Iceland’s digital strategies aim to enhance innovation, improve public services, and promote digital inclusion for all citizens. Central to this agenda is the Digital Iceland initiative, led by the Ministry of Transport and Local Government, which focuses on modernising e-government services, strengthening digital literacy, and ensuring accessibility. The initiative includes the development of secure digital identity systems, interoperable government platforms, and user-friendly service portals. Efforts to boost digital skills span from school curricula to community training sessions, with particular support for older adults and rural populations. Investments in digital infrastructure target nationwide broadband access and the deployment of 5G networks, supporting smart services and the internet of things. Inclusivity is a priority, with services designed for accessibility and accompanied by user support mechanisms.
At the regional level, Iceland collaborates with other Nordic-Baltic countries to align digital policies and create a seamless digital environment. This cooperation supports the EU’s Digital Single Market and enables cross-border digital services such as electronic identification and digital signatures. Joint efforts also focus on cybersecurity through information sharing, joint response strategies, and training exercises. The region fosters innovation and startup ecosystems through shared resources and programs like the Nordic Innovation House. In education, countries work together to integrate digital skills into learning systems. The Nordic Council of Ministers for Digitalisation coordinates shared goals in public services, the data economy, and industry digitalisation. Regional cooperation also extends to implementing the eIDAS regulation for secure digital identities, accelerating 5G deployment through harmonised policies, and advancing sustainability by leveraging digital tools to reduce environmental impact.
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Jamaica has emerged as a regional leader in digital development, particularly in public infrastructure and intellectual property reform. It has deployed over 380 public Wi‑Fi hotspots nationwide, significantly expanding access in underserved areas. The country also ranks 4th in Latin America and the Caribbean for intellectual property protection, supported by the 2020 Patents and Designs Act, which modernised outdated IP laws and aligned Jamaica with key international treaties.
The country has shown strong progress in digital government and regulatory reform. The Data Protection Act (2020) is now fully in force, with over 1,000 entities registered as data controllers, and a dedicated Office of the Information Commissioner is actively overseeing compliance. Jamaica is also implementing a national digital identity system (NIDS), backed by interoperable platforms like the Jamaica Data Exchange, and is investing in AI readiness through policy frameworks, public AI labs, and education programs.
Jamaica is among the top 8 countries in the region for digital business capacity, according to World Bank rankings, reflecting the relative strength of its digital firms and entrepreneurship. Its e‑commerce sector is growing by over 20% annually, and the country is taking part in global initiatives like the ’50 in 5′ digital public infrastructure program. While challenges remain in cybersecurity, logistics, and skills development, Jamaica’s coordinated policy approach, public investments, and institutional reforms place it among the most digitally advanced Caribbean nations.
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Gabon is one of the most digitally connected countries in Central Africa. As of early 2025, internet penetration reached 71.9 percent, with approximately 1.84 million users—a significant figure given the population of around 2.57 million. This places Gabon well ahead of its neighbours—for example, Cameroon’s rate is around 42 percent, and the Democratic Republic of Congo’s is under 30 percent. Mobile broadband connectivity is strong: mobile subscriptions exceed the population (124 percent of total population), with 88 percent being broadband-capable through 3G, 4G, or 5G networks.
In the broader Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Gabon leads in e‑commerce readiness: about 38.3 percent of the population is considered prepared for online shopping. Gabon’s internet services are also generally recognised as reliable and relatively affordable, which supports its comparatively advanced digital infrastructure in the region.
On the regulatory and infrastructure side, Gabon has a modest but growing digital ecosystem. Internet resilience metrics indicatemedium capacity at around 42 percent, with only three data centers and one active Internet Exchange Point (IXP). Gabon has completed its segment of the Central African Backbone (CAB) fiber‑optic project, which greatly enhanced national connectivity.
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Burkina Faso combines relatively low internet penetration with a strong security and governance profile in the digital sphere. Internet Society’s 2024 country report notes that around 20% of the population are internet users, but the country scores 70.39 on the Global Cybersecurity Index, placing it among the better-prepared cybersecurity environments in Africa, and reports three data centres and two active IXPs.
The country is also an early mover on data protection in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa. Burkina Faso adopted a data-protection law in 2004 and, in 2007, became the first French-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa with an operational data-protection authority, the Commission de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CIL). This framework has since been updated and is complemented by participation in regional instruments and initiatives on cross-border data transfers.
On infrastructure and emerging tech, Burkina Faso was the first West African nation to deploy a government cloud, the G-Cloud, launched in 2015 to host e-government, e-learning and e-health services over a national fibre backbone. In AI, the country hosts CITADEL, an Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence in AI for Development that serves Burkina Faso and the sub-region and is part of the pan-African AI4D network, positioning the country as a regional reference point for francophone AI research and capacity-building.
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Israel’s digital landscape in 2025 reflects a nation at the forefront of technological innovation, underpinned by robust infrastructure, a dynamic tech ecosystem, and proactive regulatory frameworks.
Israel boasts high internet penetration, with over 90% of its population online. The country has significantly expanded its fibre-optic broadband network, enhancing connectivity nationwide. Initiatives like Project Nimbus, a $1.2 billion collaboration with Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, have modernised public sector IT systems and ensured data sovereignty by establishing local cloud services.
Israel’s data protection framework is anchored in the Protection of Privacy Law, 1981, overseen by the Privacy Protection Authority. In August 2024, the Knesset approved Amendment No. 13 to this law, introducing significant changes such as expanded definitions, reduced obligations for database registration, mandatory appointment of privacy protection officers for certain organizations, and enhanced enforcement powers for the Privacy Protection Authority.
Israel is internationally recognised as a cybersecurity powerhouse, with a robust ecosystem comprising numerous startups, established companies, and research institutions. In 2024, Israeli cybersecurity firms raised $4 billion, more than double the amount from 2023, driven by increased needs for cloud and AI security. Notably, Google’s parent company, Alphabet, announced its largest acquisition to date by purchasing Israeli cybersecurity firm Wiz for $32 billion, aiming to enhance its competitiveness in the cloud services market.
In December 2023, Israel unveiled its first comprehensive national AI policy, developed collaboratively by the Ministry of Innovation and the Ministry of Justice. The policy outlines ethical principles aligned with OECD guidelines and recommends a sector-based, risk-driven regulatory framework focusing on transparency and accountability. Additionally, in March 2024, Israel signed the world’s first binding international treaty on AI, led by the Council of Europe, committing to uphold democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law in AI development and deployment.
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Djibouti has strategically positioned itself as a digital connectivity powerhouse, hosting 12+ submarine cables that land at four self-sufficient landing stations. Located at the geographic crossroads of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, it serves as a pivotal gateway linking Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Major cable systems like SEA‑ME‑WE 6, AAE‑1, EIG, EASSy, and the upcoming DARE‑1 further underscore its importance in the global internet infrastructure.
This dense submarine cable network has drawn over US $200 million in investments, building a robust, secure digital corridor and establishing Djibouti as East Africa’s primary internet node. Djibouti Telecom manages international connectivity for 50+ operators and provides access to clients in 90+ countries, ensuring low-latency, high-capacity services crucial for cloud, AI, and fintech ecosystems.
Beyond transit, Djibouti is actively leveraging this infrastructure: its Tier‑3 Djibouti Data Center and ‘Smart Nation’ initiatives aim to build a regional digital hub, attract data center investment, and kick-start a digital economy contributing ~8% of GDP. Despite high electricity costs, the government is promoting regulatory reforms, liberalizing the telecom sector, and improving infrastructure resilience—setting the stage for expanded digital services and regional leadership in connectivity.
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The Dominican Republic’s current digital governance is anchored in Agenda Digital 2030 and the executive coordination structures built around it, including the Gabinete de Transformación Digital. In global benchmarking, the country sits in the ‘High EGDI’ group in the UN E-Government Survey 2024, ranked 85 overall (EGDI 0.7013), placing it among the stronger performers in the Caribbean. Service delivery is increasingly consolidated through the Portal Único de Servicios, framed as a single entry point for government services and transactions.
Dominican Republic’s ‘Agenda Digital 2030’
The digital roadmap with the steering wheel: Approved by Presidential Decree 527-21, the Dominican Republic’s Agenda Digital 2030 is the government’s official, whole-of-country blueprint for digital transformation, with the decree explicitly allowing annual updates. Rather than treating ‘digital’ as a single-sector project, it frames a cross-cutting programme meant to align connectivity, public services, skills, and the digital economy under one policy umbrella. Implementation is designed to be practical: the decree assigns delivery through action plans led by the Gabinete de Transformación Digital, providing a coordination mechanism across institutions rather than leaving it to isolated pilots. Public communications around the launch also stress inclusion, including broadband access and closing digital divides, while pointing to an institutional environment that aims to be open, participatory, and rights-based.
On cybersecurity, the country has an executive-approved Estrategia Nacional de Ciberseguridad 2030, adopted via Decree 313-22, aimed at strengthening national cyber capacity and resilience. Operationally, incident response is organised around CSIRT-RD, with the national profile published by the Centro Nacional de Ciberseguridad (CNCS) following RFC 2350 conventions.
For data governance and openness, the baseline privacy framework is Law 172-13 – Protection of Personal Data. Transparency and re-use of public-sector information are supported by the Política Nacional de Datos Abiertos, approved by Decree 103-22. The country also participates in the Open Government Partnership cycle through the Fifth Open Government Action Plan (2022–2024), which includes multiple ‘open state’ and digital commitments.
In the digital economy layer, Law 126-02 on e-commerce, digital documents, and digital signatures provides legal recognition for electronic transactions and trust services. Its implementation is detailed in Decree 335-03, which governs the application of the law and promotes legal certainty for digital contracting and signatures. These two instruments are the main ‘e-commerce enablin’ legal backbone referenced across public and private digital transaction systems.
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Regarding connectivity policy, Decree 539-20 mandates broadband and declares next-generation broadband access a national priority and instructs INDOTEL to formulate a Plan Nacional de Banda Ancha. On ‘5G-enabling’ steps, INDOTEL has publicly launched licensing processes for key mobile bands (700/2300/3600 MHz) aligned with next-generation mobile services. Internationally, resilience is supported by multiple subsea landing sites – Santo Domingo, Punta Cana, Puerto Plata – listed in TeleGeography’s submarine cable landing-point records. Domestically, Internet Society Pulse reports 3 active IXPs with 56 members, a valuable indicator for local traffic efficiency and redundancy.
The Permanent Mission of the Dominican Republic to the UN Office and other international organisations in Geneva represents the country across Geneva-based multilateral bodies. The UN Geneva directory lists the mission at Rue de Lausanne 63, 1202 Geneva, and shows a team covering portfolios such as human rights, health, labour, disarmament, and telecommunications, reflecting the breadth of Geneva’s agenda.
The most important feature of Iran’s digital governance is the National Information Network (NIN), backed by the Supreme Council of Cyberspace and designed to make the country’s digital infrastructure more self-reliant, domestically routed, and easier to manage under crisis conditions. The NIN’s macro-plan ties together connectivity, local hosting, domestic services, and state oversight.
In digital policy and regulation, Iran has adopted a broad set of measures rather than relying on a single master law. Key pillars include the Electronic Commerce Law, the Computer Crimes Law, the Strategic Cyberspace Document, the 2024 privacy and personal-data guideline, and platform and traffic rules linked to messaging services, hosting, and circumvention tools. The overall direction is toward tighter identity-linked governance, greater domestic data and traffic control, and stronger administrative regulation of platforms and online services, while a comprehensive data-protection law remains absent.
Iran is also advancing digital development across broadband, smart government, AI, and the digital economy. Official reporting ties the current Seventh Development Plan to fuller NIN deployment and growth in the digital economy, while the 2024 national AI document created a formal National AI Strategy and new national AI institutions. The country has also expanded fibre and 5G rollouts and continues to invest in domestic cloud, data centre, and interconnection infrastructure.
Iran’s permanent mission to the UN:
Iran’s Permanent Mission in Geneva represents the country at the UN Office at Geneva and other international organisations based there, including bodies working on human rights, disarmament, health, humanitarian affairs, labour, trade, and migration. The mission is listed by the UN Office at Geneva at Chemin du Petit-Saconnex 28, 1209 Geneva, and its official site publishes statements, notes verbales, and documents related to Iran’s positions in multilateral diplomacy.
In the UN’s 2024 E-Government Development Index, Cameroon ranked 155th of 193 countries, with an EGDI score of 0.4294. Its e-participation rank was 105th, which is stronger than its overall e-government standing.
From data drift to data rules
An important development in Cameroon’s approach to digital governance was Law No. 2024/017 to personal data protection, adopted in December 2024. It is the first dedicated personal data protection law, replacing a scattered mix of telecom, cybercrime, and e-commerce rules with a single national framework. The law establishes common ground for the collection, use, security, and transfer of personal data, while providing for an independent data protection authority. It affects areas such as public databases, digital ID, fintech, e-commerce, health systems, and future AI uses.
On AI and emerging technologies, MINPOSTEL held national consultations on AI in June 2024 to determine which government policies were needed to strengthen Cameroon’s domestic ownership, capacity, and governance of AI, bringing together public institutions, private actors, civil society, academia, and international organisations. On the other hand, Cameroon’s cloud and innovation landscape lacks a standalone cloud policy, meaning that cloud governance is being shaped indirectly through infrastructure development, data-sovereignty priorities, and efforts to host strategic digital services on domestic or locally controlled data-centre infrastructure, including facilities such as ST Digital’s data centre in Douala.
Cameroon’s Permanent Mission in Geneva represents the country at the UN Office at Geneva and other international organisations based there, including bodies working on human rights, trade, health, labour, migration, and humanitarian affairs. According to the UN Geneva directory, the mission is located on Avenue de France 23 and is headed by Ambassador Salomon Eheth.
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