Countries

In Dominica, internet regulation is primarily overseen by the National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (NTRC). Established under the Telecommunications Act No. 8 of 2000, the NTRC is responsible for coordinating an effective regulatory regime to enhance telecommunications operations in the interest of the country’s sustainable development. The NTRC’s duties include licensing telecommunications providers, managing spectrum allocation, and ensuring compliance with national regulations.

Dominica is also a member of the Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL), a regional regulatory body formed by a treaty signed on 4 May 2000. ECTEL serves as the regulatory body for telecommunications in its member states, including Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. ECTEL’s role is to promote open competition in telecommunications, harmonize policies on a regional level, and provide for universal service and fair pricing.

Consult Dominica’s digital strategies and regulations

Follow Dominica’s digital submarine cables

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups, including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife.

Internet penetration in Eritrea remains low, with approximately 20.0% of the population, or about 714,000 individuals, using the internet as of January 2025. This figure reflects a slight increase from the previous year, indicating slow but steady growth in internet adoption. The country’s connectivity is primarily reliant on satellite links and limited terrestrial connections through neighbouring countries, as Eritrea lacks a submarine cable landing station. This dependence results in higher latency, lower bandwidth, and increased costs, hindering the country’s digital development and access to reliable internet services.

Eritrea’s digital infrastructure is underdeveloped, with minimal investment in expanding network coverage. The state-owned telecommunications company, EriTel, is the sole provider of internet services, which may limit competition and innovation. Access to SIM cards and internet services often requires government approval, creating barriers for widespread adoption. Despite these challenges, there are ongoing efforts to improve digital infrastructure. The African Development Bank Group has signed an agreement with Eritrea for a $19.5 million grant to fund the Desert to Power Eritrea 12MW Mini Grid Project, aiming to enhance energy access, which is crucial for powering digital technologies.

Eritrea currently lacks a comprehensive national cybersecurity strategy and a dedicated cybersecurity authority. However, the country is a participant in the Horn of Africa Digital Governance and Cybersecurity Initiative, which aims to enhance cybersecurity policies and awareness across member states. Despite the absence of formal structures, Eritrea has taken some steps to address cybersecurity concerns. In May 2024, the Eritrean government reported thwarting a significant cyberattack targeting its internet infrastructure during Independence Day celebrations.

Consult Eritrea’s AI and digital strategies and regulations

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India’s past, present, and future are closely intertwined with digital and AI developments. Origins of the digital era based on ‘0’ and ‘1’ could be traced back to the invention of the number ‘0’ or Shunya in Sanscrit. Number ‘zero’ travelled from India via the Arab world to Renaissance Italy, arriving at modernity and our era.

Currently, India is a space of vibrant digital and AI developments from the tech sector to academia. With a young and dynamic population, India will play an important role in shaping global AI and digital developments.

The potential of ancient Indian thinking, such as Kaytola, in addressing modern governance challenges is a fascinating topic that will be explored in the forthcoming Diplo’s webinar with Prof. Subrata K. Mitra on 5 September.

Further down, you can interact with Diplo’s AI assistant built on India’s tech strategies and policies and browse India’s digital profile summary.

Consult India’s AI and digital strategies and regulations

Follow India’s digital submarine cables

Honduras is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Its capital and largest city is Tegucigalpa.

San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is the fifth smallest country in the world and a European microstate in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino is a landlocked country, but the northeastern end is within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the Italian city of Rimini on the Adriatic Sea. The nearest airport is also in Italy. T

Signatory of

• San Marino has ratified CoE Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)

Grenada has been progressively enhancing its digital infrastructure to support economic growth and improve public services. The nation’s connectivity is bolstered by submarine fiber optic cables, notably the Eastern Caribbean Fiber System (ECFS) and the Southern Caribbean Fiber (SCF). The ECFS is a 1,730 km network interconnecting 14 eastern Caribbean islands, while the SCF is an underwater fiber optics ring network connecting several Caribbean nations. These cables are integral to Grenada’s telecommunications infrastructure, facilitating internet services and international communications. Despite these advancements, challenges such as limited digital infrastructure in rural areas and logistical constraints persist.

Consult Grenada’s digital strategies and regulations

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Georgia has been actively working towards fostering a digital economy, recognising its potential to drive economic growth, innovation, and competitiveness. The government has made significant policy efforts to create an environment conducive to private sector development and digitalisation. The country’s digital economy is characterised by a well-developed connectivity infrastructure, with 100% population coverage by at least 4G mobile networks and 62% of households having a computer at home. However, there are still gaps in urban-rural connectivity and in connecting the last mile, with the lack of affordable and quality broadband internet service putting rural areas at a competitive disadvantage.

Data protection and privacy have also taken a front seat in Georgia’s digital development. In 2023, the Parliament adopted a new Law on Personal Data Protection, which came into force in March 2024. This legislation aligns Georgia’s regulatory standards more closely with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), introducing a robust set of rights for individuals and obligations for data controllers and processors. It mandates data breach reporting, appointing Data Protection Officers in both public and private sectors, and privacy-by-design principles in digital services. The Personal Data Protection Service (PDPS), an independent supervisory authority, is tasked with enforcement, oversight, and public awareness-raising.

In the cybersecurity domain, Georgia has developed an advanced and multi-layered framework to defend against a rising tide of cyber threats. The National Cybersecurity Strategy 2021–2024, coordinated by the National Security Council, outlines strategic goals such as strengthening cyber resilience, building national capabilities, developing a cyber-aware culture, and fostering international partnerships. The Cyber Security Bureau of the Ministry of Defence plays a key role in ensuring the security of defense infrastructure and building sector-specific expertise. Alongside national institutions, Georgia collaborates with NATO, the EU, and other international bodies to align its defensive capabilities with global standards.

Consult Georgia’s digital strategies and regulations

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Jordan’s digital profile reflects a country in steady transformation, guided by a clear strategic vision and a growing investment in technology-driven governance. Through policies such as the National Digital Transformation Strategy, the Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2023–2027), and the Blockchain Technology Policy (2025), Jordan is laying the foundation for a modern digital economy.

Internet penetration now exceeds 90%, with improvements in broadband infrastructure, the introduction of 5G, and the expansion of smart services across sectors. The capital, Amman, recognised as the 2025 Arab Digital Capital, symbolises the country’s commitment to innovation and digital urban development.

The e-commerce sector is expanding rapidly, supported by increasing mobile and digital payment adoption, though cash remains dominant. Public platforms like the Sanad app are enabling secure digital identity services, streamlining citizen access to government offerings.

In the realm of cybersecurity, Jordan has launched a comprehensive national strategy and established the National Cyber Security Centre, resulting in a significant leap in global rankings. Meanwhile, the Personal Data Protection Law (2023) marks an important step toward safeguarding privacy and personal data, though concerns remain regarding the implications of the Cybercrime Law on digital rights.

Jordan’s embrace of emerging technologies—including blockchain, IoT, and AI—is supported by institutional frameworks and innovation programs, placing the country among the region’s forward-looking digital actors. While challenges persist, particularly around regulatory balance and inclusion, Jordan’s trajectory signals a deliberate and structured approach to digital transformation.

Consult Jordan’s AI and digital strategies and regulations

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As of early 2024, Jamaica is experiencing significant growth in digital adoption and usage. The country has approximately 2.40 million internet users, reflecting an internet penetration rate of 85.1%. Additionally, there are about 1.61 million social media users, accounting for 56.9% of the total population. Moreover, Jamaica boasts around 3.27 million active cellular mobile connections, exceeding the population with a rate of 115.9%.