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Ofcom investigates TikTok age assurance under UK’s Online Safety Act

Ofcom has opened an investigation into TikTok age assurance and the platform’s compliance with child safety duties under the UK’s Online Safety Act.

The investigation will examine whether TikTok uses proportionate systems and processes to prevent children from encountering content classified as harmful under the Act.

Since 25 July 2025, user-to-user services likely to be accessed by children have been required to prevent minors from encountering primary priority content harmful to children. Platforms must also protect different age groups from other forms of harmful material.

Where primary priority content is available, providers must use age-assurance systems that are highly effective at determining whether a user is a child, unless the content is prohibited for all users under the platform’s terms of service.

Ofcom said the investigation follows its review of measures adopted by major platforms and findings from its report on children’s online experiences, which raised concerns about minors encountering harmful content on TikTok.

A separate report on age assurance also suggested that age-estimation models, including those used by TikTok, may have failed to identify a significant proportion of children correctly.

The regulator will assess whether TikTok’s age-assurance measures meet the legal standard of being ‘highly effective’ and whether any shortcomings may have left children exposed to harmful content.

The regulator stressed that opening the investigation does not mean it has concluded that TikTok breached the law. Its first step will be to use formal information-gathering powers to collect and analyse evidence.

TikTok may choose to follow Ofcom’s Protection of Children Codes of Practice or adopt alternative measures. However, any alternative approach must still satisfy the platform’s legal obligations under the Online Safety Act.

If Ofcom identifies failures involving TikTok age assurance or other child protection systems, it could impose a fine of up to £18 million or 10% of qualifying worldwide revenue, whichever is greater.

In the most serious cases, Ofcom can seek a court order requiring third parties, including payment providers, advertisers and internet service providers, to withdraw services from or block access to a platform in UK.

The investigation is expected to take at least three months, with Ofcom planning to publish an update in October 2026.

Why does it matter?

The investigation will provide an early test of how rigorously Ofcom enforces the Online Safety Act’s child protection duties against major platforms. Its outcome could help define what constitutes ‘highly effective’ age assurance and shape industry expectations for protecting minors online.

The case also reflects a broader shift towards holding platforms accountable not only for removing harmful content but for demonstrating that their safety systems work in practice. Any enforcement action is likely to influence how other online services approach age verification and child safety compliance in the UK.

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Indonesia reports 4.7 million under-16 accounts deactivated

TikTok and YouTube have deactivated about 4.7 million accounts belonging to children under 16 in Indonesia, according to the country’s Communications and Digital Affairs Minister Meutya Hafid.

TikTok deactivated around 4.1 million accounts, while YouTube removed about 600,000. The move follows a regulation introduced in March requiring platforms deemed high risk to deactivate accounts held by users under 16.

The rule applies to services including TikTok, YouTube, X, Instagram and Roblox. Hafid said the government expects other platforms to follow the same approach.

Indonesia says the measures are intended to reduce children’s exposure to online harms, including cyberbullying, harmful content and internet addiction. Hafid said the government is not only trying to delay children’s access to social media, but also to change platform behaviour.

The ministry is reviewing self-assessment reports submitted by digital platforms and has said there is no room for compromise on compliance.

Indonesia’s approach reflects a wider global shift towards stricter rules on children’s access to social media and high-risk online services. Australia’s under-16 social media ban took effect in December 2025, while other governments are considering stronger restrictions and age-assurance requirements.

Why does it matter?

Indonesia’s enforcement shows how child online safety regulation is moving from policy debate to platform-level action. Deactivating millions of accounts creates immediate compliance pressure on major services and raises wider questions about age assurance, children’s rights, privacy and access to online spaces. The case also shows that governments are increasingly asking platforms not only to remove underage users, but to redesign how they manage risks for minors.

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Study raises concerns over AI-generated content on TikTok

New research from Kapwing suggests that AI-generated content now accounts for a significant share of videos shown on TikTok, raising concerns about content quality, authenticity and misinformation. The study suggests that nearly 59% of videos served to new users can be classified as AI-generated ‘slop’, with similarly high levels reported in feeds aimed at children.

Analysis across thousands of videos found that AI-generated material is particularly concentrated in the Kids category, where it accounts for around 57% of content. Science, education and health-related content also showed comparatively high levels of AI-generated production, while categories such as fitness, music and fashion remained largely dominated by human creators.

Researchers warn that the growing volume of AI-generated content could undermine information quality and increase exposure to misleading, repetitive or low-value material, particularly among younger audiences. Concerns focus on how algorithmic recommendation systems amplify such content, shaping early viewing experiences for new users.

In response, TikTok has introduced tools allowing users to adjust the amount of AI content in their feeds and launched initiatives aimed at improving AI literacy. Despite these measures, the findings suggest that AI-generated videos are becoming an increasingly prominent feature of the short-form social media ecosystem.

Why does it matter?

The findings highlight how generative AI is reshaping online content ecosystems by dramatically lowering the cost and effort required to produce large volumes of media. As recommendation algorithms prioritise engagement and scale, AI-generated content can spread rapidly, influencing what users see and how information is consumed.

The trend also raises broader questions about platform governance, content moderation and digital literacy. If synthetic content becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish from human-created material, platforms may face growing pressure to improve labelling, verification and recommendation systems. The issue is particularly significant for younger users and for content categories such as education, science and health, where misinformation can have wider societal consequences.

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TikTok launches family guide for safer digital habits

TikTok has partnered with TOUCH Cyber Wellness to launch a family digital check-in guide aimed at helping parents and teenagers develop safer and healthier online habits in Singapore.

The initiative supports Singapore’s ‘Digital for Life’ movement and was unveiled during the 2025 ‘Our Digital Journey’ programme by Rahayu Mahzam, Minister of State for Digital Development and Information and Health.

Designed as a practical toolkit for families, the guide encourages open discussions around digital behaviour rather than relying only on one-way rules. Families can use printable materials, self-discovery profiles, and conversation prompts to understand online habits better and agree on shared boundaries.

TikTok also introduced a mobile-friendly digital hub featuring safety resources and a video from Singaporean creator Denise Teo. Speakers at the launch event said digital well-being requires cooperation among families, schools, technology companies, and policymakers, while panellists highlighted resilience, curiosity, and continuous dialogue as key to helping young users navigate online spaces safely.

The initiative follows increased regulatory scrutiny of online safety in Singapore. In March 2026, the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) issued letters of caution to TikTok and X over serious weaknesses in their measures to proactively detect and remove harmful content. Both platforms were placed under enhanced supervision and required to report progress on rectification measures.

IMDA said it found 17 cases of terrorism-related content shared by Singapore-based TikTok accounts in 2025, and that the platform removed the content only after the regulator flagged the cases. TikTok said teen accounts already include more than 50 built-in safety and privacy protections, including default screen time limits and restricted content settings.

Why does it matter?

The initiative shows how platform safety efforts are increasingly moving beyond content moderation and into digital literacy, family engagement, and user resilience. In Singapore, that softer approach sits alongside a more formal regulatory push requiring major platforms to improve detection, reporting, child safety, and accountability for harmful content.

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Snap, YouTube, TikTok and Meta settle Kentucky school district lawsuit

At mid-May, Snap, YouTube and TikTok have reached a settlement in a lawsuit brought by the Breathitt County School District in Kentucky. The school district alleged that social media platforms contributed to learning disruption, mental health concerns, and additional financial pressures on schools.

Terms of the settlement have not been disclosed. Meta remained a defendant in the same litigation and was scheduled to proceed to trial on June 15th. However, on May 21st, the company also reached a settlement. The case is one of a broader series of lawsuits involving social media platforms and alleged harms affecting minors and schools.

This follows earlier related cases settled by Snap and TikTok. The companies have faced multiple lawsuits related to alleged harms associated with social media use. In a separate case, a jury awarded damages to a plaintiff in litigation involving Google and Meta. Meta has also recently been ordered to pay $375 million in a separate case brought by New Mexico’s attorney general.

Beyond seeking monetary awards of $60 millions, plaintiffs and state authorities have also called for changes to platform design and online safety measures affecting minors. Additional lawsuits involving social media platforms and youth safety issues remain ongoing in US courts.

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Italy lawsuit against Meta and TikTok tests child safety rules

A first hearing has taken place at the Milan Business Court in a case brought by MOIGE, the Italian Parents’ Movement, and a group of families against Meta and TikTok over the protection of minors on social media platforms.

According to MOIGE, the class-wide injunction seeks to protect around 3.5 million Italian children aged between 7 and 14 who are allegedly active on social platforms despite age restrictions. The organisation described the case as the first such action in Europe focused on protecting minors in the digital sector.

The hearing focused on preliminary objections, including challenges by lawyers for Meta and TikTok to the jurisdiction and competence of Italian courts to rule on the companies’ conduct. MOIGE said the platforms also contested documents submitted by its legal team concerning the alleged effects of recommendation algorithms on minors.

According to MOIGE, the documents refer to concerns around variable reinforcement mechanisms, infinite scrolling and behavioural profiling allegedly designed to maximise engagement among younger users. The organisation and the families’ lawyers argue that such design features raise concerns over addictive behaviour and wider risks to children’s well-being.

MOIGE’s lawyers urged the court to proceed quickly, arguing that delays could prolong potential harm affecting minors in Italy. The case will continue with further hearings, with the court expected to set the next steps in the proceedings.

Why does it matter?

The case could become an important test of how courts assess platform responsibility for children’s safety, age restrictions and recommendation systems. If the action advances, it may contribute to wider European debates on algorithmic design, age verification, addictive platform features and whether child online safety should be treated not only as a content moderation issue, but also as a consumer protection and public health concern.

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TikTok disinformation study raises concerns over AI content and EU regulation

A new study by Science Feedback indicates that TikTok has a higher proportion of misleading content than other major platforms operating in the EU.

The analysis covered France, Poland, Slovakia and Spain, assessing content across multiple thematic areas including health, politics and climate.

Findings suggest that approximately one in four posts on TikTok contained misleading elements, placing the platform ahead of competitors such as Facebook, YouTube and X. Health-related narratives were the most prominent category, reflecting broader patterns observed across digital ecosystems.

Researchers describe disinformation as a persistent feature embedded within platform structures instead of an isolated occurrence.

The study also highlights a growing presence of AI-generated content, particularly in video formats, where synthetic material accounted for a significant share of misleading posts. Despite existing platform policies, most identified content lacked clear labelling.

The regulatory context remains under development.

While the Digital Services Act integrates voluntary commitments from the EU disinformation code, it does not impose mandatory requirements for identifying AI-generated material.

Ongoing debates therefore focus on transparency, accountability and the evolving responsibilities of digital platforms within the European information environment.

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TikTok rejects end-to-end encryption citing safety concerns

TikTok will not adopt end-to-end encryption for direct messages. The company explained that using this technology could hinder safety teams’ and law enforcement’s efforts to detect harmful content in private messages, which the company believes could make users less safe online.

Encrypted messaging ensures that only the sender and recipient can read a conversation and is widely used across the social media industry. Rivals including Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, and X have adopted the technology, saying protecting private communication is central to user privacy.

The issue has become more sensitive because the platform has long faced scrutiny over possible links between its parent company, ByteDance, and the government of the People’s Republic of China, something the company has repeatedly denied. Reflecting these concerns, earlier this year, US lawmakers ordered the separation of TikTok’s US operations from its global business.

The company told the BBC that encrypted messaging would make it impossible for police and platform safety teams to read direct messages when needed. TikTok emphasised that this decision was made to enhance user protection, with a particular focus on the safety of younger users, and that it sees monitoring capabilities as crucial for addressing harmful behaviour.

Industry analyst Matt Navarra said the platform’s decision to ‘swim against the tide’ is ‘notable’ but presents ‘challenging optics’. He noted, ‘Grooming and harassment risks are present in DMs [direct messages], so TikTok can state it is prioritising proactive safety over privacy absolutism,’ though he added that the decision ‘places TikTok out of alignment with global privacy expectations’.

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TikTok accused of breaching EU digital safety rules

The European Commission has concluded that TikTok’s design breaches the Digital Services Act by encouraging compulsive use and failing to protect users, particularly children and teenagers.

Preliminary findings say the platform relies heavily on features such as infinite scroll, which automatically delivers new videos and makes disengagement difficult.

Regulators argue that such mechanisms place users into habitual patterns of repeated viewing rather than supporting conscious choice. EU officials found that safeguards introduced by TikTok do not adequately reduce the risks linked to excessive screen time.

Daily screen time limits were described as ineffective because alerts are easy to dismiss, even for younger users who receive automatic restrictions. Parental control tools were also criticised for requiring significant effort, technical knowledge and ongoing involvement from parents.

Henna Virkkunen, the Commission’s executive vice-president for tech sovereignty, security and democracy, said addictive social media design can harm the development of young people. European law, she said, makes platforms responsible for the effects their services have on users.

Regulators concluded that compliance with the Digital Services Act would require TikTok to alter core elements of its product, including changes to infinite scroll, recommendation systems and screen break features.

TikTok rejected the findings, calling them inaccurate and saying the company would challenge the assessment. The platform argues that it already offers a range of tools, including sleep reminders and wellbeing features, to help users manage their time.

The investigation remains ongoing and no penalties have yet been imposed. A final decision could still result in enforcement measures, including fines of up to six per cent of TikTok’s global annual turnover.

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TikTok access restored as Albania adopts new protective filters

Albania has l i fted its temporary ban on TikTok after nearly a year, the government announced, saying that concerns about public, social and digital safety have now been addressed and that access will resume nationwide.

The restriction was introduced in March 2025 following a fatal stabbing linked to a social media dispute and aimed to protect younger users instead of exposing them to harmful online content.

Under the new arrangement, authorities are partnering with TikTok to introduce protective filters based on keywords and content controls and to strengthen reporting mechanisms for harmful material.

The government described the decision as a shift from restrictive measures to a phase of active monitoring, inter-institutional cooperation, and shared responsibility with digital platforms.

Although the ban has now been lifted, a court challenge contends that the earlier suspension violated the constitutional right to freedom of expression, and a ruling is expected later in February. Opposition figures also criticised the original ban when it was applied ahead of parliamentary elections.

Despite the formal ban, TikTok remained accessible to many users in Albania through virtual private networks during the year it was in force, highlighting the challenge of enforcing such blocks in practice.

Critics have also noted that addressing the impact on youth may require broader digital education and safety measures.

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