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Addressing the gender divide in the e-commerce marketplace – a policy playbook for the global South (IT for Change)

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Moderator – Simonetta Zarrilli

There are significant digital and gender divides across regions, with only 27% of the population in less developed countries (LDCs) using the internet compared to 90% in developed countries. This disparity highlights the unequal access to technology and internet connectivity, exacerbating existing inequalities. In 2021, in LDCs, only 30% of women and 43% of men were internet users, indicating a significant gender gap in digital access.

One of the key barriers to internet usage in LDCs is the high cost of basic data and mobile broadband subscriptions. These expenses make it difficult for individuals, particularly those in low-income households, to afford internet access. As a result, many people, especially women, are excluded from the numerous opportunities and benefits provided by the internet, such as access to information, education, and economic opportunities.

The digital divide faced by women is not limited to access and affordability; traditional barriers for women in business are replicated online. Women-owned businesses, particularly in developing countries, face limited access to resources, networks, and information. This lack of support hinders their ability to grow and succeed in the digital economy. These barriers need to be addressed to create an inclusive and equitable online business environment.

To effectively address these challenges, there is a need for an adequate legal framework that protects consumers and addresses issues like privacy, cybersecurity, and digital rights. Currently, many LDCs lack a well-equipped legal system to deal with these matters, posing obstacles for businesses operating in the digital environment. Establishing robust legal frameworks will create a safer and more secure digital space, enabling businesses to thrive and individuals to participate fully in digital activities.

In the field of e-commerce, women face distinct challenges compared to men. Women-owned businesses in Africa, for example, often resort to informal methods, such as social media, to access e-commerce due to limited access to credit and financing options. The lack of trust and digital skills among female consumers in African countries further restricts the potential uptake of e-commerce. These challenges, coupled with disparities between women in the global south and global north, emphasize the need for gender-focused policies and interventions in e-commerce to ensure inclusivity.

The critical importance of addressing gender inequalities in e-commerce is further highlighted in trade negotiations. There is a contradiction within the World Trade Organization (WTO), where one working group focuses on enhancing women’s participation in international trade, while e-commerce negotiations remain gender-blind. This oversight overlooks the specific experiences and challenges faced by women, particularly in the global south. Prioritizing gender equality in e-commerce within trade negotiations will promote a more inclusive and equal digital trade environment.

To support policy-making in this area, more research and data analysis are required to understand the implications of digital trade from a gender perspective. A recent study titled “E-commerce from a gender and development perspective” has shed light on this topic, emphasizing the need for further research to inform policy decisions and strategies. Robust data and evidence-based analysis will enable policymakers to devise effective measures that address gender inequalities and promote inclusive growth in the digital economy.

In conclusion, the digital and gender divides across regions remain significant challenges. Limited access to the internet, high costs, traditional barriers for women in business, and the lack of an adequate legal framework hinder inclusive digital development. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts to bridge the gap in digital access between developed and less developed countries, as well as gender-focused interventions in e-commerce and trade negotiations. By prioritizing gender equality and implementing sound policies, we can create a more inclusive and equitable digital future for all.

Marilla Maciel

The analysis of the given statements highlights several important points regarding the relationship between e-commerce, women’s development, and policy-making.

Firstly, it is argued that e-commerce has the potential to contribute significantly to women’s development. This is primarily due to the flexibility in working hours that e-commerce offers, which can benefit women-owned businesses, most of which are small and medium enterprises (SMEs). By allowing women to work at their convenience, e-commerce provides them with greater opportunities to balance work and personal responsibilities. Additionally, it is highlighted that e-commerce can help reduce trade costs, making it easier for women-owned businesses to engage in global trade. Moreover, the access to online financial services facilitated by e-commerce can be particularly significant in developing countries, where many women lack access to formal banking systems. This access can empower women economically and help promote their financial inclusion.

However, it is acknowledged that there are challenges hindering progress in this regard. One major concern is the concentration of power in the digital economy. Reports have raised concerns about the future threat of automation, which could disproportionately affect jobs predominantly held by women. Furthermore, the World Bank and UNCTAD have released reports highlighting the concentration of power in the digital economy, which poses challenges for equitable participation.

The discussion also emphasises the need for proactive policies and the integration of a gender perspective. The International Trade Centre (ITC) has provided guidelines on integrating gender perspectives in the work of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, there are consistent disconnects between countries’ obligations and WTO rules, indicating the need for more proactive approaches.

Another key point raised is the need to make developmental and gender topics transversal to current trade agreements. It is argued that developing country governments should push for an agenda that supports their Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), many of which are run by women. Current trade agreements are criticised for not giving enough importance to gender and development issues.

The discussion also highlights the importance of ensuring practical implementation of gender-specific measures. It is noted that current discussions on gender tend to be mainly women talking to women, and most developing country negotiators are men. To ensure effective agreements, it is crucial for negotiators to understand that gender equality contributions should be binding and measurable within the developmental package.

Furthermore, the analysis draws attention to the issue of data concentration and governance in the digital economy. It is noted that Europe is also facing challenges in terms of data concentration, with two major players dominating the market. The argument is made that discussions on data governance should not be isolated but rather integrated into broader discussions related to the digital economy.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the potential of e-commerce to contribute to women’s development through flexibility in working hours, reduced trade costs, and improved access to financial services. However, challenges such as the concentration of power in the digital economy and the need for proactive policies with a gender perspective must be addressed. It is crucial to make developmental and gender topics transversal to current trade agreements while ensuring practical implementation. Additionally, discussions on gender should include binding measurements, and data concentration and governance should be addressed within the context of the digital economy.

Sofia Scasserra

Women entrepreneurs in Latin America quickly adapted to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic by shifting their business operations to the digital realm, specifically to e-commerce platforms and social media. Notably, there is a significant difference in e-commerce habits between men and women in the region. Women tend to rely more heavily on social media platforms, while men are more inclined to use traditional e-commerce platforms.

The preference for using social media in e-commerce by women is attributed to its superior communication capabilities with consumers. Women leveraged social media platforms to enhance their brands, improve product photography, and create more effective advertising strategies. However, despite the increasing popularity of e-commerce among women entrepreneurs, existing platforms do not adequately meet their unique needs. This is primarily due to these platforms being designed from a male perspective, overlooking the specific requirements and desires of women in business.

To address this issue, there is a growing consensus that platforms designed specifically for women entrepreneurs are necessary. These platforms would offer more flexibility and adaptability to allow women to tell compelling stories about their products and cater better to their entrepreneurial skills. The remark made by the speaker highlights the importance of creating e-commerce tools that align with women’s distinct needs, helping to bridge the existing gender gap in the digital marketplace.

Nevertheless, women entrepreneurs in Latin America face various challenges when it comes to international trade. Logistic obstacles pose a significant barrier, limiting their ability to engage in cross-border transactions. Additionally, due to a lack of knowledge regarding the use of e-commerce tools for international trades, women tend to primarily sell their products locally.

To promote gender equality in trade and overcome these challenges, public policies should enforce gender justice in free trade agreements and ensure algorithm accountability. The speaker proposes the inclusion of enforceable gender chapters in free trade agreements and emphasizes the need for algorithmic accountability, as discriminatory algorithms may penalize women who take longer to respond due to caregiving responsibilities.

When examining e-commerce negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), it becomes evident that these discussions are gender-blind and driven by a corporate agenda. This lack of consideration for gender-related issues in e-commerce negotiations, which involve 89 countries, highlights the need for a genuine gender and environmental agenda throughout all WTO negotiations. Factors such as the lack of algorithmic accountability and the gender-blind handling of data storage and processing further compound the challenges faced by women in the digital economy.

It is worth noting that some initiatives ostensibly aimed at promoting gender equality through free trade agreements have been viewed as “pink washing.” These initiatives are criticized for their failure to effectively address the real impact of trade rules on women and marginalized communities.

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of e-commerce and social media platforms by women entrepreneurs in Latin America. However, gender disparities remain in e-commerce habits, and existing platforms fall short in meeting the unique needs of women. Overcoming logistic barriers, facilitating international trade, and ensuring gender justice in free trade agreements are essential steps towards achieving greater gender equality in the digital economy. Additionally, there is a need for a more gender-inclusive and environmentally conscious approach to e-commerce negotiations at the WTO.

Eshani Vaidya

A study conducted by ITFC has uncovered a concerning issue of gender exclusion faced by women in various markets across different countries. The study reveals that women, particularly those leading enterprises, are systematically excluded from accessing markets and obtaining credit. This exclusion has a detrimental impact on women-led businesses worldwide.

The study also highlights the underrepresentation of women in jobs associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as data analytics and artificial intelligence. This underrepresentation was observed in all countries included in the study and indicates a significant gender disparity in the workforce.

In India, around 80% of the female workforce operates within the informal sector. These informal workers face numerous challenges, including low production, low pay, and exclusion from state support schemes. The study emphasizes the need for state-based schemes in India to be more inclusive and provide support for women in the informal sector. It suggests leveraging common service centres to offer last-mile access to government electronic services for women, thereby bridging the digital divide and enabling easier access to relevant support.

The study also examines the issue of capacity building initiatives for women. It reveals that existing initiatives have a limited scope and fail to adequately cater to the specific needs of women. To address this, the study suggests that training programs should be shortened and structured to facilitate continuous learning, ensuring a more inclusive and needs-based approach to capacity building for women.

In the context of digital trade, the study highlights the importance of including sustainability and gender conversations. Eshani Vaidya, an advocate for this inclusive approach, argues that gender-based impacts of digital trade cannot be treated as separate issues and need to be integrated into broader discussions on sustainability.

Additionally, the study notes the significance of strengthening domestic governance to support women-led enterprises. It highlights that women-led businesses tend to be less sustainable compared to their male-led counterparts. Therefore, the study recommends providing greater support and resources to these women-led enterprises to enhance their sustainability.

In conclusion, the ITFC study sheds light on various challenges faced by women in the economic sphere and emphasizes the need for inclusive policies and initiatives. These include addressing gender exclusion from markets, promoting gender equality in jobs associated with technological advancements, supporting women in the informal sector, enhancing gender-inclusive capacity building programs, integrating sustainability and gender conversations in digital trade, and strengthening domestic governance to ensure the sustainability of women-led enterprises.

Karishma Banga

The analysis focuses on the challenges faced by African micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in engaging in e-commerce. One of the key challenges identified is the heavy commission charges imposed by e-commerce platforms. This financial burden makes it difficult for MSMEs to fully participate in e-commerce activities. Furthermore, limited access to credit and financing is particularly problematic for women-owned businesses, exacerbating the existing gender gap in e-commerce.

Another challenge discussed is the low level of digital trust among consumers. Many consumers are concerned about how their personal data is used or misused in e-commerce transactions. This lack of trust is further intensified by the absence of online dispute resolution mechanisms, which leaves consumers feeling vulnerable and less willing to engage in e-commerce.

To address these challenges, it is proposed that innovative financing methods be implemented to enable women to access e-commerce platforms. Measures such as the introduction of trust marks on websites and reliable payment methods can enhance consumer trust and confidence in e-commerce. Additionally, developing local e-commerce platforms and improving online access to financial banking accounts can help create stronger links between African MSMEs, especially women-owned businesses, and e-commerce.

Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the importance of considering gender disparities when discussing the implications of e-commerce. It is highlighted that women in the global south experience lower benefits from participating in e-commerce platforms compared to women in the global north. This discrepancy is attributed to differences in skills, technological capabilities, access to training, and capacity-building opportunities.

Digital trade negotiations involving e-commerce are observed to be highly political and sensitive, with countries prioritizing and defending their own interests. The issues surrounding customs duties and the permanence of the moratorium on digital trade are contentious and require careful deliberation and negotiation.

The potential impact of making the moratorium on digital trade permanent is also explored. It is suggested that such a decision could lead to a drastic loss of revenue and weaken the fiscal base. This could, in turn, put more pressure on health services and social security nets, disproportionately affecting women workers.

Moreover, the analysis points out that women in the global south are affected differently by digital trade compared to their male counterparts and women in the global north. Women workers in the global south largely occupy the informal sector and often lack formal contracts, which further exacerbate the gender disparity in digital trade.

Addressing these concerns requires the mainstreaming of gender thinking in digital trade issues. Women have a different perspective on data sharing and value their data differently, making it crucial to consider their needs and perspectives in policy and decision-making processes.

Finally, the analysis recommends conducting further research to substantiate the case for incorporating gender considerations into digital trade issues. It is crucial to develop a strong business case that highlights the heterogeneous development implications of e-commerce and digital trade across different gender groups.

Overall, the analysis sheds light on a range of challenges in the field of e-commerce in Africa, particularly in relation to MSMEs and women-owned businesses. It underscores the need for innovative financing, trust-building measures, gender-focused approaches, and further research to address these challenges and tap into the potential of e-commerce for inclusive and sustainable development.

Speakers

Eshani Vaidya

Speech speed

172 words per minute

Speech length

2167 words

Speech time

757 secs

Arguments

Women are systematically excluded from markets and particularly from access to credit

Supporting facts:

ITFC’s study uncovered a systemic gender exclusion from markets across various countries

This exclusion particularly affects women-led enterprises

Topics: Gender Equality, Market Access, Financial Inclusion

Women are underrepresented in jobs associated with Industrial Revolution 4.0

Supporting facts:

Women’s representation in roles like data analytics and artificial intelligence is limited

This underrepresentation was observed across all countries included in the ITFC study

Topics: Gender Equality, Digital Economy, Employment

Informal sector in India consists of a significant portion of women

Supporting facts:

Around 80% of the female workforce in India works in the informal sector

These informal workers face issues of low production, low pay, and exclusion from state support schemes

Topics: Informal Economy, Gender Equality, India

Capacity building initiatives need to be more inclusive and needs-based for women

Supporting facts:

Existing capacity building initiatives have a limited scope and are not able to fully cater to the needs of women

Training programs should be short and allow for continuous learning

Topics: Gender Equality, Capacity Building, Skills Development

Discussions around sustainability and gender need to be included in the conversation on digital trade

Supporting facts:

Eshani Vaidya advocates for the inclusion of sustainability and gender conversations within the broader context of digital trade.

Gender-based impacts of digital trade are significant, and Eshani Vaidya asserts they cannot be viewed as separate issues.

Topics: Digital Trade, Sustainability, Gender equality

Report

This exclusion has a detrimental impact on women-led businesses worldwide. The study also highlights the underrepresentation of women in jobs associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as data analytics and artificial intelligence. This underrepresentation was observed in all countries included in the study and indicates a significant gender disparity in the workforce.

It suggests leveraging common service centres to offer last-mile access to government electronic services for women, thereby bridging the digital divide and enabling easier access to relevant support. The study also examines the issue of capacity building initiatives for women.

It reveals that existing initiatives have a limited scope and fail to adequately cater to the specific needs of women. To address this, the study suggests that training programs should be shortened and structured to facilitate continuous learning, ensuring a more inclusive and needs-based approach to capacity building for women.

Karishma Banga

Speech speed

190 words per minute

Speech length

1230 words

Speech time

389 secs

Arguments

A key challenge for African MSMEs in engaging in e-commerce is the heavy commission charge on e-commerce platforms. There is a lower access to credit and financing for these MSMEs especially for women-owned businesses.

Supporting facts:

This information is based on the research conducted in African countries, particularly Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Nigeria, and Uganda.

Women entrepreneurs access e-commerce mainly through social media apps like Facebook due to the affordability.

Topics: E-commerce, Financing, Gender Gap

Low digital trust due to unawareness of e-commerce laws and protection mechanisms among consumers is a challenge in the uptake of e-commerce.

Supporting facts:

There is a general concern among consumers regarding how their data is used or misused.

Lack of online dispute resolution mechanisms leads to lower trust.

Topics: Digital Trust, Consumer Protection, E-commerce

The issues of digital trade negotiations are highly political and sensitive, with countries defending their own interests

Supporting facts:

One of the big issues is around custom duties or whether or not to make the moratorium permanent

Topics: Digital Trade Negotiations, Political Sensitivity

Making the moratorium permanent could lead to a drastic loss of revenue and weakening of the fiscal base

Supporting facts:

This is likely to put more pressure on the health services or social security net, which will disproportionately impact women workers

Topics: Moratorium, Loss of Revenue

Women in the global south are affected differently by digital trade compared to women in the global north or their male counterparts

Supporting facts:

Women workers are largely in the informal sector and lack formal contracts

Topics: Women in Global South, Digital Trade, Gender Disparity

Need to mainstream gender thinking in digital trade issues

Supporting facts:

Women have a different perspective in terms of how they’re going to share their data, how they value their data

Topics: Gender Mainstreaming, Digital Trade Issues

Report

Furthermore, limited access to credit and financing is particularly problematic for women-owned businesses, exacerbating the existing gender gap in e-commerce. Another challenge discussed is the low level of digital trust among consumers. Many consumers are concerned about how their personal data is used or misused in e-commerce transactions.

This lack of trust is further intensified by the absence of online dispute resolution mechanisms, which leaves consumers feeling vulnerable and less willing to engage in e-commerce. To address these challenges, it is proposed that innovative financing methods be implemented to enable women to access e-commerce platforms.

Measures such as the introduction of trust marks on websites and reliable payment methods can enhance consumer trust and confidence in e-commerce. Additionally, developing local e-commerce platforms and improving online access to financial banking accounts can help create stronger links between African MSMEs, especially women-owned businesses, and e-commerce.

This discrepancy is attributed to differences in skills, technological capabilities, access to training, and capacity-building opportunities. Digital trade negotiations involving e-commerce are observed to be highly political and sensitive, with countries prioritizing and defending their own interests. The issues surrounding customs duties and the permanence of the moratorium on digital trade are contentious and require careful deliberation and negotiation.

Marilla Maciel

Speech speed

181 words per minute

Speech length

2274 words

Speech time

753 secs

Arguments

E-commerce can contribute to women’s development through flexibility in working hours, lowering the cost of trade, and providing access to online financial services.

Supporting facts:

Most women-owned businesses are small and medium enterprises (SMEs). E-commerce could benefit this sector.

Digital financial services could increase access to formal banking system especially in developing countries.

Topics: E-commerce, Women’s development, Online financial services

Policies dealing with these challenges need to be proactive and the gender perspective should be considered from the outset.

Supporting facts:

Guidelines have been provided by the ITC (International Trade Center) on how to integrate gender perspectives in WTO’s work.

There are consistent disconnects between countries’ obligations and WTO rules.

Topics: Policy Making, Gender Perspectives, E-commerce Negotiations

Data Governance is being discussed from a developmental standpoint instead of being put inside discussions, inside a basket that is related to the digital economy

Supporting facts:

Europe is not doing brilliant either in terms of data concentration.

There is a real concentration between two big players.

Topics: Data Governance, Digital Economy

There is a need to take developmental topics, including gender topics, and make them transversal

Supporting facts:

Developing country governments are trying to push an agenda that is beneficial for their MSMEs, many of which are run by women.

Current trade agreements do not give enough importance to gender and development issues.

Topics: Gender Policies, Development, Digital Economy

Report

The analysis of the given statements highlights several important points regarding the relationship between e-commerce, women’s development, and policy-making. Firstly, it is argued that e-commerce has the potential to contribute significantly to women’s development. This is primarily due to the flexibility in working hours that e-commerce offers, which can benefit women-owned businesses, most of which are small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

By allowing women to work at their convenience, e-commerce provides them with greater opportunities to balance work and personal responsibilities. Additionally, it is highlighted that e-commerce can help reduce trade costs, making it easier for women-owned businesses to engage in global trade.

Moreover, the access to online financial services facilitated by e-commerce can be particularly significant in developing countries, where many women lack access to formal banking systems. This access can empower women economically and help promote their financial inclusion. However, it is acknowledged that there are challenges hindering progress in this regard.

One major concern is the concentration of power in the digital economy. Reports have raised concerns about the future threat of automation, which could disproportionately affect jobs predominantly held by women. Furthermore, the World Bank and UNCTAD have released reports highlighting the concentration of power in the digital economy, which poses challenges for equitable participation.

Current trade agreements are criticised for not giving enough importance to gender and development issues. The discussion also highlights the importance of ensuring practical implementation of gender-specific measures. It is noted that current discussions on gender tend to be mainly women talking to women, and most developing country negotiators are men.

To ensure effective agreements, it is crucial for negotiators to understand that gender equality contributions should be binding and measurable within the developmental package. Furthermore, the analysis draws attention to the issue of data concentration and governance in the digital economy.

It is noted that Europe is also facing challenges in terms of data concentration, with two major players dominating the market. The argument is made that discussions on data governance should not be isolated but rather integrated into broader discussions related to the digital economy.

It is crucial to make developmental and gender topics transversal to current trade agreements while ensuring practical implementation. Additionally, discussions on gender should include binding measurements, and data concentration and governance should be addressed within the context of the digital economy.

M-

Moderator – Simonetta Zarrilli

Speech speed

119 words per minute

Speech length

1825 words

Speech time

918 secs

Arguments

There are significant digital and gender divides across regions

Supporting facts:

As of 2022, only 27% of the population in LDCs were using the internet compared to 90% in developed countries

In LDCs, 30% of women and 43% of men used the internet in 2021

The high cost of basic data and mobile broadband subscription is a significant barrier

Topics: Internet Use, Gender Divide, Digital Divide

Traditional barriers for women in business are replicated online

Supporting facts:

The barriers include limited access to resources, network and information

Small enterprises in developing countries that are owned or led by women face many barriers including digital barriers

Topics: Women in Business, E-commerce, Digital Economy

Women face different challenges in e-commerce compared to men

Supporting facts:

Women-owned businesses in Africa are more likely to access e-commerce through informal methods like social media due to lower access to credit and financing

Lack of online trust and digital skills among female consumers in African countries is constraining the uptake of e-commerce.

Women in the global south tend to reap lower benefits from e-commerce compared to women in the global north due to a host of issues like skills and ability to use these technologies.

Topics: E-commerce, Gender inequality, Digital skills

The need for more research and data to understand the implications of digital trade from a gender perspective and support policy-making

Supporting facts:

In 2023 an online course on trade and gender with a focus on e-commerce was conducted reaching around 350 participants

A study titled ‘e-commerce from a gender and development perspective’ published in May 2023 lends further weight to this topic

Topics: Trade, Gender, Digital Trade, E-commerce, Policy Making

Report

In 2021, in LDCs, only 30% of women and 43% of men were internet users, indicating a significant gender gap in digital access. One of the key barriers to internet usage in LDCs is the high cost of basic data and mobile broadband subscriptions.

These expenses make it difficult for individuals, particularly those in low-income households, to afford internet access. As a result, many people, especially women, are excluded from the numerous opportunities and benefits provided by the internet, such as access to information, education, and economic opportunities.

These barriers need to be addressed to create an inclusive and equitable online business environment. To effectively address these challenges, there is a need for an adequate legal framework that protects consumers and addresses issues like privacy, cybersecurity, and digital rights.

Currently, many LDCs lack a well-equipped legal system to deal with these matters, posing obstacles for businesses operating in the digital environment. Establishing robust legal frameworks will create a safer and more secure digital space, enabling businesses to thrive and individuals to participate fully in digital activities.

These challenges, coupled with disparities between women in the global south and global north, emphasize the need for gender-focused policies and interventions in e-commerce to ensure inclusivity. The critical importance of addressing gender inequalities in e-commerce is further highlighted in trade negotiations.

There is a contradiction within the World Trade Organization (WTO), where one working group focuses on enhancing women’s participation in international trade, while e-commerce negotiations remain gender-blind. This oversight overlooks the specific experiences and challenges faced by women, particularly in the global south.

Prioritizing gender equality in e-commerce within trade negotiations will promote a more inclusive and equal digital trade environment. To support policy-making in this area, more research and data analysis are required to understand the implications of digital trade from a gender perspective.

A recent study titled “E-commerce from a gender and development perspective” has shed light on this topic, emphasizing the need for further research to inform policy decisions and strategies. Robust data and evidence-based analysis will enable policymakers to devise effective measures that address gender inequalities and promote inclusive growth in the digital economy.

By prioritizing gender equality and implementing sound policies, we can create a more inclusive and equitable digital future for all.

Sofia Scasserra

Speech speed

172 words per minute

Speech length

1630 words

Speech time

568 secs

Arguments

Women in Latin America rapidly shifted to e-commerce and social media for business during the COVID-19 pandemic

Supporting facts:

Women in Latin America moved their businesses online during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Difference between men and women’s e-commerce habits is remarkable, women use more social media, while men tend to use e-commerce platforms.

Topics: Digital Divide, E-Commerce, Latin America

Women in e-commerce use social media as a networking and business-boosting tool due to its flexibility to tell a story around their product

Supporting facts:

Women prefer using social media for e-commerce due to it allowing better communication with their consumers.

They used it to enhance their brands, take better product pictures, and advertise better.

Topics: Digital Divide, E-Commerce

Existing e-commerce platforms are not meeting women’s needs due to being designed based on a male perspective

Supporting facts:

Women prefer telling a story around their products and desire more flexible, adaptable platforms.

Existing e-commerce platforms are designed from a male perspective.

Topics: Digital Divide, E-Commerce

Women primarily sell locally, not internationally, due to logistic issues and lack of export spirit

Supporting facts:

Logistic issues are a significant barrier preventing women in Latin America from trading internationally.

Women even tend to sell more locally due to lack of knowledge on using e-commerce tools for international trades.

Topics: Digital Divide, E-Commerce, Trade Barriers

E-commerce negotiations at WTO are gender-blind and are driven by a corporate agenda

Supporting facts:

Negotiations on e-commerce involve 89 countries but they’re gender-blind

The agenda for these negotiations are pushed by big tech companies

Topics: E-commerce, Gender equality, Corporate influence on trade policy

Report

Women tend to rely more heavily on social media platforms, while men are more inclined to use traditional e-commerce platforms. The preference for using social media in e-commerce by women is attributed to its superior communication capabilities with consumers. Women leveraged social media platforms to enhance their brands, improve product photography, and create more effective advertising strategies.

However, despite the increasing popularity of e-commerce among women entrepreneurs, existing platforms do not adequately meet their unique needs. This is primarily due to these platforms being designed from a male perspective, overlooking the specific requirements and desires of women in business.

The remark made by the speaker highlights the importance of creating e-commerce tools that align with women’s distinct needs, helping to bridge the existing gender gap in the digital marketplace. Nevertheless, women entrepreneurs in Latin America face various challenges when it comes to international trade.

Logistic obstacles pose a significant barrier, limiting their ability to engage in cross-border transactions. Additionally, due to a lack of knowledge regarding the use of e-commerce tools for international trades, women tend to primarily sell their products locally. To promote gender equality in trade and overcome these challenges, public policies should enforce gender justice in free trade agreements and ensure algorithm accountability.

The speaker proposes the inclusion of enforceable gender chapters in free trade agreements and emphasizes the need for algorithmic accountability, as discriminatory algorithms may penalize women who take longer to respond due to caregiving responsibilities. When examining e-commerce negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), it becomes evident that these discussions are gender-blind and driven by a corporate agenda.

This lack of consideration for gender-related issues in e-commerce negotiations, which involve 89 countries, highlights the need for a genuine gender and environmental agenda throughout all WTO negotiations. Factors such as the lack of algorithmic accountability and the gender-blind handling of data storage and processing further compound the challenges faced by women in the digital economy.

Additionally, there is a need for a more gender-inclusive and environmentally conscious approach to e-commerce negotiations at the WTO.

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Nandini Chami

During the analysis, two significant issues were discussed by the speakers. Firstly, they highlighted the detrimental effects of the dominant fintech platform model. It was extensively discussed how this model contributes to over-indebtedness and profit-seeking behavior. Milford’s presentation specifically pointed out the harmful consequences associated with this fintech model. The presentation also proposed the Maricar model as a potential alternative to address these issues and provide a more sustainable approach.

The speakers also emphasized the need for a decolonial digital future. Nandini’s thought-provoking question, “what does a decolonial digital future look like?” shed light on the necessity of changing the current digital space. The analysis underlined concerns about ongoing digital colonialism, highlighting the urgency to address this phenomenon and create a more equitable digital landscape.

Overall, the analysis brought attention to the negative impact of the dominant fintech platform model, which leads to over-indebtedness and profit-seeking behavior. The Maricar model was proposed as a potential solution to these issues. Additionally, there was a strong call for a decolonial digital future, signifying the importance of transforming the current digital space to combat digital colonialism. This analysis provides valuable insights into these pressing issues and sets a foundation for further discussions and actions towards creating a more inclusive and equitable digital environment.

Diego Moreira Maggi

Maricá, a city in Brazil, is actively implementing social policies rooted in the concept of solidarity economy. These policies aim to foster community, fairness, and inclusivity. The city has introduced initiatives such as universal free public transport, a basic income program, and a social currency system called Mumbuka.

Maricá’s strong economic growth is supported by significant oil and gas royalties. Situated near Brazil’s largest oil wells, the city benefits financially. Between 2014 and 2021, municipal tax revenue, excluding oil royalties, grew by almost 200%. This increase in revenue has allowed the city to invest in various sectors and projects.

The socio-economic landscape of Maricá has improved over the years. Formal job opportunities have increased from around 9,000 in 2006 to over 27,000 in 2021. This positive trend aligns with economic development and has reduced poverty as measured by the multidimensional poverty index.

Maricá has a visionary plan for a decolonial digital future. The plan emphasizes a public project that addresses local needs and aspirations. By focusing on marginalized populations in Maricá and Brazil, the aim is to bridge the technological gap and ensure inclusivity for all.

Maricá serves as an example of how social policies, economic growth, and technological advancements intersect to create an inclusive and prosperous society. It prioritizes solidarity economy principles and benefits from substantial oil and gas royalties. Through initiatives like universal free public transport, a basic income program, and a social currency system, Maricá is actively working towards reducing inequalities and improving the well-being of its residents.

Myriam Vander Stichele Vander Stichele

The challenges of fintech are multi-faceted and encompass various areas. One challenge is the prevalence of predatory lending and over-indebtedness. The use of ‘pay now, buy later’ applications can lead to individuals accumulating excessive debt. Moreover, predatory lending practices are prevalent in the fintech sector, exacerbating the over-indebtedness issue. This negative sentiment is reinforced by the evidence provided.

Another challenge highlighted in the analysis is the aggressive data gathering by fintech companies for profit-making services. Data from social media and other sources are used for credit scoring, and driving behavior is used to calculate insurance premiums. This raises concerns about potential privacy breaches and the exploitation of personal information.

Furthermore, the lack of public fintech infrastructure is seen as problematic. Even proposals for central bank digital currencies are distributed through banks rather than public infrastructure. This suggests that the accessibility and inclusivity of fintech services might be hindered by this lack of public infrastructure.

Environmental impacts stemming from fintech are another concern. The massive amount of servers required for cloud services has environmental consequences, such as energy consumption and carbon emissions. Additionally, fintech often encourages easy consumption and investment, which contrasts with the slow decision-making required for sustainable finance. These findings suggest that the environmental impacts of fintech are often disregarded.

The analysis also posits that more cross-border and cross-sector cooperation is needed to address the challenges of fintech. Many countries lack the capacity to regulate fintech adequately, necessitating collaborative efforts to establish effective regulations and supervision.

In addition, the analysis highlights the importance of democratic scrutiny and public awareness regarding fintech services. It argues that there is a need for increased intervention by authorities in fintech applications. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of raising public awareness and facilitating democratic discussions on the impacts of fintech. This would enable individuals to voice their concerns to policymakers.

On a positive note, the analysis suggests that it is possible to avoid being dominated by big tech or fintech applications. European laws are given as an example of interventions in fintech that have been successful in preventing dominance and promoting a more balanced landscape.

In conclusion, the challenges of fintech include issues related to predatory lending, aggressive data gathering, a lack of public infrastructure, and the often disregarded environmental impacts. The analysis highlights the need for cross-border cooperation, democratic scrutiny, and public awareness to address these challenges. Despite the concerns, the possibility of avoiding dominance by big tech or fintech applications is suggested.

Milford Bateman

Fintech platforms like M-Pesa and Time Bank, while successful, may potentially have detrimental impacts on African economies and societies. Studies suggest that M-Pesa’s impact is less positive than originally thought, with problems including increased household debt and massive dividend flows to the UK. Similarly, Time Bank’s entry into the digital microcredit field has resulted in shifting local demand, causing problems for local establishments and exacerbating household over-indebtedness.

One of the main concerns raised is the concept of “Digital Colonialism.” Investor-led fintech platforms may constitute a form of ‘Digital Colonialism’ and may undermine the progress toward sustainable development in Africa. These platforms are designed to benefit the investors and the countries that own these fintechs. Former natural resource-driven colonialism and current fintech platforms show similarities in terms of profit generation, highlighting potential exploitation of African economies.

Nevertheless, there are positive examples such as Mumbuka Bank, a publicly community-owned fintech platform. It issues a digital currency tied to the Brazilian real and facilitates payments, loans, savings, and money transfer. Unlike profit-focused fintech platforms, Mumbuka Bank aims to support local citizens and develop the local economy. Its stronger understanding of local communities allows for better identification of potential businesses for support.

Another concern is the failure of brick and mortar microfinance due to commercialization, deregularization, and penetration by investors seeking high returns. The investor-driven fintech platform is on a similar trajectory, resulting in problems caused by over-indebtedness. Furthermore, microfinance institutions have created a massive over-indebtedness problem in Kenya. These issues highlight the potential for investor-driven fintech platforms to exacerbate problems.

The digital colonial model is based on exploiting technology, rather than labor. It allows foreign investors to take the majority of the value generated, under the cover of helping the poor. This model hardly requires any local labor, and foreign investors are usually from major economic centres like Silicon Valley or London. Exploiting technology rather than labor raises questions about who truly benefits from the value created through fintech platforms in Africa.

However, the value generated by adopting finance as a digitalized service can be used as a public service for rebuilding or building up countries. Similar to education and health being considered public services in many countries, digital finance has the potential to become a public service. Using the value generated for the development of countries helps not only in resolving poverty but also in building a stronger economy.

To address the potential negative consequences and ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits, it is suggested that countries build their own locally based fintech platforms and reinvest the generated value. This allows African countries to have greater control over their financial systems and direct the generated value towards their own economic development.

Finally, the Maricá model and cooperative fintech platforms are presented as alternatives to the digital colonial model. These models are currently under consideration and review. Choosing these alternatives may prevent taking the wrong path and facing negative consequences.

In conclusion, while fintech platforms have shown success, there are concerns regarding their potentially detrimental impacts on African economies and societies. The concept of digital colonialism is a significant point of concern, and investor-led fintech platforms may undermine sustainable development. However, examples like Mumbuka Bank offer a positive alternative. It is important to consider the potential long-term effects and explore alternative models like the Maricá model and cooperative fintech platforms to ensure more equitable and sustainable development in Africa.

Speakers

Diego Moreira Maggi

Speech speed

122 words per minute

Speech length

1215 words

Speech time

596 secs

Arguments

Maricá is implementing social policies based on technologies and institutional arrangements around the concept of solidarity economy

Supporting facts:

Maricá is located in front of the biggest oil wells in Brazil

The city receives high amounts of oil and gas royalties

The city implemented social policies such as the public transport company providing universal free public transport, the citizenship basic income program, and the social currency Mumbuka

Topics: Solidarity economy, Social policies, Municipality of Maricá

Maricá is experiencing a trend of economic growth and improvement in social conditions

Supporting facts:

Between 2014 and 2021, the municipal tax revenue, without oil royalties, grew by almost 200%

The number of formal jobs went from almost 9,000 in 2006 to more than 27,000 in 2021

Through household surveys, they identified a reduction in poverty measured by the multidimensional poverty index (MPI)

Topics: Economic growth, Social conditions, Public services

Vision for decolonial digital future involves a public project centered on local needs and people

Topics: Decolonial digital future, Technology, Public project, Local needs

Milford Bateman

Speech speed

156 words per minute

Speech length

4046 words

Speech time

1558 secs

Arguments

Fintech platforms like M-Pesa and Time Bank, while successful, may potentially cause detrimental impacts on African economies and societies

Supporting facts:

Studies suggest that M-Pesa’s impact is less positive than thought, with problems including increased household debt and massive dividend flows to the UK

Time Bank’s entry into the digital microcredit field has resulted in shifting local demand causing problems for local establishments and exacerbating household over indebtedness

Topics: Fintech, M-Pesa, Time Bank, Digital Colonialism

Mumbuka Bank facilitates payments, loans, savings, and money transfer

Supporting facts:

Mumbuka Bank is a publicly community-owned fintech platform

It issues a digital currency, the Mumbuka, tied to the Brazilian real

Topics: Mumbuka Bank, Maricá, Digital Currency

Investor driven fintech platforms have potential to exacerbate problems

Supporting facts:

Over-indebtedness problem created in Kenya

Massive over-indebtedness problem created by microfinance institutions

Topics: Microfinance, Investor driven fintech, Over-indebtedness

The digital colonial model is based on exploiting technology, not labor

Supporting facts:

The digital colonial model hardly needs any labor

Most of the manipulation of the data in this model is done back home

Topics: Digital Colonialism, Natural Resources Extraction, Labor Exploitation

A huge amount of value is created by switching over to finance as a digitalized service

Supporting facts:

Most of the manipulation of the data is done in the areas like Silicon Valley or London or Frankfurt, Shanghai or Beijing

Topics: Digital Finance, Economic Value

Countries could build their own locally based fintech platforms and reinvest the generated value

Supporting facts:

The complexity of the technology is not a barrier

The huge amount of value liberated can be reinvested into building economies

Topics: Decentralization, Fintech, Economic Development

Report

Similarly, Time Bank’s entry into the digital microcredit field has resulted in shifting local demand, causing problems for local establishments and exacerbating household over-indebtedness. One of the main concerns raised is the concept of “Digital Colonialism.” Investor-led fintech platforms may constitute a form of ‘Digital Colonialism’ and may undermine the progress toward sustainable development in Africa.

These platforms are designed to benefit the investors and the countries that own these fintechs. Former natural resource-driven colonialism and current fintech platforms show similarities in terms of profit generation, highlighting potential exploitation of African economies. Nevertheless, there are positive examples such as Mumbuka Bank, a publicly community-owned fintech platform.

It issues a digital currency tied to the Brazilian real and facilitates payments, loans, savings, and money transfer. Unlike profit-focused fintech platforms, Mumbuka Bank aims to support local citizens and develop the local economy. Its stronger understanding of local communities allows for better identification of potential businesses for support.

These issues highlight the potential for investor-driven fintech platforms to exacerbate problems. The digital colonial model is based on exploiting technology, rather than labor. It allows foreign investors to take the majority of the value generated, under the cover of helping the poor.

This model hardly requires any local labor, and foreign investors are usually from major economic centres like Silicon Valley or London. Exploiting technology rather than labor raises questions about who truly benefits from the value created through fintech platforms in Africa.

Using the value generated for the development of countries helps not only in resolving poverty but also in building a stronger economy. To address the potential negative consequences and ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits, it is suggested that countries build their own locally based fintech platforms and reinvest the generated value.

This allows African countries to have greater control over their financial systems and direct the generated value towards their own economic development. Finally, the Maricá model and cooperative fintech platforms are presented as alternatives to the digital colonial model. These models are currently under consideration and review.

Choosing these alternatives may prevent taking the wrong path and facing negative consequences. In conclusion, while fintech platforms have shown success, there are concerns regarding their potentially detrimental impacts on African economies and societies. The concept of digital colonialism is a significant point of concern, and investor-led fintech platforms may undermine sustainable development.

However, examples like Mumbuka Bank offer a positive alternative. It is important to consider the potential long-term effects and explore alternative models like the Maricá model and cooperative fintech platforms to ensure more equitable and sustainable development in Africa.

Myriam Vander Stichele Vander Stichele

Speech speed

159 words per minute

Speech length

1918 words

Speech time

722 secs

Arguments

Predatory lending and over-indebtedness are among the challenges of fintech

Supporting facts:

The use of ‘pay now, buy later’ applications can lead to over-indebtedness

Predatory lending practices prevalent in the sector

Topics: fintech, debt, lending

Fintech companies engage in aggressive data gathering for profit-making services

Supporting facts:

Data from social media and other sources used for credit scoring

Driving behavior used to calculate insurance premiums

Topics: fintech, data privacy, big data

There is a lack of public fintech infrastructure

Supporting facts:

Even the proposals for central bank digital currencies are distributed through banks rather than public infrastructure

Topics: fintech, public infrastructure

Environmental impacts of fintech are often ignored

Supporting facts:

Huge amount of servers required for cloud services

Fintech encourages easy consumption and investment, contrasting the slow decision-making required for sustainable finance

Topics: fintech, environment

Need for increased intervention by authorities in fintech applications

Supporting facts:

Over-Indebtedness and fraud occurring even in higher income countries due to fintech applications

Difficulty for the authorities to understand and manage the consequences of fintech applications

Topics: Fintech, Digital colonialism, Governance

Report

This negative sentiment is reinforced by the evidence provided. Another challenge highlighted in the analysis is the aggressive data gathering by fintech companies for profit-making services. Data from social media and other sources are used for credit scoring, and driving behavior is used to calculate insurance premiums.

This raises concerns about potential privacy breaches and the exploitation of personal information. Furthermore, the lack of public fintech infrastructure is seen as problematic. Even proposals for central bank digital currencies are distributed through banks rather than public infrastructure. This suggests that the accessibility and inclusivity of fintech services might be hindered by this lack of public infrastructure.

These findings suggest that the environmental impacts of fintech are often disregarded. The analysis also posits that more cross-border and cross-sector cooperation is needed to address the challenges of fintech. Many countries lack the capacity to regulate fintech adequately, necessitating collaborative efforts to establish effective regulations and supervision.

This would enable individuals to voice their concerns to policymakers. On a positive note, the analysis suggests that it is possible to avoid being dominated by big tech or fintech applications. European laws are given as an example of interventions in fintech that have been successful in preventing dominance and promoting a more balanced landscape.

Despite the concerns, the possibility of avoiding dominance by big tech or fintech applications is suggested.

Nandini Chami

Speech speed

150 words per minute

Speech length

784 words

Speech time

313 secs

Africa and the Digital Divide: Perspectives and Policies for catch up (Africa Trade Network)

Knowledge Graph of Debate
Session report
Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Africa Kiiza

The e-commerce industry in Africa is experiencing both positive and negative trends. On the positive side, Africa has generated close to $33 billion in e-commerce revenue in 2022, indicating the growing acceptance of online marketplaces in the region. As of 2020, Africa has a significant number of online marketplaces, with over 631 platforms recorded.

However, there are challenges that need to be addressed. Africa accounts for only 1% of global data centers, with the majority located in South Africa. To support data management and boost digital infrastructure, efforts should be made to establish more home-grown data centers across the continent.

Improving internet infrastructure is essential in driving the African digital economy, with the potential to increase digital services by over 70 billion. Therefore, Africa needs to focus on enhancing policy space and developing self-sufficient infrastructure to shape its own responsive data governance and e-commerce policies.

The African e-commerce landscape is characterized by an uneven playing field, with only ten countries responsible for a significant portion of businesses online. Additionally, there are structural and capacity issues that hinder e-commerce growth, such as mis-deliveries and delays due to addressing system limitations.

It is crucial for Africa to evaluate the effectiveness of current negotiations and rules in addressing the specific challenges faced in e-commerce. Agreements like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and the Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) require careful consideration to address capacity gaps and competitiveness challenges.

In summary, Africa’s e-commerce industry shows promise, but there are challenges to overcome. Establishing home-grown data centers, improving internet infrastructure, and fostering an inclusive e-commerce ecosystem are key steps to fully leverage the opportunities in the digital economy.

Wullo Sylvester Bagooro

The panel discussion on Africa’s digital development addressed several key issues. One of the main points highlighted was the progress being made in bridging the digital divide in the continent. Examples from countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa were cited as striking examples of how Africa is bridging this gap.

While progress is being made, it was also mentioned that there are policy measures that could hinder development in the digital sector. These policy measures were not specifically elaborated upon in the provided information, but it is clear that there are challenges that need to be addressed.

Another important argument raised during the discussion was that Africa is not only affected by the global digital divide but can also be part of the solution. This highlights the potential that Africa has to contribute to closing the digital divide globally.

The discussion also urged African countries to reconsider their approach to digital trade, as there are indications that the United States is considering withdrawing support for major trade rules. This highlights the need for African countries to adapt their strategies to these changing circumstances.

Structural economic transformation was identified as a priority for African countries. The panel emphasised that many African countries are heavily reliant on commodity exports, and this dependency extends to the digital sector. To meet the aspirations set out in Agenda 2063, which outlines Africa’s vision for the future, the panel stressed the importance of economic transformation.

Collaboration between civil society, the private sector, and governments was identified as a crucial factor in driving digital development in Africa. This calls for the involvement of multiple stakeholders and the fostering of partnerships to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive approach.

The discussion also emphasised the need for increased interaction and relationship building at both the continental and multilateral levels. This suggests that collaboration and cooperation among African countries and with international partners are essential for advancing digital development in the continent.

A final noteworthy observation made during the discussion was the need for better collaboration between governments, civil society organisations (CSOs), and the private sector in Africa. It was highlighted that there is a growing trend of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) complaining that big tech companies are not sharing data. This emphasises the importance of fostering better collaboration and information-sharing mechanisms among these stakeholders.

In conclusion, the panel discussion shed light on various aspects related to Africa’s digital development. While progress is being made in bridging the digital divide, there are policy challenges that need to be addressed. Africa has the potential to be part of the solution to the global digital divide but needs to adapt its digital trade strategies to changing circumstances. Structural economic transformation, collaboration among stakeholders, public investment, and increased interaction and relationship building are crucial for driving digital development in Africa. Better collaboration between governments, CSOs, and the private sector is also necessary. Lastly, reducing commodity dependence and increasing production were identified as key factors in Africa’s development.

Herbert Kafeero

The analysis highlights several key points regarding the digital landscape in Africa. Firstly, there has been progress in terms of Internet penetration, with the percentage rising from 36% in 2014 to 53% in 2020. However, despite this positive development, there remains a usage gap in Africa. Furthermore, it is concerning that only 28 African countries have consumer protection laws in place to foster e-commerce, indicating a lack of adequate safeguards for online transactions.

Secondly, the analysis points out the existence of a digital divide within Africa. This divide manifests in disparities among different categories of people, and in particular, a widening gap among women. This suggests that certain segments of the population are being left behind in the digitalization process, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities.

Another key finding is the lack of necessary policies for digital transformation in Africa. Only 33 out of all African countries have adopted e-transaction laws, signifying a limited legal framework to facilitate digital transactions. Additionally, data protection policies were only recently passed in many countries, implying a lag in implementing measures to safeguard the privacy and security of digital information.

The analysis also emphasises the need for a comprehensive approach to digital transformation, involving not only the government but also non-state actors such as civil organisations and the private sector. This highlights the importance of broad collaboration and partnership to effectively drive digitalization efforts in Africa.

Moreover, it is crucial for Africa to establish its presence in the global digital economy as both a producer and consumer. Currently, most African countries primarily consume rather than generate digital content, indicating a dependence on external sources for digital services and products. Fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship will be paramount in enabling Africa to play a more influential role in the digital economy.

Financial constraints emerge as a significant barrier to digital transformation in Africa. The analysis reveals that budget allocations for ICT development are insufficient in countries like Uganda. This highlights the urgent need for sufficient funding to build digital infrastructure and support the growth of the digital sector across the continent.

Furthermore, the analysis suggests that addressing challenges related to competition, intellectual property, taxation, industrial policy, privacy, cybersecurity, and the labour market will require new ways of thinking. This implies the need for innovative approaches and strategies to overcome these obstacles and achieve meaningful structural transformation.

Lastly, the analysis underscores the importance of greater participation from African countries in global digital rule negotiations. Currently, there appears to be less involvement from African countries compared to other actors such as the technical community and civil society. This observation highlights the need for Africa to actively engage in shaping global digital governance frameworks to ensure its interests and perspectives are adequately represented.

In conclusion, the analysis provides valuable insights into the current state of digitalisation in Africa. It highlights both progress and challenges, ranging from Internet penetration and the digital divide to policy gaps, funding limitations, and the need for new approaches. By addressing these issues and actively participating in global digital rule negotiations, Africa can accelerate its digital transformation and unlock the vast potential that the digital economy offers.

Audience

During the discussion, several concerns and challenges regarding Africa’s digital protocol and the implementation of international multilateral frameworks were addressed. The speakers emphasised that a one-size-fits-all approach does not work for Africa, as each country on the continent has its own unique circumstances. This highlights the need for a tailored approach to address the specific challenges faced by each country in Africa.

One of the significant problems discussed was the lack of data localisation in Africa. This refers to the storing and processing of data within a country’s borders. The speakers pointed out that without proper data localisation, there are risks of data sovereignty and privacy breaches. Additionally, tax issues emerged as a challenge, with speakers highlighting the difficulties in regulating and taxing digital transactions in Africa. This poses a barrier to effectively benefiting from the digital economy.

Another important concern that was raised is the low trust in African consumables. It was noted that building trust in African products is crucial for their successful integration into the international market. To address this, it was suggested that Africa should focus on building and leveraging its unique digital products, such as Afrobeats, to overcome challenges and take advantage of opportunities in the digital economy.

The audience also expressed concerns about the financing of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA), questioning who is funding the work of the AFCFTA. This indicates the need for increased scrutiny and transparency in the financing process to ensure the successful implementation of the AFCFTA.

A noteworthy observation from the discussion was the caution against the exploitation of Africa’s own people. The speakers stressed the importance of avoiding exploitation and ensuring that the digital economy is inclusive and benefits all individuals in Africa.

Furthermore, the influence of big tech and platforms in Africa was regarded with wariness. The speakers highlighted the need to be cautious and ensure that Africa maintains its own autonomy and control in the digital space.

In terms of inclusive digital trade, dialogue between the trade sector and the financial services sector was seen as essential. This would foster cooperation and collaboration to manage risks, facilitate innovation, and enhance digital trade within Africa.

The integration between national payment systems and digital intermediation platforms emerged as a key aspect for successful digital trade. It was highlighted that instant payment receipts are crucial in digital trade, and an enabling environment can support this integration.

In conclusion, the speakers discussed the need for a tailored approach to address the challenges faced in Africa’s digital protocol and the implementation of international multilateral frameworks. They emphasised the importance of data localisation, resolving tax issues, building trust in African products, financing the AFCFTA transparently, avoiding exploitation, and being cautious of the influence of big tech. Dialogue between the trade and financial services sectors, as well as integration between payment systems and digital platforms, were considered crucial for inclusive digital trade. The IMF and UNCTAD were proposed as facilitators of meetings and dialogues to support digital trade facilitation.

Naidu Vahini

Upon closer analysis of the provided statements, several key points and arguments emerge. One significant concern raised is the belief that digital trade rules do not adequately support the development of domestic e-commerce in Africa. The argument suggests that these rules are designed to benefit foreign firms operating outside of Africa, underlining a negative sentiment towards digital trade rules. Additionally, it is mentioned that approximately 80% of African marketplaces are national marketplaces, highlighting the need for support in developing the domestic e-commerce sector.

Another important point raised is the potential impact of trade agreements on Africa’s creative industry. While no specific agreements are explicitly mentioned, it is suggested that these agreements may have a significant influence on the industry. For instance, in 2022, Afrobeats tracks experienced a substantial increase in streams on Spotify, with a 550% rise since 2017. This suggests that trade agreements can play a role in shaping the growth and success of Africa’s creative industry.

There is also a call for policy space within trade rules to encourage digital industrialization. It is mentioned that the United States recently withdrew its support for major trade rules, citing the need for policy space. This action is presented as evidence to support the argument advocating for policy space within trade rules.

On the other hand, there is criticism of the cross-border data transfer provision from the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on e-commerce, which is considered ill-suited for Africa. The provision is deemed to be lacking the necessary provisions for African countries to effectively use and secure their data. This criticism highlights a negative sentiment towards the current provision and calls for a better understanding of how to handle data in the context of trade agreements.

Furthermore, there are concerns about international agreements hindering the African Continental Free Trade Area (FCFTA) negotiations. It is proposed that a moratorium on trade rules should be implemented until the FCFTA negotiations and protocols are finalised. This stance indicates a neutral sentiment towards trade rules and emphasises the importance of ensuring the success of the FCFTA by avoiding potential conflicts with existing international agreements.

Implementation of Africa’s policy instruments is identified as a challenge, despite the presence of numerous policy instruments such as the Agenda 2063. The statement highlights the discrepancy between the existence of these instruments and their actual application, suggesting that more efforts are needed to effectively implement them and achieve their intended goals.

The analysis also points out the need for Africa to adopt a more defined and strategic approach in engaging in multilateral platforms. It is stated that the African group in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) needs to be strengthened to reflect its decreased power, indicating a negative sentiment and a call for stronger representation in multilateral platforms.

An interesting observation is the potential benefits of shifting to African platforms for services like streaming. It is suggested that African platforms can provide better revenue for artists compared to foreign platforms like Spotify, where the revenue per stream is relatively low. This perspective highlights the potential for African platforms to promote economic growth and reduce inequalities within the creative industry.

Another noteworthy argument is the positive perspective towards the moratorium on customs duties as a significant policy perspective. The argument suggests that the moratorium on customs duties can limit market access and foster an inward-looking perspective, indicating a positive sentiment towards the potential benefits of this policy approach.

Finally, there is criticism towards Kenya’s decision to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States. It is argued that this decision contradicts the principles agreed upon by African heads of state, who had encouraged member countries to refrain from entering into agreements with countries outside of the continent until the FCFTA was fully implemented. This criticism reflects a negative sentiment towards Kenya’s decision and underscores the importance of unity and alignment in African trade strategies.

Additionally, it is noteworthy that African artists, such as Davido and Rama, earn minimal revenue from foreign platforms like Spotify. The evidence provided suggests that these artists receive around 0.01 cent per stream on such platforms, indicating a negative sentiment towards the current revenue distribution and the impact it has on African artists’ earnings.

In conclusion, the analysis of the provided statements reveals various concerns, perspectives, and arguments related to trade agreements, digital trade, data transfer, policy instruments, and the creative industry in Africa. These discussions highlight the need for comprehensive and strategic approaches within Africa’s trade policies and underline the importance of considering the impact on domestic industries and artists when engaging in international trade agreements. Additionally, the analysis emphasizes the significance of the African Continental Free Trade Area (FCFTA) negotiations and protocols, calling for the avoidance of potential conflicts with existing international agreements until the FCFTA is finalised.

Speakers

Africa Kiiza

Speech speed

143 words per minute

Speech length

2918 words

Speech time

1228 secs

Arguments

Africa is embracing e-commerce.

Supporting facts:

In 2022, Africa generated close to 33 billion U.S. dollars of revenue in e-commerce

It has 631+ online market places as of 2020

Topics: digital economy, e-commerce, African economy

There is an uneven terrain in African e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Only ten countries are responsible for 94% of all businesses online

Five countries account for 78% of the total e-commerce traffic

Very few countries have the largest concentration of e-commerce platforms

Topics: e-commerce, economic disparity

Africa needs to establish home-grown data centers

Supporting facts:

Africa counts only for only 1% of global data centers

Of the 1% of data centers, two thirds are in one country, South Africa

Topics: data management, digital infrastructure

Policy space and self-sufficient infrastructure is necessary for African digital economy

Supporting facts:

UNTACD says improving internet infrastructure can increase digital services over 70 billion

Topics: Afro-centered data centers, policy space, broadband connectivity, digital payment systems

Africa faces significant challenges in achieving beneficial participation in e-commerce due to structural and capacity issues

Supporting facts:

Rapid e-trade assessment studies identifies number of gaps, in terms of infrastructure and readiness, confronting African countries in e-commerce

17% of drops in Kenya, considered an African giant in e-commerce, are mis-deliveries due to lack of proper addressing system

58% deliveries in Kenya are delayed and 25% are not delivered at all due to inability to locate customers

Topics: e-commerce, African economy, trade, infrastructure

Report

Audience

Speech speed

135 words per minute

Speech length

959 words

Speech time

425 secs

Arguments

International multilateral framework should be on pause until Africa’s digital protocol is properly negotiated

Supporting facts:

One size does not fit all, each country in Africa has its own peculiarities

Current problems include lack of data localization, tax issues, and low trust in African consumables

Topics: Digital protocol, International multilateral framework, Africa’s unique conditions

Africa lacks its own consumables and trust in them

Supporting facts:

Dr. Afrika mentioned the lack of Africa’s own consumables and the associated trust deficit

Topics: Africa consumption, Trust

Tax issues and data localization are the major problems

Supporting facts:

Speakers mentioned problems with tax and data localization

Topics: Tax, Data localization

Inclusion paradigm may lead to exploitation

Supporting facts:

The commentator brings up One Goal Initiative for governance as an area of concern.

Topics: Inclusion, Exploitation, Governance

Leveraging and building on digital products such as Afrobeats to overcome challenges and take advantage in the digital economy

Supporting facts:

Afrobeats from West Africa, particularly Nigeria, as a digital product

Need to go beyond consumption to creating and producing digital products

Topics: Digital Economy, Afrobeats, Production, Consumption

Need for scrutiny in the financing of the AFCFTA

Supporting facts:

The audience expresses a concern on who is financing the work of the AFCFTA

Topics: AFCFTA, Finance

Concerned about the digital protocol in Africa

Supporting facts:

The speaker mentions that there is still a lot to do concerning the digital protocol in Africa

Topics: Digital Protocol, Africa

Dialogue between the trade sector and the financial services sector is necessary for inclusive digital trade

Supporting facts:

Financial services regulators manage risk to the financial system which can stifle innovation and digital trade

Risk of digitalizing trade and payment services without convergence.

Topics: Inclusive Digital Trade, Financial Services, Trade Sector, Digital Payment Services

Report

This highlights the need for a tailored approach to address the specific challenges faced by each country in Africa. One of the significant problems discussed was the lack of data localisation in Africa. This refers to the storing and processing of data within a country’s borders.

The speakers pointed out that without proper data localisation, there are risks of data sovereignty and privacy breaches. Additionally, tax issues emerged as a challenge, with speakers highlighting the difficulties in regulating and taxing digital transactions in Africa. This poses a barrier to effectively benefiting from the digital economy.

The speakers highlighted the need to be cautious and ensure that Africa maintains its own autonomy and control in the digital space. In terms of inclusive digital trade, dialogue between the trade sector and the financial services sector was seen as essential.

This would foster cooperation and collaboration to manage risks, facilitate innovation, and enhance digital trade within Africa. The integration between national payment systems and digital intermediation platforms emerged as a key aspect for successful digital trade. It was highlighted that instant payment receipts are crucial in digital trade, and an enabling environment can support this integration.

Dialogue between the trade and financial services sectors, as well as integration between payment systems and digital platforms, were considered crucial for inclusive digital trade. The IMF and UNCTAD were proposed as facilitators of meetings and dialogues to support digital trade facilitation.

Herbert Kafeero

Speech speed

149 words per minute

Speech length

1870 words

Speech time

754 secs

Arguments

Africa is latecomer in the digitalization process

Supporting facts:

Progress has been made in regards to Internet penetration in Africa from 36% in 2014 to 53% in 2020

Usage gap has widened in Africa

Only 28 African countries have consumer protection laws for fostering e-commerce

Topics: digital divide, digital transformation, internet penetration

Digital divide exists within Africa

Supporting facts:

The divide exists among different categories of people

Digital divide among women is also widening

Topics: digital transformation, digital divide, accessibility

Africa lacks required policies for digital transformation

Supporting facts:

Only 33 African countries have adopted e-transaction laws

In many countries, Data Protection Policies were only passed recently

Topics: Digital Policy, E-commerce

Lack of funding is a barrier to digital transformation

Supporting facts:

Budget allocation to ICT Development is very little in Uganda

Africa should fund its own digital infrastructure rather than relying on the West

Topics: Digital funding, ICT, Digital infrastructure

New ways of thinking are required to address challenges related to competition, intellectual property, taxation, industrial policy, privacy, cyber security, labor market

Supporting facts:

We need to change our approach towards these aspects in order to achieve structural transformation

Topics: competition, intellectual property, taxation, industrial policy, privacy, cyber security, labor market

Report

Furthermore, it is concerning that only 28 African countries have consumer protection laws in place to foster e-commerce, indicating a lack of adequate safeguards for online transactions. Secondly, the analysis points out the existence of a digital divide within Africa. This divide manifests in disparities among different categories of people, and in particular, a widening gap among women.

This suggests that certain segments of the population are being left behind in the digitalization process, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities. Another key finding is the lack of necessary policies for digital transformation in Africa. Only 33 out of all African countries have adopted e-transaction laws, signifying a limited legal framework to facilitate digital transactions.

Additionally, data protection policies were only recently passed in many countries, implying a lag in implementing measures to safeguard the privacy and security of digital information. The analysis also emphasises the need for a comprehensive approach to digital transformation, involving not only the government but also non-state actors such as civil organisations and the private sector.

This highlights the importance of broad collaboration and partnership to effectively drive digitalization efforts in Africa. Moreover, it is crucial for Africa to establish its presence in the global digital economy as both a producer and consumer. Currently, most African countries primarily consume rather than generate digital content, indicating a dependence on external sources for digital services and products.

Fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship will be paramount in enabling Africa to play a more influential role in the digital economy. Financial constraints emerge as a significant barrier to digital transformation in Africa. The analysis reveals that budget allocations for ICT development are insufficient in countries like Uganda.

This highlights the urgent need for sufficient funding to build digital infrastructure and support the growth of the digital sector across the continent. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that addressing challenges related to competition, intellectual property, taxation, industrial policy, privacy, cybersecurity, and the labour market will require new ways of thinking.

This implies the need for innovative approaches and strategies to overcome these obstacles and achieve meaningful structural transformation. Lastly, the analysis underscores the importance of greater participation from African countries in global digital rule negotiations. Currently, there appears to be less involvement from African countries compared to other actors such as the technical community and civil society.

This observation highlights the need for Africa to actively engage in shaping global digital governance frameworks to ensure its interests and perspectives are adequately represented. In conclusion, the analysis provides valuable insights into the current state of digitalisation in Africa.

It highlights both progress and challenges, ranging from Internet penetration and the digital divide to policy gaps, funding limitations, and the need for new approaches. By addressing these issues and actively participating in global digital rule negotiations, Africa can accelerate its digital transformation and unlock the vast potential that the digital economy offers.

Naidu Vahini

Speech speed

155 words per minute

Speech length

4662 words

Speech time

1803 secs

Arguments

digital trade rules do not support building domestic e-commerce in Africa

Supporting facts:

80% of African marketplaces are national marketplaces

Agreements are designed to support foreign firms outside Africa

Topics: E-commerce, International Trade Policy

Trade agreements may significantly impact Africa’s creative industry

Supporting facts:

In 2022, Afrobeats tracks had 13.5 billion streams on Spotify, a 550 percent increase from 2017

Topics: Digital Trade, Creative Industry, Afrobeats

The cross-border data transfer provision from the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on e-commerce is ill-equipped for Africa

Supporting facts:

The provision mirrors what’s happening in WTO JSI on e-commerce

African countries need a better understanding of how to use and secure their data

Topics: WTO Joint Statement Initiative on e-commerce, Cross-border data transfer, Sovereign rights over data

Implementation of Africa’s policy instruments is a challenge

Supporting facts:

Africa has numerous policy instruments including the Agenda 2063 but faces issues with their actual application.

Topics: Policy Instruments, African Development, Implementation Challenges

Africa needs a more defined and strategic approach to engage in multilateral platforms

Supporting facts:

The African group needs to be strengthened, reflecting the decreased power of the group in WTO.

Topics: Multilateral Platforms, Trade Negotiations, African Group in WTO

Moratorium on customs duties is a significant policy perspective

Supporting facts:

The moratorium on customs duties can limit market access and foster an inward-looking perspective.

Topics: Trade Rules, Custom Duties, Digital Economy

Report

Additionally, it is mentioned that approximately 80% of African marketplaces are national marketplaces, highlighting the need for support in developing the domestic e-commerce sector. Another important point raised is the potential impact of trade agreements on Africa’s creative industry. While no specific agreements are explicitly mentioned, it is suggested that these agreements may have a significant influence on the industry.

For instance, in 2022, Afrobeats tracks experienced a substantial increase in streams on Spotify, with a 550% rise since 2017. This suggests that trade agreements can play a role in shaping the growth and success of Africa’s creative industry. There is also a call for policy space within trade rules to encourage digital industrialization.

It is mentioned that the United States recently withdrew its support for major trade rules, citing the need for policy space. This action is presented as evidence to support the argument advocating for policy space within trade rules. On the other hand, there is criticism of the cross-border data transfer provision from the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on e-commerce, which is considered ill-suited for Africa.

The provision is deemed to be lacking the necessary provisions for African countries to effectively use and secure their data. This criticism highlights a negative sentiment towards the current provision and calls for a better understanding of how to handle data in the context of trade agreements.

This perspective highlights the potential for African platforms to promote economic growth and reduce inequalities within the creative industry. Another noteworthy argument is the positive perspective towards the moratorium on customs duties as a significant policy perspective. The argument suggests that the moratorium on customs duties can limit market access and foster an inward-looking perspective, indicating a positive sentiment towards the potential benefits of this policy approach.

This criticism reflects a negative sentiment towards Kenya’s decision and underscores the importance of unity and alignment in African trade strategies. Additionally, it is noteworthy that African artists, such as Davido and Rama, earn minimal revenue from foreign platforms like Spotify.

The evidence provided suggests that these artists receive around 0.01 cent per stream on such platforms, indicating a negative sentiment towards the current revenue distribution and the impact it has on African artists’ earnings. In conclusion, the analysis of the provided statements reveals various concerns, perspectives, and arguments related to trade agreements, digital trade, data transfer, policy instruments, and the creative industry in Africa.

These discussions highlight the need for comprehensive and strategic approaches within Africa’s trade policies and underline the importance of considering the impact on domestic industries and artists when engaging in international trade agreements. Additionally, the analysis emphasizes the significance of the African Continental Free Trade Area (FCFTA) negotiations and protocols, calling for the avoidance of potential conflicts with existing international agreements until the FCFTA is finalised.

Wullo Sylvester Bagooro

Speech speed

181 words per minute

Speech length

1688 words

Speech time

561 secs

Arguments

The time is running very fast

The last days were very challenging

Topics: Event

He works with network Africa based in Accra Ghana

Topics: Africa, Ghana

This session is organized by the Africa trade network and led by TWN Africa and Siatini Uganda

Topics: Africa, Uganda, Trade

There are some striking examples of bridging the digital divide in the continent of Africa

Supporting facts:

Examples in Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa

Topics: Digital divide, Africa

There are policy measures in Africa that could hinder development

Topics: Policy, Africa, development

Need for African countries to rethink their approach to digital trade

Supporting facts:

United States, once a champion of free data flow, is considering withdrawing support to major trade rules like prohibition on data localization, source code disclosure, and non-discrimination of digital products

The U.S.’s reconsideration shows that even digital leaders need policy space

Topics: Digital trade, Data flow, U.S. policy

Call for collaboration between civil society, private sector, and governments

Topics: Civil society, Private sector, Government

The need for increased interaction and relationship building at the continental and multilateral level

Supporting facts:

The panel highlighted intra-Africa policies and the need for bridging gaps between countries

Topics: Digital divide, Africa policies, Public investment

Importance of public investment for the establishment of data centers across the continent

Supporting facts:

Discussion about the need for public investment during the Antarctic E-Commerce Week in 2017

Topics: Digital divide, Public investment, Data centers

Need for better collaboration among government, CSOs, and private sector on the continent

Supporting facts:

Highlighting trend of SMEs complaining that big techs are not sharing data

Topics: Collaboration, Government, CSOs, Private Sector

African continent primarily being commodity dependent needs to increase production

Supporting facts:

Wullo Sylvester Bagooro emphasizes on the need to increase production to develop

Topics: Africa, Commodity dependence, Production

Report

Additionally, the panel highlighted the importance of public investment for the establishment of data centres across the continent. This highlights the need for governments and relevant stakeholders to invest in the necessary infrastructure to support digital growth. The discussion also emphasised the need for increased interaction and relationship building at both the continental and multilateral levels.

This suggests that collaboration and cooperation among African countries and with international partners are essential for advancing digital development in the continent. A final noteworthy observation made during the discussion was the need for better collaboration between governments, civil society organisations (CSOs), and the private sector in Africa.

It was highlighted that there is a growing trend of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) complaining that big tech companies are not sharing data. This emphasises the importance of fostering better collaboration and information-sharing mechanisms among these stakeholders. In conclusion, the panel discussion shed light on various aspects related to Africa’s digital development.

While progress is being made in bridging the digital divide, there are policy challenges that need to be addressed. Africa has the potential to be part of the solution to the global digital divide but needs to adapt its digital trade strategies to changing circumstances.

Structural economic transformation, collaboration among stakeholders, public investment, and increased interaction and relationship building are crucial for driving digital development in Africa. Better collaboration between governments, CSOs, and the private sector is also necessary. Lastly, reducing commodity dependence and increasing production were identified as key factors in Africa’s development.

Fast-tracking a digital economy future in developing countries (UNCTAD)

Knowledge Graph of Debate
Session report
Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Commission recognises the potential of digitalisation in achieving economic diversification, employment creation, and stability. To harness these possibilities, ECOWAS member states have adopted a strategy and implementation plan for e-commerce for the years 2023-2025. This forward-looking approach indicates their commitment to capitalising on the rise of digital commerce, which is expected to have a significant impact not only on ECOWAS but also on other countries worldwide, as highlighted by the World Trade Organization (WTO).

E-commerce is considered by the ECOWAS Commission as a crucial driver of economic growth and presents further opportunities for expansion. In Ghana, for instance, there has already been a notable increase in export values from US$99 million in 2008. The digital industries also have the potential to create cascading effects on related and adjoining sectors, further enhancing economic development.

Recognising the importance of collaboration and partnerships in the pursuit of e-commerce strategies, ECOWAS stands ready to work with esteemed partners such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Bank. By aligning efforts with these organizations, ECOWAS aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its e-commerce initiatives. This emphasis on partnerships reflects ECOWAS’ belief in the power of collective action in achieving shared goals and outcomes.

To effectively track the progress and impact of e-commerce development, ECOWAS recognises the need for improved statistical data. By having accurate and comprehensive statistics, policymakers and stakeholders can gain valuable insights into the emerging trends and patterns within the e-commerce sector. This information serves as a vital tool for informed decision-making and targeted interventions.

ECOWAS also underscores the importance of cooperation and coordination in the digital sphere. By fostering a culture of collaboration among member states, ECOWAS aims to ensure sustainable results from their collective efforts in digitalisation. This approach aligns with their commitment to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), demonstrating their dedication to inclusive and sustainable development.

Furthermore, ECOWAS highlights the significance of cooperation among governments, stakeholders, and international organisations in the effective implementation of digital commerce and e-commerce. They note that successful implementation necessitates close coordination and cooperation at various levels, enabling the creation and enforcement of regulatory frameworks, capacity building initiatives, and the facilitation of cross-border trade.

In line with these efforts, ECOWAS, through the appointment of H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse, actively engages in legislative organisations of the United Nations that offer assistance for the implementation of digital commerce and e-commerce at the request of member states. The partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in evaluating legal texts and providing support to states in implementing e-commerce platforms exemplifies ECOWAS’ commitment to accompanying small players, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in their digital ventures.

Importantly, a strong legal infrastructure at the national level is deemed critical for effective and credible international negotiations in digital cooperation. H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse emphasises the necessity of having the infrastructure in place within individual countries to engage in international digital cooperation agreements successfully. Additionally, she urges active participation from countries in the working groups that develop model texts and conventions, solidifying ECOWAS’ commitment to inclusive and participatory decision-making processes.

In conclusion, ECOWAS acknowledges the transformative potential of digitalisation, particularly in the field of e-commerce, and is making significant strides in harnessing these opportunities. Their focus on cooperation, partnerships, data-driven decision-making, and strong legal infrastructure underscores their commitment to inclusive and sustainable economic development in the region. By leveraging the power of digital commerce, ECOWAS aims to drive economic diversification, create employment opportunities, and ensure stability, ultimately contributing to the achievement of the UN’s SDGs.

Lennise Ng

The analysis explores various facets of the digitalization of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Southeast Asia. It emphasizes the importance of government investment and collaboration with tech enterprises in promoting MSME digitalization, citing examples of the Malaysian and Singaporean governments’ initiatives. Community-driven tech initiatives are also highlighted as effective strategies for localizing e-solutions, with Techkaki in Singapore serving as an example. The significance of strong digital infrastructure for business growth is discussed, particularly in addressing poor digital connectivity in rural areas. The analysis emphasizes the need for financial inclusion through investment in private and public partnerships, showcasing the tailored MSME financing products developed through collaboration with the Malaysian government. Furthermore, the empowerment of women entrepreneurs is emphasized as a way to create inclusive digital solutions. Investments in e-commerce, particularly by firms like Rocket Internet, are recognized for driving digital transformation in Southeast Asia. However, concerns about the sustainability of post-pandemic e-commerce platforms are highlighted. The analysis suggests shifting perspectives to promote e-commerce in communities with sufficient disposable income. Overall, the analysis underscores the importance of inclusive approaches to MSME digitalization and economic development in Southeast Asia.

H.E. Sithembiso G. G. Nyoni

Zimbabwe is prepared for the implementation of e-commerce, as evidenced by ongoing initiatives. Universities in the country have been tasked with conducting relevant research to contribute to e-commerce development. The government has also enacted computer crime and cyber crime acts to combat cyber threats and ensure a safe online environment. Additionally, the introduction of the Zim Connect portal allows citizens to access government services online, and community information centers have been established throughout the country.

However, there are challenges to overcome, such as improving the fiber backbone infrastructure in rural areas to ensure equal access to e-commerce opportunities. Partnerships in infrastructure and financial inclusion are vital for further e-commerce development. The involvement of the private sector in policy-making is essential for effective policies that drive economic growth. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and development partners is crucial to enhancing digital commerce.

In conclusion, Zimbabwe is ready to embrace e-commerce through research, cybercrime legislation, and the establishment of an e-system platform. By fostering partnerships and involving the private sector, Zimbabwe can enhance its digital infrastructure and unlock the potential of e-commerce for its citizens and economy.

H.E. Prasith Suon

Cambodia has experienced significant growth in the field of e-commerce over the past five years, with a particularly notable increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. This progress can be attributed to the successful implementation of recommendations from the e-trade readiness assessment conducted by UNCTAD in 2017. As a result, Cambodia has emerged as a top-performing country in UNCTAD’s second e-trade readiness implementation review.

To support the development of the e-commerce ecosystem and protect consumer rights, Cambodia has established various legal and policy frameworks. These include the enactment of key legislation such as the laws on e-commerce, consumer protection, and competition. These laws provide a solid foundation for a robust and secure e-commerce environment.

Private sector participation is crucial for the success of e-commerce initiatives, and Cambodia has actively engaged private sector stakeholders in policy discussions and formulation. The government has also received support from development partners for implementing projects such as Go for ECAM and Sea Trade for SME. This collaborative approach ensures that the e-commerce ecosystem is well-supported and can thrive.

Cambodia actively participates in e-commerce negotiations and discussions at both regional and multilateral levels. The country is party to various regional and bilateral agreements, including the ASEAN agreement on e-commerce and the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP). These agreements facilitate regional cooperation and create opportunities for further e-commerce growth.

The CambodianTrade platform has played a significant role in boosting digital adoption and transformation among Cambodian SMEs. It provides a platform for 166 SMEs, including provincial and women-led businesses, to showcase their products and directly communicate with potential clients. The platform also offers fully integrated logistic service providers and payment gateways, enabling SMEs to conduct business efficiently.

To further support SMEs, Cambodia focuses on building and strengthening their capacities through digitalization and export readiness training. Various trainings and support have been provided to SMEs during and after the onboarding process. UNDP Cambodia and Khmer Enterprise collaborate to assist SMEs in overcoming innovative challenges and enhancing their competitiveness.

The CambodianTrade platform not only boosts domestic trade but also offers international exposure to Cambodian SMEs. SMEs have the opportunity to showcase their products on various social media platforms and engage in business matching through domestic and international expos. This exposure enhances their branding internationally and opens doors to new markets and partnerships.

Access to finance and resources is vital for the growth of SMEs in the e-commerce sector. CambodianTrade provides such access through venture capital, promoting the interest of value chain investors in Cambodia’s e-commerce sector. This support encourages the development of innovative and sustainable business models among SMEs.

To create a conducive environment for the digital economy, Cambodia focuses on building a robust legal framework. The ecosystem itself is now ready to endorse the legal aspects of the digital economy. Implementing the legal framework promptly, without delay, is crucial for attracting more investment and driving further growth in the e-commerce sector.

The endorsement of e-commerce laws is particularly significant in instilling confidence in investors. Some countries may be hesitant to endorse their e-commerce laws, but having a legal system in place strengthens investor trust and facilitates a secure and transparent e-commerce environment.

In conclusion, Cambodia has made significant progress in e-commerce, supported by the effective implementation of recommendations, the development of legal and policy frameworks, private sector participation, and active engagement in regional and multilateral negotiations. The CambodianTrade platform has played a vital role in boosting digitalization and international exposure for Cambodian SMEs. Building a conducive legal framework and endorsing e-commerce laws are crucial for attracting investment and ensuring a secure and transparent e-commerce environment. With ongoing efforts, Cambodia is well-positioned to continue its growth in the e-commerce sector.

Moderator – Isabelle Kumar

During the discussion, speakers highlighted the importance of e-commerce readiness and reducing digital divides in various countries. Ghana and Mauritania were praised for their strong potential in e-commerce and their commitment to national digital transformation. Ghana, in particular, has made significant investments in ICT infrastructure, positioning them well for e-commerce opportunities. Similarly, Mauritania validated its e-trade readiness assessment, which is seen as a crucial tool in operationalising the country’s ambitious national digital transformation agenda.

Governments such as ECOWAS, Kenya, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe were commended for their ambitious strategies in reducing digital divides. ECOWAS adopted its first e-commerce strategy, Kenya is launching its first national e-commerce strategy, Tunisia is implementing an action plan to contribute to the digitalisation of the central bank’s information system, and Zimbabwe is about to embark on a journey towards e-commerce. These efforts reflect a strong commitment by governments to bridge the digital divide and create opportunities for their citizens.

It was emphasised that moving from policy recommendations to implemented initiatives is crucial in e-commerce. Merely making policy recommendations is not enough; practical groundwork and execution of these recommendations are essential. The importance of executing policies for effective e-commerce was highlighted during the discussion.

Specific challenges facing countries include limited internet infrastructure, payment and finance barriers, lack of trust and security, logistical and infrastructural concerns, market fragmentation, and a digital literacy gap. Overcoming these challenges requires the growth of the ICT sector, the uptake of mobile money, and the introduction of digital currencies. These promising avenues can address the various barriers to e-commerce.

Diagnostic studies, such as UNCTAD’s e-trade readiness assessment, were acknowledged as valuable tools for countries to develop a roadmap for building an enabling environment for e-commerce. These studies help identify areas of improvement and guide countries in enhancing their e-commerce capabilities.

Zimbabwe, in particular, is ready to implement e-commerce with its efforts to create both soft and hard digital infrastructure. They have made progress in creating a conducive environment for e-commerce, including drafting a computer crime and a cybercrime act. Currently, Zimbabwe has about 200 community information centres, and different government services can be accessed online through the Zim Connect portal.

Zimbabwe seeks partnership with UNCTAD to refine their e-commerce implementation. They aim to collaborate with UNCTAD to identify gaps in their e-commerce implementation, assess barriers to their roadmap, and develop tools to measure their progress.

Cambodia’s inclusive approach to developing e-commerce and digital trade was highlighted as a model for other developing countries. Their journey started with an e-trade readiness assessment in 2017, followed by a national strategy and the creation of a public-led platform. During Cambodia’s last e-week in Geneva, the Cambodia trade marketplace was launched, demonstrating their commitment to developing an inclusive digital economy and society.

The importance of collaboration between government ministries and development partners in developing digital commerce platforms was emphasised. This collaborative approach ensures that different perspectives and expertise are considered and integrated into the planning and implementation process.

The need for comprehensive and inclusive legal frameworks for e-commerce was also discussed. Legal texts and frameworks should take into account the interests of all actors involved and ensure a robust legal landscape. The role of organisations like UNCTAD in providing assistance to governments in preparing these laws and regulations was acknowledged.

Trust in online transactions was highlighted as essential for the effective functioning of e-commerce. Without trust, consumers may hesitate to engage in online transactions, hindering the growth of e-commerce. Mauritania was mentioned as an example where the lack of trust is a challenge that needs to be addressed.

Efforts to support women-led SMEs and provincial businesses through e-commerce platforms were recognised. Cambodia’s Komoran Trade platform, supervised by the Ministry of Commerce, provides an opportunity for SMEs to connect with domestic and cross-border buyers and business partners. This initiative supports gender equality and inclusive economic growth by enabling women-led enterprises to participate in e-commerce.

The importance of a conducive digital ecosystem and the role of the government in fostering small businesses and the startup ecosystem were supported. The release of laws designed to support small businesses and startups in Mohamed Abdallahi Louly’s country was acknowledged as a positive step.

Market fragmentation challenges in e-commerce can be addressed by standardising trust in platforms. The idea of labelling platforms as trusted and technically acceptable solutions was discussed, which could provide support and opportunities for success to those platforms.

Improving digital infrastructure for better e-commerce and digital trade in Africa was a topic of discussion. Moderator, John Odona, raised a question about ways to enhance inadequate infrastructure to enable better e-commerce. This highlighted the importance of investing in digital infrastructure to support e-commerce development in the region.

A holistic approach and consideration of the specific context of each country were emphasised in developing digital trade. It is important not to adopt a one-size-fits-all approach but to tailor strategies and initiatives to suit the unique circumstances of each country.

Collaboration involving the private sector and development partners was encouraged to foster cross-sector partnerships and lay the groundwork for successful e-commerce ecosystems. The involvement of development partners was seen as crucial in encouraging cross-border trade and supporting the development of a robust e-commerce environment.

Building a conducive legal environment for a digital ecosystem was highlighted as an important factor in promoting e-commerce. Laws and regulations should be comprehensive, inclusive, and consider the interests of all actors involved.

The discussion also emphasised the importance of inclusion and eliminating exclusion in e-commerce. It was stressed that exclusion should be eradicated at all costs, and efforts should be made to ensure equal access and opportunities for all. This reflects a commitment to reducing inequalities and promoting inclusive economic growth through e-commerce.

In conclusion, the discussion highlighted the importance of e-commerce readiness, reducing digital divides, and fostering inclusive digital ecosystems in various countries. Governments, development partners, and organisations such as UNCTAD play crucial roles in supporting countries in their e-commerce implementation efforts. Collaboration, practical implementation of policies, trust in online transactions, and inclusive approaches were among the key factors discussed in developing successful e-commerce ecosystems. By addressing challenges, investing in infrastructure, and fostering partnerships, countries can leverage the potential of e-commerce for economic growth and social development.

Mohamed Abdallahi Louly

Mauritania’s government is prioritising digital transformation to modernise the country and stimulate the development of e-commerce. However, the country faces significant challenges, including limited internet infrastructure, payment and financial obstacles, security and trust issues, logistical hurdles, regulatory concerns, a digital literacy gap, and market fragmentation.

To address these challenges, Mauritania has developed the National Digital Transformation Agenda (DNA) with input from various government ministries and development partners. Continuous dialogue with stakeholders, such as e-commerce partners, the central bank, and the Ministry of Commerce, is essential for a successful digital transition. The High Council of Digital, composed of seven ministries and led by the Prime Minister, aids in the governance and decision-making process.

The government encourages local businesses to develop their own technologies for e-commerce, enabling more inclusive solutions that cater to specific local contexts. They have also released laws supporting small business start-ups and providing incentives for import and local market share.

Efforts are being made to address market fragmentation and standardise trust in e-commerce platforms. The government advocates for defined standards and supports companies that meet them. Capitalising on existing infrastructure, such as fibre optics, is seen as essential for extending connectivity.

Investment is imperative to build the necessary infrastructure for e-commerce development, and $30 million has already been mobilised for this purpose. Satellite opportunities, like Starlink, have been utilised to connect remote areas and reduce inequalities.

Overall, Mauritania is committed to overcoming the challenges it faces in achieving digital transformation and fostering the growth of e-commerce. The government’s initiatives, in collaboration with stakeholders, aim to address infrastructure limitations, regulatory concerns, market fragmentation, and the digital literacy gap. By leveraging existing infrastructure, making necessary investments, and promoting standardisation and trust, Mauritania can establish a strong foundation for its digital economy and drive sustainable growth.

Anna Joubin Bret

UNCTRAL, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, plays a crucial role in creating harmonized legal texts for e-commerce and the digital economy, which are essential to create trust in online transactions. They provide guidance to governments to prepare laws and regulations, focusing particularly on e-transaction laws. Their work allows for interconnectivity and interoperability of the legal infrastructure, ensuring effective communication and transactions between different countries. UNCTRAL has been a longtime partner of UNCTAD, further strengthening their role in shaping international trade.

Recently, UNCTRAL has developed a model law on electronic transferable records, which gives trade activities the same legal value as traditional paper-based documents. This promotes paperless trading and facilitates digital trade. They have also introduced a model law on identity management and trust services, which establishes standards for digital identity recognition, enabling seamless trading and trust in digital transactions.

It is argued that countries should adapt existing legal frameworks rather than introducing new legislation to regulate the digital landscape. This allows for a more flexible and efficient response to the rapidly progressing e-commerce and digital trade. Incorporating artificial intelligence and automation into transactions is also important for enhancing efficiency and accuracy.

A balanced legal framework is crucial for the digital economy, encompassing both protective measures such as data protection and cybersecurity, as well as enabling aspects that foster innovation and digital progression. Supporting local communities in developing their own digital solutions is seen as vital for sustainable digital progression.

In conclusion, UNCTRAL’s work in creating harmonized legal texts and providing guidance in e-commerce and the digital economy is vital for establishing trust in online transactions. Their efforts in developing model laws on electronic transferable records and identity management strengthen the legal foundation for digital trade. Adapting existing legal frameworks, incorporating AI and automation, and maintaining a balanced legal framework are crucial for enabling seamless trade and fostering digital innovation. Supporting local communities in their own digital solutions is key to sustainable digital progression.

Audience

During the discussion on the digital economy and e-commerce, several key points were raised. It was emphasised that encouraging individuals to build their own technologies is crucial for advancing the digital economy. The importance of digital infrastructure was highlighted, with a mention of the government’s efforts to work with local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to help with e-commerce. This points to a need for encouragement and support for people to develop their own technologies and contribute to the advancement of the digital economy.

Pre-pandemic, there was significant investment in e-commerce by the private sector. Examples were given, such as Rocket Internet’s investment in platforms like Lazada and Shopee, which led to the growth of e-commerce in Southeast Asia. This investment played a key role in the adoption of e-commerce in the region.

However, during the post-pandemic phase, many e-commerce platforms faced challenges and downfall. Draining of funds and the inability of businesses to sustain themselves were mentioned as contributing factors. The pandemic brought about a change in perspective, and there was a need to encourage e-commerce adoption in order to adapt to the new normal.

The rise of middle-income communities was highlighted as a factor contributing to the increase in e-commerce adoption. As communities move towards middle income levels, their purchasing power and access to digital technologies increase, leading to a greater adoption of e-commerce platforms.

The importance of community and nation-building was acknowledged during the discussion. It was emphasised that a country is built by its own people, and their impact cannot be underestimated. This highlights the need to empower individuals and communities to actively participate in building their countries, including in the context of the digital economy.

Concerns were raised about market fragmentation and monopolisation in the digital economy. This calls for solutions to ensure fair competition and reduce inequalities. There were also questions on the involvement of private companies in e-commerce policy discussions. The audience showed skepticism about private companies’ influence in policymaking due to regulatory concerns, highlighting the need for a balanced market structure.

The need for homegrown solutions and infrastructure development was emphasised, particularly in Africa and Nigeria. It was acknowledged that the digital ecosystem should be built taking into account the specific needs and challenges of developing countries. The partnership with UNACTD was appreciated, and challenges in developing countries were discussed.

Different countries approach the creation of a robust and inclusive digital ecosystem differently. Some countries opt for enacting entirely new legislation, while others choose to adjust their existing legal and regulatory frameworks. This reflects the diverse approaches towards regulating the digital landscape and ensuring its inclusivity.

The interplay of different branches of law in regulating the digital economy and the digital landscape was highlighted. Legal frameworks consistently require the interaction of various branches of law to effectively govern the digital economy.

Several questions were asked during the discussion. One question was whether to enact new legislation or adjust existing laws to create an inclusive digital ecosystem. Another inquiry was about how UNCTRAL model laws are enacted. The audience was also interested in learning which method is better for ensuring the interoperability of legal texts across borders.

Overall, the discussions shed light on the importance of encouraging individuals to build their own technologies, the challenges faced by e-commerce platforms in the post-pandemic phase, the impact of middle-income communities on e-commerce adoption, the significance of community and nation-building, concerns about market fragmentation and monopolisation, the need for homegrown solutions and infrastructure development, the different approaches towards creating a robust and inclusive digital ecosystem, and the interplay of different branches of law in regulating the digital landscape. The audience expressed skepticism about private companies’ involvement in policymaking and sought guidance on legal enactments and ensuring interoperability of legal texts. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities and opportunities in the digital economy and e-commerce sector.

Pedro Manuel Moreno

The analysis highlights significant developments and opportunities in the field of e-commerce. The adoption of ECOWAS’ first e-commerce strategy demonstrates a commitment to advancing digital trade. Kenya is launching its national e-commerce strategy, while Tunisia is implementing an action plan to digitise its procedures. Ghana’s e-trade readiness assessment has revealed a strong potential for e-commerce, and Mauritania’s recent e-trade readiness assessment has validated this potential. Additionally, Cambodia has implemented reforms to enable e-commerce, showing dedication to embracing digital transformation.

Capacity building is fundamental in addressing the complexities of e-commerce and digital trade. Many developing countries require improvements in strategic planning, stakeholder engagement, monitoring, and evaluation. E-trade readiness assessments are crucial for informing policymaking and promoting digital transformation by identifying areas of improvement.

However, challenges exist in the e-commerce field. More resources and better coordination of interventions are necessary to ensure smooth progress and implementation of e-commerce initiatives. The pace of resource allocation is not keeping up with the actual needs, indicating a potential gap between demand and supply. Although the e-trade for all initiative plays a significant role, further efforts are needed to bridge this gap and enhance resource allocation.

To effectively implement e-commerce policies, closer collaboration with UN resident coordinator offices is recommended to strengthen government capabilities. This collaboration would enhance stakeholder engagement and strategic planning, which are crucial for effective policy implementation. Governments can leverage the expertise and resources of UN resident coordinator offices to facilitate the implementation of e-commerce policy actions.

Overall, the analysis highlights progress in the field of e-commerce, with countries adopting strategies and implementing reforms to embrace digital trade. However, more resources and better coordination are needed. Closer collaboration with UN resident coordinator offices can help strengthen government capabilities and facilitate effective policy implementation in e-commerce.

H.E. Marchel Gerrmann

Investing in the digital economy has significant benefits for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By embracing digital trade, SMEs can boost innovation, generate employment, and address inequalities. The digital economy presents SMEs with the potential to grow their businesses, increase productivity, and contribute to economic development.

Digital policies play a critical role in empowering people and businesses to create a prosperous and human-centered digital future. These policies should focus on bridging the digital divide and ensuring equal access to digital technologies and opportunities. By closing the digital gap, societies can enhance human development and create more inclusive economies.

The Dutch foreign trade and international cooperation policy recognizes the transformative impact of rapid digital development and has shifted its attention towards digital and sustainable transitions. These transitions provide inclusive employment opportunities, particularly for young people in sectors such as agri-tech, fintech, and e-commerce. The commitment to investing in technical assistance for inclusive digitalization highlights the importance of providing reliable digital platforms and services for all, including farmers and entrepreneurs.

When designing programs, it is crucial to consider digitalization from the beginning. By fully harnessing the power of digital technologies, programs can achieve better development results. Digitalization should be integrated into program design processes to ensure effective implementation and maximize potential for positive change.

Sharing successful examples and collaborating as a community of practitioners is essential for scaling up initiatives. By learning from and replicating successful practices, communities can advance together towards their goals. Collaboration and knowledge-sharing are crucial for scaling up the impact of digital initiatives and addressing societal challenges.

In addition to effective communication and collaboration, using a common language that everyone understands is crucial for successful scaling up. By emphasizing inclusivity and ensuring clarity in discussing challenges and opportunities, stakeholders can work together effectively towards reducing inequalities.

In summary, investing in the digital economy benefits SMEs, promoting growth and sustainability. Digital trade fosters innovation, employment, and addresses inequalities. To achieve a prosperous digital future, bridging the digital divide and developing empowering policies is necessary. The Dutch foreign trade and international cooperation policy focus on digital and sustainable transitions, creating inclusive employment opportunities. Considering digitalization from program design enables effective implementation. Collaboration and knowledge-sharing among practitioners drive scaling up initiatives. Inclusive communication facilitates progress in reducing inequalities.

Speakers

Anna Joubin Bret

Speech speed

143 words per minute

Speech length

1683 words

Speech time

705 secs

Arguments

UNCTRAL plays a crucial role in creating harmonized legal texts for e-commerce and the digital economy, which are essential to create trust in online transactions.

Supporting facts:

UNCTRAL has been a longtime partner of UNCTAD.

UNCTRAL provides guidance to governments to prepare laws and regulations.

They have worked on e-transaction laws in several countries, including Mauritania.

Their work allows for interconnectivity and interoperability of the legal infrastructure.

Topics: UNCTRAL, e-commerce, digital economy, online transactions

Adoption of digital means for trade transactions greatly enhances seamless trade

Supporting facts:

UNCTRAL has recently developed a model law on electronic transferable records.

The model law allows trade activities to retain the same legal value as the paper-based documents.

Adopting this law enables a shift towards paperless trading and a full-force entry into digital trade.

Topics: digital trade, electronic transferable records, legalization, harmonized legal texts

Digital identity management and trust services play a critical role in promoting e-commerce

Supporting facts:

UNCTRAL has introduced a model law on identity management and trust services.

Digital identity can vary from government accreditations to platform recognitions.

Mutual recognition and interoperability are key to ensuring seamless trading.

Topics: digital identity, e-commerce, trust services

Adapting existing legal frameworks versus introducing entirely new legislation

Supporting facts:

Countries enact legislation to regulate the digital landscape

Some countries prefer adjusting existing frameworks over new legislation

E-commerce and digital trade are rapidly progressing

Topics: Digital Trade, E-commerce, Legal Frameworks, Interoperability, Legal Texts, Technology Neutrality, Future-proofing

Country’s ability to adapt to artificial intelligence and automation that can enter into transactions

Supporting facts:

Artificial Intelligence as higher automation level

AI can buy or sell stock or goods depending on set criteria

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Automation, E-commerce, Digital Trade

Embrace digital change with a conducive legal framework

Supporting facts:

Focusing only on protective aspects of the law could build a ‘fence’ around the country, impeding digital progression

Topics: Digital Economy, Legal Framework, Data Protection, Privacy, Cyber security

Legal framework should also focus on enabling aspects, not just protective ones.

Supporting facts:

Overemphasis on protective aspects can hinder the enabling aspects of digital economy

Topics: Legal Framework, Digital Economy

Report

Their work allows for interconnectivity and interoperability of the legal infrastructure, ensuring effective communication and transactions between different countries. UNCTRAL has been a longtime partner of UNCTAD, further strengthening their role in shaping international trade. Recently, UNCTRAL has developed a model law on electronic transferable records, which gives trade activities the same legal value as traditional paper-based documents.

This promotes paperless trading and facilitates digital trade. They have also introduced a model law on identity management and trust services, which establishes standards for digital identity recognition, enabling seamless trading and trust in digital transactions. It is argued that countries should adapt existing legal frameworks rather than introducing new legislation to regulate the digital landscape.

This allows for a more flexible and efficient response to the rapidly progressing e-commerce and digital trade. Incorporating artificial intelligence and automation into transactions is also important for enhancing efficiency and accuracy. A balanced legal framework is crucial for the digital economy, encompassing both protective measures such as data protection and cybersecurity, as well as enabling aspects that foster innovation and digital progression.

Supporting local communities in developing their own digital solutions is seen as vital for sustainable digital progression. In conclusion, UNCTRAL’s work in creating harmonized legal texts and providing guidance in e-commerce and the digital economy is vital for establishing trust in online transactions.

Their efforts in developing model laws on electronic transferable records and identity management strengthen the legal foundation for digital trade. Adapting existing legal frameworks, incorporating AI and automation, and maintaining a balanced legal framework are crucial for enabling seamless trade and fostering digital innovation.

Supporting local communities in their own digital solutions is key to sustainable digital progression.

Audience

Speech speed

153 words per minute

Speech length

751 words

Speech time

295 secs

Arguments

Encouragement needed for people to build their own technologies to advance digital economy

Supporting facts:

The questioner pointed out the importance of digital infrastructure and mentioned about a government effort to work with local SMEs to help with ecommerce

Topics: digital infrastructure, e-commerce

Pre-pandemic phase witnessed heavy investment in e-commerce by private sector

Supporting facts:

Rocket internet’s investment in Lazada, Shopee and other platforms

Significant growth in e-commerce adoption in Southeast Asia

Topics: Pre-pandemic, E-commerce, Investment

Post-pandemic phase saw the downfall of many e-commerce and marketplaces

Supporting facts:

Draining of funds leading to businesses unable to sustain

Change in perspective to encourage e-commerce adoption

Topics: Post-pandemic, E-commerce, Marketplaces

Correlation between the rise of middle income communities and e-commerce adoption

Supporting facts:

Rise of the middle-income communities leads to increase in e-commerce adoption

Topics: Income, E-commerce, Socio-economic factors

Concern about market fragmentation and search for solutions

Topics: market fragmentation, monopolization, policy solutions

Question on involvement of private companies in e-commerce policy discussions

Topics: private companies, policy making, e-commerce

Appreciation for the panelists and discussions

Supporting facts:

UNACTD partnership appreciated

Discussion addressed challenges in developing countries

Topics: Infrastructure, Development, Homegrown solution

Countries differ in their approaches towards creating a robust and inclusive digital ecosystem

Supporting facts:

Some countries have opted for enacting entirely new legislations

Some countries have chosen to slightly adjust their existing legal and regulatory frameworks

Topics: digital ecosystems, legislation

The interplay of different branches of law in regulating the digital economy and the digital landscape

Supporting facts:

Legal frameworks regulating the digital economy consistently require the interaction of various branches of law

Topics: law of cybersecurity, consumer protection law, competition law

Some countries create new legislation to regulate the digital landscape while others modify existing laws

Supporting facts:

Certain countries enact entirely new laws for digital regulation

Other countries with reluctance to new legislative enactments choose to adjust the existing legal frameworks

Topics: Digital landscape, Legislation, Interoperability

Report

This points to a need for encouragement and support for people to develop their own technologies and contribute to the advancement of the digital economy. Pre-pandemic, there was significant investment in e-commerce by the private sector. Examples were given, such as Rocket Internet’s investment in platforms like Lazada and Shopee, which led to the growth of e-commerce in Southeast Asia.

This investment played a key role in the adoption of e-commerce in the region. However, during the post-pandemic phase, many e-commerce platforms faced challenges and downfall. Draining of funds and the inability of businesses to sustain themselves were mentioned as contributing factors.

The pandemic brought about a change in perspective, and there was a need to encourage e-commerce adoption in order to adapt to the new normal. The rise of middle-income communities was highlighted as a factor contributing to the increase in e-commerce adoption.

As communities move towards middle income levels, their purchasing power and access to digital technologies increase, leading to a greater adoption of e-commerce platforms. The importance of community and nation-building was acknowledged during the discussion. It was emphasised that a country is built by its own people, and their impact cannot be underestimated.

This highlights the need to empower individuals and communities to actively participate in building their countries, including in the context of the digital economy. Concerns were raised about market fragmentation and monopolisation in the digital economy. This calls for solutions to ensure fair competition and reduce inequalities.

There were also questions on the involvement of private companies in e-commerce policy discussions. The audience showed skepticism about private companies’ influence in policymaking due to regulatory concerns, highlighting the need for a balanced market structure. The need for homegrown solutions and infrastructure development was emphasised, particularly in Africa and Nigeria.

It was acknowledged that the digital ecosystem should be built taking into account the specific needs and challenges of developing countries. The partnership with UNACTD was appreciated, and challenges in developing countries were discussed. Different countries approach the creation of a robust and inclusive digital ecosystem differently.

Some countries opt for enacting entirely new legislation, while others choose to adjust their existing legal and regulatory frameworks. This reflects the diverse approaches towards regulating the digital landscape and ensuring its inclusivity. The interplay of different branches of law in regulating the digital economy and the digital landscape was highlighted.

Legal frameworks consistently require the interaction of various branches of law to effectively govern the digital economy. Several questions were asked during the discussion. One question was whether to enact new legislation or adjust existing laws to create an inclusive digital ecosystem.

Another inquiry was about how UNCTRAL model laws are enacted. The audience was also interested in learning which method is better for ensuring the interoperability of legal texts across borders. Overall, the discussions shed light on the importance of encouraging individuals to build their own technologies, the challenges faced by e-commerce platforms in the post-pandemic phase, the impact of middle-income communities on e-commerce adoption, the significance of community and nation-building, concerns about market fragmentation and monopolisation, the need for homegrown solutions and infrastructure development, the different approaches towards creating a robust and inclusive digital ecosystem, and the interplay of different branches of law in regulating the digital landscape.

The audience expressed skepticism about private companies’ involvement in policymaking and sought guidance on legal enactments and ensuring interoperability of legal texts. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities and opportunities in the digital economy and e-commerce sector.

H.E. Marchel Gerrmann

Speech speed

142 words per minute

Speech length

817 words

Speech time

346 secs

Arguments

Investing in the digital economy can help small and medium-sized enterprises to become stronger, more productive, and more sustainable

Supporting facts:

SMEs are the drivers of the economy

Digital trade has the potential to boost innovation, create jobs, and tackle inequalities

Topics: Digital Economy, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Sustainable Development

The Dutch foreign trade and international cooperation policy has shifted attention towards digital and sustainable transitions

Supporting facts:

Rapid digital development impacts all long-term objectives of the Dutch foreign trade and international cooperation policy

The twin transition presents opportunities for inclusion and employment of young people in the field of agri-tech, fintech and e-commerce

Topics: Dutch Foreign Trade, International Cooperation, Sustainable Transitions

Digitalization should be taken into account from the beginning when designing programs

Supporting facts:

Digitalization is a leverage point and a tool for increasing development results

Topics: digitalization, program designing

Community of practitioners must share successful examples to scale up

Supporting facts:

There are successful examples in the field of agriculture using satellite data

Topics: scaling up, community collaboration

Use language that everyone understands while discussing challenges and opportunities

Supporting facts:

Using common language will help in scaling up the process

Topics: communication, inclusivity

Report

The commitment to investing in technical assistance for inclusive digitalization highlights the importance of providing reliable digital platforms and services for all, including farmers and entrepreneurs. When designing programs, it is crucial to consider digitalization from the beginning. By fully harnessing the power of digital technologies, programs can achieve better development results.

Digitalization should be integrated into program design processes to ensure effective implementation and maximize potential for positive change. Sharing successful examples and collaborating as a community of practitioners is essential for scaling up initiatives. By learning from and replicating successful practices, communities can advance together towards their goals.

Collaboration and knowledge-sharing are crucial for scaling up the impact of digital initiatives and addressing societal challenges. In addition to effective communication and collaboration, using a common language that everyone understands is crucial for successful scaling up. By emphasizing inclusivity and ensuring clarity in discussing challenges and opportunities, stakeholders can work together effectively towards reducing inequalities.

Considering digitalization from program design enables effective implementation. Collaboration and knowledge-sharing among practitioners drive scaling up initiatives. Inclusive communication facilitates progress in reducing inequalities.

H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse

Speech speed

129 words per minute

Speech length

1318 words

Speech time

612 secs

Arguments

ECOWAS Commission recognizes the potential of digitalization in economic diversification, employment creation and boosting stability

Supporting facts:

The ECOWAS member states have adopted a strategy and implementation plan for e-commerce for 2023-2025

As per the WTO, many countries, including ECOWAS, will be affected by the rise of digital commerce

Topics: Digital economy, Inclusion, Sustainability, E-commerce

ECOWAS commission gives major importance to e-commerce as it offers further opportunities for growth

Supporting facts:

In Ghana, in 2021, there was a major rise in export values, up from US$99 million in 2008

Digital industries have the possibility to have cascading effects on linked and adjoining industries

Topics: E-commerce, Digitalization, Job creation

ECOWAS emphasizes the need to cooperate and coordinate actions in the digital sphere, ensuring sustainable results

Topics: Digital economy, Cooperation, Sustainable Development

Effective digital commerce and e-commerce implementation requires cooperation among governments, stakeholders, and international organizations

Supporting facts:

H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse is part of a legislative organization of the United Nations that provides assistance at the request of member states for the implementation of digital commerce and e-commerce.

She mentioned the example of their work with UNDP to evaluate legal texts and assist states in their implementation.

She stressed the importance of accompanying small players, like SMEs, while setting up these platforms.

Topics: digital commerce, collaboration, legal infrastructure

Report

This forward-looking approach indicates their commitment to capitalising on the rise of digital commerce, which is expected to have a significant impact not only on ECOWAS but also on other countries worldwide, as highlighted by the World Trade Organization (WTO).

This emphasis on partnerships reflects ECOWAS’ belief in the power of collective action in achieving shared goals and outcomes. To effectively track the progress and impact of e-commerce development, ECOWAS recognises the need for improved statistical data. By having accurate and comprehensive statistics, policymakers and stakeholders can gain valuable insights into the emerging trends and patterns within the e-commerce sector.

This information serves as a vital tool for informed decision-making and targeted interventions. ECOWAS also underscores the importance of cooperation and coordination in the digital sphere. By fostering a culture of collaboration among member states, ECOWAS aims to ensure sustainable results from their collective efforts in digitalisation.

This approach aligns with their commitment to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), demonstrating their dedication to inclusive and sustainable development. Furthermore, ECOWAS highlights the significance of cooperation among governments, stakeholders, and international organisations in the effective implementation of digital commerce and e-commerce.

They note that successful implementation necessitates close coordination and cooperation at various levels, enabling the creation and enforcement of regulatory frameworks, capacity building initiatives, and the facilitation of cross-border trade. In line with these efforts, ECOWAS, through the appointment of H.E.

Massandjé Toure-Litse, actively engages in legislative organisations of the United Nations that offer assistance for the implementation of digital commerce and e-commerce at the request of member states. The partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in evaluating legal texts and providing support to states in implementing e-commerce platforms exemplifies ECOWAS’ commitment to accompanying small players, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in their digital ventures.

Additionally, she urges active participation from countries in the working groups that develop model texts and conventions, solidifying ECOWAS’ commitment to inclusive and participatory decision-making processes. In conclusion, ECOWAS acknowledges the transformative potential of digitalisation, particularly in the field of e-commerce, and is making significant strides in harnessing these opportunities.

Their focus on cooperation, partnerships, data-driven decision-making, and strong legal infrastructure underscores their commitment to inclusive and sustainable economic development in the region. By leveraging the power of digital commerce, ECOWAS aims to drive economic diversification, create employment opportunities, and ensure stability, ultimately contributing to the achievement of the UN’s SDGs.

H.E. Prasith Suon

Speech speed

90 words per minute

Speech length

1573 words

Speech time

1050 secs

Arguments

Cambodia has witnessed the rapid growth of e-commerce in the last five years, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Supporting facts:

The journey of e-commerce development in Cambodia started with the e-trade readiness assessment conducted by UNCTAD in 2017

Cambodia implemented the recommendation effectively and made a remarkable progress, becoming a top performance country in UNCTAD’s second e-trade readiness implementation review

Topics: e-commerce, COVID-19

Cambodia has developed various legal and policy frameworks to support e-commerce ecosystem and consumer rights.

Supporting facts:

The e-commerce strategy provided a roadmap for creating a robust ecosystem and fostering the growth of digital trade in the country

Key legislation included the law on e-commerce, law on consumer protection and law on competition

Topics: e-commerce, legal framework, policy framework

Private sector participation is crucial for the success of e-commerce initiatives.

Supporting facts:

Cambodia’s approach involved active engagement of private sector stakeholders in policy discussions and formulation

The government has received support from development partners for implementing projects such as Go for ECAM and Sea Trade for SME

Topics: e-commerce, private sector

CambodianTrade platform is boosting digital adoption and transformation amongst Cambodian SMEs

Supporting facts:

166 SMEs are on board with CambodianTrade, almost half of them are provincial and women-led SMEs

SMEs can display products and communicate with potential clients directly, free of charge, with fully integrated logistic service providers and payment gateways

Topics: e-commerce, SMEs

CambodianTrade is building and strengthening the capacities of SMEs through digitalization and export readiness training

Supporting facts:

Provided various trainings and support to SMEs during and after onboarding process

Collaborative support from UNDP Cambodia and Khmer Enterprise assist SMEs through innovative challenges

Topics: capacity building, SMEs, training

CambodianTrade offers international exposures to the SMEs

Supporting facts:

The platform boosts SME branding internationally through various social media platforms

SMEs have the opportunity to showcase their products and engage in business matching through domestic and international expo events

Topics: e-commerce, international exposure, SMEs

CambodianTrade provides access to finance and resources for SMEs through venture capital

Supporting facts:

Promoted the awareness to SMEs to interest of value chain in Cambodia and in the ASEAN regional for investment in Cambodia’s e-commerce sector

Topics: finance, venture capital, SMEs

Build a conducive legal framework for digital economy

Supporting facts:

Enabling all the ecosystem itself

All ecosystem are now ready to endorse the legal part

Topics: digital economy, legal framework

Implement the legal framework, don’t wait

Supporting facts:

Regional agreement allowing to move forward with the e-commerce law

Legal system in place attracts more investment

Topics: digital economy, implementation

Report

As a result, Cambodia has emerged as a top-performing country in UNCTAD’s second e-trade readiness implementation review. To support the development of the e-commerce ecosystem and protect consumer rights, Cambodia has established various legal and policy frameworks. These include the enactment of key legislation such as the laws on e-commerce, consumer protection, and competition.

These laws provide a solid foundation for a robust and secure e-commerce environment. Private sector participation is crucial for the success of e-commerce initiatives, and Cambodia has actively engaged private sector stakeholders in policy discussions and formulation. The government has also received support from development partners for implementing projects such as Go for ECAM and Sea Trade for SME.

This collaborative approach ensures that the e-commerce ecosystem is well-supported and can thrive. Cambodia actively participates in e-commerce negotiations and discussions at both regional and multilateral levels. The country is party to various regional and bilateral agreements, including the ASEAN agreement on e-commerce and the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP).

These agreements facilitate regional cooperation and create opportunities for further e-commerce growth. The CambodianTrade platform has played a significant role in boosting digital adoption and transformation among Cambodian SMEs. It provides a platform for 166 SMEs, including provincial and women-led businesses, to showcase their products and directly communicate with potential clients.

The platform also offers fully integrated logistic service providers and payment gateways, enabling SMEs to conduct business efficiently. To further support SMEs, Cambodia focuses on building and strengthening their capacities through digitalization and export readiness training. Various trainings and support have been provided to SMEs during and after the onboarding process.

UNDP Cambodia and Khmer Enterprise collaborate to assist SMEs in overcoming innovative challenges and enhancing their competitiveness. The CambodianTrade platform not only boosts domestic trade but also offers international exposure to Cambodian SMEs. SMEs have the opportunity to showcase their products on various social media platforms and engage in business matching through domestic and international expos.

This exposure enhances their branding internationally and opens doors to new markets and partnerships. Access to finance and resources is vital for the growth of SMEs in the e-commerce sector. CambodianTrade provides such access through venture capital, promoting the interest of value chain investors in Cambodia’s e-commerce sector.

This support encourages the development of innovative and sustainable business models among SMEs. To create a conducive environment for the digital economy, Cambodia focuses on building a robust legal framework. The ecosystem itself is now ready to endorse the legal aspects of the digital economy.

Implementing the legal framework promptly, without delay, is crucial for attracting more investment and driving further growth in the e-commerce sector. The endorsement of e-commerce laws is particularly significant in instilling confidence in investors. Some countries may be hesitant to endorse their e-commerce laws, but having a legal system in place strengthens investor trust and facilitates a secure and transparent e-commerce environment.

Building a conducive legal framework and endorsing e-commerce laws are crucial for attracting investment and ensuring a secure and transparent e-commerce environment. With ongoing efforts, Cambodia is well-positioned to continue its growth in the e-commerce sector.

H.E. Sithembiso G. G. Nyoni

Speech speed

139 words per minute

Speech length

1279 words

Speech time

551 secs

Arguments

Zimbabwe is ready for rolling out e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Zimbabwe has charged all universities to embark on relevant development research

Government of Zimbabwe crafted a computer crime and a cyber crime act

Government e-system platform Zim Connect portal where citizens can get different government services online

Community information centers built throughout the country about 200 of them

Topics: e-commerce, digital infrastructure, government e-system platform

Zimbabwe needs partnership in infrastructure and financial inclusion to further e-commerce development

Supporting facts:

Zimbabwe has 92% connectivity on mobile but needs to improve the fiber backbone into the rural areas

Initiatives need to increase access to digital payment and financial services for people, especially in the rural areas

Topics: Partnerships for Infrastructure, Financial Inclusion, E-commerce development

Private enterprises are important in policy making

Supporting facts:

Minister Nyoni’s import in involving private sector in the development of Zimbabwe industrial policy and commercial policy.

Example of gold-based transaction policy developed with collaboration between Reserve Bank and the private sector

Topics: Policy Creation, Private Sector Involvement

Improving the digital infrastructure is key to enhancing e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Without improving the digital infrastructure, e-commerce cannot be improved

Topics: e-commerce, digital infrastructure

Involvement of both government and private sector is necessary to upgrade digital infrastructure

Supporting facts:

Need for partnerships to develop hard infrastructure like fiber

Universities are developing capacity and skills for soft infrastructure

Topics: Private sector, Government, Partnerships

Zimbabwe is welcoming partners to develop infrastructure

Supporting facts:

Zimbabwe is open for partnerships to work on infrastructure development

Topics: Zimbabwe, Partnerships

Collaboration and cooperation between government, private sector and development partners is vital for enhancing digital commerce activities

Supporting facts:

Government should provide an enabling environment through policies and legislation

Private sector should cooperate among each other for maximum network accessibility

Development partners should be responsive to needs of people, government, and private sector

Topics: Collaboration, Cooperation, Digital commerce, Government, Private sector, Development partners

Lennise Ng

Speech speed

148 words per minute

Speech length

1179 words

Speech time

479 secs

Arguments

Government investment and collaboration with tech enterprises is crucial for MSME digitalization.

Supporting facts:

Malaysian government has invested in local businesses to adopt digital solutions.

Singaporean government co-creates new tech products for their communities.

Over 200,000 local businesses digitized their wholesale trade experience using Dropy’s solution.

Topics: Government support, Digitalization, E-commerce, MSMEs

Strong digital infrastructure is vital for businesses

Supporting facts:

Some economies struggle with poor digital connectivity, particularly in rural areas

The Indonesian government has announced initiatives to address this infrastructure challenge

Topics: Digital Economy, Infrastructure, Business

Increasing financial inclusion requires investment in private and public partnerships

Supporting facts:

Worked with Malaysian government and local development banks to tailor-made MSME financing products

Used data and AI tools to disperse financing products with a non-performing loan score of less than 2% per annum

Topics: Financial Inclusion, Partnerships, Investment

Encouraging women entrepreneurs can create more inclusive solutions

Supporting facts:

Women entrepreneurs understand the struggles of women adopting digital solutions and can create more relatable approaches

Topics: Women Empowerment, Entrepreneurship, Inclusion

E-commerce began flourishing in Southeast Asia pre-pandemic with significant investments from firms like Rocket internet, leading to the creation of platforms like Lazada and Shopee.

Supporting facts:

Rocket internet invested lots of money into the Southeast Asia region leading to a huge wave of e-commerce adoption there.

Despite the existence of B2B and B2C platforms, e-commerce did not rapidly take up in the region before Rocket internet’s involvement

Topics: E-commerce, Investment, Rocket Internet, Lazada, Shopee

Post-pandemic, many of these e-commerce platforms could not sustain as they ran out of funds.

Topics: E-commerce, Pandemic, Financial sustainability

There needs to be a shift in perspective to promote e-commerce in communities with enough money to spend online.

Supporting facts:

There is a correlation between the rise of middle-income communities and the rise of e-commerce adoption.

Topics: E-commerce, Consumer behavior, Affordability

M-

Moderator – Isabelle Kumar

Speech speed

143 words per minute

Speech length

3358 words

Speech time

1410 secs

Arguments

Some countries are at different stages of readiness to take advantage of digital opportunities

Supporting facts:

As per Pedro Manuel Moreno, the e-trade readiness assessment highlighted strong potential for e-commerce in Ghana, following large investments in ICT infrastructure. Meanwhile, Mauritania validates its e-trade readiness assessment as a tool for operationalizing the country’s ambitious national digital transformation agenda 2022-2025.

Topics: Digital divide, e-commerce, readiness

Governments are ambitious in reducing the digital divides

Supporting facts:

As per Pedro Moreno ECOWAS adopted its first e-commerce strategy. Kenya is launching its first national e-commerce strategy. Tunisia is implementing an action-plan contributing to digitalization of the central bank’s information system. Zimbabwe is about to embark on this journey.

Topics: Digital divide, government initiative

Importance of moving from policy recommendations to implemented initiatives in e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Moderator’s question to Minister Abdullahi Lulia indicates the need for practical groundwork in terms of execution of policy recommendation rather than just making them.

Topics: e-commerce, implementation, policies

Understanding specific countries’ challenges is essential for developing comprehensive digital transformation strategies

Supporting facts:

Mohamed Abdallahi Louly, the speaker, outlined seven primary challenges faced by his country, including limited Internet infrastructure, payment and finance barriers, lack of trust and security, logistical and infrastructural concerns, patterns of market fragmentation, and a digital literacy gap.

Topics: Internet Infrastructure, Digital Literacy, Market Fragmentation

Promising avenues to address these challenges include the growth of the ICT sector, the uptake of mobile money, and the introduction of digital currencies

Supporting facts:

The speaker mentioned the success of digital wallets, with some activities moving from 11% electronic based to 44% electronic based.

Topics: ICT Sector, Mobile Money, Digital Currencies

Diagnostic studies, like UNCTAD’s e-trade readiness assessment, can help countries develop a roadmap for building an enabling environment for e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Isabelle Kumar, the moderator, asked about the potential benefit of a diagnostic study in developing a roadmap for coping with technology-related challenges.

Topics: E-Trade Readiness Assessment, UNCTAD

Zimbabwe is ready to implement e-commerce.

Supporting facts:

Zimbabwe has started embarking on creating both soft and hard digital infrastructure.

The country is in the process of drafting a computer crime and a cyber crime act.

Zimbabwe currently has about 200 community information centers.

Different government services can be accessed online through Zim Connect portal.

Topics: Digital Economy, Infrastructure, E-commerce, Research

Zimbabwe seeks partnership with UNCTAD to refine their e-commerce implementation.

Supporting facts:

Zimbabwe wants UNCTAD to identify gaps in their e-commerce implementation, assess barriers to their roadmap, and help develop tools to measure their progress.

Topics: Partnership for Goals, E-commerce, Digital Infrastructure, Research

Cambodia’s commitment to make e-commerce a national development priority

Supporting facts:

Cambodia’s journey started with an e-trade readiness assessment in 2017, which was later followed by a national strategy and the creation of a public-led platform.

The country’s last e-week in Geneva saw the launch of the Cambodia trade marketplace, a flagship initiative towards developing an inclusive digital economy and society.

Topics: e-commerce development, policy implementation, digital economy, inclusive digital society

Importance of the support of development partners in encouraging cross-border trade and develop robust ecommerce ecosystem

Supporting facts:

Cambodia has received support from development partners for the implementing projects including Go for ECAM and Sea Trade for SME, which has a strong orientation toward e-commerce and cross-border trade

Topics: Cross-border trade, Ecommerce development, Partnership

Isabelle emphasizes the importance of UNCTRAL’s role in developing harmonized legal texts for e-commerce and the digital economy

Supporting facts:

UNCTRAL provides assistance to governments to prepare laws and regulations

These laws are crucial for building trust in online transactions

UNCTRAL has contributed to many e-trade readiness assessments, including in Mauritania

Topics: UNCTRAL, e-commerce, digital economy, legal texts

Komoran Trade is a successful e-commerce platform in Cambodia, especially for SMEs that are provincial, women-led enterprises.

Supporting facts:

Currently, 166 SMEs are using the platform, almost half the number are provincial and women-led SMEs

The platform is under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Commerce of Cambodia

It provides an opportunity for SMEs to connect with domestic and cross-border buyers and business partners free of charge.

Offers a fully integrated logistic service providers and payment gateways.

Topics: e-commerce, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Digitalization, Women-led enterprises

Importance of collaboration in developing digital commerce platform

Supporting facts:

Mohamed Abdallahi Louly mentions an agenda for digital economy that is a collaboration between government ministries and partners of developments

A High Council of Digital led by the Prime Minister emphasizes the importance of the digital commerce platform

Topics: Digital Commerce, Collaboration, Digital Economy

The need for a legal landscape for e-commerce that is comprehensive and inclusive

Supporting facts:

Isabelle Kumar talks about ensuring that legal texts and frameworks take into account the interests of all actors

Ongoing dialogue with key partners, stakeholders in e-commerce, central bank, ministry, etc. mentioned by Mohamed Abdallahi Louly implies the need for a robust legal landscape

Topics: E-Commerce, Legal Framework

The process of developing legal frameworks should not be in silos

Supporting facts:

H.E. Massandjé Toure-Litse stressed the importance of assistance in implementation of legal infrastructure and how the organization works with different organizations such as UNDP

He also mentioned that the focus should not solely be on large companies like Amazon, but also on the smallest players

Topics: Legislative Organization, United Nations, E-commerce, SMEs

Appreciates the local adaptations of global business models

Supporting facts:

Cited examples of local Uber-like and Uber Eats-like companies being developed in Mohamed Abdallahi Louly’s country to suit their specific needs.

Mentioned how these locally developed solutions can be more inclusive.

Topics: Local Businesses, E-commerce, Technology

Market fragmentation challenge can be addressed by standardizing trust in platforms

Supporting facts:

Standardization of a platform to be labeled as a trusted and technically acceptable solution

When one or two companies can get the label, they will have the support and then they will succeed

Topics: Market Fragmentation, E-commerce, Start-up Act

Moderator enquiring on ways to improve the digital infrastructure to enable a better e-commerce

Supporting facts:

Question from John Odona, Head of Business Development and Special Projects at Fortis Mobile Money about improving inadequate infrastructure for better e-commerce and digital trade in Africa

Topics: e-commerce, digital infrastructure

Have a holistic approach, end-to-end vision while considering specific context of each country

Supporting facts:

Mentioned by the Minister Luli of Mauritania

Suggested to build from the specific context of each country

Topics: Trade, e-trade, Digital Trade

Encourages collaboration across the board, involving private sector and development partners

Supporting facts:

Involves getting private sector to work together to lay groundwork

Topics: Private sector, Development partners

Build a conducive legal environment for enabling a digital ecosystem

Supporting facts:

As mentioned by the Ambassador

Enables immediate implementation

Avoids making it too restrictive

Topics: Digital ecosystem, Legal environment

Report

Similarly, Mauritania validated its e-trade readiness assessment, which is seen as a crucial tool in operationalising the country’s ambitious national digital transformation agenda. Governments such as ECOWAS, Kenya, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe were commended for their ambitious strategies in reducing digital divides.

ECOWAS adopted its first e-commerce strategy, Kenya is launching its first national e-commerce strategy, Tunisia is implementing an action plan to contribute to the digitalisation of the central bank’s information system, and Zimbabwe is about to embark on a journey towards e-commerce.

These efforts reflect a strong commitment by governments to bridge the digital divide and create opportunities for their citizens. It was emphasised that moving from policy recommendations to implemented initiatives is crucial in e-commerce. Merely making policy recommendations is not enough; practical groundwork and execution of these recommendations are essential.

The importance of executing policies for effective e-commerce was highlighted during the discussion. Specific challenges facing countries include limited internet infrastructure, payment and finance barriers, lack of trust and security, logistical and infrastructural concerns, market fragmentation, and a digital literacy gap.

Overcoming these challenges requires the growth of the ICT sector, the uptake of mobile money, and the introduction of digital currencies. These promising avenues can address the various barriers to e-commerce. Diagnostic studies, such as UNCTAD’s e-trade readiness assessment, were acknowledged as valuable tools for countries to develop a roadmap for building an enabling environment for e-commerce.

These studies help identify areas of improvement and guide countries in enhancing their e-commerce capabilities. Zimbabwe, in particular, is ready to implement e-commerce with its efforts to create both soft and hard digital infrastructure. They have made progress in creating a conducive environment for e-commerce, including drafting a computer crime and a cybercrime act.

Currently, Zimbabwe has about 200 community information centres, and different government services can be accessed online through the Zim Connect portal. Zimbabwe seeks partnership with UNCTAD to refine their e-commerce implementation. They aim to collaborate with UNCTAD to identify gaps in their e-commerce implementation, assess barriers to their roadmap, and develop tools to measure their progress.

Legal texts and frameworks should take into account the interests of all actors involved and ensure a robust legal landscape. The role of organisations like UNCTAD in providing assistance to governments in preparing these laws and regulations was acknowledged. Trust in online transactions was highlighted as essential for the effective functioning of e-commerce.

Without trust, consumers may hesitate to engage in online transactions, hindering the growth of e-commerce. Mauritania was mentioned as an example where the lack of trust is a challenge that needs to be addressed. Efforts to support women-led SMEs and provincial businesses through e-commerce platforms were recognised.

Cambodia’s Komoran Trade platform, supervised by the Ministry of Commerce, provides an opportunity for SMEs to connect with domestic and cross-border buyers and business partners. This initiative supports gender equality and inclusive economic growth by enabling women-led enterprises to participate in e-commerce.

Observations from the discussion include the appreciation for local adaptations of global business models. Locally developed solutions that cater to specific needs were mentioned, highlighting their inclusiveness and effectiveness. The importance of a conducive digital ecosystem and the role of the government in fostering small businesses and the startup ecosystem were supported.

The release of laws designed to support small businesses and startups in Mohamed Abdallahi Louly’s country was acknowledged as a positive step. Market fragmentation challenges in e-commerce can be addressed by standardising trust in platforms. The idea of labelling platforms as trusted and technically acceptable solutions was discussed, which could provide support and opportunities for success to those platforms.

It was stressed that exclusion should be eradicated at all costs, and efforts should be made to ensure equal access and opportunities for all. This reflects a commitment to reducing inequalities and promoting inclusive economic growth through e-commerce. In conclusion, the discussion highlighted the importance of e-commerce readiness, reducing digital divides, and fostering inclusive digital ecosystems in various countries.

Governments, development partners, and organisations such as UNCTAD play crucial roles in supporting countries in their e-commerce implementation efforts. Collaboration, practical implementation of policies, trust in online transactions, and inclusive approaches were among the key factors discussed in developing successful e-commerce ecosystems.

By addressing challenges, investing in infrastructure, and fostering partnerships, countries can leverage the potential of e-commerce for economic growth and social development.

Mohamed Abdallahi Louly

Speech speed

136 words per minute

Speech length

1765 words

Speech time

780 secs

Arguments

Mauritania’s government is prioritizing digital transformation to modernize the country and spur the development of e-commerce.

Supporting facts:

Mauritania’s National Digital Transformation Agenda runs from 2022 to 2025.

The country has established two important laws on e-commerce

Topics: e-commerce, digital transformation, modernization

The country continues to face significant challenges in its pursuit of e-commerce development, including limited Internet infrastructure, payment and financial obstacles, security and trust issues, logistic hurdles, regulatory concerns, a digital literacy gap, and market fragmentation.

Supporting facts:

The development of e-commerce is confined to two main cities with limited activities in the rest of the country.

The country has seen limited success with electronic wallets.

More than 14 websites are involved in online e-commerce in Mauritania, indicating a highly fragmented market.

Topics: Internet infrastructure, payment and financial barriers, security and trust, logistics and infrastructure, regulatory hurdles, digital literacy, market fragmentation

National Digital Transformation Agenda of Mauritania is a country-wide document with inputs from several parties.

Supporting facts:

The DNA was developed with participation from various government ministries and development partners.

Two major projects have already seen success in the implementation process.

Topics: Digital Transformation

Continuous dialogue with stakeholders is essential for successful digital transition.

Supporting facts:

Continued discussions with key e-commerce partners, central bank, Ministry of Commerce have helped shape the process.

A workshop with participation from the Ministry of Commerce has taken place.

Topics: Stakeholder Engagement, Digital Transition

The High Council of Digital aids in the governance and decision-making process.

Supporting facts:

High Council of Digital is composed of seven ministries and is led by the Prime Minister.

Topics: Governance, Decision-making

Local businesses are being encouraged to develop and build their own technologies to enable e-commerce

Supporting facts:

The speaker cites two examples of Uber-like companies that have been started by local businesses and developed entirely by local competencies

The speaker described the solutions as more inclusive as they cater to specific local contexts and even accommodate people without the requisite competencies to order via normal channels

Topics: E-commerce, Local businesses, Technology development

Addressing market fragmentation through standardized trust in e-commerce platforms

Supporting facts:

The fragmentation exists because there is no standard for a platform to be labeled as trustworthy

Involvement in the process of establishing fitness standards for platforms

Introduction of Startup Act

Topics: Market fragmentation, Trust, Standardization

Capitalizing on existing infrastructure is essential to extend connectivity

Supporting facts:

They are advancing discussions with local energy company for creating city networks using fiber optics

80% cost of fiber optics is in digging, hence planning with different sectors that involve digging can save resources

Topics: Infrastructure, Fiber Optics, Connectivity, Telecommunication

Investment is imperative to build infrastructure

Supporting facts:

No progress can be made without investment

$30 million have been mobilized in infrastructure

Topics: Investment, Infrastructure, Budget

E-commerce should be viewed as an end-to-end experience, not only focussed on technology but also infrastructure, delivery, warehousing, transportation system

Topics: E-commerce, Technology, Infrastructure, Delivery, Warehousing, Transportation system

Importance of considering the specific context of each country including regulatory aspects, ways to build trust, and strategies to overcome the digital literacy gap when enhancing the digital economy

Topics: Digital Economy, Literacy Gap, Regulation, Trust

Report

The High Council of Digital, composed of seven ministries and led by the Prime Minister, aids in the governance and decision-making process. The government encourages local businesses to develop their own technologies for e-commerce, enabling more inclusive solutions that cater to specific local contexts.

They have also released laws supporting small business start-ups and providing incentives for import and local market share. Efforts are being made to address market fragmentation and standardise trust in e-commerce platforms. The government advocates for defined standards and supports companies that meet them.

Capitalising on existing infrastructure, such as fibre optics, is seen as essential for extending connectivity. Investment is imperative to build the necessary infrastructure for e-commerce development, and $30 million has already been mobilised for this purpose. Satellite opportunities, like Starlink, have been utilised to connect remote areas and reduce inequalities.

By leveraging existing infrastructure, making necessary investments, and promoting standardisation and trust, Mauritania can establish a strong foundation for its digital economy and drive sustainable growth.

Pedro Manuel Moreno

Speech speed

137 words per minute

Speech length

1034 words

Speech time

453 secs

Arguments

Support from ANCTA and partners has contributed to great achievements in the field of e-commerce.

Supporting facts:

ECOWAS adopted its first e-commerce strategy.

The government of Kenya is launching its national e-commerce strategy.

The government of Tunisia is implementing an action plan to digitize its procedures.

In Ghana, e-trade readiness assessment highlighted strong potential for e-commerce.

Mauritania’s e-trade readiness assessment validated last month.

Cambodia has implemented reforms to enable e-commerce.

Topics: E-commerce, ANCTA Detroit’s readiness support

Capacity building is fundamental for addressing complexities of e-commerce and digital trade.

Supporting facts:

In many developing countries, capacity for strategic planning, stakeholder engagement, monitoring, and evaluation needs improvement.

E-trade readiness assessments provide essential guides for policymaking to promote digital transformation.

Topics: Capacity Building, E-commerce, Digital Trade

Report

Ghana’s e-trade readiness assessment has revealed a strong potential for e-commerce, and Mauritania’s recent e-trade readiness assessment has validated this potential. Additionally, Cambodia has implemented reforms to enable e-commerce, showing dedication to embracing digital transformation. Capacity building is fundamental in addressing the complexities of e-commerce and digital trade.

Many developing countries require improvements in strategic planning, stakeholder engagement, monitoring, and evaluation. E-trade readiness assessments are crucial for informing policymaking and promoting digital transformation by identifying areas of improvement. However, challenges exist in the e-commerce field. More resources and better coordination of interventions are necessary to ensure smooth progress and implementation of e-commerce initiatives.

The pace of resource allocation is not keeping up with the actual needs, indicating a potential gap between demand and supply. Although the e-trade for all initiative plays a significant role, further efforts are needed to bridge this gap and enhance resource allocation.

Shaping Investment: Spurring Investment in Cyber Sector Start-Ups

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Speakers

Disclaimer: It should be noted that the reporting, analysis and chatbot answers are generated automatically by DiploGPT from the official UN transcripts and, in case of just-in-time reporting, the audiovisual recordings on UN Web TV. The accuracy and completeness of the resources and results can therefore not be guaranteed.

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Full session report

Shoaib Yousuf

Investments in cybersecurity startups have declined due to global economic stress, rather than any industry-specific issues. Uncertainty surrounding where and when to invest in the current economic conditions has caused investors to be cautious. In 2021, the number of unicorns (startups valued at over $1 billion) in the cybersecurity sector has dropped to six, compared to 36 in previous years. This decline in investments serves as evidence of the overall decrease in cybersecurity startup funding.

However, despite the current dip, the cybersecurity industry still holds immense potential and is expected to bounce back once the right challenges are addressed. Historical success stories of cybersecurity businesses, known as unicorns, highlight the profitability and viability of the industry. Startups that focus on tackling the right challenges can attract capital and thrive in the cybersecurity sector. Thus, maintaining a positive sentiment toward the industry’s potential to overcome the current decline in investments is crucial.

Looking ahead, the market outlook for cybersecurity remains promising and is anticipated to improve in the next few years. While the global economic stress has caused investors to pull back on startup investments, there is optimism based on both the historical performance of the industry and its potential for future growth. Therefore, despite the temporary setback, a positive sentiment can be maintained for the future of the cybersecurity market.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is impacting all industries and offering new growth and innovation opportunities. Industries, startups, and companies that embrace and understand the potential of AI are well-positioned to become leaders in their respective fields. This positive sentiment toward AI stems from its ability to revolutionize how challenges are perceived and addressed across various industries.

Furthermore, infusing AI into cybersecurity products is considered crucial for scalability, operational efficiency, and unlocking new insights. The availability of AI tools to cybercriminals makes it imperative for cybersecurity products to adopt AI to effectively counter emerging threats. By incorporating AI into cybersecurity, businesses can enhance their capabilities to detect and respond to threats, ensuring a more robust security infrastructure.

In the domain of AI, there are AI-centric products, fully driven by AI like Google’s JetGPTs, and AI-infused products, which involve integrating AI into existing technology offerings. Tech leaders such as Oracle, Salesforce, and Microsoft have already begun infusing AI into their products. This highlights the availability of different types of AI-driven or AI-enhanced products within the market.

Challenges such as scalability, cost, and investment persist for startups in the tech industry. However, the advent of GPU as a service over the cloud is expected to make tech scalability more affordable for startups. This development can potentially mitigate the barriers that tech scalability currently poses for startups, leading to increased opportunities in the tech industry.

Regarding investments in the tech industry, there is a positive sentiment for startups as hyperscalers increasingly invest in tech. Hyperscalers, such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, provide cloud services and have substantial investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure. This investment influx, combined with the affordability of GPU as a service over the cloud, indicates a growing opportunity for tech startups to secure funding and support for their ventures.

In the realm of cybersecurity, public-private partnerships hold promise, but their effectiveness relies on various factors. Factors such as economic conditions, market size, maturity of a particular country, fragmentation, and demand for cybersecurity services impact the efficacy of these partnerships. Moreover, countries that lag in cybersecurity capacity may require a central role from the government to address gaps and stimulate growth. This neutral sentiment underscores the need to consider multiple factors for successful public-private partnerships in the realm of cybersecurity.

Supporters of government involvement and proponents of public-private partnerships assert that they can facilitate growth and innovation in cybersecurity. Governments can play an essential role in bringing together the private sector, stimulating research and development activities, and incentivizing beneficial initiatives. Public-private partnerships, in turn, can support startups and foster innovative ideas in cybersecurity. By aiding in technology transfers and reducing the high costs associated with patenting, such partnerships provide crucial support for startups in the cybersecurity domain. This positive sentiment highlights the potential benefits of government involvement and public-private collaboration in driving growth in the cybersecurity sector.

In conclusion, investments in cybersecurity startups have faced a decline due to global economic stress, rather than any inherent flaws within the industry. Nevertheless, the cybersecurity industry holds significant potential and is expected to rebound once the right challenges are addressed. The market outlook for cybersecurity remains promising, and the industry is projected to improve in the coming years. The impact of AI is being felt across various industries, and its integration into cybersecurity products is crucial for enhanced security measures. Investments in the tech sector, particularly for startups, are expected to increase, aided by the support of hyperscalers and affordability of scalable technology solutions. Public-private partnerships are deemed effective in cybersecurity, depending on economic conditions and national dynamics. Government involvement in fostering such partnerships can stimulate growth and support startups in the cybersecurity field. Overall, these observations and insights highlight the various factors and dynamics that shape the cybersecurity and tech industries, and offer a comprehensive understanding of their present situation and future potential.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai

Cybersecurity startups are recognized for their crucial role in driving innovation and addressing emerging threats in the sector. These early-stage startups leverage capital from investors to expand their technological offerings and global reach. Their agility and fresh thinking enable them to find gaps and opportunities in the industry. However, they face challenges such as competition from larger firms and a drop in investments. The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on cybersecurity startups is seen as crucial, with the potential to enhance the quality of cybersecurity products and services, but also posing new cybersecurity challenges. Government support is necessary to help these startups thrive, and specific schemes aimed at assisting them in developing saleable products and establishing a strong company structure are in place. Overall, cybersecurity startups play a significant role in addressing the evolving landscape of threats and innovation in the sector.

Kenneth Pentimonti

The analysis highlights the significance of investing in cybersecurity startups for both the economy and societal security. These startups play a crucial role in driving innovation in the cybersecurity space, as large companies and governments are unable to meet all the demands. The continuous evolution of cyber threats requires new technologies that can adapt to these changes, hence startups are well-positioned to provide innovative solutions.

One important aspect for cybersecurity startups is their ability to differentiate themselves in a crowded market. Since many startups appear to be offering similar services, it is crucial for them to clearly understand and communicate their unique offerings. Differentiation can often be achieved from a technological standpoint, where startups can showcase their advanced capabilities and features.

Understanding the market and clearly defining it is another key factor for success in the cybersecurity sector. As cybersecurity spans across various areas such as networks, data, cloud, and communication channels, companies need to define the size and scale of their target market. This market knowledge allows them to effectively tailor their products and services to meet the specific needs of their customers.

Capital investment in cybersecurity startups is necessary for their growth and expansion. However, investment capital is expensive, and companies need to have a clear plan on how they intend to use it. Ideally, the capital should be used for additional capabilities development and sales/marketing efforts to increase the reach and impact of their products.

Investing in cybersecurity startups presents a great opportunity, but careful assessment is required. The cybersecurity sector is growing rapidly, attracting many new entrants. Therefore, investors need to carefully evaluate these startups and their unique offerings to differentiate them from others in the market. Having a clear understanding of how the investment capital will be utilized is also crucial for ensuring a successful investment.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds tremendous potential in the cybersecurity space. AI can be infused in products to make them faster, easier to use, and more effective. It can also help sort through large volumes of data quickly, which is invaluable in identifying threats and external attacks on networks. However, it is essential to prioritize the security of AI models and the data feeding into them to avoid potential vulnerabilities and breaches.

The cybersecurity sector has experienced significant growth in recent years, with the emergence of several successful companies. This growth is expected to continue as the demand for robust cybersecurity solutions remains high. Unicorn companies, those with valuations over $1 billion, are becoming increasingly common in the sector, highlighting its potential for economic growth and job creation.

Public-private partnerships have been instrumental in driving technological innovation, particularly in the realm of cybersecurity. Success stories from various countries, such as the US, UK, and France, demonstrate how collaborations between government and industry have led to the development and adoption of innovative technologies. These partnerships provide support, funding, and mentorship to early-stage companies, helping them secure funding and refine their products.

In conclusion, investment in cybersecurity startups is crucial for both economic growth and societal security. Startups bring valuable innovation to the constantly evolving cybersecurity space, and their differentiation and understanding of the market are essential for success. Investment capital should be used strategically, and careful assessment of startups is necessary to make successful investments. AI presents significant opportunities but requires a focus on security. The cybersecurity sector has experienced impressive growth, and public-private partnerships have played a key role in driving innovation. Supporting early-stage companies through mentorship and funding can help them overcome initial challenges and contribute to industry growth.

Peter Sund

The analysis highlights the potential and necessity of cyber security startups and the use of AI. Despite the dominance of large corporations in the industry, there is still room for startups to thrive due to their agility and innovative thinking. Startups are more agile and can identify gaps and opportunities missed by larger companies.

Prominent figure Peter Sund believes in the importance of startups in the cyber security sector. He recognizes their agility and innovation, emphasizing their role in identifying untapped potential and addressing emerging challenges.

There are concerns about the misuse of AI, as there is a history of technologies being misused. However, this also presents an opportunity for cyber security startups to provide solutions and counter malicious actors.

AI will likely be needed to counter bad AI in the cyber security field, highlighting the importance of investing in cyber security startups to develop and deploy AI solutions.

Government support is important for smaller companies, especially when they are engaged in innovative ventures. Smaller companies often struggle with running their businesses and acquiring funding. Government programs can help them thrive and contribute to economic growth.

However, caution is advised to ensure that government intervention does not stifle competition. Maintaining healthy levels of competition is essential for fostering innovation.

For countries with smaller internal markets, such as Finland, the focus should be on international trade. By expanding their trade networks and engaging in global partnerships, these countries can spur growth and innovation.

In conclusion, the analysis underlines the relevance and potential of cyber security startups in an industry dominated by large corporations. It highlights the importance of their agility and innovative thinking. The analysis also emphasizes the promise of AI in managing companies and increasing productivity, while acknowledging the risks of its misuse. Government support for smaller companies is recommended, as long as it does not compromise competition. Lastly, international trade is seen as crucial for countries with smaller internal markets to achieve growth and sustainable development.

Juliette WilCox CMG

Investing in and supporting cyber security startups is crucial for the resilience and growth of the industry. The UK government recognizes the value of nurturing a successful ecosystem of cyber startups and the critical role they play in government, business, and society. These startups often drive innovation and come up with unique solutions due to their freedom to think and act differently.

However, small companies, including cyber startups, face challenges in business planning and effectively communicating their strategies. They may lack clarity in their business plans and struggle to articulate their value proposition to stakeholders. Additionally, finding the first customer can be a significant hurdle for small companies, as they often lack an existing customer base.

To stay competitive, small companies must have a well-defined plan for scaling and continuous innovation. While they may have innovative products, the risk of competitors copying their ideas or technology is ever-present. Therefore, small companies must continually evolve and innovate to maintain a competitive edge.

It’s worth noting that some small companies may start with the hope of being acquired by larger entities. This acquisition strategy allows them to benefit from the resources and expertise of a larger organization.

One common challenge for startups, including cyber startups, is effectively marketing their innovative ideas and technology. While many startups have good ideas and technology, they often lack the knowledge and expertise in marketing and sales. Support systems in the UK, such as the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Cyber Runway program, and clusters program, provide assistance and guidance to startups in marketing their products.

Startups should be willing to enter into support ecosystems that provide the necessary resources and mentorship for business development. Recognizing the logical business development process is crucial for startups to navigate the challenges they may face in their growth journey.

In the realm of cyber security, specific schemes and programs in the UK support startups in developing viable products and business strategies. The UK’s NCSC offers various programs that help cyber security startups grow into viable companies. These programs provide opportunities for startups to connect with UK and overseas partners, mentors, and access financing options. For example, the “cyber runway” scheme supports companies at all stages of development, providing access to markets, mentorship, and business planning assistance.

In conclusion, investment and support for cyber security startups are fundamental for the resilience and growth of the industry. The UK government actively fosters an environment conducive to the success of cyber startups. Additionally, small companies, including cyber startups, face challenges in business planning, customer acquisition, scaling, and market competition. Government intervention and support, as well as the willingness of startups to enter into support ecosystems, are crucial for their growth and success. With the right support and guidance, startups can develop viable products, establish a strong market presence, and contribute to the overall growth of the cyber security industry.

Session transcript

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Investment in Cyber Sector Startups, Kenneth Pentimonti, Principal and European Manager, Paladin Capital Group, Juliette Wilcox, CMG, Cyber Security Ambassador, Department for International Trade, UK, Peter Sund, Chief Executive Officer, Finnish Information Security Cluster, FISC, Nisha Pillai, Moderator, International Moderator, Former BBC Presenter, Shoaib Youssef, Managing Director and Partner, Boston Consulting Group. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon and welcome to Sparring Investment in Cyber Sector Startups, that’s quite a mouthful really, Cyber Sector Startups and you’re going to hear those words, Cyber Sector Startups, over and over again in the next half hour or so because we’re going to talk about why it’s so important to create a thriving ecosystem of cyber security startups and also big firms but it’s not enough to have big ones. Why is that? That’s what we’re going to be discussing. What can small startups do to make themselves more attractive to investors? And more important of all, what can governments do to support small cyber startups? Let me introduce you to our eminent guests. We have at the far end with us someone who knows all about cyber security investment because that’s what his business does, Ken Pentimonti, Principal and European Manager of the Paladin Capital Group, welcome Ken. Sitting next to him is Shoaib Yusuf, Managing Director and Partner of the Boston Consulting Group based in Dubai, he’s just flown in. We are delighted to welcome Her Excellency Juliette Wilcox-CMG who is the Cyber Security Ambassador for the UK government, welcome Juliette. And finally from Finland, Peter Sund, CEO of the Finnish Information Security Cluster. So shall we get stuck right in? Your Excellency Juliette Wilcox, I’d like to ask you for the British government’s perspective first off on the importance of a flourishing ecosystem of small and innovative cyber security startups.

Juliette WilCox CMG:
Thank you, well it’s a real pleasure to be here and talking about the ecosystem is absolutely at the heart of the UK government’s cyber strategy and that reflects I think the importance we attach to building a really strong and resilient cyber security industry to support businesses, to support societies, to support the government. But it has to start somewhere and quite often when you’re thinking about innovation, about new ideas, about taking risks, about thinking things differently, then some of these are things that flourish out of very sort of small groups of thinkers, possibly connected to academic institutions, people who have come up with a good idea and are just trying to put it together and not necessarily bound by a grand strategy for a large company or indeed the sort of directive finance that sometimes comes with that. So you can get some of the incredible innovation that comes out of small startup companies thinking this through. But of course and as I’m sure we’ll explore today, it’s not as straightforward as that but frequently it’s where the spark, the innovation and the mad idea comes from in the first place. And for the UK, making sure that that access to that innovation and that innovation is allowed to flourish is absolutely at the heart of our sense of what the ecosystem needs to be supported by.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Thank you very much for getting us going. Ken Pantamonti, well Paladin this is what you do, security investments, cyber securities, you have one fund devoted just to cyber security investments. So what are the key benefits for investors and the broader cyber security ecosystem from investing in early stage small startups?

Kenneth Pentimonti:
Well thanks Nisha, it’s a pleasure to be here and yeah I think there are multiple benefits to invest in early stage startups in the cyber space. Obviously first it’s we believe a fantastic place to invest just from a pure returns perspective. We think that the cyber security sector is a huge and growing area for all of the reasons that we’ve been discussing over the last couple of days. It’s a space, a sector that’s critical for national security, for corporate security, for the betterment of our society. And so it’s a sector where the technologies that we invest in those early stage companies are critical. And as an investor that makes for a fantastic area to invest early. Those companies use our capital to then hopefully grow and expand both their technology as well as their footprint globally and creates hopefully for us some very attractive returns. That’s from an investor standpoint. From a greater societal and cyber security ecosystem standpoint, early stage startups are critical. They’re really the engine for innovation in the whole space. Large companies, governments can’t and won’t do everything that’s needed to innovate and to create next generation technologies. Cyber security is very dynamic. It’s continually changing and it needs new technologies that adapt to those changes and address the issues. And startups are a key to doing that.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
So we’ve just heard from Ken Plantamonte and also from Juliet Wilcox how important it is to have those early stage small companies because they are the engines for innovation. But yet I wonder how easy is it for them to survive? What is the space for them? And I’d like to put that question to you, Peter Sund, if I may. I’ve been puzzling about this. Of course, cyber threats are increasing and therefore there’s a room and a demand for innovation. But at the same time, is there space for startups? Or is it being dominated by the really big, the behemoths, the giants?

Peter Sund:
Well, indeed, the dominance is rather evident also for the big players. That is certainly true. But it’s also necessary because cyber security in terms of looking at the sort of customer base and organizations who essentially virtually everyone needs cyber security products and services, so a lot of it is like mass commodities, one could say. But on the other hand, like we just heard, the fact is that the innovation part and sort of finding the gaps, what exists in the market, that is quite often done actually by the smaller actors and startups because they are much more agile and there is always some kind of new thinking involved there that something is missing, that there is a gap, there is an opportunity, and hence the kind of, I would even say, the agility that comes along with startups. It’s kind of in the DNA of being small.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Indeed, indeed. So they’re both of the same thing, really. The small companies are finding those gaps, finding the opportunities and coming up with the creative thinking. And so I’m sorry to be a slightly pessimistic voice here, but Shoaib Yusuf, may I ask you, why is it that investments in startups this year, cyber security startups in particular, I mean, has plummeted? And is that something we should be worried about then?

Shoaib Yousuf:
Thank you, Nisha, for such a kind of important question which is on the top of pretty much every entrepreneur. They have been like trying to kind of understand, is this the right time to kind of launch their startups? But before I answer this question, I would like to take this opportunity to also thank GCF Institute for uniting the brightest minds in the cyber security industry to discuss such important topics. Now look, when it comes to kind of like the timing of the startup, it is not only cyber security which is actually in the challenging time. We have a global economical stress, and because of that, many of the investors are very reluctant in terms of where to invest, and is this the right time to invest? So I don’t think so that cyber security as a topic, as an industry, is at the risk of that. So it will come back. Now, if I look at the history, we had 36 unicorns in cyber security as compared to six in 2021. So I’m fully optimistic that cyber security industry is there and gonna thrive, and there is a huge potential, and I will see that it will come back. So I would not be too worried that it is 23 because of the investors are not investing in cyber security, which should be discouraging for our entrepreneurs. I think there are opportunities if your startup is tackling the right set of challenges, there are opportunities to get the capital. So I think the market is looking quite promising, and I’m sure that in the coming months, and hopefully by 24, 25, we will see much better outlook.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Okay, thank you very much, Shoaib. Juliette Wilcox, so you and your team, your department works closely with cyber security providers, big and small. From your perspective, what do you see as the particular challenges that face small companies?

Juliette WilCox CMG:
So I think my particular team is obviously looking to help companies to export their products, but that’s quite a tricky thing for very small companies. The first thing at that stage is they’re often not completely clear what their business plan is, so they know they’ve got a great product. They may have a lot of technical brain power behind it, but they haven’t necessarily developed either the business plan or the ability to communicate that. So there’s a thing about having the right people and employing the right people to support your growth at the right time. The second thing is finding your pathway to a customer, and when you’re very small and you’re a startup, you don’t have customers. So who’s your first one, and who is the customer that is your reference customer that you can talk to and talk about to others as well, and particularly if you’re trying to sell into government, you need to have probably sold into government before another government will buy from you, because that’s that sense of, I don’t know if it works, and I’m not sure who I can see who is a bit like me as a potential buyer. And then I think the third thing is how do you have a plan to scale and to know what you’re going to do next? You might have a product that is innovative, but as soon as other people see that, there’ll be a rush to copy. So what is your next plan, and how can you make sure that you can quickly scale up to the size that your potential customers need? So that understanding of that sort of business life ahead of you, and that’s something that I think people need to think about perhaps earlier than they do. There are ways of helping them. And the other alternative, of course, is some of them start up in the hope of being bought by somebody bigger. So again, are you really clear about where you want to take the culture and the journey of your startup, what your future looks like, who your customers are likely to be, and how you’re going to explain yourself to them in order to make sure that they can understand your product and then fit it into their cupboard of cybersecurity products?

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
So it sounds to me like you’re saying that many startups have very good ideas, they’ve developed the technology, but they don’t necessarily know how to market it, how to turn it into something that is a viable business and bring in revenues.

Juliette WilCox CMG:
I think that’s right, and that’s where I think they can get support. And certainly in the UK, we provide quite a bit of support through various schemes run by the NCSC or through our Cyber Runway program or through our clusters program. So you can get mentoring advice, and it’s being willing to step into that ecosystem of support and making sure that you don’t necessarily think you know it all because you are the masters of the technology, but recognize there is actually a sensible business development process to go through, even if you’re attracting a great deal of venture capital money potentially, that’s not the end of it for you. You have to think that through logically. Excellent.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
So let’s get an investment perspective on this now. Ken Pentamonte, how can cybersecurity startups make themselves more attractive to investors?

Kenneth Pentimonti:
That’s a great question, and it’s one that we deal with every day, looking at dozens of companies every week. What I would say, first off, cybersecurity is, while a very, very attractive space and one where we believe is a huge and growing area to invest, it has attracted lots of companies. And as a result, many of these companies often become very difficult to differentiate between. They look on the surface like they’re doing very similar things for businesses. So I think one of the first things right off is for startups to understand and very clearly communicate what they’re doing different. How they differentiate, usually, and ideally, it’s from a technology standpoint, and there’s a barrier to entry that they’ve developed. And so to understand that, understand their competitive landscape, and to be able to communicate that differentiation clearly, I think is one very, very important piece. Also to be very clear as to what specific part of the market that they’re trying to go after. Cybersecurity is a very broad space. Securing digital infrastructure can be across a number of areas, networks and data, and across cloud, across different communication channels. So very important for the company to understand its market, be able to define that size and the scale of that market, and do that in a way that’s concise and clear. And then I would say, lastly, the companies have to have a very clear knowledge of what they want to use the capital for. Our capital is expensive. We expect very good things from the companies that take our money, and what they have to do is understand what specifically are they going to do with the money, and how are they going to generate a return for that money. And that’s usually in terms of developing additional capabilities with the technology, as well as further building out their sales marketing efforts and growing globally. And so I think those are the key things that we look for when we look to put capital to work.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Indeed. And capital is even more expensive right now, and that might indeed be why the investment in startups has been on the lower side this year. Thank you very much, Ken. So we’ve been hearing about AI, haven’t we? And the threats, cyber threats, posed by the burgeoning AI field right through the last couple of days. But what will the impact of AI have on cybersecurity startups themselves? That’s what I’d like to ask and get different perspectives from both Peter Sund and Shoaib Yusuf. So can I start with you, if you don’t mind, Peter? How will the continued growth, the AI everywhere world that we’re in now, affect cyber startups? Will they require even more?

Peter Sund:
capital? Well, thank you for a great question. Firstly, I am not convinced yet that AI is everywhere. I think AI is very high on the hype curve. That’s where it’s the biggest, I think. But of course, machine learning and automation and other things have existed in the industrial environment for a very long time. It just seems that the sort of public awareness and public access to certain type of AI systems is now creating this, a little bit of this hype. They are excellent. That, of course, is also a fact. So I think one aspect is clearly so that for smaller actors, these sort of general large language model-based AI systems and others, they can really help actually in the sort of general management issues of companies. They can increase productivity and so on and so on. But then the other side is, of course, the responsible use of AI. And as we know, there is very difficult to find technologies that would have not been misused. So it’s quite certain that AI will be misused as well. And it is already being misused. That is certainly true. And that’s also an opportunity for cyber security startups, isn’t it? Yeah, that is an opportunity. And maybe if I sort of take the other side of this, is that it’s highly likely that there will be a necessity for AI to sort of counter the bad AI. So it’s AI against AI, most likely in the cyber security field, in, let’s say, at least in midterm, I would say. Maybe not short-term yet,

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
but midterm. Excellent, thank you. And Shoaib Yusuf, what’s your view on this? What’s the impact of the increasing penetration of AI into our lives going to be on the startup sector, cyber security startups? Thank you so much,

Shoaib Yousuf:
Nisha, for a fantastic question. Just building on of my fellow panelists, Peter, I have a slightly different view. I personally believe that AI is indeed everywhere. It is impacting pretty much all sort of industries. It is impacting how we actually look at things, how we actually perceive things. The sooner or better we identify that it also comes with a lot of opportunities for us, I will see those kind of industries, startups, and companies as the leaders. And the companies who are not able to kind of embrace AI and fully understand the opportunities it brings to the particular industry, I personally feel they will be more likely laggards. However, I see AI into two kind of categories. One is AI-centric products and AI-infused products. So AI-centric products are the perfect example of JetGPTs barred by Google. These are AI products. In these kind of things, which has given a phenomenal growth and a broader understanding of the potential of AI, what AI can do. However, AI- infused products, if you look at all kind of products out there, especially coming from the tech leaders, from Oracle to Salesforce to kind of Microsoft, everyone have started to infuse AI into their products. I personally believe this is not a choice. It’s must. All of our cybersecurity products eventually has to infuse AI to ensure that we fully unlock the potential of a lot of capabilities. If we won’t do it, we will be repeating the same mistakes because the AI tool as a tool is already available to all the bad guys out there. We need to infuse AI into our products. It will give us a scalability. It will give us operational efficiency. It will unlock the potential for us to generate new kind of insights, which we are not capable of fully able to deliver on.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
And is that a challenge or an opportunity for startups? It’s not clear to me listening.

Shoaib Yousuf:
It’s absolutely an opportunity. It’s absolutely an opportunity. However, the challenge is the scalability and the cost and the investment which is required. But if you look at 20 years ago, the cost of tech was quite high. And eventually, in the coming years, we will see with the hyperscalers investing where you see a lot of tech investments going on. Eventually, the GPU as a service over the cloud will become quite affordable for all the startup ecosystem to fully embrace and start innovating their products over that.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
I see you nodding your head there, Ken Pentamonte.

Kenneth Pentimonti:
Yeah, I would very much agree. I think there’s a huge opportunity that AI provides. I kind of look at three different opportunities within cybersecurity. One is just what was mentioned, leveraging AI to make the products, the services better, infusing that within many of our companies have already started a path toward leveraging AI in their products to make them faster, to make them easier to use, to make them more effective. Fantastic opportunity. Secondly, is leveraging AI to enhance what are very complex, huge data sets within the industry, especially as looking at threats and various different external attacks on networks. There’s a huge amount of data that needs to be sorted through and figured out in very quick time. AI is an incredible tool to better do that. I think lastly, AI itself. So the AI-based models, large organizations, governments are going to continue to use AI for various different purposes, non-cyber related purposes. But those AI models and the data that goes into those AI models needs to be secure. So that’s going to open up a whole new realm of cybersecurity technologies that secure those models and secure that data.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
A whole new specific application for it. So clearly there is national interest in having a burgeoning cybersecurity ecosystem of small and large companies. What role does government play then in supporting the smaller companies that may not really have got going yet and not standing on their feet independently? I’d like to start with a government perspective and ask the UK cybersecurity ambassador, what have you seen to be the most effective ways in supporting and directing and targeting support to small startups?

Juliette WilCox CMG:
Thank you. Well, we do have actually at least two direct and specific schemes that are pointed at helping startups work out what their ideas are, how they develop into something that’s a saleable product, how do they get mentored into creating a company that works, where do they find their potential customers, how do they face the idea of growing their financial capacity. And so we do that through, I mean, our NCSC actually specifically backs a program for startups. It gathers together people who, startups that are interested in solving very specific problems that governments have identified and then it will help them to grow into viable companies that can then become the sort of vehicle through which we solve some of our future problems. And that allows them to have those opportunities to meet in the UK and overseas partners, mentors and access to finance. We also do a scheme which we call a sort of cyber runway which is actually taking companies at all stages, which is so startups are absolutely there but there may be companies who are developing in other ways. Again, it provides them those opportunities to find access to markets they may be unsure of, how to get there, of mentorship and of managing money and developing business plans. But we know that without that it’s quite difficult. People are swimming around, not really being quite sure how to connect the dots. So being very, very specific about what your country is looking at in terms of its problem sets and then where you can intervene as a government to help with partners and they’re all with our industry partners that do this. It isn’t government that delivers this. That allows you to then have that network that’s built into the programme and allows them to sort of expand and find opportunities to develop and sometimes to fail. It helps them also to explore areas where they’re not going to be successful, places where they don’t think they want to develop, where they’re not good enough and need to employ different kinds of people in their company. So testing that through a sort of safe space of mentoring, I think, is incredibly important. It’s as useful as anything. Thank you, Juliette.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
So Piisatoin, you run the Finnish information security cluster. How do you see the role of government in supporting the smaller companies? Well, definitely.

Peter Sund:
For instance, those kinds of programmes and approaches that were just mentioned, as for example for UK, but there is also kind of the other side that sort of government instruments and support not leading to a situation where the government picks out the winners, the winning horses, so to say, that we have to be also careful on that because the market has to sort of live on the competition and so on. But the fact is that the smaller actors, they do need support because, especially when we talk about really novel sort of innovations and novel approaches, quite often these sort of key persons in these companies, they are not business specialists. They don’t have the networks, they don’t know exactly how to run businesses, they don’t know how to acquire funding and how to test and validate early enough of their sort of portfolio or the innovative idea, and hence we need all these multitude of supporting actors. That absolutely is correct in the sense, but I think more over, I think, for example, for Finland as our internal market is smaller than many others, quite often we wish to focus on the sort of international trade side. Indeed, it’s a necessity, isn’t it?

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Thank you, Peter. Shoab, over there, hello. I want to ask you about public-private partnerships at this point of the discussion. What’s the record like? Have they been effective? Have they delivered?

Shoaib Yousuf:
Nisha, this is a fantastic question and I think it all depends on quite a few variables that how you view public-private partnership. It depends on the economics and the national kind of, you know, how big is the market, what is the maturity of a particular country, how fragmented, how much kind of cybersecurity players are already there, how much is the demand. So there are quite a few variables which play a role in terms of public and private partnership. I personally believe that the countries who are quite behind in terms of their cybersecurity capacity to deliver on their supply needs, the government has to play a pivotal role in orchestrating the industry. They have to kind of play a role in bringing the private sector together. They have to kind of stimulate public-private partnership because doing that, it allows a lot of simulation in R&D. It allows a lot of incentivized, you know, programs for the private sector to look at cybersecurity differently. And most importantly, it also allows entrepreneurships to kind of like, you know, not only launch their startups and bring their innovative ideas forward, but it also have the government who is providing the support, much needed support for the technology transfers, for patenting, and many of these things are quite expensive. And public-private partnership plays a pivotal role in terms of stimulating that growth. So my short answer, Nisha, is it depends on the maturity of the country. It depends on what is this, you know, phase and what is the vision that countries see. Is the country really sees cybersecurity as one of their strategic priority? And if they see a lot of demand, government has to play a role and public-private partnership is the way to go.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
Thank you very much, Shoaib. So shall we end on a positive note, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen? I’d like to ask Ken Pentamonte, can you share some positive examples of some success stories in this field with us?

Kenneth Pentimonti:
Yeah, sure. I think there are a whole bunch of great success stories. It was mentioned how many unicorns there are now in the cybersecurity sector. It’s great to see that the sector has really grown over the last handful of years and I think will continue to be a significant sector within the broader tech investing sector. I think there’s some really interesting ones. We talked about public- private partnerships. There’s an entity called In-Q-Tel in the United States that’s done a really good job of identifying innovative technologies that are now being used in the U.S. government. Juliet mentioned a number of programs that the U.K. government is sponsoring that have been fantastic. We’ve invested in a few of those companies coming out of those programs. Very, very helpful to get those companies up and going. We’re involved in a program in France called the Campus Cyber that’s a public-private partnership between the French government and various corporate sponsors. We’re involved in that. We’re a mentor and we get involved early stage, earlier than we would typically invest in companies, but we try to help them scale and get to a stage where they would be ready for our capital and in fact we’re in process of hopefully making an investment in the first company coming out of that program. So lots of great success stories. I think there’s huge opportunity for governments and corporate organizations to get together to help facilitate. It is very difficult for very early stage companies to get that initial funding, prove their products, and then be attractive to venture capitalists at a

Moderator – Nisha Pillai:
little bit later stage. On that note, we shall draw our conversation to a close. I’ve learned a huge amount from our discussion. Some of the struggles that small startups face, the ways in which government can help and why it’s so important, and what the national economic and defense payoff and benefits are for us all. Shall we join our hands to say thank you to our eminent speakers, Ken Pantuonti, Shoaib Yusuf, Her Excellency Juliet Wilcox, and Peter Thurmond. Thank you for joining us.

Speakers

Juliette WilCox CMG

Speech speed

203 words per minute

Speech length

1209 words

Speech time

357 secs

Arguments

Investment in and support for cyber security startups is essential for resilience and growth in the industry

Supporting facts:

UK government’s cyber strategy is based on cultivating a diverse ecosystem of cyber businesses

Innovation and new ideas often emerge in small startups and groups that are not constrained by larger organizational structures

Limitations and risks often faced by larger companies are usually not a concern for small startups

Topics: Cyber Security, Startups, Innovation

Small companies often lack clarity in their business plan and strategies to communicate it

Supporting facts:

Small companies know they have a great product and a lot of technical brainpower

Topics: Small Businesses, Business Plan, Communication

Finding the pathway to their first and reference customer is a challenge for small companies

Supporting facts:

When you’re very small and you’re a startup, you don’t have customers

Topics: Customer acquisition, Startups

Small companies need to have a plan to scale and innovate continually to stay competitive

Supporting facts:

You might have a product that is innovative, but as soon as other people see that, there’ll be a rush to copy

Topics: Scale-up, Innovation, Market competition

Small companies might start with the hope of being acquired by bigger entities

Supporting facts:

Some companies start up in the hope of being bought by somebody bigger

Topics: Acquisition, Start-ups, Mergers & Acquisitions

Many startups have good ideas and technology, but lack knowledge on how to market it

Supporting facts:

Juliette highlighted the existence of support systems in the UK such as the NCSC, Cyber Runway program, and clusters program

Topics: Startups, Technology, Business Development

Attracting venture capital money is not the end goal for startups

Topics: Startups, Venture Capital, Business Development

Specific schemes exist to support startups in cybersecurity by helping them develop viable products and business strategies

Supporting facts:

The UK’s NCSC has a program for cyber security startups that helps them grow into viable companies

The program provides opportunities for startups to meet UK and overseas partners, mentors, and access to finance

A ‘cyber runway’ scheme supports companies at all stages of development, providing access to markets, mentorship, and business planning assistance

Topics: Cybersecurity, Startups, Government Support

Report

These startups often drive innovation and come up with unique solutions due to their freedom to think and act differently. However, small companies, including cyber startups, face challenges in business planning and effectively communicating their strategies. They may lack clarity in their business plans and struggle to articulate their value proposition to stakeholders.

Additionally, finding the first customer can be a significant hurdle for small companies, as they often lack an existing customer base. To stay competitive, small companies must have a well-defined plan for scaling and continuous innovation. While they may have innovative products, the risk of competitors copying their ideas or technology is ever-present.

Therefore, small companies must continually evolve and innovate to maintain a competitive edge. It’s worth noting that some small companies may start with the hope of being acquired by larger entities. This acquisition strategy allows them to benefit from the resources and expertise of a larger organization.

Juliette, a supporter of small companies’ growth, emphasizes the importance of aiding these companies in understanding their business lifecycle. This support includes helping them export their products, expanding their market reach. One common challenge for startups, including cyber startups, is effectively marketing their innovative ideas and technology.

While many startups have good ideas and technology, they often lack the knowledge and expertise in marketing and sales. Support systems in the UK, such as the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Cyber Runway program, and clusters program, provide assistance and guidance to startups in marketing their products.

While attracting venture capital funding is often seen as an achievement for startups, it shouldn’t be their end goal. Startups should focus on developing viable products and building a sustainable business model. In the realm of cyber security, specific schemes and programs in the UK support startups in developing viable products and business strategies.

The UK’s NCSC offers various programs that help cyber security startups grow into viable companies. These programs provide opportunities for startups to connect with UK and overseas partners, mentors, and access financing options. For example, the “cyber runway” scheme supports companies at all stages of development, providing access to markets, mentorship, and business planning assistance.

The government plays a crucial role in supporting and connecting cyber security startups with industry partners. By doing so, the government ensures the development and growth of these startups, enabling them to effectively tackle future cyber security challenges. In conclusion, investment and support for cyber security startups are fundamental for the resilience and growth of the industry.

The UK government actively fosters an environment conducive to the success of cyber startups. Additionally, small companies, including cyber startups, face challenges in business planning, customer acquisition, scaling, and market competition. Government intervention and support, as well as the willingness of startups to enter into support ecosystems, are crucial for their growth and success.

With the right support and guidance, startups can develop viable products, establish a strong market presence, and contribute to the overall growth of the cyber security industry.

Kenneth Pentimonti

Speech speed

146 words per minute

Speech length

1121 words

Speech time

461 secs

Arguments

Investment in cyber security startups is beneficial both economically and for societal security

Supporting facts:

The cyber security sector is a huge and growing area

These startups use capital to expand their technology and global footprint

Topics: Investment, Cyber Security, Startups

Cybersecurity startups need to clearly understand and communicate their unique offerings

Supporting facts:

A lot of cybersecurity startups appear to be doing similar things so they need to differentiate themselves

Differentiation can usually be made from a technology standpoint

Topics: Cybersecurity, Startups, Investments

Understanding the market and clearly defining it is crucial

Supporting facts:

Cybersecurity is a broad space and spans across networks, data, cloud, different communication channels

Companies need to define the size and scale of their market

Topics: Cybersecurity, Market knowledge

Companies must have a clear knowledge of what they want to use investment capital for

Supporting facts:

Investment capital is expensive and high returns are expected

The capital should ideally be used for additional capabilities development and sales/marketing efforts

Topics: Investment, Capital use

AI provides huge opportunities in cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

AI can be infused in products to make them faster, easier to use, and more effective

AI can help sort through large volumes of data quickly, which is helpful in identifying threats and external attacks on networks

Topics: AI, Cybersecurity

The cybersecurity sector has significantly grown with several success stories in recent years, and the growth is expected to continue.

Supporting facts:

There are now many unicorns in the cybersecurity sector.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Growth, Investment

Public-private partnerships have been effectively driving technological innovation, particularly in cybersecurity.

Supporting facts:

In-Q-Tel in the U.S. has successfully identified innovative technologies now used in the U.S. government.

Programs sponsored by the U.K. government have helped cybersecurity companies get started.

A cybersecurity program in France, called Campus Cyber, is an example of a successful public-private partnership.

Topics: Public-Private Partnership, Technological Innovation, Cybersecurity

Very early stage companies struggle to secure initial funding and prove their products in order to attract venture capitalists.

Supporting facts:

Kenneth Pentimonti’s firm gets involved in the early stages of companies through the Campus Cyber program to prepare them for venture capital.

Topics: Early Stage Companies, Venture Capital, Funding

Report

The continuous evolution of cyber threats requires new technologies that can adapt to these changes, hence startups are well-positioned to provide innovative solutions. One important aspect for cybersecurity startups is their ability to differentiate themselves in a crowded market. Since many startups appear to be offering similar services, it is crucial for them to clearly understand and communicate their unique offerings.

Differentiation can often be achieved from a technological standpoint, where startups can showcase their advanced capabilities and features. Understanding the market and clearly defining it is another key factor for success in the cybersecurity sector. As cybersecurity spans across various areas such as networks, data, cloud, and communication channels, companies need to define the size and scale of their target market.

This market knowledge allows them to effectively tailor their products and services to meet the specific needs of their customers. Capital investment in cybersecurity startups is necessary for their growth and expansion. However, investment capital is expensive, and companies need to have a clear plan on how they intend to use it.

Ideally, the capital should be used for additional capabilities development and sales/marketing efforts to increase the reach and impact of their products. Investing in cybersecurity startups presents a great opportunity, but careful assessment is required. The cybersecurity sector is growing rapidly, attracting many new entrants.

Therefore, investors need to carefully evaluate these startups and their unique offerings to differentiate them from others in the market. Having a clear understanding of how the investment capital will be utilized is also crucial for ensuring a successful investment.

However, it is essential to prioritize the security of AI models and the data feeding into them to avoid potential vulnerabilities and breaches. The cybersecurity sector has experienced significant growth in recent years, with the emergence of several successful companies.

This growth is expected to continue as the demand for robust cybersecurity solutions remains high. Unicorn companies, those with valuations over $1 billion, are becoming increasingly common in the sector, highlighting its potential for economic growth and job creation. Public-private partnerships have been instrumental in driving technological innovation, particularly in the realm of cybersecurity.

Success stories from various countries, such as the US, UK, and France, demonstrate how collaborations between government and industry have led to the development and adoption of innovative technologies. These partnerships provide support, funding, and mentorship to early-stage companies, helping them secure funding and refine their products.

AI presents significant opportunities but requires a focus on security. The cybersecurity sector has experienced impressive growth, and public-private partnerships have played a key role in driving innovation. Supporting early-stage companies through mentorship and funding can help them overcome initial challenges and contribute to industry growth.

Moderator – Nisha Pillai

Speech speed

159 words per minute

Speech length

1182 words

Speech time

446 secs

Arguments

The importance of early stage startups in cybersecurity.

Supporting facts:

Early stage startups are the engine of innovation in the cybersecurity sector.

Such companies leverage capital from their investors to grow and broaden their technological offerings and global reach.

Larger firms and governments cannot drive all the innovation and generation of new technologies necessary in this rapidly evolving field.

Startups effectively adjust to these changing dynamics and help address existing and emerging threats.

Topics: cybersecurity, investment, startups

Small companies are playing a vital role in finding gaps and opportunities in cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

Cybersecurity is needed by almost everyone, so it can be seen as a mass commodity

The innovation and gap-finding is usually done by smaller actors or startups

Startups have agility and new thinking in their DNA

Topics: cyber security, startups, innovation

Startups develop good technology but may struggle with turning it into a viable business and generating revenue

Supporting facts:

Small companies often lack clarity on their business plan

Finding initial and ideal customers can be difficult for startups

Startups need to plan for scaling and potential competition

Topics: Startup, Business Plan, Marketing

Investment in startups has been lower this year due to the higher cost of capital.

Topics: startups, investment, economic trends

The impact of AI on cybersecurity startups is a crucial aspect to consider.

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, cybersecurity, startups

AI provides huge opportunities within cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

Leveraging AI can make cybersecurity products and services better

AI is helpful in dealing with complex data sets in the industry

AI models and the associated data need to be secure, opening up a new cybersecurity realm

Topics: AI, Cybersecurity

Support for small startups in cybersecurity is necessary and the government plays a role

Supporting facts:

The need for building a cybersecurity ecosystem of small and large companies

Topics: Government support, Cybersecurity startups

There are two specific schemes helping startups develop their saleable products, creating company structure, looking for potential customers, and building financial capacity.

Supporting facts:

NCSC backs a program for startups focusing on specific problems identified by the government.

Cyber runway scheme procures companies at all stages and provides market access, mentorship, and help in developing business plans.

Topics: Startup Support, Government Schemes, Business Development

Peter Sund

Speech speed

132 words per minute

Speech length

672 words

Speech time

306 secs

Arguments

Despite dominance of big players, there is still room for cyber security startups due to their agility and innovative thinking

Supporting facts:

Startups tend to be more agile and innovative

Startups can identify gaps and opportunities missed by larger companies

Topics: Cyber security, Startups, Innovation

AI is not everywhere yet rather it is high on the hype curve

Supporting facts:

The use of machine learning and automation have been present in the industrial environment for a long time

Public access to certain types of AI systems is causing hype

Topics: AI, Public Awareness

AI systems can help in managing companies and increasing productivity

Topics: AI, Management, Productivity

AI will likely be misused

Supporting facts:

Difficult to find technologies that have not been misused

AI is already being misused

Topics: AI, Misuse

Misuse of AI is an opportunity for cyber security startups

Topics: AI, Cyber Security, Startups

AI will likely be needed to counter bad AI in the cybersecurity field

Topics: AI, Cyber Security

The government should support smaller companies, especially when they are innovating

Supporting facts:

Smaller companies often do not have business specialists, meaning they struggle with running businesses, acquiring funding, and validating their innovations.

Government programs can help smaller businesses thrive and innovate.

Topics: business support, innovation, Government role

For countries with smaller internal markets like Finland, focus should be on international trade.

Supporting facts:

Finland’s internal market is smaller, necessitating a focus on international trade.

Topics: International trade, Finland’s market

Report

Startups are more agile and can identify gaps and opportunities missed by larger companies. Prominent figure Peter Sund believes in the importance of startups in the cyber security sector. He recognizes their agility and innovation, emphasizing their role in identifying untapped potential and addressing emerging challenges.

Regarding AI, there is a lot of hype surrounding its applications, but it has yet to fully permeate all aspects of society. However, AI systems have the potential to manage companies and increase productivity. There are concerns about the misuse of AI, as there is a history of technologies being misused.

However, this also presents an opportunity for cyber security startups to provide solutions and counter malicious actors. AI will likely be needed to counter bad AI in the cyber security field, highlighting the importance of investing in cyber security startups to develop and deploy AI solutions.

Maintaining healthy levels of competition is essential for fostering innovation. For countries with smaller internal markets, such as Finland, the focus should be on international trade. By expanding their trade networks and engaging in global partnerships, these countries can spur growth and innovation.

Government support for smaller companies is recommended, as long as it does not compromise competition. Lastly, international trade is seen as crucial for countries with smaller internal markets to achieve growth and sustainable development.

Shoaib Yousuf

Speech speed

167 words per minute

Speech length

1057 words

Speech time

380 secs

Arguments

Investments in cyber security startups have decreased due to global economic stress, not because of the industry itself.

Supporting facts:

There’s a general reluctance among investors on where and when to invest due to the global economic condition.

Historically, there were 36 unicorns in cyber security compared to six in 2021.

Topics: Startup Investments, Cyber security, Global Economy

AI is impacting all industries and offering opportunities

Supporting facts:

AI is impacting how we perceive things

Industries, startups, and companies that embrace and understand AI’s opportunities can become leaders

Topics: AI, Startups, Cybersecurity

There are AI-centric products and AI-infused products

Supporting facts:

AI-centric products are like JetGPTs built by Google, fully AI products

Tech leaders like Oracle, Salesforce and Microsoft have started infusing AI into their products

Topics: AI-centric products, AI-infused products

Tech scalability, cost and investment are challenges for startups

Supporting facts:

The cost of tech was quite high 20 years ago

The GPU as a service over the cloud will become affordable for startups

Topics: Startups, Scalability, Investment

Tech investment opportunity for startups will increase in the coming years

Supporting facts:

Hyperscalers are investing in tech

The GPU as a service over the cloud will become affordable for startups

Topics: Tech Investment, Startups

Effectiveness of public-private partnerships depends on the economic conditions and national dynamics

Supporting facts:

Effectiveness depends on the economics, market size, maturity of a particular country, fragmentation and demand for cybersecurity

Countries lagging in cyber security capacity need government to play a central role

Topics: Public-Private Partnership, Cybersecurity, Government Role

Report

This decline in investments serves as evidence of the overall decrease in cybersecurity startup funding. However, despite the current dip, the cybersecurity industry still holds immense potential and is expected to bounce back once the right challenges are addressed. Historical success stories of cybersecurity businesses, known as unicorns, highlight the profitability and viability of the industry.

Startups that focus on tackling the right challenges can attract capital and thrive in the cybersecurity sector. Thus, maintaining a positive sentiment toward the industry’s potential to overcome the current decline in investments is crucial. Looking ahead, the market outlook for cybersecurity remains promising and is anticipated to improve in the next few years.

While the global economic stress has caused investors to pull back on startup investments, there is optimism based on both the historical performance of the industry and its potential for future growth. Therefore, despite the temporary setback, a positive sentiment can be maintained for the future of the cybersecurity market.

This highlights the availability of different types of AI-driven or AI-enhanced products within the market. Challenges such as scalability, cost, and investment persist for startups in the tech industry. However, the advent of GPU as a service over the cloud is expected to make tech scalability more affordable for startups.

This development can potentially mitigate the barriers that tech scalability currently poses for startups, leading to increased opportunities in the tech industry. Regarding investments in the tech industry, there is a positive sentiment for startups as hyperscalers increasingly invest in tech.

Hyperscalers, such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft, provide cloud services and have substantial investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure. This investment influx, combined with the affordability of GPU as a service over the cloud, indicates a growing opportunity for tech startups to secure funding and support for their ventures.

Moreover, countries that lag in cybersecurity capacity may require a central role from the government to address gaps and stimulate growth. This neutral sentiment underscores the need to consider multiple factors for successful public-private partnerships in the realm of cybersecurity.

Public-private partnerships, in turn, can support startups and foster innovative ideas in cybersecurity. By aiding in technology transfers and reducing the high costs associated with patenting, such partnerships provide crucial support for startups in the cybersecurity domain. This positive sentiment highlights the potential benefits of government involvement and public-private collaboration in driving growth in the cybersecurity sector.

The market outlook for cybersecurity remains promising, and the industry is projected to improve in the coming years. The impact of AI is being felt across various industries, and its integration into cybersecurity products is crucial for enhanced security measures.

Investments in the tech sector, particularly for startups, are expected to increase, aided by the support of hyperscalers and affordability of scalable technology solutions. Public-private partnerships are deemed effective in cybersecurity, depending on economic conditions and national dynamics. Government involvement in fostering such partnerships can stimulate growth and support startups in the cybersecurity field.

Overall, these observations and insights highlight the various factors and dynamics that shape the cybersecurity and tech industries, and offer a comprehensive understanding of their present situation and future potential.

Behavior Unmasked: The Effects of Anonymity on Online Activity

Knowledge Graph of Debate
Session report
Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Will Ripley

**Will Ripley**, a renowned speaker and expert in cyber psychology, is scheduled to participate in a highly anticipated discussion on the subject. One of the main objectives of Ripley’s participation is to understand the unique aspects of cyber psychology and how people’s interaction with digital devices affects it.

Ripley points out the negative consequences of excessive phone use and highlights the addictive nature of smartphones, particularly due to the release of dopamine. He personally spends around six to eight hours on his phone, which exemplifies the pervasive influence of digital devices in our lives. To mitigate these issues, Ripley advocates for reducing screen time as a means to improve both mental and physical health.

Another significant aspect of the discussion revolves around the concept of online anonymity. Ripley questions the practicality of achieving absolute online anonymity as he argues that a fake profile could ultimately be traced back to the user’s IP address. He also highlights the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) in the context of online anonymity, further emphasizing the challenges in maintaining complete anonymity in the digital realm.

Furthermore, Ripley acknowledges the broad definition of cybercrime. He believes that minor actions could potentially fall under this definition, and he questions the subjective nature of the term. This perspective highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding and approach to defining and addressing cybercrime.

Digital piracy and its impact on societal norms and values are also discussed by Ripley. He points out that many individuals unknowingly commit digital piracy by downloading and sharing multimedia content without proper payment. This prevalent behavior is seen as a significant concern that needs to be adequately addressed.

Ripley also brings attention to the middle ground in online behavior, where concepts such as freedom of speech and anonymity reside. He argues that this gray area needs careful consideration as it is often the source of disagreements and controversies. Finding the balance between allowing freedom of expression and regulating harmful content is a complex challenge in the digital age.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is another topic of interest in the discussion. Ripley suggests that the potential risks associated with AI are being considered, as evidenced by the UK hosting an AI summit. However, he also notes the difficulty in achieving consensus on global regulation due to geopolitical tensions and conflicting national interests.

The burden of monitoring and regulating online content is placed on social media companies, which Ripley questions the fairness of. He argues that these companies are not only expected to act as providers of platforms but also as virtual policemen and traffic cops. The responsibility placed on these companies raises concerns about the regulation of online content and the potential for censorship.

The discussion also addresses the importance of online safety technologies, or safety tech, in protecting individuals’ well-being in the digital world. Cybersecurity is recognized as a means to protect data, systems, networks, and devices, but the focus on human online safety is often overlooked. Ripley points out the growing sectors of safety tech in the UK, Europe, and the US, highlighting the increasing recognition of the significance of protecting individuals online.

In conclusion, the discussion involving Will Ripley highlights various pressing issues related to cyber psychology, excessive phone use, online anonymity, cybercrime, digital piracy, online behavior, AI risks, social media content regulation, and the importance of online safety technologies. Ripley’s insights shed light on the complexities involved in navigating the digital landscape and the need for a balanced and well-regulated approach to ensure a safer and more ethical online environment.

Prof. Mary Aiken

The analysis explores various arguments and stances on the topic of cyber psychology and online behavior. Professor Mary Aiken sees cyber psychology as the future and believes it is crucial in understanding the impact of technology on human behavior. Despite her conviction, she encounters skepticism from those who dismiss cyber psychology as ‘cyber hocus-pocus’. This highlights the challenges faced in introducing a relatively new field of study to the academic community.

The study of cyber psychology delves into various aspects of online behavior. One such aspect is the time loss effect, where engaging in online activities can result in an unintended loss of time. For example, checking emails for a few minutes can quickly turn into hours spent online. This phenomenon raises concerns about productivity and time management in the digital age.

Another significant area of study within cyber psychology is the concept of online disinhibition, which refers to the tendency for individuals to exhibit different behaviors online compared to in-person interactions. The perceived anonymity and sense of detachment in online environments can lead to a loss of inhibitions, allowing people to engage in actions they may not typically do in the offline world.

Related to online disinhibition is the issue of online anonymity. Unlike in the real world, the internet allows individuals to remain anonymous, which can lead to more extreme behavioral changes. While some argue that online anonymity offers freedom of expression, others note the potential for negative consequences such as cybercrime and cyberbullying.

The influence of online platforms on individual behavior is also explored. People tend to conceptualize themselves differently in online spaces, where they seek validation through likes, comments, and engagement. This can lead to significant changes in behavior as individuals adapt to the online environment. Professor Aiken strongly believes in the significant influence of online platforms on individual behavior, emphasizing the need to understand and manage this impact.

Attention retention in the online world is another crucial aspect discussed in the analysis. Devices and online platforms are designed to capture users’ attention, creating an attention economy that rewards systems for captivating users for longer durations. This has implications for mental health and well-being, as individuals may become addicted to online engagement and struggle to disconnect from the digital world.

The analysis also highlights the socio-political aspects of cyberspace, focusing on the need for regulations and responsible behavior. Anonymity on the internet is questioned, with some arguing that it should not be considered a fundamental right but rather a privilege that comes with responsibility. The potential for harm in cyberspace, including cybercrimes like cyberbullying, harassment, and money laundering, prompts discussions on how to protect vulnerable individuals, particularly children, and establish regulations to hold social media companies accountable for the content on their platforms.

In conclusion, the analysis presents a multifaceted exploration of cyber psychology and online behavior. It acknowledges both the potential benefits and risks associated with increasing reliance on technology and online platforms. A better understanding of cyber psychology can help mitigate the negative consequences of online behavior and ensure a safer, more ethical digital landscape. However, it is clear that further research, regulations, and education are needed to address the complexities and challenges posed by cyberspace.

Audience

The analysis explores various topics, beginning with the effects of violent video games on behavior. One speaker takes an inquiring stance, seeking to understand the factors that influence the behavior of individuals exposed to violent video games. This suggests a neutral sentiment towards the topic. The speaker mentions engaging with the professor’s material on YouTube and recognizing the interconnectedness of the real world and cyberspace. The main argument is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how violent video games impact behavior.

The analysis also discusses the global regulation of AI, the digital economy, and social media markets. Ongoing initiatives to globalize regulation are mentioned, indicating a neutral sentiment. However, another speaker takes a positive stance, emphasizing the importance and benefits of globalizing regulation in these areas. Unfortunately, there are no supporting facts provided for this argument. Nonetheless, the main point is to advocate for globalized regulation to ensure fair and effective governance in AI, the digital economy, and social media.

In addition, the creation of a safer internet is addressed. A scientist speaker is actively working towards this goal, with a positive sentiment. However, specific details or evidence regarding the scientist’s methods or initiatives are not mentioned. Nevertheless, the argument is clear: advocating for a safer online environment.

The analysis also explores using data from online trolls for research, with a neutral sentiment. A speaker mentions the abundance of data provided by trolling and their utilization of it for research. However, specific details about the research or the insights derived from the data are not provided.

Lastly, a speaker holds a strong and confident stance against online trolls, encouraging their ongoing activity as it provides valuable data. This suggests a positive sentiment towards the speaker’s approach, considering the benefits derived from gathering troll data. The related topics discussed include internet safety and online abuse, aligning with SDG 5 for Gender Equality and SDG 16 for Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions.

Overall, the analysis covers a wide range of topics and perspectives. It provides insights into the impacts of violent video games, the importance of globalized regulation, efforts towards creating a safer internet, and utilizing data from online trolls for research purposes. However, some arguments lack specific supporting evidence, limiting the depth of analysis in certain areas.

Session transcript

Will Ripley:
Capital Technology University. I’m actually… Ooh, hang on. Got a round of applause. That’s impressive. She hasn’t said a word and she’s got a round of applause. I’m fascinated by this. Really fascinated, because I’ve done many discussions, but I’ve never done one on cyber psychology. And as you were saying to me earlier, cyber psychology used to be known as cyber hocus-pocus.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Well, I first came across the internet and technology back in the 90s and in the form of a chatbot and I was captivated and I had just qualified in psychology and I thought, wow, this is going to change everything. So when I went rushing back to my professors of psychology, they said cyber hocus-pocus. But I actually thought this was the future of the internet and I went back and re-qualified, did a Masters of Science in Cyber Psychology, did a PhD in Forensic Cyber Psychology, which is the study of criminal, deviant and abnormal behaviour online and I’m kept pretty busy.

Will Ripley:
We’re going to get into much more detail on that. The panel is all about anonymity and we’ll get to it. But I think we have to set the parameters. And by the way, we’ll also take questions. So any of you who’ve got any questions, we’ll also take questions. Well, the professor will take questions. What is different about cyber psychology? What is it that happens online that is different? Or when we integrate with digital equipment, if you will. I’m trying to be as neutral as possible.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Cyber psychology is the study of the impact of technology on human behaviour. And effectively, you know, this conference, the theme is all about cyberspace. So when you go on your phone, when you go online, what you’re doing is entering a powerful psychological environment. I mean, did you ever stop for five minutes before a taxi came to check your emails? And half an hour has gone just like that. So there’s a time loss effect. There’s infinity in terms of search. You see behaviours like online disinhibition taking place online. And then, of course, the theme of this talk, you have the potential to be anonymous online, which you don’t have in the real world.

Will Ripley:
Okay, so at what point does our behaviour change? What is the catalyst for the change?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
I think the catalyst for change is the moment that you enter into that environment. You know, the moment that you take a photo and you post it on TikTok or LinkedIn or Meta or wherever, and you begin to sort of conceptualise yourself in this environment where you want likes and you want comments and you’re in cyberspace and you’re thinking about your persona in that environment.

Will Ripley:
I’ve just read the book about how to break up with your phone, which is an incredible read about… Quick question. How many hours a day do you think you spend on your phone? How many? Five? Seven? Eight? Any increase on eight? Yes, sir. How many? You. I… If I’m not working actually a lot on air and I’m having to use my phone for my earpiece, it’s about six to eight. That’s horrific. But it’s this idea of the whole phone is designed to capture us for the dopamine effect. The app is designed for reward and these sort of things. So that in itself shows the significance of psychology.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Absolutely. I mean, these devices are designed to capture our attention. But more than that, when you go online and you’re on social media, you also have what’s called the attention economy. So the more that a content can pull you in, get your attention, people are monetizing that attention and profiting from your attention.

Will Ripley:
This brings us to the idea of how our behavior changes. The disinhibition… I can’t say the word. Disinhibition.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Disinhibition.

Will Ripley:
In other words, no one can tell what I’m up to. By the way, who’s got a phone in here? Who’s got a phone? Could you just hold it up for me so I can make sure you have got a phone? I want everybody to hold their phone up. Sir, you’ve got a phone. Hold it up. There we go. Now, I want you to take your phone, and I want you to do a swipe from the top right down. And then I want you to put it into airplane mode. All right? I would like everybody in airplane mode while we continue talking. This behavioral change. Describe it.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
So, as I say, you have effects. Online disinhibition dictates that people will do things online that they would not do in the real world. So, you’re more disinhibited. As I say, just likely your behavior changes and mutates. Now, that’s just pure disinhibition when you’re a known entity online. But then you’ve got a much bigger step when people become anonymous. And that’s where behavior can really change. So, anonymity is often confused or conflated with privacy. Anonymity is where you have no details, where you’re an unknown entity. Privacy is where you’re known, but you’ve got the right to control your data. So, anonymity is a superhuman power of invisibility, like a superhero. And that power comes with incredible responsibility to use it properly. So, how would you be anonymous? You could create a fake profile under a different name. That’s a form of anonymity. You can use a VPN. That’s a form of anonymity. And at an extreme level, you can also use Tor to go to the darker parts of the Internet. And that’s anonymity.

Will Ripley:
This has been around pretty much since the Internet began. I want to show you. I’m only going to show one side. Have a look at this slide, which became… If you could bring it up, there we go. This was one of the most… You’ll be well familiar with this. On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog. That was back in the 80s, 90s. And it was, if you like, the first manifestation of anonymity.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
And I would paraphrase that and say, on the Internet now, nobody knows if you’re a person or not. Not just a dog, because we’ve got so many bots. Yeah, I think that the debate about anonymity is people say, Well, I have a right to be anonymous online. And the point about anonymity is it is a 20-year-old invention of the Internet. It is not a human right. It is an invention. And therefore, it needs to be questioned. Of course, anonymity can allow you to express yourself in a way that you couldn’t in a real-world context. It can allow you to explore areas that you might not do if you were a known entity. It can allow freedom of expression where you might be oppressed or in an oppressed minority. But if the cost of that is rampant cyberbullying, harassment, sextortion, cybercrime, cyberfraud, then the cost is too great for the Internet.

Will Ripley:
Okay, but when you say anonymity, and it’s not a philosophical question, it’s a practical one. Is it possible to be anonymous? If I create a fake profile, it will eventually work its way back to my IP address. If I use a VPN, I mean, is there such a thing as true or absolute anonymity online?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Yes, if you use something like Tor, the Onion Router.

Will Ripley:
So let’s assume that that’s really for a very small…

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Anybody can use it.

Will Ripley:
Right, but for the people in this room who will just create a fake Gmail or a fake this, that or the other, they’re creating an anonymity as a front piece, in a sense, aren’t they? As a mask.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Yes.

Will Ripley:
How risky is that, do you think, in terms of the…

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Well, it’s not risky for an adult to decide, I want a fake profile. That’s something that you’re free to do as an adult. Where the risk sets in, in two ways, is one, when you see children and young people creating these fake profiles, because then it removes a sense of responsibility, and they can really get themselves into trouble. So we’ve just finished a very large European study of 8,000 young people aged 16 to 19, and we found that the vast majority of those young people had up to five different profiles on one platform.

Will Ripley:
Really?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Yeah. So what they were doing is they had their profile that their family can see, then they have another profile for their friends, then they have another profile for a smaller group. So they’re managing all these personas in cyberspace, which is sort of exhausting. But in addition to that, especially if it’s a young child, parents may have no visibility of what they’re doing. So it’s the duty of the parent to protect the child in the real world. It’s also the duty of the parent to protect children in cyberspace. And what we’ve seen in the UK, we’ve seen the introduction of the Online Safety Act, which is for the first time a very broad measure that’s going to seek to protect children in cyber context, among other things. And one of the things they’re going to crack down on is the multiplicity of fake profiles, particularly when these profiles are used to harass people, are used for hate speech, are used to extort from people. So they’re going to look for serial offenders and shut it down.

Will Ripley:
There is an argument that will say that the younger generation who have been born and brought up with this are better at managing it. Now, I’m not talking in terms of the nefarious or the dangerous, but I’m just talking about this idea of having multiple personalities online. I might find it difficult to cope with five profiles, but somebody who is 16 and knows no different will just be part of their meat and veg.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
It doesn’t mean it’s good developmentally, because the point is that when you’re young, one of the things that you have to learn, and this is what we all went through growing up, is that there are consequences for your actions. And a young person who creates a fake profile, who maybe engages in harassing somebody or bullying somebody, or worse, extorting from another person, they may not, at 13 or 14 or 15, be fully aware of the consequences of that behavior. And therefore, it’s our duty as a society to protect them from getting into trouble. Let me take it a step further in terms of cybercrime. So you can have pathways into behavior. You can start with cyberbullying, you can amplify to harassment, and then you can get engaged in true criminal behavior. And harassment and cyberbullying is illegal in some jurisdictions. But let’s talk about things like hate speech, which is a crime, or cyberfraud, which is a crime, or identity theft, which is a crime. There’s a very thin line between the acceleration of these behaviors.

Will Ripley:
Are you suggesting the slippery slope argument?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
I’m not suggesting, I’m saying that the scientific evidence in the studies, the most recent study that I’ve been involved in, which is an EU study, 8,000 young people, we found a significant correlation between covert, undercover profiles that young people were using, and engagement in cybercrime. And in fact, of the sample of the 8,000 16 to 19-year-olds in all of Europe and the UK that we looked at, almost 50% admitted to engaging in a cybercrime. Hold that. How many people in this room will admit now to engaging in a cybercrime of one sort or another? That is entrapment. You don’t have to put up your hands.

Will Ripley:
How many people? Well, I’ll put my hand up. How many other people will admit to have engaged in some form of cybercrime? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Because you know where I’m going with this. Because the definition of cybercrime could be taken really quite low-content. And this is the slippery slope argument. It starts where?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Well, things like digital piracy.

Will Ripley:
So now how many people have shared a piece of music or a video or downloaded something without paying for it? You’re all criminals. But the point, this is a valid issue, isn’t it?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Okay, so the point is that if you have a generation that have grown up stealing music, stealing videos, stealing software, then the moral compass between that and then suddenly getting access to somebody’s credit card that they could use quickly just to buy something that they need, that’s a very thin line. And the point is that there’s also a perception that it’s a victimless crime. Well, the record companies can afford it, the movie companies can afford it, the bank will pay for the credit card. And the problem with that is, is you begin to see this societal shift. And while 50% engaged in a cybercrime, and you could say digital piracy is a big number, I think it was one in three, actual very serious crimes like hacking, like sextortion, cyberfraud, that was one in eight. They’re big numbers. One in 11 in our study admitted to engaging in money mulling, which is money laundering. Now, the point about it is, how cognizant or how aware would a young person be that they were laundering money? Imagine they click on an ad on the internet, and the ad says, would you like a part-time job in a logistics company? Fantastic. So, you answer the ad, and they ask you for your bank detail. So, you give them your bank details. And then they send you $1,000, and they say, all you’ve got to do is take $800 and send it to four different accounts, and we’ll send you the numbers, and you keep $200. And if you do that, the next time, $10,000 will come.

Will Ripley:
Does that happen?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
All the time. This is money laundering.

Will Ripley:
Why is it always people writing to me asking me to give them money, and never actually? Really?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
But the point is, that’s a crime. And the cyber criminals will use a young person, use their bank account, do a couple of test runs, and then put a large amount of money through. The young person then splits up the money, and the next thing, knock on the door, it’s the police, you get arrested for money laundering. This is a huge problem.

Will Ripley:
The ability to deal with it, because starting, as you like, with the digital piracy and all of that, what you’re saying, which is particularly fascinating, is that this is a shift in norms. This is a shift in values. You might not go to the grocery shop and steal sweets, but eventually, you’re moving into…

Prof. Mary Aiken:
So, we’ve interviewed young people in research, and we’ve said, would you walk into a record shop in a shopping center? Would you walk up to the shelf, and would you steal a CD, put it in your bag, and walk out? And they say, no, absolutely not. But will they do it online? Yes. And that’s the difference. But ultimately, there is a symbiotic relationship between cyberspace, what happens online, and the real world. What happens in cyberspace impacts on the real world. What happens in the real world impacts on cyberspace. So the point is, if we want young people to grow up and participate as good citizens in a collective society, our children are growing up online. They are learning things that are not culturally appropriate, that are not acceptable in civilized society, and that are detrimental to the social good.

Will Ripley:
The problem with your view, as some would suggest, respectfully, is we can all agree at this end, sex trafficking, sex torture, bullying, that’s wrong. And we can all agree that a bit of this, that, and the other is fine. It’s the bit in the middle, it’s the gray bit, where somebody says, and never mind so much with children, but just with anybody online, no, hang on, it’s freedom of speech. If I want to be anonymous, it’s my right, or at least I’m entitled to be. If I want to do this and say that, it’s my right.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Okay. So I would love to be anonymous when I’m traveling. I would love when I go to an airport not to produce a passport. I would love not to have a photograph taken. I’d love not to give my fingerprints every time I’m moving around the world. But I don’t get the right to be anonymous when I’m traveling. Why? Because it’s for our collective security. Now transpose that argument to cyberspace, when you are a known entity, anonymous beginning with N as opposed to anonymous beginning with A, then that’s what helps to create a robust, thriving, equitable, fair, civil society.

Will Ripley:
So how do you force non-anonymity?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
I think that what we have to do is question the fundamentals of the internet. And you know, the point is that I have these debates, I debated against the American Civil Liberties Union. They don’t agree with me, of course. And the point is that we have created this fantastic invention, this superhighway for connectivity, where we can learn, where we can play, where we connect, but we are ruining it for ourselves because negative, toxic, hateful behavior is getting out of control. And cybercrime is getting out of control. The latest figures for cybercrime estimates it at a cost of 8 trillion to economies. If cybercrime was a country, it would have the third largest GDP in the world.

Will Ripley:
We’re actually heading in the wrong direction in a sense, because let’s take Bitcoin, which is the whole premise is anonymity. The whole idea is that the transaction can’t be traced.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
And it’s the go-to currency for criminals. So the point is, we adopt each new emerging technology with the collective wisdom of lemmings leaping off a cliff. Just because it is new does not mean it is good. And technology will only mean progress when we can mitigate its harmful effects. And that’s what’s missing. It’s this cyber utopian view. AI is fantastic. HGPT is fantastic. And nobody is thinking about the downside. Nobody is thinking about what happens when this goes wrong. It’s like a form of cognition.

Will Ripley:
Well, we are with AI, to be fair. I mean, the UK has an AI summit.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
It’s a bit late.

Will Ripley:
And you suggest we can’t put the genie back in the bottle on this?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
No, not when it comes to AI. And with AI, then there’s a question about regulation of AI or not. But the whole point is that you have to achieve balance. There has to be some form of oversight. Just the same way as we have in the real world.

Will Ripley:
But we’re destined to get this completely wrong, bearing in mind each country wants to do their own thing. The geopolitical tensions mean that you’re not going to get everybody on the same page.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
I think that’s why it’s so important to talk about cyberspace. Because we have other shared spaces. So back in the day, when people were exploring the world, you had the oceans. That was a shared space. And we came up with rules and regulations for good practice. Then we invented planes. And then we had the shared space for air travel. And we came up with regulations for that. Then we have outer space. And we have governance there. And that’s why this conference is so important. Because it’s one of the… I travel worldwide. I speak at many conferences. And it’s one of the few conferences that puts an explicit focus on cyberspace. So my suggestion is, where could we start? We could start on the things that we agree with. We don’t want cybercrime. There’s no argument in favor of cybercrime. We don’t want child sexual abuse material on the internet. There’s no counterargument for that. So let’s start where we can agree in this shared space. And then let’s work back.

Will Ripley:
Let’s take a question. We’ve got a few minutes. Questions, anybody? For the good professor. We have… I don’t know whether we have microphones. But if you stand, sir, and show us… No speeches. Just questions, please.

Audience:
It’s good to see you, Margaret. I often see you on YouTube. So it’s really good to see you face to face. I have a question regarding, as you say, the real world and the cyberspace is connected to each other. It impacts the real world and the cyberspace. So my question is that, how can we understand the factors that influence the behavior of those who are exposed to violent video games? Right. So just give us the… How can we… How can you… You know, we can understand and do something that, you know, impact the behavior.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Well, that’s the joy of the discipline of cyber psychology is cyber psychology can help to navigate our behavior in cyberspace, provide insights, provide explanatory value, and provide direction.

Will Ripley:
Give me an example of where you’ve actually found that to be the case. You’ve either said to a gaming company or to somebody, you’ve actually said, my research says, do this or don’t do this.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
At a policy level, for example, I worked closely with the government on the Online Safety Act. And that would be a really good example of everybody coming together and for the first time creating this spectrum of harm, cyber bullying, harassment, extortion, mis- and disinformation, very important. And then lots of debate and lots of processes to create legislation to address.

Will Ripley:
And then when you talk about misinformation and disinformation, you’re talking in many cases about state actors when it takes on a whole different area of complexity.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Absolutely. But we’re collectively subjected to it.

Will Ripley:
Right.

Prof. Mary Aiken:
So you have state actors, but this is mediated by the social media companies who decide to…

Will Ripley:
Is that fair on the social media companies who find themselves in the position of not only being the providers, but having to be the policemen and the traffic cop?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Those who profit in this space should be accountable in this space. And the thing about the UK legislation, it’s going to force a duty of care on the social media companies and force compliance and will fine them. And more importantly than fines, because they can afford to pay the fines, they will look at prosecuting senior executives who fail to comply.

Will Ripley:
I’ve got a question, but I want to see if anybody else has a question because this is fascinating. Anybody out there? In which case, I will… Oh, yes, ma’am. You’re going to have to shout. Yes. Yeah. Thank you for your… Sorry, I can’t speak up. Hello? Can you hear me? Yes, we can. Yeah. Okay.

Audience:
Thanks for your significant contribution in this very important aspect. Actually, from the exposure you have working with global organisations, and we know that all these laws and regulations coming for AI, to regulate AI, regulate also the digital markets, social media markets, the digital economy, the digital economy, the digital markets, social media, like DMA and AI laws. Is there any initiative being worked regarding globalising the whole thing, like creating something that will be an alliance or something?

Will Ripley:
Right. Excellent question. Is there any come together in all of this? Exactly. Is there any globalised move to this that’s actually doing any good besides just inviting people to make presentations?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
Do you mean specific to this forum in general?

Will Ripley:
No, no, no. I mean in the world. What are you seeing by way of collaborative effort at the global level that impresses you?

Prof. Mary Aiken:
At the global level, I’m seeing a real interest in online safety. So here, this is a cybersecurity conference. So I’ll just explain. Cybersecurity protects your data, your systems, your networks, and your devices. Cybersecurity does not protect what it is to be human online, as an employee, as an operator, or as a user. I’m seeing this growing movement in terms of online safety technologies, or what we call safety tech. These sectors are growing worldwide. We have one in the UK. We have the beginning of it in Europe. We have one in the US. And my belief is that this new sector is attracting investment and provides technology solutions to technology-facilitated harmful and criminal behavior. These behaviors have the characteristics of big data, volume, velocity, variety. And therefore, we need machine solutions.

Will Ripley:
Right. But as we come to the end, you must be very popular in some circles and deeply unpopular in others because of the work that you do. Those who are wanting a better internet, those who are wanting a safer environment must love you. Those either nefarious or these supposed freedom lovers that isn’t true freedom must be very much against you. Yeah.

Audience:
But I’m a scientist, and I’m well able to take care of myself. And you know, I get trolled online. If I speak in something like this, I get trolled. And do you know what I say? I’m a cyber behavioral scientist. When you troll me, you give me data and lots of it. So keep coming.

Will Ripley:
Ladies and gentlemen, she’s inviting you to troll her. Professor, that was fascinating. Thank you. Really fascinating. Thank you very much. Okay. Thank you.

Speakers

Audience

Speech speed

174 words per minute

Speech length

263 words

Speech time

91 secs

Arguments

Understanding the factors that affect behavior of those exposed to violent video games

Supporting facts:

The discussant often engages with the professor’s material on YouTube

The discussant recognizes the interconnection of the real world and cyberspace

Topics: violent video games, behavior change, cyberspace

There are ongoing initiatives to globalize regulation of AI, the digital economy, and social media markets

Topics: AI, Regulation, Globalization, Digital Economy, Social Media

The speaker is a scientist who is working towards a safer internet

Supporting facts:

Speaker mentions getting trolled online

Topics: Internet safety, Data privacy, Online trolling

The speaker uses data from online trolls for their research

Supporting facts:

Mentioned that trolling provides lots of data

Topics: Online trolling, Data analysis, Cyber behavioral science

Report

The speaker mentions engaging with the professor’s material on YouTube and recognizing the interconnectedness of the real world and cyberspace. The main argument is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how violent video games impact behavior. The analysis also discusses the global regulation of AI, the digital economy, and social media markets.

Ongoing initiatives to globalize regulation are mentioned, indicating a neutral sentiment. However, another speaker takes a positive stance, emphasizing the importance and benefits of globalizing regulation in these areas. Unfortunately, there are no supporting facts provided for this argument. Nonetheless, the main point is to advocate for globalized regulation to ensure fair and effective governance in AI, the digital economy, and social media.

However, some arguments lack specific supporting evidence, limiting the depth of analysis in certain areas.

Prof. Mary Aiken

Speech speed

163 words per minute

Speech length

2869 words

Speech time

1057 secs

Arguments

Prof. Mary Aiken sees cyber psychology as the future

Supporting facts:

Prof. Aiken came across the internet and technology back in the 90s

In response to this, she re-qualified and earned a Masters of Science in Cyber Psychology and a PhD in Forensic Cyber Psychology

Topics: Cyber Psychology, Internet, Chatbot

Cyber psychology is the study of the impact of technology on human behaviour

Supporting facts:

The theme of the conference is cyberspace

When you go on your phone or online, you are entering a powerful psychological environment

Topics: Cyber psychology, Technology, Human Behaviour

Online activities can create a time loss effect

Supporting facts:

You may intend to check your emails for five minutes before a taxi comes but half an hour may pass unknowingly

Topics: Cyber psychology, Online Behaviours, Time Management

Behaviours like online disinhibition can occur on the internet

Topics: Online Disinhibition, Cyber psychology

The potential for anonymity online is possible, unlike in the real world

Topics: Online Anonymity, Cyber psychology

People’s behaviour changes the moment they enter online platforms and start engaging with them.

Supporting facts:

People begin to conceptualize themselves in an environment where they aim for likes and comments.

The active use of platforms like TikTok, LinkedIn, Meta induces change.

Topics: online platforms, social media, behaviour change

Devices are designed to capture our attention

Supporting facts:

There is an attention economy that rewards systems for captivating user attention

Topics: Technology, Smartphones, Social Media

People behave differently online compared to the real world due to online disinhibition

Supporting facts:

Online disinhibition dictates that people will do things online that they would not do in the real world.

Your behavior changes and mutates online.

Topics: Online Behavior, Online Disinhibition

Anonymity online allows for more extreme behavioral changes

Supporting facts:

Anonymity is often confused with privacy. Anonymity is where you have no details, where you’re an unknown entity.

Anonymity is a superhuman power of invisibility, like a superhero.

Topics: Digital Anonymity, Online Behavior

Anonymity on the internet is not a human right but an invention.

Supporting facts:

Anonymity on the internet is a 20-year-old invention.

Topics: Internet Anonymity, Cyber Security, Data Privacy

The concept of anonymity on the internet needs to be questioned.

Topics: Internet Anonymity, Cyber Security, Data Privacy

It is possible to achieve absolute anonymity online

Supporting facts:

Using Tor, the Onion Router can provide absolute anonymity

Topics: Anonymity, Online Privacy, Tor, The Onion Router

It’s not risky for an adult to have a fake profile, but risky for kids

Supporting facts:

Children and young people creating fake profiles removes a sense of responsibility and can lead to trouble.

A study of 8,000 young people aged 16 to 19 showed majority had up to five different profiles on one platform.

Topics: Social Media, Children and Social Media, Online Security, Cyberbullying

Children are creating multiple online profiles and managing various personas in cyberspace, which can be exhausting and potentially harmful.

Supporting facts:

The Online Safety Act introduced in the UK seeks to protect children in cyber context and crack down on the multiplicity of fake profiles.

These online profiles can be used for harassment, hate speech, or extortion.

Topics: Online Safety, Child Protection, Cyber Harassment

Young individuals may not be fully aware of the consequences of their online actions

Supporting facts:

Young people are creating fake profiles, engaging in bullying or harassment, or worse, extorting from another person.

Young individuals who have grown up with the internet may manage multiple profiles better, but it doesn’t mean it’s good developmentally.

Topics: cyber crime, cyberbullying, online harassment, identity theft

There’s a significant correlation between covert online profiles and engagement in cybercrime

Supporting facts:

Recent EU study involved 8,000 young people

Almost 50% of the sample of 16 to 19-year-olds in Europe and the UK admitted to engaging in cybercrime

Topics: Cybercrime, Online behavior

Stealing digital content leads to a disregard for other people’s rights which in turn leads to more serious cyber crimes

Supporting facts:

50% engage in digital piracy, while 1 in 8 admit to serious crimes like hacking, sextortion, and cyberfraud

Topics: Digital Piracy, Cybercrime

There is a misconstrued belief that digital piracy is a victimless crime

Supporting facts:

Perception exists that record and movie companies, banks can afford cybercrimes.

Topics: Digital Piracy, Cybercrime

Young people may unknowingly be suckered into cybercrimes such as money laundering due to ignorance or deception

Supporting facts:

In a study, 1 in 11 admitted to engaging in money mulling

Topics: Cybercrime, Money Laundering

Cyber criminals exploit young people for money laundering.

Supporting facts:

The criminals use young people’s bank account to do a couple of test runs

They then put a large amount of money through

The individual is left to face the legal consequences

Topics: cybercrime, money laundering

There is a shift in societal norms and values, particularly with digital piracy

Supporting facts:

Young people admitted to be more likely to steal digitally, such as music files, than physically stealing from a store

Topics: Digital Piracy, Cyberspace, Moral Standards

Prof. Mary Aiken believes people should not have the right to be anonymous online for the sake of collective security.

Supporting facts:

She gives the analogy of how one cannot be anonymous while travelling for security reasons.

Topics: online anonymity, cybersecurity

We need to question the fundamentals of the internet

Supporting facts:

If cybercrime was a country, it would have the third largest GDP in the world

Negative, toxic, hateful behavior online is getting out of control

Topics: Online Identity, Internet, Online Behavior, Cybercrime

Adopting each new emerging technology blindly can be harmful

Supporting facts:

Bitcoin, despite its promise of anonymity, is the go-to currency for criminals

Topics: Technology Adoption, Bitcoins, AI, Harmful effects of technology, HGPT

AI development can’t be reversed

Topics: AI, Regulation

AI needs oversight and balance

Topics: AI, Oversight

We should come up with rules and regulations for cyberspace, similar to our shared spaces like the oceans, air travel, and outer space

Supporting facts:

We have other shared spaces where we’ve created rules and regulations for good practice, such as the oceans, air travel, and outer space

Topics: Cyberspace, Regulation, Cybercrime

We could start regulations on things that we agree with

Supporting facts:

There’s no argument in favor of cybercrime and child sexual abuse material on the internet

Topics: Cybercrime, Internet Safety

Cyber psychology can help understand behavior in cyberspace.

Topics: Cyber Psychology, Behavior in Cyberspace

Prof. Mary Aiken participated in drafting the Online Safety Act

Supporting facts:

Mary Aiken worked closely with the government on the Online Safety Act

Topics: Online Safety Act, Cybersecurity, Government

Those who profit in this space should be accountable in this space.

Supporting facts:

UK legislation will enforce a duty of care on social media companies

Companies can be fined and senior executives can be prosecuted for non-compliance

Topics: Social Media, Legislation

There is a rising global interest in online safety and safety tech including cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

Cybersecurity protects data, systems, networks, and devices.

Online safety technologies are growing worldwide.

This sector is attracting investment.

This new sector provides technology solutions to harmful and criminal behavior online.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Safety tech, Online safety

Report

This highlights the challenges faced in introducing a relatively new field of study to the academic community. The study of cyber psychology delves into various aspects of online behavior. One such aspect is the time loss effect, where engaging in online activities can result in an unintended loss of time.

For example, checking emails for a few minutes can quickly turn into hours spent online. This phenomenon raises concerns about productivity and time management in the digital age. Another significant area of study within cyber psychology is the concept of online disinhibition, which refers to the tendency for individuals to exhibit different behaviors online compared to in-person interactions.

The perceived anonymity and sense of detachment in online environments can lead to a loss of inhibitions, allowing people to engage in actions they may not typically do in the offline world. Related to online disinhibition is the issue of online anonymity.

Unlike in the real world, the internet allows individuals to remain anonymous, which can lead to more extreme behavioral changes. While some argue that online anonymity offers freedom of expression, others note the potential for negative consequences such as cybercrime and cyberbullying.

Professor Aiken strongly believes in the significant influence of online platforms on individual behavior, emphasizing the need to understand and manage this impact. Attention retention in the online world is another crucial aspect discussed in the analysis. Devices and online platforms are designed to capture users’ attention, creating an attention economy that rewards systems for captivating users for longer durations.

This has implications for mental health and well-being, as individuals may become addicted to online engagement and struggle to disconnect from the digital world. The analysis also highlights the socio-political aspects of cyberspace, focusing on the need for regulations and responsible behavior.

Anonymity on the internet is questioned, with some arguing that it should not be considered a fundamental right but rather a privilege that comes with responsibility. The potential for harm in cyberspace, including cybercrimes like cyberbullying, harassment, and money laundering, prompts discussions on how to protect vulnerable individuals, particularly children, and establish regulations to hold social media companies accountable for the content on their platforms.

However, it is clear that further research, regulations, and education are needed to address the complexities and challenges posed by cyberspace.

Will Ripley

Speech speed

165 words per minute

Speech length

1562 words

Speech time

567 secs

Arguments

Will Ripley is to participate in a discussion on cyber psychology

Supporting facts:

Hosting discussion at Capital Technology University

Has done many discussions but never one on cyber psychology

Topics: Will Ripley, Discussion, Cyber Psychology

Cyber psychology used to be considered as a non-credible field

Supporting facts:

Cyber Psychology was known as cyber hocus-pocus

Topics: Cyber Psychology, Perception

Will Ripley is interested in understanding what makes cyber psychology different and how people’s interaction with digital equipment effects it.

Supporting facts:

Prof. Mary Aiken has done extensive study in cyber psychology, including criminal, deviant and abnormal behaviour online.

Topics: Cyber psychology, Digital technology

Excessive phone use is harmful and addictive due to the dopamine effect.

Supporting facts:

Smartphones are designed to capture us for the dopamine effect

Will Ripley himself spends about six to eight hours on phone

Topics: Phone Addiction, Dopamine Effect, Digital Health

Will Ripley questions the practicality of achieving absolute online anonymity

Supporting facts:

Ripley argues that a fake profile could be traced back to the user’s IP address

He also brings up the use of VPNs in the context of online anonymity

Topics: online anonymity, cybersecurity, internet, IP address, VPN, fake profile

People create fake online identities to maintain anonymity

Supporting facts:

People create fake Gmail or other accounts

Topics: Online Anonymity, Internet Privacy

Younger generation may be better at managing multiple online identities

Supporting facts:

Younger generation is brought up with technology and online platforms

They might not find it difficult to cope with multiple profiles

Topics: Online Safety, Social Media

The definition of cybercrime can be broad

Supporting facts:

Will Ripley admitted to having engaged in ‘some form of cybercrime’, implying he believes the definition can include minor actions

Topics: Cybercrime, Legal definition

Downloading or sharing music or video without paying for it is equivalent to committing a crime

Supporting facts:

Will Ripley points out that many people unknowingly commit this crime by downloading and sharing multimedia content without payment

Topics: Digital piracy, Copyright infringement

This is a shift in norms and values in the digital world

Supporting facts:

Young people are unwittingly involved in money laundering

Cyber criminals use digital piracy as gateway

Topics: Cyber Crime, Digital Piracy, Money Laundering

The middle ground online, where concepts such as freedom of speech and anonymity reside, needs to be carefully considered

Supporting facts:

The grey area between clearly wrong and clearly right actions online is where many disagreements arise

People’s right to be anonymous and exercise freedom of speech online is an important aspect of the debate

Topics: online behavior, freedom of speech, anonymity

UK is considering the potential risks of AI

Supporting facts:

UK has an AI summit

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, AI Risks

Regulation and oversight is necessary for Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Supporting facts:

The same way as we have in the real world

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Regulation

Social media companies are burdened with the task of monitoring and regulating content

Supporting facts:

Social media companies are not only providers but are also expected to act like policemen and traffic cop.

Topics: Social Media, Content Regulation

Importance and growth of online safety technologies or safety tech

Supporting facts:

Cybersecurity protects data, systems, networks, and devices but not human online. Safety tech aims to solve this problem.

Safety tech sectors are growing worldwide, with developments seen in the UK, Europe, and the US.

Topics: online safety, cybersecurity, technology-facilitated harmful and criminal behavior, investment in safety tech

The need for machine solutions to tackle big data phenomena

Supporting facts:

Harmful and criminal behaviors online have characteristics of big data such as volume, velocity, and variety, hence the need for machine solutions.

Topics: big data, machine solutions, online safety

Report

To mitigate these issues, Ripley advocates for reducing screen time as a means to improve both mental and physical health. Another significant aspect of the discussion revolves around the concept of online anonymity. Ripley questions the practicality of achieving absolute online anonymity as he argues that a fake profile could ultimately be traced back to the user’s IP address.

He also highlights the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) in the context of online anonymity, further emphasizing the challenges in maintaining complete anonymity in the digital realm. Furthermore, Ripley acknowledges the broad definition of cybercrime. He believes that minor actions could potentially fall under this definition, and he questions the subjective nature of the term.

This perspective highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding and approach to defining and addressing cybercrime. Digital piracy and its impact on societal norms and values are also discussed by Ripley. He points out that many individuals unknowingly commit digital piracy by downloading and sharing multimedia content without proper payment.

This prevalent behavior is seen as a significant concern that needs to be adequately addressed. Ripley also brings attention to the middle ground in online behavior, where concepts such as freedom of speech and anonymity reside. He argues that this gray area needs careful consideration as it is often the source of disagreements and controversies.

Finding the balance between allowing freedom of expression and regulating harmful content is a complex challenge in the digital age. Artificial intelligence (AI) is another topic of interest in the discussion. Ripley suggests that the potential risks associated with AI are being considered, as evidenced by the UK hosting an AI summit.

However, he also notes the difficulty in achieving consensus on global regulation due to geopolitical tensions and conflicting national interests. The burden of monitoring and regulating online content is placed on social media companies, which Ripley questions the fairness of.

He argues that these companies are not only expected to act as providers of platforms but also as virtual policemen and traffic cops. The responsibility placed on these companies raises concerns about the regulation of online content and the potential for censorship.

Ripley points out the growing sectors of safety tech in the UK, Europe, and the US, highlighting the increasing recognition of the significance of protecting individuals online. In conclusion, the discussion involving Will Ripley highlights various pressing issues related to cyber psychology, excessive phone use, online anonymity, cybercrime, digital piracy, online behavior, AI risks, social media content regulation, and the importance of online safety technologies.

Ripley’s insights shed light on the complexities involved in navigating the digital landscape and the need for a balanced and well-regulated approach to ensure a safer and more ethical online environment.

Emerging Shadows: Unmasking Cyber Threats of Generative AI

Knowledge Graph of Debate
Session report
Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Richard Watson

AI development has rapidly advanced, leading to a faster and more accessible IT landscape. This development has made IT more accessible to individuals and organizations alike. However, this rapid progress has also raised concerns regarding the associated threats that come with AI technology.

One of the primary concerns is the potential for AI to enhance the authenticity of malware and enable the creation of deepfakes. Malicious actors can leverage AI-powered techniques to create sophisticated and realistic cyber threats, which can pose significant risks to individuals and businesses. Deepfakes, in particular, have the potential to undermine trust and integrity by manipulating and fabricating audio and video content.

Businesses are increasingly incorporating AI into their operations, but many struggle to effectively govern and monitor its use. This poses a challenge, as the gap between the utilization of AI and the capabilities of IT and cybersecurity to manage it can result in vulnerabilities and risks. Data poisoning is a specific concern, as it can have adverse effects on critical business processes by deliberately targeting and manipulating datasets used in AI models.

The governance and risk management frameworks need to be updated to effectively handle the complexities of AI in business settings. Organizations must address the unique challenges posed by AI in terms of privacy, accountability, and ethics. Furthermore, the integrity of the data used to train AI models is crucial. AI models are only as good as the data they are trained on, and any biases or errors in the data can produce flawed and unreliable results.

Establishing trust in AI models is also vital. Many individuals have concerns about the use of AI and are hesitant to trust companies that heavily rely on this technology. The ability to explain AI decisions, protect data privacy, and mitigate bias are essential to building this trust.

Furthermore, there are concerns about surrendering control to AI technology due to its immense knowledge and fast assimilation of new information. People worry about the potential misuse of AI in areas such as warfare and crime. Policy measures, such as President Biden’s executive order, have been introduced to address these risks and manage the responsible use of AI.

The field of AI and cybersecurity faces a significant talent gap. The demand for skilled professionals in these areas far exceeds the available supply. This talent gap presents a challenge in effectively addressing the complex cybersecurity threats posed by AI.

To tackle these challenges, organizations should create clear strategies and collaborate globally. Learning from global forums and collaborations can help shape effective strategies to address the risks and enhance cybersecurity practices. Organizations must take proactive steps and not wait for perfect conditions or complete knowledge to act. Waiting can result in missed opportunities to protect against the risks associated with AI.

Integration of AI is necessary to combat the increasing volume of phishing attacks. Phishing attacks have seen a substantial increase, and AI can play a crucial role in detecting and preventing these attacks. However, operating models must be transformed to ensure effective integration of AI, ending with human involvement for a thorough and closed-loop activity.

AI and generative AI have the potential to frustrate criminals and increase the cost of their activities. By utilizing AI technology, criminal activities can become more challenging and costly to execute. For example, applying AI and generative AI can disrupt the metrics and cost-effectiveness of certain criminal operations, such as call centre scams.

In conclusion, while AI development has brought significant advancements and accessibility to IT, there are numerous challenges and risks associated with its use. These challenges include the authenticity of cyber threats, governance and monitoring issues, data integrity, trust-building, talent gaps, control concerns, and the potential misuse of AI. Organizations must address these challenges, develop effective strategies, collaborate globally, and integrate AI into their operations to ensure cybersecurity and responsible use of AI technology.

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim

The analysis highlights the escalating threat of cyber attacks and the challenges faced by cybersecurity defenses. This is supported by the fact that 94% of companies have experienced a cyber attack, and experts predict an exponential growth in the rate of cyber attacks by 2023. Cybercrimes are adopting Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models and leveraging automation technology to scale their attacks. The availability of Malware as a Service in the cybercrime economy further strengthens their ability to carry out attacks at a larger volume and faster pace.

Generative AI is identified as a potential contributor to the intensification of the cyber attack situation. It is suggested that Generative AI could be used to create self-adaptive malwares and assemble knowledge useful for physical attacks. This raises concerns about the future impact of Generative AI on cybersecurity.

There are differing stances on the regulation of Generative AI. Some argue for limitations on its use, citing the belief that the rise of cyber attacks is due to the use of Generative AI. On the other hand, there are proponents of utilizing Generative AI for defense and combating its nefarious uses. They believe that considering threat actors and designing based on the attack surface can help leverage Generative AI for defensive purposes.

Disinformation is identified as a significant issue associated with Generative AI. The ability of Generative AI to generate realistic fake content raises concerns about the spread of disinformation and its potential consequences.

On a positive note, Generative AI can be used to analyze and respond to security alerts. It is suggested that employing Generative AI in this way can help speed up defensive measures to match the increasing speed of cyber attacks. Furthermore, it is argued that limiting the use of AI technology in cybersecurity would be counterproductive. Instead, AI can play a crucial role in fully analyzing security alerts and addressing the two-speed race in cybersecurity.

The analysis also highlights the incorporation of AI elements in emerging technologies. It is predicted that upcoming technologies will incorporate AI components, indicating the widespread influence of AI. However, there are concerns that fundamental threats associated with AI will also be present in these emerging technologies.

Understanding how AI models operate is emphasized as an important aspect in the field. The ability to explain AI models is crucial for addressing concerns and building trust in AI technology.

Watermarking on AI output is proposed as a potential solution to distinguish real content from fake. It is suggested that both AI companies and authorities should establish watermarking systems to ensure the reliability and authenticity of AI-generated content.

In conclusion, the analysis reveals the growing threat of cyber attacks and the need for stronger cybersecurity defenses. The impact of Generative AI on this situation is a subject of concern, with its potential to intensify attacks and contribute to the spread of disinformation. The regulation and use of Generative AI are topics of debate, with arguments made for limitations as well as for leveraging it in defense and combating nefarious activities. The incorporation of AI elements in emerging technologies raises both opportunities and concerns, while the understanding of AI models and the need for explainable AI should not be overlooked. Finally, watermarking on AI output has the potential to differentiate real content from fake and enhance reliability.

Dr. Victoria Baines

Data poisoning and technology evolution have emerged as significant concerns in the field of cybersecurity. Data poisoning refers to the deliberate manipulation of training data to generate outputs that deviate from the intended results. This form of attack can be insidious, as it slowly corrupts the learning process of machine learning models. Furthermore, influence operations have been conducted to spread discord and misinformation.

The rapid evolution of technology, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI), has created new opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit. AI has led to the replacement of humans with non-human agents in various domains, causing disruptions and potential threats. People have found ways to make bots go bad, and large language models have been repurposed for writing malware. This highlights the need for vigilance in harnessing technological advancements, as they can be exploited for malicious purposes.

The emergence of AI has also resulted in an evolution of cyber threats. Malware implementation has seen new methods and techniques, such as gaming AI models. The ecosystem of cybercriminals may undergo changes due to AI advancements, necessitating proactive measures to counter these evolving threats.

However, not all is bleak in the world of cybersecurity. AI and automation can play a vital role in alleviating the scale and stress issues faced by human operators. The current volume of alerts and red flags in cybersecurity is overwhelming for human teams. A 2019 survey revealed that 70% of cybersecurity executives experience moderate to high stress levels. AI can assist in scaling responses and relieving human operators from burnout, enabling them to focus on tasks they are proficient in, such as threat hunting.

It is worth noting that public perception of AI is often shaped by dystopian depictions in popular culture. The portrayal of AI in science fiction and dystopian narratives tends to create a negative perception. Interestingly, people are more inclined to show positivity towards “chatbots” rather than “Artificial Intelligence”. This demonstrates the influence of popular culture in shaping public opinion and highlights the need for accurate and balanced representation of AI in media.

In conclusion, data poisoning and technology evolution present significant challenges in the field of cybersecurity. The deliberate manipulation of training data and the exploitation of rapid technological advancements pose threats to the integrity and security of systems. However, AI and automation offer promising solutions to address scalability and stress-related issues, allowing human operators to focus on their core competencies. Moreover, it is important to educate the public about AI beyond dystopian depictions to foster a more balanced understanding of its potential and limitations.

Alexandra Topalian

A panel discussion was recently held to examine the cyber threats and opportunities presented by generative AI in the context of cybersecurity. The panel consisted of Richard Watson, a Global Cyber Security Leader at EY, Professor Victoria Baines, an Independent Cyber Security Researcher, Kevin Brown, the Chief Operating Officer at NCC Group, PLC, and Dr. Yazid Al Abdelkarim, the Chief Scientist of Emerging Technologies at CITE. Throughout the discussion, the participants highlighted the potential risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically generative AI, in the cyber world.

One of the key points discussed during the panel was the emergence of new cyber threats arising from AI. Richard Watson, an EY consultant, stressed the importance of identifying these risks and provided examples of how generative AI can be employed to produce various types of content such as visuals, text, and audio. The panelists also acknowledged the potential danger of data poisoning in relation to generative AI.

Professor Baines echoed Watson’s concerns about data poisoning, emphasising its significance in her research. She also delved into the evolving nature of cyber crimes as new technologies, like generative AI, continue to advance. The panelists then proceeded to explore how cyber criminals can exploit generative AI to develop more sophisticated and elusive cyber threats. They highlighted the potential convergence of generative AI with social engineering tactics, such as phishing, and how this combination could amplify the effectiveness of manipulative attacks.

Dr. Yazid Al Abdelkarim shed light on the scale of cybersecurity attacks and the impact of generative AI. He stressed the need for regulation and shared insights on how SAIT advises organizations on staying ahead of cyber threats. The panelists discussed the challenges, including a talent gap, associated with implementing effective strategies for early detection and management of cyber threats. Kevin Brown shared real-life incidents to illustrate how organizations tackle these challenges.

The threat of deepfakes, where AI-generated content is used to manipulate or fabricate media, was another topic explored during the panel. The participants discussed strategies for addressing this type of threat, with a focus on early detection. They also touched on the ethical boundaries of retaliating against cyber attackers based on psychological profiling, highlighting the importance of complying with the law.

Regarding opportunities, the panelists agreed that generative AI offers benefits in the field of data protection and cybersecurity. Professor Baines emphasized the potential positive aspects of generative AI, highlighting opportunities for enhanced cybersecurity and protection of sensitive information.

In conclusion, the panelists acknowledged the lasting impact of generative AI on the landscape of emerging technologies and its growing influence on cybersecurity. They recognized the advantages and challenges brought about by generative AI in the field. The discussion underscored the need for effective regulations, risk management approaches, and cybersecurity strategies to address the evolving cyber threats posed by generative AI.

Kevin Brown

Generative AI, a powerful technology with various applications, is now being used for criminal activities, leading to concerns about its negative impacts on cybersecurity and criminal behavior. One key concern is that generative AI is lowering the barrier for criminals to exploit it. This means that criminals can easily leverage generative AI for illicit activities, making it more challenging for law enforcement agencies and organizations to prevent and mitigate cybercrime.

Another major concern is that criminals have an advantage over organizations when it comes to adopting new AI technologies. Criminals can quickly launch and utilize new AI technologies without having to consider the regulatory and legal aspects that organizations are bound by. This first-mover advantage allows criminals to stay one step ahead and exploit AI technologies for their nefarious activities.

The emergence of technologies like deepfakes has also brought in a new wave of potential cyber threats. Deepfakes, which are manipulated or fabricated videos or images, have become more accessible and can be utilized in harmful ways. This poses a significant risk to individuals and organizations, as deepfakes can be used for social engineering attacks and to manipulate public opinion or spread misinformation.

Moreover, the use of large language models in artificial intelligence has raised concerns about data poisoning. Large language models can be manipulated and poisoned, leading to a range of malicious motivations. This poses a threat to the integrity and reliability of AI systems, as attackers can exploit vulnerabilities in the data used to train these models.

Additionally, generative AI has the potential to amplify the effectiveness of phishing and manipulative attacks. By using generative AI, criminals can increase the volume and quality of phishing attempts. This allows them to create phishing messages that are highly professional, relevant, and tailored to the targeted individual or business. As a result, generative AI professionalizes phishing, making it more difficult for individuals and organizations to detect and protect themselves against such attacks.

In conclusion, the increased use of generative AI for criminal activities has raised significant concerns about cybersecurity and criminal behavior. The technology has lowered the barrier for criminals to exploit it, giving them an advantage over organizations in adopting new AI technologies. Furthermore, the accessibility of technologies like deepfakes and the potential for data poisoning in large language models have added to the complexity of the cybersecurity landscape. Additionally, generative AI has the potential to amplify the effectiveness of phishing and manipulative attacks, making it harder to detect and defend against such cyber threats. It is crucial for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and organizations to address these concerns and develop strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of generative AI on cybersecurity.

Session transcript

Alexandra Topalian:
Cyber Threats of Generative AI Richard Watson, Global Cyber Security Leader, EY Yazid Al Abdelkarim, Chief Scientist, Emerging Technologies, CITE Professor Victoria Baines, Independent Cyber Security Researcher Kevin Brown, Chief Operating Officer, NCC Group, PLC Alexandra Topalian, Moderator, International Moderator Good afternoon everyone and welcome to this panel discussion. It is a very hot topic. It is Unmasking Cyber Threats of Generative AI. As we launch into a new era of technology, producing different types of content, generative AI is visual, it is text, it is audio. And so we are here today to discuss the threats, but also the opportunities of generative AI on cyber security. So Richard, let’s start with you since you are the closest to me. As you assist your EY clients in identifying the cyber risks that they face, what are some of the new cyber threats that are created by artificial intelligence?

Richard Watson:
Thanks Alex. AI is moving so quickly. It’s rapid development and it’s kind of democratized IT to some extent. And so a lot has been made around the threats that are things around the velocity of AI, and particularly when the technology gets into the hands of adversaries, how authentic malware can become and deep fakes and so on. But one of the risks we’ve really been focused on at EY is just how quickly it moves from an organizational perspective. We’ve long known about this phenomenon of shadow IT. Well, AI almost puts shadow IT on steroids. And so what we’re actually seeing is the business is using AI every day, but the organization is struggling to keep up with how to monitor that. You’re getting a gap between business use of AI and how IT and cyber security can manage and monitor that. And as a result, you get all sorts of threats around things like data poisoning, around the hijacking of AI, and obviously the privacy risks and so on that create. But really the challenge for organizations is how do you update your governance and your risk management to deal with the business’s use of AI and some of the risks that creates for the organization.

Alexandra Topalian:
And what are some of these risks, if you can give like some more detailed examples?

Richard Watson:
Yeah, well, I mean, so data poisoning being the first one. Obviously, AI models are only as good as the data used to train them. And increasingly as business processes around things like next best action in a call center or how to respond in the case of cyber security defense to certain threats. If prompts are deliberately targeted to kind of poison the data, it can create adverse business reactions. So, you know, cyber security is about confidentiality, integrity, availability of data. You know, really this issue is around managing the integrity of data and then the consequential actions on business processes, which increasingly we’re going to become reliant on as organizations automate their business processes with AI.

Alexandra Topalian:
Professor Baines, I saw you nodding. Do you also feel in your research, have you noticed that data is being poisoned?

Dr. Victoria Baines:
It’s certainly something that we are alerted to. I mean, data poisoning can be quite a slow burn attack in the sense of if you’re seeding skewed data, it might take a bit of time to come out in adverse outcomes. But if we think about influence operations over the last few years, some of those have been targeted, say by nation states or state sponsored groups, not necessarily to get an immediate outcome to vote for a particular candidate or political party, but to sow discord in a community. So that general sense of there being an adverse outcome for a particular group in society that has almost an indirect effect, just kind of disruption as much as anything. I mean, for me, artificial intelligence and the threats attached to generative AI, it’s also about just thinking in terms of what happens when we replace humans with non-human agents in a business. And there are a number of constants, I would say, when I do my futures work, and it’s based on a certain amount of time in law enforcement surrounded by badness. That is that over thousands of years, we know that there will always be people who want to harm other people and other people’s assets. And we know that technology is evolving at such an incredibly rapid rate. So those people will make use of the technology available to them. So yes, we’ve seen people trying to make bots go bad. And we’ve seen large language models like ChatGPT implementing safeguards so that you can’t write malware with ChatGPT, for instance. But interestingly, what we’ve seen spring out of that is people gaming that, repurposing large language models, selling them on the dark web, on kind of dark forums, precisely so that you can write malware. So I think it’s worth kind of broadening out and thinking, rather than it just being how this will affect my business right now, how it will change the cyber criminal ecosystem as well.

Alexandra Topalian:
And as new technologies emerge, do you find that the nature of the crimes is changing in your research?

Dr. Victoria Baines:
Yeah, I mean, this is what makes my job so exciting. It changes daily, hourly, particularly with advances in large language models. I think they have outstripped our expectations, haven’t they? Generally speaking, it’s always my default to say, well, most of the time it’s just old wine in new bottles. It’s just a different kind of attack vector for the cyber crime that we’ve already seen. But I do think data poisoning there is the exception. It’s a new kind of threat to skew that training data so that it produces something other than we’re intending in our use. That’s a new one for me.

Alexandra Topalian:
Right. Thank you. Mr. Brown, what are some of the ways in which generative AI can be exploited by cyber criminals to develop more sophisticated and evasive cyber threats? First of all, good afternoon, everybody. I think some of the bits have been pulled out already.

Kevin Brown:
What generative AI has introduced is a far low barrier of entry into criminal activity. Before, perhaps, you had to have the technical background, the tooling, and the motivation. And now we’re seeing generative AI being used for a far wider range. So whilst we talk about sophistication, I think it’s the ease of access that I’m certainly starting to see more about. I think we also talk about what’s emerging, what is hidden. It’s something that is directly in front of all of us, and that’s a first-mover advantage. Now, in a commercial world, if you’re looking to launch a new product, you’re always trying to get the edge of your competitor. And that’s no different where criminals, they don’t have the risk profile that organizations have. They don’t have to be looking at the explainability of the artificial intelligence. They don’t have to be looking at the legalities, the regulatory. It’s a case of we’ve developed something, let’s launch it. So unfortunately, from sitting on the good side of the fence, we’re always going to be slightly behind the curve from that perspective. Some of the other areas just to highlight, and perhaps we can go back to this. Obviously, social engineering is one that comes to the forefront, as well as the professionalization of deepfakes. We’ve talked about deepfakes for many years, but again, it’s now become far more accessible. And then clearly, we’re into the LLMs, the large language models, and how that can be manipulated, poisoned. And we’ve got used to and accustomed to being a financial motivation. In fact, what we’re seeing through data poisoning is there’s a far wider range of motivations. Some of them may be short-term, but given the amount of elections and political change that’s going on around the world, there’s certainly going to be some slow-burn ones that are already happening.

Alexandra Topalian:
And the potential convergence of generative AI with social engineering tactics, how is this fusion, how could it amplify the effectiveness of phishing and other manipulative attacks?

Kevin Brown:
First of all, I think it’s a massive impact. Certainly through our threat intelligence team at NCC Group, we’ve seen over 1,000% increase already. And I have to say it with a bit of a smile on my face, because all of the phishing training, the phishing awareness programs that we’ve rolled out to all of our colleagues is we’re teaching them to spot the obvious. And with previous phishing attempts, you would look for spelling mistakes, you’d look for grammatic errors. Well, actually, what generative AI has done is just professionalize that. So not only have you now got this increased throughput and volume, all of the training that we’ve educated our colleagues on is almost, you’re putting that to one side because you’re now confronted by emails which have got a lot more relevance, a lot more professionalism. And with generative AI as well, it’s enabling a lot more targeting of spear phishing so that you can really start to add context to the phishing emails. You can talk about the industry. You can really give relevance to the business without too much work. So I think it’s a real game changer for certainly what we’ve seen.

Alexandra Topalian:
Thank you, Mr. Brown. Dr. Yazid, welcome. What is the impact of generative AI related to the scale of cybersecurity attacks?

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim:
So, assalamu alaikum. Good afternoon, everybody. So to understand the scale of generative AI, first we have to consider the current state. So if we look at the current state in 2023, basically adversaries are accelerating and defenders are not able to keep up. It’s basically a two-speed race. So to add to that, basically a research study shows that 94% of companies have experienced a cyber attack in one way or the other. So what’s happening is that just as technology transferring to SaaS, for example, software as a service offering, the cyber crime world is doing the same. So SaaS is becoming in the cyber crime economy as well. And for example, we could see a malware as a service offered in the cyber crime. And to add to this, the automation of the technology is making the threat actors able to accelerate the speed and the volume of attacks and the back as well. With generative AI, it’s expected that the situation will be more difficult because now the attackers will be able to have more means to automate and to generate more intelligent attacks. For example, you could have an adversary creating a self-adaptive malware. And that malware will be able to circumvent and to be undetected by the detection systems. As well as another threat of the generative AI is the assembly of knowledge. So basically with generative AI, you could assemble knowledge that can be utilized for physical attacks. Instead of usually when we have physical attacks, it’s limited to state violent actors. But now even non-state violent actors will be able to acquire that knowledge to launch a similar attack. And if we consider these risks as well, the surveys show that about 85% of security officers believe that the rise of cyber security attacks that we have seen in 2023 is because of the use of generative AI.

Alexandra Topalian:
Thank you, doctor. And as an advisor for SAIT, what can we do in regards to the regulations that are being implemented?

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim:
Yeah, regulations are basically a controversial topic because many believe that it’s challenging to enforce the constraints. And it’s basically wishful thinking. But if we see the initiatives, there is the initiatives by the UN nation. It’s forming a high-level advisory body for AI. Similarly, we have seen the recent U.S. executive order about the safe and secure and trustworthy use and development of AI. But when you consider regulations, there are basically two approaches. One approach is to have regulations to limit the use of generative AI to prevent it to get in the hands of bad actors. However, this approach will end up basically hurting the openness of the technology as well as preventing it for the good users. So I believe the best way to combat generative AI threats is basically by using it for defense and to basically outperform adversaries. So if you do that, you’ll be aligning with the second objective of regulations. Instead of limiting the technology, we should utilize it and use it for defense. For example, and we should design it based on the attack surface. For example, if we consider one of the main issues of generative AI is disinformation. So we should realize that threat actor and then try to come up with defense mechanisms to basically mitigate the risks related to that as well.

Alexandra Topalian:
And how would you go about outperforming?

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim:
Basically, one example, if we see one of the main challenges related to cybersecurity is responding to alerts. A recent research study shows that only 48% of security alerts are investigated. So one way is to use generative AI to basically fully analyze these security alerts and to basically also not only analyzing and potentially responding to them. And that way you will be able to address the two-speed race that I mentioned. So as the adversary are speeding up, we should do the same. We should utilize that technology and not limit it. And then there are many use cases that can be addressed, as I mentioned, with the security alerts.

Alexandra Topalian:
Okay. Thank you, doctor. Well, generative AI is here to stay, correct? Richard, how would you best advise your… Your customers and how they should deal with their risk management approach. Yeah, I think

Richard Watson:
Dr. Yazeed used a key word there, which is trust and I think Establishing trust in AI models is going to be key I think the World Economic Forum has done some of the most recent studies in this space and they found that four out of ten Adults admitted that AI powered products Worry them and that 50% of come 50% of adults, you know Wouldn’t trust companies who use AI as much as they trust companies that don’t and so it’s really incumbent on Organizations to repeat that they would trust companies 50% of adults Would not trust companies who use AI as much as they trust companies who don’t don’t use AI In other words, there’s a huge amount of suspicion There’s a lot of trust AI so I mean one of the things we’ve done at UI to help combat this is The notion of a confidence index So we’ve got our data scientists and our cyber security professionals together to create essentially a framework and an algorithm For you know, how do you determine if a piece of AI is trustworthy or not? So it looks at things like explain ability data privacy Bias and so on so about seven or eight different variables to essentially give a trust score to a process that is using AI and In and if you look at some of the proposed regulation like the European Union AI Act, you know That seems to be the way that regulation is going to go as well It’s gonna be a risk based approach based on some profiling of AI That determines how much testing you need to do and how much disclosure you need to do so I think Providing some metric that Helps create this trust. I think will be really key for organizations and then secondly will need to update their Risk management processes because it’s a case of the business who’s using AI for business purposes Organizational Responsibility, you know audits and so on and then the operational functions that are actually using The AI and maintaining the models coming together to manage this. It’s a bit like the Issue we had where privacy data governance and cyber security, you know had to come together to to manage data You know, we’ve got that again, but with slightly different Stakeholders and axes to worry about

Alexandra Topalian:
and then with this issue of trust. There is also a very negative connotation .That’s come with artificial intelligence Why do you think that is?

Richard Watson:
Yeah, I mean, I think people are just staggered as as Victoria said around, you know, how quickly and how comprehensive You know this technology is it’s it’s become I mean AI is obviously been around for sort of 10-15 years But the generative AI aspect which sort of burst onto the stage in November when Microsoft Acquired open AI, I think it’s shocked people into just how Lucid this technology is and just how much it knows and how quickly it can assimilate new information and people just aren’t ready to surrender that level of control To technology and are worried about it And again, if you look at you know, President Biden’s executive order that came out on Monday You know pretty much the second bullet is about managing the risk of AI use for biological Warfare weapons creation, you know, so all of these big nasty problems are sort of Immediately associated with AI and I think that worries people

Alexandra Topalian:
or having a plane flown without a pilot. But professor Baines suggests that there can be Opportunities right when it comes to cybersecurity and data protection. Tell us a little bit about how you perceive that

Dr. Victoria Baines:
You know your both of your points about the rhetoric of this when you use that term AI Artificial intelligence we immediately think of popular culture. We immediately think of science fiction I’m you can count on one hand the positive blue sky Representations of AI and science fiction. It’s all very dystopian, isn’t it? And we’re kind of inculcated with that sense that it’s all gonna go horribly wrong But if you were to say to people, how do you feel about chatbots? They’d probably be a lot more positive and they’re interacting with them as if they’re dealing with a customer service agent Even though they know that might not be a person on the end of the chat message in terms of opportunities Actually, I’d quite like to pick up on you know What you were talking about in terms of the scale of the problem and about all of those alerts that go Unmanaged because I do a certain amount of research on Burnouts in cyber security and as we all know there aren’t enough people working in incident response There aren’t enough people working in security operations and in 2019 Nominate ran a survey of UK and u.s. C suites cyber security executives and 70% of them said they were suffering from moderate to high stress And I think you know We all recognize that you were talking about the the alerts that go unnoticed or the alerts that don’t get worked Where we are at the moment is with the scale of the red flags that we already have are Too much for incident response teams for security operations centers If what we’re saying is that the scale is going to increase exponentially We absolutely need an automated response a certain amount of automated defense and incident response Not just because it makes sense for the increasing scale But because that’s how we make best use of the humans that we have on our teams. It’s how we keep them from Quitting their jobs and going to work into something else It’s how we preserve their mental health and well-being and dare I say it as someone who has worked these cues in the past It’s how you you know, you give humans tasks that they are good at the threat hunting that sense of what doesn’t feel or smell quite right which so far Machine learning and AI is not particularly good at

Alexandra Topalian:
Hmm interesting, we definitely do have a talent gap there Kevin how would you best advise your organizations on the strategies that they could adopt to detect early detection and Management of cyber threats.

Richard Watson:
There’s a couple of things just to just to pick up on what Richard and Vicki have said as well The first thing is may seem the obvious but to do something I’ve met a number of clients that are almost in this state of paralysis where AI has been around for years Generative AI comes along and they don’t actually know what to do and I think if we look across the globe and I think this is why GCF as a forum is is is perfect for being able to have these open discussions because it just reinforces that people are not alone So my first bit of advice is actually to have a clear strategy. It can be a really basic strategy But it gives you a purpose as to how you’re going to approach the topic. It doesn’t have to be about sophistication coming back to His Excellency the Minister of Education yesterday who I thought was particularly refreshing I really like the point where he was talking about if we’re waiting for the All of the the boxes to be ticked on the clipboard. We’ve missed it We’ve got to go with a risk based approach and that’s where I think with Organizations and certainly how I advise them is to have a strategy based upon what you know but I think the one that is is most pressing as Vicki just mentioned is the skills gap AI the advances of AI has been amazing in the last few years Has it closed the gap two sessions ago on the stage? We were talking about a gap of five million that says to me. We’re not using it So it’s really about understanding the strategy Leveraging colleagues from across the globe forums such as this to help you form your strategy, but most importantly do something and

Alexandra Topalian:
How how do your clients deal with that skills gap? Are they give us some real-life examples?

Richard Watson:
It’s I take a great example fishing. Yes, so I’ve mentioned an increase of a thousand percent Comes back to perhaps what Richard mentioned as well as trust you speak to clients who are trying to run a sock The volume of phishing attacks has gone through the roof. They’ve got AI but but their operating model is still the same The the methodology that has been approached is to take the AI But ultimately it still raises a ticket and ends with a human. So as opposed to saying well What is the closed-loop activity? Where is it? Actually, I’m quite happy to take a little bit of risk fishing emails is one that should just be a closed-loop activity There doesn’t need to be a necessarily human in there. So I work with a lot of clients to transform operating models Because it’s around people process and technology and that has to be the starting point

Alexandra Topalian:
And I just want to pick up on a point you mentioned about the deep fakes What strategies do you recommend for those sort of threats?

Richard Watson:
Again, it naturally depends what industry what sector you’re in it comes back to then the basics of social engineering and recognizing that You’ve got to have additional controls in place It comes back to what I guess from a security industry perspective has been spoken around for years is to defense in depth So if you’ve got someone on to one of your call center agents, it can’t just be that’s the only line of defense in terms Of verification is it is it really mr. Brown on the other end of the phone? You’re gonna have to have other verification methods as well But but what I will say and and and and yes it as well had a great point is we we have to put AI And generative AI to match it because it’s gonna frustrate the criminals and the moment you start to frustrate the moment you slow down Actually, we’re now raising the barrier of entry We’re raising the risk profile and actually the cost for criminals to commit the crime Is now going through the roof and that’s the position that we need to get to so do you mean retaliation? No, not even retaliation it’s actually slowing down their process because criminals yes, they’re criminals, but they’ve still got investment cases They’ve got business cases. You look at some of the call center scams They’ve got metrics around how many calls they’ve got a they’ve got to make how many people do they aim to hook a day? And the moment you start to put AI and generative AI on the other end of that call You’ve just blown their metrics and their business case and all of a sudden the cost of being able to be involved in this criminal Activity that’s just Multiplied by X times.

Alexandra Topalian:
Okay, because we did have a cyber psychologist here yesterday. That was discussing the concept of fighting back and You know retaliating based on the profiling that you do Of the cyber attacker and that’s well, that’s something that you know there’s a fine line with breaking the rules and Breaking the law. All right Dr. Yazi’s my last question to you as we’re running out of time What would be the impact of generate AI on the spectrum of emerging technologies?

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim:
basically as you see all the Upcoming emerging technologies will have the IEI components on them So, what does that mean that all the fundamentals threats that are coming from AI will be present in these Emerging technologies so we have we have we need to have the urge to address them at least or at least evaluate the as I mentioned the attack surface of the Generative AI and try to address the fundamentally so that when the emerging ticks coming up when it’s Related to generate AI we at least have we don’t have a we are not starting from zero we have at least an edge there and for example, one of the initiatives that is coming up is that explain explainable AI and that’s very crucial because we need to one of ways of Addressing the concerns is exactly knowing how it or how the basically the model operates to explain the outcomes that are coming Unfortunately, we’re not there yet. So basically that’s why you are when you have a model you have these Hallucinations coming up because it’s a it’s kind it’s a basically a black box. So we that explainable AI should help to to hopefully address the These concerns as well and just to add one point of regarding the deep fix as as my colleague has mentioned We have seen that recently most of the AI dirty AI companies have voluntarily Proposed to put watermarking on their basically output So you’ll be able to know whether it’s coming from the model or not. I don’t believe this will be sufficient What’s I believe what’s more important as I and it’s back to the defense point that I mentioned that authorities should have their own watermarking and that will give the Ability to know exactly that is coming from a reliable source. Otherwise, it’s basically a misinformation or something that is basically deep fake

Alexandra Topalian:
Right. Well, thank you very much panelists for being with us today. It’s definitely something that’s not going to be going away anytime soon But I do see a lot of benefits to generative AI as well as the downfalls Ladies and gentlemen, please put your hands together For this emerging shadows panel and generative AI. Thank you

Speakers

Alexandra Topalian

Speech speed

151 words per minute

Speech length

702 words

Speech time

279 secs

Report

Yazid Al Abdelkarim, the Chief Scientist of Emerging Technologies at CITE. Throughout the discussion, the participants highlighted the potential risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically generative AI, in the cyber world. One of the key points discussed during the panel was the emergence of new cyber threats arising from AI.

Richard Watson, an EY consultant, stressed the importance of identifying these risks and provided examples of how generative AI can be employed to produce various types of content such as visuals, text, and audio. The panelists also acknowledged the potential danger of data poisoning in relation to generative AI.

They highlighted the potential convergence of generative AI with social engineering tactics, such as phishing, and how this combination could amplify the effectiveness of manipulative attacks. Dr. Yazid Al Abdelkarim shed light on the scale of cybersecurity attacks and the impact of generative AI.

He stressed the need for regulation and shared insights on how SAIT advises organizations on staying ahead of cyber threats. The panelists discussed the challenges, including a talent gap, associated with implementing effective strategies for early detection and management of cyber threats.

Kevin Brown shared real-life incidents to illustrate how organizations tackle these challenges. The threat of deepfakes, where AI-generated content is used to manipulate or fabricate media, was another topic explored during the panel. The participants discussed strategies for addressing this type of threat, with a focus on early detection.

They also touched on the ethical boundaries of retaliating against cyber attackers based on psychological profiling, highlighting the importance of complying with the law. Regarding opportunities, the panelists agreed that generative AI offers benefits in the field of data protection and cybersecurity.

Professor Baines emphasized the potential positive aspects of generative AI, highlighting opportunities for enhanced cybersecurity and protection of sensitive information. In conclusion, the panelists acknowledged the lasting impact of generative AI on the landscape of emerging technologies and its growing influence on cybersecurity.

They recognized the advantages and challenges brought about by generative AI in the field. The discussion underscored the need for effective regulations, risk management approaches, and cybersecurity strategies to address the evolving cyber threats posed by generative AI.

Dr. Victoria Baines

Speech speed

172 words per minute

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915 words

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319 secs

Arguments

Data poisoning is a significant concern

Supporting facts:

Data poisoning is a slow burn attack

Influence operations have been targeted to spread discord

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Data Security

Technology evolution is rapid and can be exploited for malicious intents

Supporting facts:

People have been making bots go bad.

Large language models have been repurposed for writing malware.

Topics: Technology Evolution, Cyber Security

The nature of crimes is changing with the emergence of new technologies

Supporting facts:

Dr. Victoria Baines’ job is changing daily, hourly with advances in new technologies.

Topics: Cyber Crime, Technology Advancement

Data poisoning is a new kind of cyber crime

Supporting facts:

Data poisoning is a new kind of threat where training data is skewed to produce a different output than intended.

Topics: Data poisoning, Large Language Models, Cyber Crime

AI and automation can alleviate the scale and stress issues in cyber security

Supporting facts:

Current alerts and red flags in cyber security are too much for human teams

A 2019 survey showed 70% of cyber security executives are suffering from moderate to high stress

AI can help scale responses and keep human operators from quitting due to burnout

AI can help free up humans for tasks they are adept at, such as threat hunting

Topics: artificial intelligence, cyber security, automation, incident response

Report

Furthermore, influence operations have been conducted to spread discord and misinformation. The rapid evolution of technology, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI), has created new opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit. AI has led to the replacement of humans with non-human agents in various domains, causing disruptions and potential threats.

People have found ways to make bots go bad, and large language models have been repurposed for writing malware. This highlights the need for vigilance in harnessing technological advancements, as they can be exploited for malicious purposes. The emergence of AI has also resulted in an evolution of cyber threats.

Malware implementation has seen new methods and techniques, such as gaming AI models. The ecosystem of cybercriminals may undergo changes due to AI advancements, necessitating proactive measures to counter these evolving threats. However, not all is bleak in the world of cybersecurity.

AI and automation can play a vital role in alleviating the scale and stress issues faced by human operators. The current volume of alerts and red flags in cybersecurity is overwhelming for human teams. A 2019 survey revealed that 70% of cybersecurity executives experience moderate to high stress levels.

AI can assist in scaling responses and relieving human operators from burnout, enabling them to focus on tasks they are proficient in, such as threat hunting. It is worth noting that public perception of AI is often shaped by dystopian depictions in popular culture.

The portrayal of AI in science fiction and dystopian narratives tends to create a negative perception. Interestingly, people are more inclined to show positivity towards “chatbots” rather than “Artificial Intelligence”. This demonstrates the influence of popular culture in shaping public opinion and highlights the need for accurate and balanced representation of AI in media.

Moreover, it is important to educate the public about AI beyond dystopian depictions to foster a more balanced understanding of its potential and limitations.

Dr. Yazeed Alabdulkarim

Speech speed

151 words per minute

Speech length

1053 words

Speech time

420 secs

Arguments

Cybersecurity threats are increasing and defenses are not keeping up

Supporting facts:

94% of companies have experienced a cyber attack

current state in 2023 shows an exponential growth in rate of cyber attacks

Topics: Cybersecurity, Defense, Generative AI

Cybercrimes are adopting SaaS models, scaling attacks with automation

Supporting facts:

Malware as a Service is offered in the cybercrime economy

Automation technology is accelerating the volume and speed of attacks

Topics: Cybercrime, SaaS, Automation

Generative AI might intensify the cyber attacks situation

Supporting facts:

Generative AI could potentially create self-adaptive malwares

Generative AI helps to assemble knowledge useful for physical attacks

Topics: Generative AI, Cyber attacks, Malware

Regulations on generative AI can either limit its use or be used as a defense mechanism.

Supporting facts:

The UN has formed an advisory body for AI

Recent U.S. executive order about safe and secure use of AI

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Regulations

One of the main issues with generative AI is disinformation.

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Disinformation

Use of generative AI to analyze and respond to security alerts

Supporting facts:

A research study shows that only 48% of security alerts are investigated

Adversaries are speeding up attacks so defensive measures must also speed up

Topics: Cybersecurity, Generative AI

Emerging technologies will have AI elements

Supporting facts:

All the upcoming emerging technologies will have the AI components

Topics: AI, Emerging Technologies

Fundamental threats from AI will be present in emerging technologies

Supporting facts:

All fundamental threats that come from AI will be present in new technological advancements

Topics: AI Threats, Emerging Technologies

The aim is to understand how the AI model operates

Supporting facts:

The initiative of explainable AI is coming up to know how the model operates

Topics: AI, Model Operations

AI should be explainable to counter concerns

Supporting facts:

Explainable AI should help address concerns

Topics: AI, Explainable AI

Watermarking on AI output can help distinguish real from fake

Supporting facts:

Most of the AI companies have voluntarily proposed to put watermarking on their output

Authorities should have their own watermarking that will ensure the source is reliable

Topics: AI, Watermarking, Deep fake

Report

Cybercrimes are adopting Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models and leveraging automation technology to scale their attacks. The availability of Malware as a Service in the cybercrime economy further strengthens their ability to carry out attacks at a larger volume and faster pace.

They believe that considering threat actors and designing based on the attack surface can help leverage Generative AI for defensive purposes. Disinformation is identified as a significant issue associated with Generative AI. The ability of Generative AI to generate realistic fake content raises concerns about the spread of disinformation and its potential consequences.

Furthermore, it is argued that limiting the use of AI technology in cybersecurity would be counterproductive. Instead, AI can play a crucial role in fully analyzing security alerts and addressing the two-speed race in cybersecurity. The analysis also highlights the incorporation of AI elements in emerging technologies.

It is predicted that upcoming technologies will incorporate AI components, indicating the widespread influence of AI. However, there are concerns that fundamental threats associated with AI will also be present in these emerging technologies. Understanding how AI models operate is emphasized as an important aspect in the field.

The ability to explain AI models is crucial for addressing concerns and building trust in AI technology. Watermarking on AI output is proposed as a potential solution to distinguish real content from fake. It is suggested that both AI companies and authorities should establish watermarking systems to ensure the reliability and authenticity of AI-generated content.

The regulation and use of Generative AI are topics of debate, with arguments made for limitations as well as for leveraging it in defense and combating nefarious activities. The incorporation of AI elements in emerging technologies raises both opportunities and concerns, while the understanding of AI models and the need for explainable AI should not be overlooked.

Finally, watermarking on AI output has the potential to differentiate real content from fake and enhance reliability.

Kevin Brown

Speech speed

188 words per minute

Speech length

555 words

Speech time

177 secs

Arguments

Generative AI lowers the barrier to criminal activity

Supporting facts:

Generative AI is now being used for a wider range of activities, including criminal activity, making it easier for criminals to exploit it

Topics: Generative AI, Cybercrime

Criminals have a first-mover advantage over organizations in using new AI technologies

Supporting facts:

Criminals can quickly launch and use new AI technologies without having to consider the regulatory and legal aspects

Topics: AI exploitation, Cybercrime

Social engineering and deepfakes have become more accessible and can be used in harmful ways

Supporting facts:

Technologies like deepfakes have become easier to manipulate, bringing in a new wave of potential cyber threats

Topics: Deepfakes, Social Engineering, Cyber Security

Large Language Models can be manipulated and poisoned

Supporting facts:

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence has led to issues like data poising, which can have a wide range of motivations

Topics: Large Language Models, Data poisoning

Generative AI has the potential to amplify the effectiveness of phishing and manipulative attacks

Supporting facts:

NCC Group has seen over a 1000% increase in phishing with the use of AI

Generative AI professionalizes phishing by improving the grammar and spelling of phishing attempts

Generative AI allows for more targeted spear phishing with relevant and professional content

Topics: Generative AI, Phishing, Social Engineering

Report

This means that criminals can easily leverage generative AI for illicit activities, making it more challenging for law enforcement agencies and organizations to prevent and mitigate cybercrime. Another major concern is that criminals have an advantage over organizations when it comes to adopting new AI technologies.

Criminals can quickly launch and utilize new AI technologies without having to consider the regulatory and legal aspects that organizations are bound by. This first-mover advantage allows criminals to stay one step ahead and exploit AI technologies for their nefarious activities.

As a result, generative AI professionalizes phishing, making it more difficult for individuals and organizations to detect and protect themselves against such attacks. In conclusion, the increased use of generative AI for criminal activities has raised significant concerns about cybersecurity and criminal behavior.

The technology has lowered the barrier for criminals to exploit it, giving them an advantage over organizations in adopting new AI technologies. Furthermore, the accessibility of technologies like deepfakes and the potential for data poisoning in large language models have added to the complexity of the cybersecurity landscape.

Additionally, generative AI has the potential to amplify the effectiveness of phishing and manipulative attacks, making it harder to detect and defend against such cyber threats. It is crucial for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and organizations to address these concerns and develop strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of generative AI on cybersecurity.

Richard Watson

Speech speed

188 words per minute

Speech length

1792 words

Speech time

573 secs

Arguments

AI development is fast and has democratized IT

Supporting facts:

AI is moving quickly

AI has made IT more accessible

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology

There are threats associated with the rapid development of AI

Supporting facts:

Malware can become more authentic with AI

Deepfakes are a potential threat

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity

Businesses are using AI daily, but struggle to govern and monitor its use

Supporting facts:

There is a gap between business use of AI and the ability of IT and cybersecurity to manage

This can lead to threats such as data poisoning and hijacking of AI

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Business, Risk Management

Updating governance and risk management to handle AI in business is a challenge

Supporting facts:

Organizations struggle to keep up with business’s use of AI

This gap creates risks including privacy risks

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Governance, Risk Management

AI models are only as good as the data used to train them.

Supporting facts:

Increasingly business processes like next best action in a call center or cyber security defense responses are based on these AI models.

Topics: AI, Data Quality

Data poisoning can create adverse business reactions.

Supporting facts:

If prompts are deliberately targeted to poison the data, it can have consequences on business processes.

Topics: Data poisoning, Business Impact

Cyber security focuses on confidentiality, integrity and availability of data.

Topics: Cyber security, Data Integrity

The integrity of data need to be managed, especially when corporations automate their business processes with AI.

Supporting facts:

AI models rely heavily on the integrity of the data used to train them.

Topics: AI, Data Integrity, Business Automation

Establishing trust in AI models is crucial

Supporting facts:

50% of adults wouldn’t trust companies who use AI as much as those who don’t

Four out of ten adults admitted that AI powered products worry them

Topics: AI, Trust, AI Models

UI developed a framework and an algorithm to determine if a piece of AI is trustworthy

Supporting facts:

It looks at things like explainability, data privacy, and bias

Topics: UI (Company), AI, Framework, Algorithm, Trust

Risk management processes need to be updated to manage AI

Supporting facts:

Organisational responsibility, business use of AI, and operational functions that are actually using the AI need to be considered

Topics: AI, Risk Management

People are not ready to surrender high level of control to AI technology due to its immense knowledge and fast assimilation of new information

Supporting facts:

The generative AI aspect has shocked people due to its lucidity and fast information assimilation

AI technology has been around for 10-15 years with its comprehensive influence recently highlighted when Microsoft acquired open AI

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Control, Trust

People associate AI with big nasty problems like crime and warfare, which adds to their worry

Supporting facts:

People are worried about the misuse of AI in potentially biological warfare or weapons creation

President Biden’s executive order addresses managing the risk of AI use for such issues

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Warfare, Risks

There is a significant talent gap in the field of AI and cybersecurity.

Supporting facts:

The global forum GCF identified a gap of five million potentials in AI

Topics: AI, Cybersecurity, Talent Gap

Learning from global forums and collaborations can help shape strategies.

Topics: Strategy, Global Cooperation

Increase in phishing attacks leading to necessity of AI integration

Supporting facts:

Volume of phishing attacks has increased thousand percent

AI is utilized but the operating model remains the same

Topics: AI, Phishing attacks, Cybersecurity

Defense in depth strategy is essential for verifying calls

Supporting facts:

Additional controls should be in place to verify caller identity, it can’t solely rely on the call center agents

Topics: Cybersecurity, Call center, Verification

Using AI and generative AI can frustrate criminals and increase the cost of their activities

Supporting facts:

Applying AI and generative AI can mess up the business metrics of criminals, thus increasing their cost of operation and slowing down their process

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Crime, Generative AI

Report

Deepfakes, in particular, have the potential to undermine trust and integrity by manipulating and fabricating audio and video content. Businesses are increasingly incorporating AI into their operations, but many struggle to effectively govern and monitor its use. This poses a challenge, as the gap between the utilization of AI and the capabilities of IT and cybersecurity to manage it can result in vulnerabilities and risks.

Data poisoning is a specific concern, as it can have adverse effects on critical business processes by deliberately targeting and manipulating datasets used in AI models. The governance and risk management frameworks need to be updated to effectively handle the complexities of AI in business settings.

Organizations must address the unique challenges posed by AI in terms of privacy, accountability, and ethics. Furthermore, the integrity of the data used to train AI models is crucial. AI models are only as good as the data they are trained on, and any biases or errors in the data can produce flawed and unreliable results.

Waiting can result in missed opportunities to protect against the risks associated with AI. Integration of AI is necessary to combat the increasing volume of phishing attacks. Phishing attacks have seen a substantial increase, and AI can play a crucial role in detecting and preventing these attacks.

However, operating models must be transformed to ensure effective integration of AI, ending with human involvement for a thorough and closed-loop activity. AI and generative AI have the potential to frustrate criminals and increase the cost of their activities. By utilizing AI technology, criminal activities can become more challenging and costly to execute.

For example, applying AI and generative AI can disrupt the metrics and cost-effectiveness of certain criminal operations, such as call centre scams. In conclusion, while AI development has brought significant advancements and accessibility to IT, there are numerous challenges and risks associated with its use.

These challenges include the authenticity of cyber threats, governance and monitoring issues, data integrity, trust-building, talent gaps, control concerns, and the potential misuse of AI. Organizations must address these challenges, develop effective strategies, collaborate globally, and integrate AI into their operations to ensure cybersecurity and responsible use of AI technology.

Cyberspace Needs You: Attracting Women to Cybersecurity Careers

Knowledge Graph of Debate
Session report
Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon

During a discussion on the barriers inhibiting women from pursuing careers in cybersecurity, Jane Witherspoon highlighted the importance of addressing these obstacles. Jane firmly believes in achieving equal gender representation in the field, as this is crucial for promoting diversity and ensuring that all perspectives are included in the development of cybersecurity strategies. Seeking insights on how to encourage more women to enter the industry, Jane turned to Tania, who shared her own experiences and insights.

Tania, while recounting her journey in overcoming barriers, shed light on a few key factors. She emphasized the need for role models in the cybersecurity field who can inspire and guide aspiring female professionals. Such role models play a crucial role in empowering and encouraging women to pursue careers in this male-dominated industry. Additionally, Tania highlighted the presence of misconceptions surrounding cybersecurity roles, which hinder women from considering it as a viable career option. Addressing these misconceptions through education and awareness can help break down barriers and attract more women to the cybersecurity field.

The discussion between Jane Witherspoon and Tania showed a positive sentiment towards the goal of achieving equal gender representation in cybersecurity. By openly discussing the barriers and seeking solutions, they demonstrated an active commitment to creating a supportive and inclusive environment for women in the field. The insights and experiences shared by Tania revealed valuable lessons that can be used to develop strategies to encourage more women to pursue careers in cybersecurity.

Overall, the conversation between Jane Witherspoon and Tania highlights the importance of addressing the existing barriers inhibiting women from entering the cybersecurity field. By promoting equal gender representation and providing role models, as well as dispelling misconceptions, we can encourage more women to pursue careers in this critical industry. Taking these steps will not only bridge the gender gap but also help create a more diverse and inclusive cybersecurity workforce for the future.

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck

The analysis of the provided information reveals several important points that highlight the importance of gender diversity and inclusion in the field of cybersecurity. Firstly, it is crucial to promote and include women in cybersecurity, as demonstrated by the success stories from Aramco Digital’s security operations team, where approximately 50% of the team consists of women. Additionally, in Saudi Arabia, 58% of engineers are women, indicating a positive trend towards gender equality in this field.

The presence of authentic company cultures and the availability of female role models are identified as key factors in attracting more women to cybersecurity. The success of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia is cited as an example of how companies and organizations can demonstrate authenticity and effectively encourage women’s participation in this field.

There is a recognized lack of female role models, particularly in middle management positions, which further limits the progression of women in cybersecurity. This observation is supported by the personal experience of a female CEO who highlights the existing gap in this area.

Demographics play a significant role in shaping the opportunities for digital transformation and cybersecurity. Saudi Arabia, with its young population, presents an exciting potential for change in these areas. The presence of many young people eager to be part of the transformation, particularly in the digital sphere, highlights the importance of tapping into this demographic advantage.

Furthermore, there is a notable disparity between investment in technology and the digital sector in Saudi Arabia compared to Europe. The analysis underscores that Saudi Arabia has more prominent investments in tech initiatives, such as ‘Sabrani,’ than Europe, reflecting a greater emphasis on the digital sector in the kingdom.

The evolution of digital jobs and the shift towards white-collar work has significantly contributed to including more women in the workforce, particularly in countries like Saudi Arabia where many women are engaged in engineering roles. This evolution is viewed as an opportunity to leverage the unique skillset that women bring to tech teams and digital jobs, further promoting gender diversity and equality.

The analysis also highlights the economic slowdown and challenging age structure that Europe currently faces, compared to Saudi Arabia’s growth rate of 8% on average. This divergence emphasizes the different economic and demographic circumstances between the two regions, reaffirming the need for caution in Europe’s role in the global technological landscape while acknowledging Saudi Arabia’s potential to play an important role in the future.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a shift in work models, making it easier to balance family life with job responsibilities. This newfound flexibility and adaptability in remote working arrangements have highlighted different ways of working, providing evidence that alternative working models are feasible.

The integration of women into companies should start right from the hiring process, addressing women more directly and removing barriers to their inclusion. This observation is drawn from the experience of a former CEO who recognizes the importance of taking proactive steps to ensure gender equality throughout the acquisition and hiring phases.

Support from various communities is crucial in fostering growth and success in all areas, including cybersecurity. The example of Dr. Margarete Schramböck, who started her career by selling telephone systems and reached out to mentors within the tech community, underscores the significance of community support and mentorship.

Advocacy for mixed teams and collaboration is also deemed essential in promoting gender equality and reducing inequalities. The belief in doing things together rather than separately, demonstrated by an individual’s personal experience of being often the only woman in the room early in her career, showcases the importance of fostering diverse and collaborative teams.

Early engagement of young women in subjects of their interest, such as through apprenticeships in fields like e-commerce, has proven to be a successful strategy for attracting them to the tech field. The introduction of e-commerce apprenticeships in Austria resulted in 60% of participants being women, showcasing the effectiveness of this approach in bridging the gender gap in tech.

In conclusion, the analysis reveals the significance of gender diversity and inclusion in cybersecurity. It highlights the importance of promoting and including women in this field, authentic company cultures, the presence of female role models, demographics, and investment in technology. The evolution of digital jobs, the economic challenges faced by Europe, the impact of COVID-19 on work models, and the need for integration of women into companies from the hiring phase are all noteworthy aspects. The analysis also emphasizes the importance of community support, advocacy for mixed teams and collaboration, and early engagement of young women in subjects of their interest. Overall, a comprehensive approach involving various strategies is vital for achieving gender equality and fostering growth in the field of cybersecurity.

Dr. Cécile Aptel

The lack of representation of women in the cybersecurity sector is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. Currently, only about a third of diplomats in cybersecurity are women, highlighting a significant gender disparity. The underrepresentation of women in this field has implications for individual, business, and state cybersecurity.

One contributing factor to this gender disparity is the societal discouragement of girls pursuing STEM and technology studies. This bias limits opportunities for girls in education and future careers in security-related sectors. As a result, women remain underrepresented in defense, military, and intelligence, which are closely linked to cybersecurity.

To attract and retain women in cybersecurity, flexible working arrangements are crucial. Providing flexibility in work schedules and arrangements allows women to balance personal and professional responsibilities effectively. Creating inclusive and supportive company cultures that value and consider women’s opinions is also important. Men play an important role in achieving gender equality by mentoring and supporting women in their professional growth.

Further measures are needed to increase the representation of women in expert groups related to international security and ICT. Diverse representation in these groups is essential for comprehensive and inclusive decision-making processes.

Equipping women with technical, managerial, and leadership skills is important for their advancement in the cybersecurity sector. Networking and mentorship opportunities are significant for women’s career growth. Education plays a vital role in addressing gender inequality, and partnerships between industry and education facilities are key to providing quality education that prepares students, especially girls, for cybersecurity careers. Programs that educate children about responsible digital behavior and cybersecurity are fundamental for their safety online.

Collaboration between men and women is crucial for the growth and success of the cybersecurity field. Mixed teams have proven to be more innovative, and fostering inclusivity and equal opportunities will enhance creativity and problem-solving in the sector. Men have a role to play in achieving gender parity by embracing the benefits of gender equality.

While progress has been made in Saudi Arabia towards gender equality, continued efforts are needed to ensure sustained progress and an inclusive society for women.

In conclusion, addressing the underrepresentation of women in the cybersecurity sector requires a comprehensive approach. Encouraging girls to pursue STEM education, providing flexible working arrangements, valuing women’s opinions, and fostering mentorship opportunities are crucial steps towards achieving gender equality. Partnerships between industry and education facilities, as well as educating children about responsible digital behavior, are essential for the future of the cybersecurity field. Creating an inclusive and supportive environment where men and women can collaborate will drive innovation and enhance the effectiveness and security of the cybersecurity sector.

Betania Allo

Women in cybersecurity face numerous challenges, including gender bias, lack of representation, and unequal opportunities. Betania Allo, a successful cybersecurity professional, emphasized the need for mentoring and early education programs to encourage girls to explore this field. Inclusive hiring practices and anti-bias training are necessary for organizations to address the deficit of women in cybersecurity roles. Forums and platforms for dialogue are essential in advocating for gender equality and representation. Betania Allo’s positive experience working in Saudi Arabia demonstrates the importance of openness and trust in talent from all over the world. Representation of women in leadership roles is crucial for decision-making, and collaborative efforts between men and women are needed to advocate for gender equality. Mentorship plays a vital role in women’s career progression in cybersecurity. Women-led forums offer ideal platforms for conversations about representation. Highlighting the intersection of technology with other areas of expertise can attract more women and girls to the technology field. The biggest challenge for women in cybersecurity is overcoming the fear to enter the field. Empowerment and support are key in encouraging women to pursue careers in cybersecurity. Overall, addressing these challenges will lead to a more diverse and inclusive cybersecurity industry.

Session transcript

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Space Needs You, attracting women to cyber security careers. Her Excellency, Dr. Margit Schrambach, former Minister for Digital and Economic Affairs, Austria. Dr. Cecile Aptil, Deputy Director, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR. Jane Weatherspoon, Moderator, Beirut Chief Middle East, Euronews. Betania Allo, Cybersecurity Innovation and Partnerships Manager, NEOM. Hello ladies and gentlemen and your excellencies, what a pleasure to be here and thank you for that round of applause. I think we need a second one for the all-female panel. As our voice of God said, we’re going to be talking about the gender disparity within cybersecurity. Women are still critically underrepresented, holding only 25% of the cybersecurity jobs globally. So, my esteemed panel, we’re going to get straight down to business. I would like to address my first question to Dr. Margit. You know, what are the primary challenges that organizers encounter when trying to not just attract but retain women in cybersecurity?

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
Yes, first let me say I’m really happy to be here today. Thank you for having me and I’m also happy to see such a big audience that is interested in this topic because this does not happen so often. So, I think this is something special about Saudi Arabia. Being here now for quite a few months, I’ve also learned that in Saudi, 58% of engineers are women, which is different to Europe and it’s different especially to German-speaking regions in Europe and this is something which Saudi can really be proud of and really happy to see that. Being on the board of Aramco Digital, I see it also in the daily work that 50% of our team members in the security operations center are female and this is a very, very good sign. Why do they do it so well here in Saudi? Well, there is a clear vision, Vision 2030, and it’s in the vision. You can read it, you talk about it, you discuss about it, but most importantly, you do it and this is something which is special here and which I also wanted to mention. Now, to your question, you have been asking about the challenges, so companies really to be successful in the field of cyber needs diverse teams, they need mixed teams. We know this from the past, we know that companies, teams are much more successful if they take this into consideration and why shouldn’t it be true for cyber? It is true for cyber as it is for all the other areas. Now, the companies and the organizations need to be authentic in this, so women feel very quickly if what the company talks or the organization talks is what the company do and if this is in line, you will, of course, attract even more women in this sector. Looking at the different stages, of course, we also need role model and this is also a challenge for companies and organizations, so that often they are lacking role models. I was many years a role model, I was 15 years CEO of European IT companies including a telecom company which is like SDC, it was called A1 for Central Eastern Europe, and, yes, it was often clear that we were missing middle management, so women in middle management that could be a role model. So it’s tough, it’s hard, we still have to work on it.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
We’re going to come on to, a little later in our conversation, roles and those roles at the top, but at this point, I would like to bring in Dr Cecile because you have some thoughts in terms of expanding on the security aspect, don’t you?

Dr. Cécile Aptel:
Yes, thank you, Jane, and before I answer your question, if I may, thank our guests. So first, Saudi Arabia, I’m absolutely delighted to be here and to discuss this question here and of course the Global Cyber Security Forum for providing this opportunity. When we think of cyber security, there is obviously the cyber dimension and we know that some of the challenges come from girls in a number of contexts not always being keen to pursue studies in the STEM and in technological areas, that seems to be less the case in Saudi Arabia which is great, but in addition to cyber, there is the security element and if we look at security the way it is also construed, security is a sector in which women are far behind. I mean obviously when we look at defence, military, intelligence, and why do I say that? Because cyber security is multi-layered and when we think cyber security, it’s not only individual or business security, it’s also state cyber security and cyber attacks, cyber warfare. Within this context, there are negotiations ongoing, obviously notably at the United Nations, and we see that in those contexts there are very few women involved in these negotiations. In fact, only about a third of women diplomats, we see women diplomats across sectors and in the area of cyber security, these numbers are really lagging. So the combination of cyber challenges and security challenges is really probably also one of that convergence that we need to address.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
But Tania, you’re sitting on the end. I want to just give a bit more context to your career because we see you’re Cyber Security Innovation and Partnerships Manager at NEOM, but your previous roles, you’re the former United Nations Senior Officer in Counterterrorism and Emerging Technologies, quite a title. I’d like you to elaborate, if you can, on how organizations can address the barriers that discourage women from entering fields, biases, lack of role models, which is something Dr. Margaret just touched on, misconceptions about cyber security roles. What has your experience been?

Betania Allo:
Thank you so much for the great question and thank you again. I second my colleague’s words. I’m extremely happy to be here and very grateful to the organization of the GCF for having us. So yes, indeed, women in cyber security still face a lot of challenges, as you mentioned, gender bias, lack of representation, unequal opportunities. And I think that organizations, and we all here in the room, have a huge responsibility to make sure that this changes. So in my experience, one of the things that make women doubt whether cyber security is a path for them is the lack of information. So mentoring and correct education, you know, paths in early exposure to cyber security and what it is, is one of the most important things that can encourage girls to get into this path. Then, well, I got into cyber security later in life, and maybe because of that lack of mentorship at an early age, but mentoring for me was key to have the luck and the privilege to have great mentors in my life who gave me the best guidance, advice, and encouraged me to challenge my own fears, and that allowed me to be here and to, you know, start a career that builds on different skills that I’ve had before. So organizations, per se, I think that also need to work a lot in more inclusive hiring practices, anti-bias training for both men and women, because there is something that is still happening everywhere in the world, and even in the countries that are famous for their gender parity policies, there’s still gender bias in technology and in cyber security as well. So yes, I think that this kind of forums, this kind of platforms for dialogue, I think are a great opportunity to encourage everyone to advocate for this kind of causes that will make the room fuller and fuller of women.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
As a female actually doing it here in Saudi, you know, what has been that experience and the change from coming from outside? How was it received?

Betania Allo:
Well, I was very lucky, because when I first started thinking about moving to Saudi, to the Middle East, I was very lucky to have several opportunities here, and, well, Neom, do I need to even explain what Neom has, you know, and how amazing and exciting it is to be working. I consider myself so privileged, but something I did not know is that most of my colleagues would be Saudi, they would be from here, right? So although Neom has 70% expats, my department is mostly Saudis, because of regulations. So I was received with such generosity, such solidarity, from all levels, I was trusted with so much responsibility, and being a woman and being a foreigner, you know, those are two elements that makes it even more impressive, and I think it speaks volumes of the massive changes of this country has been through, and how much they trust talent from all over the world.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Dr. Margaret, can you elaborate from a European perspective?

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
Well, Europe is in a very tough situation at the moment. So contrary to Saudi, which is growing at, I would say, 8% on average, Europe is really has slowed down, and the age structure is completely different. So what I find exciting here, and being in the board of Aramco, building up Aramco Digital, we can see that we have this wonderful age structure with a lot of young people, excited people who want to change, and want to be part of this transformation, also in the digital, especially in the digital area, and in the cyber security. So the focus is, as you’ve heard also from the CEO of Aramco, that there is investment, and there is investment, for example, in Sabrani. Do we see similar big investments in Europe at the moment, to a lower extent? So Europe still plays a role, but has to be very careful. And I think there will be different centers in this world. Of course, we have the US, and we have China. But there is a big room for Saudi, and its huge population, and its engineers to play an important role here. And we are in the middle of this transformation, which makes it so exciting. For me, coming back to being successful, having successful innovations and competitive products, always needs these two sides. So females bring completely different skills into the teams, and especially in the cyber, we can see, and in many digital jobs, it means from blue-collar worker to white-collar worker. Think of a harbor. When you are in a harbor, and you have to move the containers, this was pure blue-collar worker in the past. Now it’s white-collar, somebody sitting in a control center, as it is in cyber. You are doing things which you can do remotely, which you can do in a team. You don’t have to be outside in the construction site. And this evolution of tech solutions has also helped to engage more women. Contrary to Europe, I think, with Saudi and many women in engineering, there is a really good basis here.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
I want to bring in the element of family raising as well, and being a working mom myself, as many of us are in this room. Can we have it all? Can we balance it? I think that makes it a little bit easier, some of these initiatives, and the situations like remote working.

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
I think what COVID has shown us is that different types of working is possible, and that it can be done in a different way. And this helps, of course, to combine the topics of family and kids and the jobs. From the company perspective, and being a CEO for 15 years, it is worth starting at the very beginning. So it all starts before the women are joining the company. Sometimes we think, when we are managers, it starts when they are here. No, it starts in the acquisition or in the hiring process, where it is different to the male side, where you have to address women more directly. You have to invite them. It is a little bit different than it is on the other side.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Cecile, I think you have something to add in there. Sure.

Dr. Cécile Aptel:
Just the fact that flexible arrangements are important not only to attract women, but especially to retain women, and to enable them to really make a career, which I think is one of the challenges. It’s challenging in the cybersecurity for everyone. We need to really be also very clear that it’s not only about women. It’s difficult to attract men and have enough workforce. So the challenge is compounded for women, and it’s important for companies to have ways of retaining women. Flexibility, flexible working arrangements are important, but it’s also important to ensure that women feel valued. feel that they belong in the companies to retain them. And I think that’s an important dimension. And when we think of inclusive workforce, it’s not only having women sitting at the table, but being able to voice their concerns. And very often, because of a number of cultural expectations everywhere around the world, women are not likely to really ask for the floor. And so I think it’s particularly important that men, who are, of course, the great partners in this adventure of having more women, extend their reach to women. That they also mentor women, young women, sponsor them, and really just make sure that women’s views are also asked and considered. All of this is what makes women feel that they belong, that they have a role to play, and therefore to stay there.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Well, we did mention it earlier, and we were talking about roles. You know, what needs to be done? Cecile, I’m going to keep you on the floor. What needs to be done to ensure that enough roles are at the top of the chain? And how do we attain that, despite the fact that there is this leaky pipeline phenomenon, you know, stepping back and coming back into the room, you know, where maybe women are deemed to have lost some crucial years? What needs to be done about that?

Dr. Cécile Aptel:
So again, I think having working places that are inclusive, that are flexible enough to attract and retain women, that women feel that they belong there. But I think that some additional measures are needed. And I’ll go back to the example that I was giving earlier, you know, the lack of women diplomats engaged in UN processes on cyber, or even ICT in international security environment. Because that was a real concern, back in 2018, the UN Secretary General, Guterres, decided to really make a commitment to ensure that there will be more women appointed in the group of experts of the United Nations. And thanks to that commitment, which he took very seriously, more states nominated more women. And as a result, we really went from having 25% only of experts in 2018, to today 40% of experts being women that participate into these working groups. And similarly, in terms of diplomats participating in the negotiation, there’s been fellowship, in particular women in international security in cyberspace fellowship, that has been targeting relatively junior diplomat women, but not only diplomats, regulators, ICT experts, lawyers working in these areas, professors working in these areas, and encouraging them over a number of years to come and participate, to be there in those UN working group, in particular, the open-ended working group on the use of ICT in international security environment. And not only were they there, but then they were mentored. They had access to more senior leaders and diplomats that could train them. And they had specific training on participating in multilateral negotiations. Just to indicate that measures need to be multilayered, that it’s not simply, in fact, just thinking that it will happen unless the women are equipped with skills. And to go back to the question of how it works in the corporate sector, it’s one thing to be a technical expert in cybersecurity. It’s something else to be equipped with the skills to manage a team, and then to make it to leadership role or board roles, because you have leadership. And all of that with men usually happens through networking. Younger women that don’t necessarily have older women to be playing that role model still need to benefit from that networking and learning those skills. So we need very deliberate efforts to really make sure that women are also trained with managerial and leadership skills.

Betania Allo:
But Tania, I’ve seen you’ve been nodding all the way through that. I absolutely agree in everything, and I don’t know where to start. Have you anything, I mean, in terms of your experience, in terms of female leadership at the top and what you’ve taken away from that that has maybe helped you in your career progression? Well, so as you mentioned earlier, I don’t come from a very traditional path to cybersecurity, if that’s even a thing, right? So I, for some background, I’m a lawyer. I’m originally from Argentina. And then I moved to the US for graduate studies, and I have degrees in international relations and cybersecurity law and policy. And now I’m pursuing my PhD in cybersecurity. So as you can see, I went from building upon my legal and policy background to a more technical one. And honestly, I will go back to the mentorship and the fellowship that you just mentioned. Networks of women have been so helpful for me while I was making these decisions through, because I don’t consider it I transitioned careers. I think I always say that I’ve been building upon my different roles and bringing what I’ve learned from my other experiences to my new roles. So I think that one of the most important things is representation, to see women on leadership roles and to see women in those, in tables where decisions are being made, to make sure that their voices are heard. And that’s why we need men to advocate as well. We need you guys to look around the table. How come we don’t have any women sitting in this meeting, for example? What is wrong? Really, we couldn’t find any women to come here and join us. That’s why it’s not only our fight, it’s all of us responsibility to advocate for this happening. And in my experience, having really strong and determined women being my bosses and women who mentored me, and even men who also gave me the opportunity to believe in myself, and they believed in me maybe more than I believed in myself back then, right? And I think those are the people that I am so grateful that I had the opportunity to meet. And there is a lot of generosity out there. I know there are so many students here listening, and just don’t be scared to reach out. You will be amazed. This room is full of generous people who are willing to tell you more about their careers, tell you more about their experiences, and guide you through your own career path so you can find success as soon as possible. So yeah, I think that these forums, again, are the perfect platform to have these conversations.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Dr. Margaret, how important are those support of extended communities within the cybersecurity sphere?

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
Well, my opinion, it’s the support of the different communities is key in all the areas. I’ve started out selling telephone systems. Now, selling telephone systems or being a technical director for telephone system is not the one thing you would have expected from somebody graduated from a business school. It happened more by coincidence, but then you have to take the opportunity. And what I did is I was searching for mentors always myself. At that time in the 90s, that was really long ago, in the 90s- I remember them, don’t worry. Yes, nobody was really into that mentoring and thought, yeah, you would need a mentor. So I was looking into, in that time, the tech community and I was investigating who could be that. And I addressed the person. And yes, there were men, there were male managers and not women because there were no women there. I was the only one. So for a long period of time, then gradually we got more. So the more you have the community of women also, you can also rely on them. But I’m a big fan of mixed teams, as I said before, and I’m a big fan of doing things together and not just in the separate areas. Looking at education, this is something I wanted to add on that. Maybe we can talk about that.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
No, absolutely. I mean, I know Batania mentioned earlier, to get in at the earliest opportunity and learn about the field that you want to work in. But how can educational institutions maybe collaborate with industry partners and create, I guess, curricula that will appeal and empower women to pursue careers in this field? And especially from an earlier age, like you said, Batania.

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
The earlier we start, the better. So at a very young age, to encourage the girls to attend classes, extra classes, and so on. And it, of course, needs to be a little bit adapted to their interests. And what I did, for example, in Austria, I introduced a new form of apprenticeship on e-commerce. So we had a lot of apprenticeship. You must know that in Austria, 50% of young people choose apprenticeship. It’s a little bit different than all in other countries in the world, except for Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. And introducing this apprenticeship for e-commerce suddenly led in 60% of the young people who chose this being women. So because they were interested in that. And I was not taking care, I didn’t care where they would start. They don’t need to start in mechatronic, but they can start in the e-commerce. They can start in the cyber, which are more fields which are of their interest because they are more in the area which they like.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
But Tania, I know you’re gonna hide. I know this is coming for you.

Betania Allo:
It’s something that I’m very passionate about, maybe because of how I had to navigate it myself. So I feel really passionate about women and girls getting into the field. And even if they’re not in the field yet, to try to see how technology can be, can intersect to that area of expertise that you have, and slowly transition into a technological, more technological role. That’s what I saw building from technology and policy. So I think that besides what Margaret was saying regarding early exposure, I would say, again, mentoring, extremely important mentoring programs. And we at NEOM are extremely involved in mentorship and scholarship programs with different institutions here in Saudi and abroad. And that helps a lot because sometimes different elements makes it difficult for girls and women to pursue careers in technology. And those things help a lot. So that’s something that the tech industry can also collaborate and give that step forward in helping the next generation of cyber leaders also be 50-50.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Cecile?

Dr. Cécile Aptel:
Yes, education is so crucial. And as a former professor, I really cannot but say that, yes, education is absolutely critical. I think that the partnerships between industry and education facilities is not only in terms of the curriculum. I think that there is also something else that we have discussed here, which is protection of children in, in fact, the cyberspace. And this will be growing. This is already a big concern today. How do we protect children? And how do we ensure that children are secure and safe when using the cyberspace? But it’s also going to grow because we are probably facing radical changes in education. I mean, the next generation is probably going to be largely educated in schools that are not only very equipped, but very connected. And the very context of what is education is dramatically changing in our lifetime, which really means that there is, we have to be taking very seriously the issue of child protection and of educating children, not only in terms of cyber security to become expert, but to become responsible for their own security in the digital space and in the cyberspace. So I think that we are going to necessarily see partnerships there and they’re welcome because it’s a different way of, in fact, being human that our children are facing in terms of their career and their life.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
We’ve got one minute on the clock. I’m going to start at the end with Batania. I would like you in 20 seconds, what’s the biggest challenge in the next five years for women in cyber security?

Betania Allo:
I would say like losing the fear to getting into the field. Ask for help, ask for mentorship, don’t be scared. You deserve a seat in that room and I very much look forward to seeing that in the next five years.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Amazing. Cecile.

Dr. Cécile Aptel:
I think it’s not only for women, it’s for women and men. Yes. Far too often, men may feel threatened by the fact that women are also entering the market, you know, the different markets, including cyber security. And I think it’s extremely important that we reframe that. It’s a win-win. It’s not that one is exposing the other. It’s really that we can have team, mixed team working together and becoming that much more innovative and in fact creating even much more of a market for everyone to work together. So I think partnerships is absolutely key and that men, as much as women, have a key role to play. And I want to then take the opportunity to say how impressed I am being in Saudi Arabia to see how much has been achieved. So big kudos as well here.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Last word, Dr. Margaret.

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck :
Well, for me, it’s for the young generations to tell them, be brave, take the opportunity, create the opportunity. There is never a better moment than this moment and especially here, where so much transformation is going on.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon:
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for being with us for this session. And to my esteemed panel, thank you. Thank you.

Speakers

Betania Allo

Speech speed

149 words per minute

Speech length

1285 words

Speech time

518 secs

Arguments

Women in cybersecurity face challenges like gender bias, lack of representation and unequal opportunities.

Supporting facts:

Challenges mentioned include gender bias, lack of representation, and unequal opportunities.

Topics: Women in Tech, Gender Bias, Cybersecurity

Organizations need to enforce more inclusive hiring practices and anti-bias training.

Supporting facts:

Betania suggested this policy measure to address the deficit of women in cybersecurity roles.

Topics: Inclusive Hiring, Anti-bias Training, Workplace Diversity

Betania Allo had a positive experience moving and working in Saudi Arabia, specifically in Neom.

Supporting facts:

Betania was provided with several opportunities in Saudi Arabia.

She was received with generosity and solidarity.

She was entrusted with significant responsibility.

Most of her colleagues were Saudi.

Despite being a woman and a foreigner, she was welcomed and respected.

Topics: Work culture in Saudi Arabia, International careers, Neom

Representation of women in leadership roles is important for decision making

Supporting facts:

Needing men to advocate for women and noticing when women are not present in meetings or decision-making tables.

Topics: Women in Leadership, Decision Making

The need for collaborative fight in advocating women representation

Supporting facts:

Expresses the importance of men’s role in advocating for gender equality and representation.

Topics: Gender Equality, Advocacy

Mentorship has played a vital role in her career progression

Supporting facts:

Mentions the importance of having mentors who believed in her.

Topics: Mentorship, Career Progression

Necessity for more women and girls in technology field

Supporting facts:

Betania herself navigated into the tech industry

Seeing intersection of technology with other expertise for slow transition

NEOM involved in mentorship and scholarship programs to assist girls and women

Topics: Women in Tech, Gender Equality, Career Development

The biggest challenge for women in cyber security in the next five years is losing the fear to enter the field.

Supporting facts:

Women need to ask for help and mentorship

Women deserve a seat in the cyber security field

Topics: Women in Cyber Security, Mentorship, Career Fear

Dr. Cécile Aptel

Speech speed

184 words per minute

Speech length

1418 words

Speech time

463 secs

Arguments

Cybersecurity is a multi-layered sector, where women’s representation is lagging

Supporting facts:

In the area of cybersecurity, only about a third of diplomats are women.

Cybersecurity involves multiple levels such as individual, business, and state cybersecurity.

There are negotiations ongoing at the United Nations were women representation is low.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Gender Representation, United Nations

Flexible arrangements are important to attract and retain women in cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

The challenge of attracting and retaining workforce is compounded for women

Flexibility, flexible working arrangements are important to make women feel valued and that they belong

Topics: career advancement, job security, workplace flexibility

Women should feel valued and have a sense of belonging in a company

Supporting facts:

It’s important that women’s views are asked and considered

Men should mentor and reach out to women

Topics: corporate culture, gender equality, diversity and inclusion

Workplaces need to be inclusive and flexible enough to attract and retain women

Topics: workplace inclusivity, flexible working

Additional measures and interventions are needed to increase the representation of women in expert groups related to international security and ICT

Supporting facts:

In 2018, due to a commitment by the UN Secretary General, the representation of women in UN’s group of experts significantly increased from 25% to 40% in present

Topics: women representation, international security, ICT

Education is crucial and partnerships between industry and education facilities are important

Supporting facts:

Cécile Aptel is a former professor, emphasizing the importance of education

The next generation is probably going to be largely educated in schools that are very equipped and connected

Topics: Education, Industry partnership

Protection of children in cyberspace is a growing concern

Supporting facts:

Cécile Aptel mentions the need for children’s safety and security online

There are radical changes in education context regarding cyberspace

Topics: Child protection, Cyberspace

It’s essential for both men and women to work together in fields like cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

Men and women can form mixed teams that become more innovative

The entrance of women into different markets, including cybersecurity, is not a threat but a benefit

Creating a more inclusive market for everyone to work together

Topics: Gender equality, Workplace cooperation, Cybersecurity, Innovation

Impressed by the progress made in Saudi Arabia

Topics: Progress, Saudi Arabia, Gender equality

Report

Men play an important role in achieving gender equality by mentoring and supporting women in their professional growth. Further measures are needed to increase the representation of women in expert groups related to international security and ICT. Diverse representation in these groups is essential for comprehensive and inclusive decision-making processes.

Programs that educate children about responsible digital behavior and cybersecurity are fundamental for their safety online. Collaboration between men and women is crucial for the growth and success of the cybersecurity field. Mixed teams have proven to be more innovative, and fostering inclusivity and equal opportunities will enhance creativity and problem-solving in the sector.

Men have a role to play in achieving gender parity by embracing the benefits of gender equality. While progress has been made in Saudi Arabia towards gender equality, continued efforts are needed to ensure sustained progress and an inclusive society for women.

Creating an inclusive and supportive environment where men and women can collaborate will drive innovation and enhance the effectiveness and security of the cybersecurity sector.

H.E. Dr. Margarete Schramböck

Speech speed

165 words per minute

Speech length

1457 words

Speech time

531 secs

Arguments

Inclusion and promotion of women in cyber security is important

Supporting facts:

Around 50% of Aramco Digital’s security operations center team consists of women

In Saudi Arabia, 58% of engineers are women

Topics: Gender diversity, Cybersecurity, Role models

Europe currently faces a slowdown and a challenging age structure compared to Saudi, emphasizing the different economic and demographic circumstances

Supporting facts:

Europe is in a tough situation

Saudi is growing at 8% on average while Europe is slowing down

The age structure in Europe is completely different from Saudi

Topics: Economic slowdown, Demography

Saudi’s demographics, particularly its large population of young people, present exciting potential for change, particularly in digital transformation and cybersecurity,

Supporting facts:

Saudi Arabia has a population structure with many young people

These young people are eager to be part of the transformation, particularly in the digital sphere

Topics: Digital Transformation, Cybersecurity, Demographics, Youth

European investments in technology and digital sector are less compared to Saudi Arabia

Supporting facts:

Investments in tech initiatives like ‘Sabrani’ are seen prominently in Saudi than Europe

Topics: Investments, Digital Sector, Technology

Women bring a unique skillset to tech teams and digital jobs, and this evolution has helped to include more women in the workforce.

Supporting facts:

Digital jobs and cybersecurity have shifted the job description from blue-collar workers to white-collar workers

Many women in Saudi Arabia are engaged in engineering

Topics: Women in tech, Workforce development, Gender equality

COVID has shown that different types of working is possible, and that it can be done in a different way

Supporting facts:

Pandemic has led to shift in work models, making it easier to balance family and job

Topics: COVID-19, Remote working, Work flexibility

Support from different communities is crucial in all areas

Supporting facts:

Dr. Margarete Schramböck started her career selling telephone systems

She reached out to mentors within the tech community

Topics: Cybersecurity, Community Support

Early engagement of young women in subjects of their interest is crucial for their entry in tech field

Supporting facts:

Introducing apprenticeships in fields like e-commerce sparked interest among young women

In Austria, introduction of e-commerce apprenticeship resulted in 60% of participants being women

Topics: Education, Women Empowerment, Technology

Dr. Schramböck encourages young generations to be brave, seize opportunities and create new ones

Supporting facts:

She emphasized the importance of this moment and the ongoing transformation

Topics: Youth Empowerment, Opportunity Creation

Report

Additionally, in Saudi Arabia, 58% of engineers are women, indicating a positive trend towards gender equality in this field. The presence of authentic company cultures and the availability of female role models are identified as key factors in attracting more women to cybersecurity.

The success of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia is cited as an example of how companies and organizations can demonstrate authenticity and effectively encourage women’s participation in this field. There is a recognized lack of female role models, particularly in middle management positions, which further limits the progression of women in cybersecurity.

This observation is supported by the personal experience of a female CEO who highlights the existing gap in this area. Demographics play a significant role in shaping the opportunities for digital transformation and cybersecurity. Saudi Arabia, with its young population, presents an exciting potential for change in these areas.

The presence of many young people eager to be part of the transformation, particularly in the digital sphere, highlights the importance of tapping into this demographic advantage. Furthermore, there is a notable disparity between investment in technology and the digital sector in Saudi Arabia compared to Europe.

The analysis underscores that Saudi Arabia has more prominent investments in tech initiatives, such as ‘Sabrani,’ than Europe, reflecting a greater emphasis on the digital sector in the kingdom. The evolution of digital jobs and the shift towards white-collar work has significantly contributed to including more women in the workforce, particularly in countries like Saudi Arabia where many women are engaged in engineering roles.

This evolution is viewed as an opportunity to leverage the unique skillset that women bring to tech teams and digital jobs, further promoting gender diversity and equality. The analysis also highlights the economic slowdown and challenging age structure that Europe currently faces, compared to Saudi Arabia’s growth rate of 8% on average.

This divergence emphasizes the different economic and demographic circumstances between the two regions, reaffirming the need for caution in Europe’s role in the global technological landscape while acknowledging Saudi Arabia’s potential to play an important role in the future. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a shift in work models, making it easier to balance family life with job responsibilities.

This newfound flexibility and adaptability in remote working arrangements have highlighted different ways of working, providing evidence that alternative working models are feasible. The integration of women into companies should start right from the hiring process, addressing women more directly and removing barriers to their inclusion.

This observation is drawn from the experience of a former CEO who recognizes the importance of taking proactive steps to ensure gender equality throughout the acquisition and hiring phases. Support from various communities is crucial in fostering growth and success in all areas, including cybersecurity.

The example of Dr. Margarete Schramböck, who started her career by selling telephone systems and reached out to mentors within the tech community, underscores the significance of community support and mentorship. Advocacy for mixed teams and collaboration is also deemed essential in promoting gender equality and reducing inequalities.

The belief in doing things together rather than separately, demonstrated by an individual’s personal experience of being often the only woman in the room early in her career, showcases the importance of fostering diverse and collaborative teams. Early engagement of young women in subjects of their interest, such as through apprenticeships in fields like e-commerce, has proven to be a successful strategy for attracting them to the tech field.

The introduction of e-commerce apprenticeships in Austria resulted in 60% of participants being women, showcasing the effectiveness of this approach in bridging the gender gap in tech. In conclusion, the analysis reveals the significance of gender diversity and inclusion in cybersecurity.

It highlights the importance of promoting and including women in this field, authentic company cultures, the presence of female role models, demographics, and investment in technology. The evolution of digital jobs, the economic challenges faced by Europe, the impact of COVID-19 on work models, and the need for integration of women into companies from the hiring phase are all noteworthy aspects.

The analysis also emphasizes the importance of community support, advocacy for mixed teams and collaboration, and early engagement of young women in subjects of their interest. Overall, a comprehensive approach involving various strategies is vital for achieving gender equality and fostering growth in the field of cybersecurity.

Moderator – Jane Witherspoon

Speech speed

157 words per minute

Speech length

724 words

Speech time

277 secs

Report

Seeking insights on how to encourage more women to enter the industry, Jane turned to Tania, who shared her own experiences and insights. Tania, while recounting her journey in overcoming barriers, shed light on a few key factors. She emphasized the need for role models in the cybersecurity field who can inspire and guide aspiring female professionals.

Such role models play a crucial role in empowering and encouraging women to pursue careers in this male-dominated industry. Additionally, Tania highlighted the presence of misconceptions surrounding cybersecurity roles, which hinder women from considering it as a viable career option.

Addressing these misconceptions through education and awareness can help break down barriers and attract more women to the cybersecurity field. The discussion between Jane Witherspoon and Tania showed a positive sentiment towards the goal of achieving equal gender representation in cybersecurity.

By openly discussing the barriers and seeking solutions, they demonstrated an active commitment to creating a supportive and inclusive environment for women in the field. The insights and experiences shared by Tania revealed valuable lessons that can be used to develop strategies to encourage more women to pursue careers in cybersecurity.

Taking these steps will not only bridge the gender gap but also help create a more diverse and inclusive cybersecurity workforce for the future.

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Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Moderator – Simonetta Zarrilli

Marilla Maciel

Sofia Scasserra

Eshani Vaidya

Karishma Banga

Speakers

Eshani Vaidya

Arguments

Women are systematically excluded from markets and particularly from access to credit

Women are underrepresented in jobs associated with Industrial Revolution 4.0

Informal sector in India consists of a significant portion of women

Capacity building initiatives need to be more inclusive and needs-based for women

Discussions around sustainability and gender need to be included in the conversation on digital trade

Report

Karishma Banga

Arguments

A key challenge for African MSMEs in engaging in e-commerce is the heavy commission charge on e-commerce platforms. There is a lower access to credit and financing for these MSMEs especially for women-owned businesses.

Low digital trust due to unawareness of e-commerce laws and protection mechanisms among consumers is a challenge in the uptake of e-commerce.

The issues of digital trade negotiations are highly political and sensitive, with countries defending their own interests

Making the moratorium permanent could lead to a drastic loss of revenue and weakening of the fiscal base

Women in the global south are affected differently by digital trade compared to women in the global north or their male counterparts

Need to mainstream gender thinking in digital trade issues

Report

Marilla Maciel

Arguments

E-commerce can contribute to women’s development through flexibility in working hours, lowering the cost of trade, and providing access to online financial services.

Policies dealing with these challenges need to be proactive and the gender perspective should be considered from the outset.

Data Governance is being discussed from a developmental standpoint instead of being put inside discussions, inside a basket that is related to the digital economy

There is a need to take developmental topics, including gender topics, and make them transversal

Report

Moderator – Simonetta Zarrilli

Arguments

There are significant digital and gender divides across regions

Traditional barriers for women in business are replicated online

Women face different challenges in e-commerce compared to men

The need for more research and data to understand the implications of digital trade from a gender perspective and support policy-making

Report

Sofia Scasserra

Arguments

Women in Latin America rapidly shifted to e-commerce and social media for business during the COVID-19 pandemic

Women in e-commerce use social media as a networking and business-boosting tool due to its flexibility to tell a story around their product

Existing e-commerce platforms are not meeting women’s needs due to being designed based on a male perspective

Women primarily sell locally, not internationally, due to logistic issues and lack of export spirit

E-commerce negotiations at WTO are gender-blind and are driven by a corporate agenda

Report

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Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Full session report

Nandini Chami

Diego Moreira Maggi

Myriam Vander Stichele Vander Stichele

Milford Bateman

Speakers

Diego Moreira Maggi

Arguments

Maricá is implementing social policies based on technologies and institutional arrangements around the concept of solidarity economy

Maricá is experiencing a trend of economic growth and improvement in social conditions

Vision for decolonial digital future involves a public project centered on local needs and people

Report

Milford Bateman

Arguments

Fintech platforms like M-Pesa and Time Bank, while successful, may potentially cause detrimental impacts on African economies and societies

Mumbuka Bank facilitates payments, loans, savings, and money transfer

Investor driven fintech platforms have potential to exacerbate problems

The digital colonial model is based on exploiting technology, not labor

A huge amount of value is created by switching over to finance as a digitalized service

Countries could build their own locally based fintech platforms and reinvest the generated value

Report

Myriam Vander Stichele Vander Stichele

Arguments

Predatory lending and over-indebtedness are among the challenges of fintech

Fintech companies engage in aggressive data gathering for profit-making services

There is a lack of public fintech infrastructure

Environmental impacts of fintech are often ignored