Connectivity has expanded quickly relative to income peers: 73.2% of the population was online at the start of 2024, a level that compares favorably with many lower-middle-income countries tracked by international statistics. International bandwidth is anchored by the ALBA-1 submarine cable (activated 2013), which remains the principal undersea link for the island.
On the governance side, Cuba has adopted modern data-protection legislation (Law 149/2022) and launched a national AI strategy (2024) as part of its digital-transformation package, placing the country among the region’s governments with formal privacy rules and an articulated AI policy direction.
Cabo Verde combines international cable links with the need to connect its islands internally, and the Cabo Verde Regional Digital Connectivity project supports the renovation of inter-island submarine cables and their connection to next-generation international capacity. Mobile broadband remains the dominant access layer: ARME reported around 99 internet accesses per 100 inhabitants in Q4 2025, with CVTelecom, Unitel T+ and Starlink present in the market. The National 5G Strategy adds a new layer to this infrastructure agenda, linking 5G to public services, business productivity and territorial inclusion.
In 2024, Cabo Verde adopted the legal regime for digital services and electronic commerce, giving online transactions, intermediary services and consumer-facing digital activity a clearer regulatory framework. The law aims to improve legal certainty, consumer protection and confidence in electronic transactions, while the wider payments framework and cashless-economy agenda support the growth of digital finance and online services.
The digital archipelago
Cabo Verde’s Digital Economy Strategy 2024–2030 marks a shift from digitising public services to building a broader digital economy. Approved in October 2024, the strategy frames the country as a future “digital nation”, with priorities around infrastructure, skills, innovation, governance, inclusion, sustainability, cybersecurity and resilience. Its ambition is not only administrative efficiency, but economic diversification: using digital tools to reduce island fragmentation, support businesses, create jobs and connect citizens at home and in the diaspora. The strategy also sits beside practical reforms, including the push to digitise 60% of public services by 2026 and more than 80% by 2030. Cabo Verde’s geography is part of the calculation: government policy presents the country as a potential regional hub for telecommunications, innovation and entrepreneurship between Africa, Europe and the Americas. The challenge is to make that ambition inclusive, so that better connectivity, digital payments, startups, public platforms and emerging technologies benefit all islands, not only the most connected urban centres.
The next phase of Cabo Verde’s digital governance is cloud, data, AI and innovation capacity. TechPark CV, inaugurated in 2025 with African Development Bank support, gives the country a physical anchor for data-centre capacity, disaster recovery, startups, training and technology services. In 2026, Cabo Verde also launched work on a Data Strategy for Public Administration and a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.
Cabo Verde’s Permanent Mission to the UN in Geneva:
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cabo Verde to the UN Office and other international organisations in Geneva represents Cabo Verde in Geneva-based multilateral diplomacy. From Geneva, the mission helps advance Cabo Verde’s priorities as a small island developing state, including international cooperation, resilience, inclusive development and engagement with the wider Cabo Verdean diaspora.
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Singapore serves as a pivotal hub in the global network of submarine communications cables, facilitating extensive international connectivity. The nation currently hosts 26 subsea cables, with landing sites strategically located at Changi North, Tanah Merah, and Tuas. These cables are essential for transmitting over 99% of Singapore’s international telecommunications traffic, underscoring their critical role in the country’s economic stability and national security. To further enhance its digital infrastructure, Singapore plans to double its submarine cable landing facilities by 2033.
This expansion aims to accommodate the growing demand for data services and reinforce Singapore’s position as a leading connectivity hub in the Asia-Pacific region. The Info-communications Media Development Authority (IMDA) oversees the deployment of submarine cable systems, requiring interested parties to obtain a Facilities-Based Operations (FBO) license and adhere to established guidelines.
Recent developments include collaborations between Singaporean and Vietnamese firms to develop new undersea fiber-optic cables, supporting the burgeoning data center industry in Southeast Asia. Additionally, projects like the Australia-Asia PowerLink aim to transmit renewable energy from Australia to Singapore via a 4,300km submarine cable, reflecting the multifaceted applications of submarine cable technology.
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Within the Western Balkans region, Albania’s connectivity and infrastructure indicators place it among the more advanced: internet usage among adults is around 83 %, and the market is showing growing adoption of fibre, mobile broadband and cloud-based public services.
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Internet governance in Afghanistan has evolved in the context of a challenging socio-political environment. The country has faced numerous obstacles in developing its digital infrastructure, largely due to prolonged conflict, instability, and limited resources. However, there have been efforts to establish and regulate internet governance, focusing on expanding access, ensuring security, and promoting digital literacy. Internet penetration in Afghanistan remains relatively low compared to global standards, although there has been significant growth in recent years. The expansion of mobile networks has played a crucial role in increasing internet access, especially in urban areas.
In digital governance, Afghanistan ranks modestly rather than leading: it has a Global Cybersecurity Index preparedness score of 5.20 (on an unspecified scale) and an e‑government readiness score of 58.39. While not among the highest globally or regionally, the presence of foundational institutional structures indicates room for growth in cyber policy and digital systems.
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Seychelles’ digital governance is anchored less in one grand digital strategy than in a cluster of practical building blocks: high connectivity, digital public services, data protection, cybersecurity, telecom regulation, and financial-sector digitalisation. The country’s official government portal already brings together services such as SeyID, e-border systems, tax tools, WebGIS, business authorisation, the Gazette, and CERT-SC, while DataReportal’s 2026 figures show 223,000 mobile connections, equivalent to 167% of the population.
The most consequential recent governance shift is privacy. The Data Protection Act 2023 protects individuals in relation to the processing of personal data, recognises the constitutional right to privacy, and promotes responsible information flows by public and private entities. The Information Commission is responsible for implementing and enforcing the law, including through compliance support, investigations, audits, enforcement notices, and administrative fines. This framework now underpins SeyID, e-government, fintech, cloud services, education technology, tourism platforms, and any future AI use involving personal data.
Digital government is increasingly identity-centred. DICT describes SeyID as Seychelles’ trusted national digital identity for secure access to online government services, including digital signing, virtual ID, digital driving licence, secure login, and OTP functions. The SeyID portal notes that Seychelles launched its first digital driving licence in December 2023, allowing eligible users to activate it through the SeyID app. This can simplify public-service access and digital transactions, but it also raises familiar governance questions about inclusion, cybersecurity, biometrics, vendor dependence, redress, and data minimisation.
Cybersecurity has moved from strategy to operations. DICT still lists the National Cybersecurity Policy 2019 and National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019–2024, whose formal period has ended, while the Cybercrimes and Other Related Crimes Act 2021 modernised the legal framework. In 2025, Seychelles launched CERT-SC as a national computer emergency response team for threat monitoring, awareness, intelligence sharing, and incident coordination. The next test is whether a renewed cybersecurity strategy provides measurable protection for critical infrastructure, financial services, government systems, and citizens.
The regulatory environment is also being rebuilt around convergence and digital markets. The Communications Act 2023 established the Seychelles Communications Regulatory Authority, which now implements and enforces rules for electronic communications and broadcasting. In finance, the Central Bank is modernising the national payment system, while the Virtual Asset Service Providers Act 2024 grants the Financial Services Authority licensing and supervisory powers over virtual asset service providers, ICOs, and NFTs. E-commerce remains less mature: the Seychelles Trade Portal says the country has yet to establish a comprehensive strategy to fully tap the digital economy.
The local hosting capacity is growing, including Cable and Wireless’ Bon Espoir Data Centre, described as an inland, carrier-connected facility opened in November 2024, while the finance ministry lists a Digitalisation Plan across Government alongside the National Development Strategy 2024–2028. The Ministry of Education has advanced AI-in-education work with World Bank support.
Seychelles’ wider digital shore
Seychelles’ international connectivity has moved from a single-cable vulnerability to a more resilient three-cable setup. Its first fibre link, SEAS, connected Mahé to Tanzania and helped reduce dependence on satellite traffic. The PEACE cable became usable for Seychelles operators in November 2022, adding a second international route and improving redundancy. In April 2023, Intelvision landed the 2Africa cable at North East Point, described locally as part of a 45,000 km system and offering over 600 Gbps of international bandwidth for its fibre network.
Seychelles’ Permanent Mission to the UN in Geneva:
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Seychelles to the UN Office and other International Organisations in Geneva represents Seychelles in Geneva-based multilateral diplomacy, including at UNOG and specialised agencies such as UNCTAD, WHO, ILO, IOM, WIPO, WMO, UNHCR, OCHA, and other international bodies listed by the Seychelles Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Mission is headed by Ambassador Cillia Mangroo, whom the Ministry lists as Seychelles’ Ambassador in Geneva, and UN Geneva records as Permanent Representative after she presented credentials on 8 September 2025.
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Tajikistan demonstrates notably high mobile connectivity, with approximately 10.8 million cellular connections, equating to 101% of its population as of early 2025—an indicator of widespread access to mobile devices and networks in the region. According to the 2023 Network Readiness Index, the country scores particularly well for ‘mobile broadband traffic within the country’, ranking 5th globally. Additionally, Tajikistan holds a high adult literacy rate, ranking 10th, which supports its broader digital engagement.
However, the country lags in internet speed and affordability. As of early 2025, mobile internet speed ranks 139th out of 143 countries, with fixed broadband in similarly low positions—reflecting limited performance compared to global standards. Only about 57% of the population uses the internet, leaving a significant offline share (43%) at the beginning of 2025. Challenges in fixed broadband penetration and high costs persist, particularly in rural and underserved areas
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Saint Kitts and Nevis has built a robust digital foundation by enacting progressive laws for internet governance, enhancing its submarine cable connectivity, and investing in government-wide networks that bolster internet penetration. It has introduced secure digital identity systems, electronic transactions laws, and cybersecurity training programs that protect online services, while AI initiatives in areas like judicial proceedings and traffic management signal an openness to innovation. Regulatory frameworks such as the Virtual Asset Act support cryptocurrency adoption, and the government actively fosters collaborations at regional and international levels, positioning Saint Kitts and Nevis as a forward-thinking leader in digital transformation.
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Armenian internet governance focuses on creating an open, secure, and accessible internet through a regulatory framework that promotes universal access, cybersecurity, and freedom of expression. The Ministry of High-Tech Industry oversees digital policies, working to expand broadband access and reduce the digital divide, particularly in rural areas. Armenia’s national cybersecurity strategies address online threats while fostering innovation in the IT sector. The government also promotes e-government initiatives as part of its digital transformation strategy, enhancing public services and transparency. Multistakeholder involvement, including government, private sector, and civil society, ensures balanced policy-making. International collaborations with organisations like ICANN and ITU help align Armenia with global internet governance standards, ensuring the internet remains a tool for development and public welfare.
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Argentina’s digital governance rests on a mature but ageing policy base: the State Modernisation Plan and Digital Agenda Argentina set early foundations for digital government, while Mi Argentina concentrates access to state services, documents and procedures through a single user account. The country is also implementing the Sixth Open Government Action Plan 2025–2027, built around transparency, accountability, participation and innovation. The challenge is less the absence of digital tools than the capacity to keep them interoperable, inclusive and trusted across a federal, socially unequal territory.
Connectivity is one of Argentina’s strongest digital assets. The Plan Conectar and the Red Federal de Fibra Óptica give the state a national infrastructure role through ARSAT, with 32,804 km of illuminated fibre, 1,129 connected localities and 17.87 million people connected in the latest official REFEFO snapshot. The 2023 5G spectrum auction raised US$875.091 million, assigning long-term spectrum rights with rollout obligations. The policy test is whether fibre, 5G and satellite capacity narrow territorial gaps rather than deepen the advantage of already connected urban centres.
MIA at the counter
Argentina has moved AI from strategy documents into the everyday machinery of government with MIA, presented as the first AI agent of the national state. Built as an evolution of theTINA virtual assistant, MIA is intended first to support SMEs and users of Mi Argentina, the citizen platform used to access documents, credentials, appointments and public procedures. Its launch matters because AI is no longer only a future policy theme: it is becoming part of the front desk of the state. If well governed, it could simplify navigation through complex services, reduce administrative friction and make digital government more responsive for people and small businesses.
Argentina remains a regional reference point for data protection: Law 25.326 still anchors personal-data rights, database obligations and habeas data, while the EU’s renewed recognition of Argentina as adequate for cross-border personal-data flows keeps the country relevant for digital trade and services. Yet the same framework is under pressure to reform because it was written before platform profiling, cloud services, biometrics, and AI became routine. Digital rights have also expanded through Ley Olimpia, which recognises digital violence as part of gender-based violence.
Cybersecurity has moved into the centre of state resilience. The Second National Cybersecurity Strategy, approved after a public consultation process, frames cyberspace protection as a national policy issue involving public bodies, the private sector, academia, civil society and the technical community. The broader cybersecurity regulatory framework now covers incident management, public-sector focal points, secure use of digital tools and critical information infrastructure. As public services, identity systems and payments become more digital, cybersecurity is becoming a condition for continuity of government, not only a technical safeguard.
AI governance is developing through guidance and sectoral programmes rather than a single AI law. The Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence give public administration a framework for responsible AI projects, while the AAIP’s programme on transparency and personal-data protection in AI links algorithmic systems to privacy, explainability and accountability. The sensitive frontier is public-sector AI: tools for justice, welfare modelling and administrative assistance can improve services, but only if procurement, data quality, bias, accessibility and human oversight are treated as governance requirements, not afterthoughts.
Argentina’s digital economy is also shaped by payments and productive transformation. The Central Bank’s Transferencias 3.0 created a 24/7 instant-transfer layer with online crediting in up to 15 seconds, supporting QR payments, wallets and e-commerce. The Knowledge Economy Promotion Regime and SME digital-transformation programmes connect software, digital services and innovation to industrial policy. Together with ARSAT’s cloud, data centre and satellite role, this gives Argentina a substantial digital stack; the unresolved question is whether it can convert infrastructure and talent into broad-based public value.
Argentina’s Permanent Mission to the UN in Geneva:
Argentina’s Permanent Mission in Geneva represents the country before the UN Office at Geneva and other international organisations based in the city. From Geneva, the Mission supports Argentina’s participation in negotiations, councils, committees and specialised agencies, while also serving as a diplomatic channel for cooperation with other states and international institutions.
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