusted to cover costs.

The investigation comes amid wider regulatory focus on technology-driven pricing as living costs remain politically sensitive in the United States. Lawmakers have urged greater transparency, while the FTC continues broader inquiries into AI tools used to analyse consumer data and set prices.

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Russia considers restoring Roblox access after compliance talks

Roblox has signalled willingness to comply with Russian law, opening the possibility of the platform being unblocked in Russia following earlier access restrictions.

Roskomnadzor stated that cooperation could resume if Roblox demonstrates concrete steps instead of declarations towards meeting domestic legal requirements.

The regulator said Roblox acknowledged shortcomings in moderating game content and ensuring the safety of user chats, particularly involving minors.

Russian authorities stressed that compliance would require systematic measures to remove harmful material and prevent criminal communication rather than partial adjustments.

Access to Roblox was restricted in early December after officials cited the spread of content linked to extremist and terrorist activity.

Roskomnadzor indicated that continued engagement and demonstrable compliance could allow the platform to restore operations under the regulatory oversight of Russia.

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New AI model analyses X-rays to predict ageing and disease risk

AI may offer a new way to assess how quickly the body is aging by analysing chest X-rays, according to research published in The Journals of Gerontology. The CXR-Age AI model detected age-related changes in the heart, lungs, and health more accurately than DNA-based epigenetic clocks.

Researchers compared CXR-Age to two biological age measures, Horvath Age and DNAm PhenoAge, using data from 2,097 adults in the Project Baseline Health Study, a US multi-site initiative exploring health and disease over time.

CXR-Age showed strong links with early signs of heart and lung aging, frailty, and proteins associated with neuroinflammation, while DNA clocks displayed weaker or no correlations, particularly in middle-aged adults.

Findings suggest that AI applied to routine medical imaging could help clinicians identify individuals at risk of age-related diseases before symptoms appear. AI metrics like CXR-Age could enhance traditional assessments and support personalised preventive healthcare.

The study concludes that machine learning and medical imaging have the potential to advance understanding of organ-specific aging, offering a promising tool for monitoring cardiopulmonary health and supporting early interventions.

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UNDP and UNESCO support AI training for judiciary

UNESCO and UNDP have partnered to enhance judicial capacity on the ethical use of AI. A three-day Bangkok training, supported by the Thailand Institute of Justice, brought together 27 judges from 13 Asia-Pacific countries to discuss the impact of AI on justice and safeguards for fairness.

Expert sessions highlighted the global use of AI in court administration, research, and case management, emphasising opportunities and risks. Participants explored ways to use AI ethically while protecting human rights and judicial integrity, warning that unsupervised tools could increase bias and undermine public trust.

Trainers emphasised that AI must be implemented with careful attention to bias, transparency, and structural inequalities.

Judges reflected on the growing complexity of verifying evidence in the age of generative AI and deepfakes, and acknowledged that responsible AI can improve access to justice, support case reviews, and free time for substantive decision-making.

The initiative concluded with a consensus that AI adoption in courts should be guided by governance, transparency, and ongoing dialogue. The UNDP will continue to collaborate in advancing ethical, human rights-focused AI in regional judiciaries.

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