Spain’s digital profile is anchored by very high fibre coverage and strong interconnection. The FTTH Council Europe ranks Spain among Europe’s leaders for FTTH/B penetration (≈78.9% as of Sept 2023), which underpins fixed speeds and 5G backhaul. Major IXPs such as DE-CIX Madrid and ESpanix provide dense domestic and international peering, while new and legacy subsea cables, MAREA and Grace Hopper on the Atlantic side and 2Africa landing in Barcelona, give diverse, high-capacity routes into both the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins.
On cloud supply, Spain is one of the few EU markets with all three hyperscalers operating local regions: AWS Europe (Spain) in Aragón, Google Cloud Madrid, and Azure Spain Central near Madrid. Such a footprint is being reinforced by large-scale capex commitments (e.g. AWS’s €15.7 bn plan in Aragón and Microsoft’s €6.69 bn for additional data-centre capacity), supporting low-latency workloads and data-residency needs for public and private sectors alike.
Cyprus is an EU front-runner on mobile coverage: it became the first EU country with 100% 5G population coverage in 2022, a milestone the European Commission highlights in its Digital Decade best-practice pages. Fixed connectivity has long been near-universal, and the government’s National Broadband Plan 2021–2025 keeps pushing very-high-capacity networks nationwide.
On digital government, the Digital Citizen mobile app issues legally valid digital documents for use inside the Republic (e.g. civil registry certificates), and services are integrated via gov.cy. In comparative terms, Cyprus sits in the upper tier globally on the UN’s 2024 e-government index (EGDI rank 38/193), reflecting steady service expansion from earlier years.
The market side is smaller in absolute terms but growing briskly: analyst estimates put 2025 e-commerce GMV at about US$1.07 billion with double-digit growth expected through 2030. Together with 5G ubiquity and continued gigabit build-out, these indicators place Cyprus among the Mediterranean leaders on mobile coverage and a regional fast-mover on digitising public services.
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The Ministry of Smart Administration and Regional Development is the primary authority overseeing e-government and digital transformation in Latvia. The Ministry is responsible for developing, coordinating, and implementing national policies related to digital transformation, electronic government, and information and communication technologies (ICT) within public administration. This includes managing state information systems and promoting the one-stop-shop principle for public and local government services. The State Regional Development Agency (SRDA), operating under the Ministry’s supervision, plays an important role in implementing national and EU financial instruments aimed at regional development. The SRDA manages the State and Local Government Services Portal, which serves as a single access point to online resources and electronic services provided by various public administration institutions.
Civil society organisations, such as ManaBalss.lv (My Voice), play an active role in Latvia’s internet governance. Established in 2011, ManaBalss.lv is a civic platform that enables citizens to propose and support initiatives for submission to the national parliament. The platform has been instrumental in promoting digital civic participation and has contributed to numerous legislative changes.
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Romania’s internet regulation framework aligns with European Union (EU) standards, focusing on data protection, cybersecurity, telecommunications oversight, and the implementation of the Digital Services Act (DSA). Romania enforces the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) through Law No. 190/2018, which addresses national specifics like processing sensitive data and workplace surveillance. The National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (ANSPDCP) ensures compliance. In line with EU directives, Romania aims to protect critical information infrastructures and strengthen cyber defence capabilities. The National Cyber Security Directorate (DNSC) oversees the implementation of cybersecurity measures.
The National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications (ANCOM) manages radio frequencies, promotes market competition, and safeguards consumer rights under Government Emergency Ordinance No. 111/2011.
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Ireland has firmly positioned itself as a leading digital hub, underpinned by advanced infrastructure and a dynamic technology sector. As of early 2025, internet usage in Ireland reached 98.9%, reflecting widespread digital engagement. The country’s mobile broadband adoption is robust, with a 98% uptake rate—the highest in the EU—and 5G coverage extending to 84% of populated areas.
Dublin’s Grand Canal Dock area, dubbed ‘Silicon Docks,’ hosts European headquarters for tech giants like Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter, employing approximately 7,000 professionals. The National Digital Research Centre (NDRC), managed by Dogpatch Labs and regional partners, accelerates entrepreneurial ventures, providing mentorship and funding to startups.
The government’s refreshed National AI Strategy, ‘AI – Here for Good,’ outlines objectives to build public trust in AI, promote its adoption across enterprises, and enhance digital skills through initiatives like Skillnet Ireland and Springboard+. However, the rapid growth of data centers, essential to the AI boom, has led to concerns about energy consumption, with these facilities accounting for 21% of the nation’s electricity usage.
Ireland’s strategic Atlantic location positions it as a key node in global data connectivity, hosting several significant submarine cables that enhance international communications and energy interconnectivity.
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Hungary is home to five national European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs): DigitalTech EDIH, MI-EDIH, HPC-EDIH, Data-EDIH, and AEDIH. These hubs provide a range of services to support the digitalization of businesses, including pre-deployment technology testing, advice, skills development, training, and access to financing opportunities. They have been instrumental in helping Hungarian firms adapt to challenging economic conditions and remain competitive through digital transformation
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Internet governance in Croatia encompasses a comprehensive regulatory framework, policies, and practices that oversee the use and development of the internet within the country. The primary legal framework regulating internet services is the Electronic Communications Act, which ensures compliance with EU directives and promotes competition and consumer protection. The Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries (HAKOM) oversees the telecommunications sector, including internet services, ensuring fair competition and safeguarding consumer rights.
In terms of digital infrastructure, Croatia has made significant strides. The National Plan for Broadband Development 2021–2027 aims to provide all households with download speeds of at least 100 Mbps and public institutions with symmetric connections of at least 1 Gbps. As of early 2025, median mobile internet download speeds reached 93.63 Mbps, while fixed broadband speeds stood at 80.78 Mbps, reflecting significant improvements over the previous year. The country is also progressing in 5G deployment. A1 Croatia has been actively expanding its 5G network, with plans to achieve 90% population coverage in urban areas and 25% geographical coverage in rural regions by the end of 2025. The rollout has primarily focused on major cities such as Zagreb, Split, and Rijeka, with gradual expansion into smaller towns and rural areas.
Croatian stakeholders are active participants in various internet governance forums and initiatives at the regional and global levels. Croatian stakeholders participate in the annual South Eastern European Dialogue on Internet Governance (SEE+) and Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG) events, which bring together stakeholders from the region to discuss digital policy-related issues and challenges. At the global level, Croatia is a member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). Croatia also has a national internet governance initiative called Croatian IGF, which was established as a bottom-up, multistakeholder platform for discussing internet-related public policy issues.
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The digital economy in Italy is experiencing significant growth, driven by advancements in technology and strategic investments. The country’s digital market is projected to reach approximately $2.77 billion in 2024, with significant contributions from sectors like security services, cloud computing, and AI. AI, in particular, is expected to add substantial value to the Italian economy, potentially contributing up to €312 billion annually, equivalent to 18% of the GDP.
In the Italian context, AI is expected to play a pivotal role in key sectors such as retail, financial services, healthcare, education, and the ‘Made in Italy’ industries, including agri-food, tourism, and manufacturing. These sectors are uniquely positioned to benefit from AI, leveraging its capabilities to preserve and enhance Italy’s competitive advantages on the global stage.
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Burundi has steadily built its digital infrastructure foundation, anchored by the Burundi Backbone System (BBS), a 1,245 km national fiber-optic network launched in 2013–2014 that links all 18 provinces and provides high-speed connectivity to government institutions, universities, banks, and ISPs. Mobile networks cover most of the population, with 2G reaching ~97%, 3G ~50%, and 4G around ~34% as of 2025, though rural areas still experience significant gaps. Recent efforts include solar-powered towers and satellite broadband (e.g., SpaceX Starlink) to enhance resilience and access in underserved areas.
Adoption remains modest: approximately 1.78 million internet users (~12.5% penetration) and 8.04 million mobile connections (~56.6% of the population) in early 2025. Digital literacy and advanced ICT skills are limited, with much of the population remains excluded from transformative digital services.
Institutions like MINCOTIM/SETIC and ARCT, alongside the World Bank–backed Digital Foundations Project (PAFEN), 1are steering digital expansion via policy, regulation, and rural connectivity programs. Nonetheless, the country’s digital economy is described as ‘nascent,’ with regulatory gaps, particularly in e-commerce, data protection, and digital trade, limiting full-scale digital integration and economic potential
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Malta has established a growing presence in the field of digital diplomacy, leveraging its position as a small but influential state within the European Union. Its digital diplomacy efforts are focused on advocating for a rules-based digital order, promoting data privacy, and supporting the responsible use of emerging technologies like AI and blockchain. Malta actively participates in international forums that discuss internet governance, cybersecurity, and the digital economy, often aligning its diplomatic efforts with EU policies. Malta has made digital cooperation a core aspect of its foreign relations, working closely with international partners to enhance cross-border digital trade and the regulation of digital platforms.
Malta shows a good performance in research and innovation framework conditions, consistently outperforming the EU average in several key indicators, particularly in digitalisation. Notably, the country ranks first for high-speed internet access and 9th for the share of individuals with above basic overall digital skills, reflecting its effort in enhancing its digital infrastructure and digital literacy among its population. To support the further adoption and development of digital technologies, Malta has allocated a significant part of its recovery and resilience plan to digitalisation
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