Human rights principles

AI in education reveals a critical evidence gap

Universities are increasingly reorganising around AI, treating AI-based instruction as a proven solution for delivering education more efficiently. This shift reflects a broader belief that AI can reliably replace or reduce human-led teaching, despite growing uncertainty about its actual impact on learning.

Recent research challenges this assumption by re-examining the evidence used to justify AI-driven reforms. A comprehensive re-analysis of AI and learning studies reveals severe publication bias, with positive results published far more frequently than negative or null findings. Once corrected, reported learning gains from AI shrink substantially and may be negligible.

More critically, the research exposes deep inconsistency across studies. Outcomes vary so widely that the evidence cannot predict whether AI will help or harm learning in a given context, and no educational level, discipline, or AI application shows consistent benefits.

By contrast, human-mediated teaching remains a well-established foundation of learning. Decades of research demonstrate that understanding develops through interaction, adaptation, and shared meaning-making, leading the article to conclude that AI in education remains an open question, while human instruction remains the known constant.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech, and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

When grief meets AI

AI is now being used to create ‘deathbots’, chatbots designed to mimic people after they die using their messages and voice recordings. The technology is part of a growing digital afterlife industry, with some people using it to maintain a sense of connection with loved ones who have passed away.

Researchers at Cardiff University studied how these systems recreate personalities using digital data such as texts, emails, and audio recordings. The findings described the experience as both fascinating and unsettling, raising questions about memory, identity, and emotional impact.

Tests showed current deathbots often fail to accurately reproduce voices or personalities due to technical limitations. Researchers warned that these systems rely on simplified versions of people, which may distort memories rather than preserve them authentically.

Experts believe the technology could improve, but remain uncertain whether it will become widely accepted. Concerns remain about emotional consequences and whether digital versions could alter how people remember those who have died.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech, and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

Pakistan pledges major investment in AI by 2030

Pakistan plans to invest $1 billion in AI by 2030, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif said at the opening of Indus AI Week in Islamabad. The pledge aims to build a national AI ecosystem in Pakistan.

The government in Pakistan said AI education would expand to schools and universities, including remote regions. Islamabad also plans 1,000 fully funded PhD scholarships in AI to strengthen research capacity in Pakistan.

Shehbaz Sharif said Pakistan would train one million non IT professionals in AI skills by 2030. Islamabad identified agriculture, mining and industry as priority sectors for AI driven productivity gains in Pakistan.

Pakistan approved a National AI Policy in 2025, although implementation has moved slowly. Officials in Islamabad said Indus AI Week marks an early step towards broader adoption of AI across Pakistan.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot! 

Singtel opens largest AI ready data centre in Singapore

Singtel’s data centre arm Nxera has opened its largest data centre in Singapore at Tuas. The facility strengthens Singapore’s role as a regional hub for AI infrastructure.

The Tuas site in Singapore offers 58MW of AI-ready capacity and is described as the country’s highest- power-density data centre. More than 90 per cent of Singapore’s capacity was committed before the official launch.

Nxera said the Singapore facility is hyperconnected through direct access to international and domestic networks. Singapore gains lower latency and improved reliability from integration with a cable landing station.

Singtel said the Tuas development supports rising demand in Singapore for AI, cloud and high performance computing. Nxera plans further expansion in Asia while reinforcing Singapore’s position in digital infrastructure.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot! 

New York weighs pause on data centre expansion

Lawmakers in New York have introduced a bill proposing a three year pause on permits for new data centres. Supporters say rapid expansion linked to AI infrastructure risks straining energy systems in New York.

Concerns in New York focus on rising electricity demand and higher household bills as tech companies scale AI operations. Critics across the US argue local communities bear the cost of supporting large scale computing facilities.

The New York proposal has drawn backing from environmental groups and politicians in the US who want time to set stricter rules. US senator Bernie Sanders has also called for a nationwide halt on new data centres.

Officials in New York say the pause would allow stronger policies on grid access and fair cost sharing. The debate reflects wider US tension between economic growth driven by AI and environmental limits.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot! 

Shadow AI becomes a new governance challenge for European organisations

Employees are adopting generative tools at work faster than organisations can approve or secure them, giving rise to what is increasingly described as ‘shadow AI‘. Unlike earlier forms of shadow IT, these tools can transform data, infer sensitive insights, and trigger automated actions beyond established controls.

For European organisations, the issue is no longer whether AI should be used, but how to regain visibility and control without undermining productivity, as shadow AI increasingly appears inside approved platforms, browser extensions, and developer tools, expanding risks beyond data leakage.

Security experts warn that blanket bans often push AI use further underground, reducing transparency and trust. Instead, guidance from EU cybersecurity bodies increasingly promotes responsible enablement through clear policies, staff awareness, and targeted technical controls.

Key mitigation measures include mapping AI use across approved and informal tools, defining safe prompt data, and offering sanctioned alternatives, with logging, least-privilege access, and approval steps becoming essential as AI acts across workflows.

With the EU AI Act introducing clearer accountability across the AI value chain, unmanaged shadow AI is also emerging as a compliance risk. As AI becomes embedded across enterprise software, organisations face growing pressure to make safe use the default rather than the exception.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech, and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

Global leaders turn to AI adoption as Davos priorities evolve

AI dominated this year’s World Economic Forum, with debate shifting from experimentation to execution. Leaders focused on scaling AI adoption, delivering economic impact, and ensuring benefits extend beyond a small group of advanced economies and firms.

Concerns centred on the risk that AI could deepen global inequality if access to computing, data, power, and financing remains uneven. Without affordable deployment in health, education, and public services, support for AI’s rising energy and infrastructure demands could erode quickly.

Geopolitics has become inseparable from AI adoption. Trade restrictions, export controls, and diverging regulatory models are reshaping access to semiconductors, data centres, and critical minerals, making sovereignty and partnerships as important as innovation.

For developing economies, widespread AI adoption is now a development priority rather than a technological luxury. Blended finance and targeted investment are increasingly seen as essential to fund infrastructure and direct AI toward productivity, resilience, and inclusion.

Discussions under the ‘Blue Davos‘ theme highlighted how AI is embedded in physical and environmental systems, from energy grids to oceans. Choices on governance, financing, and deployment will shape whether AI supports sustainable development or widens existing divides.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech, and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

Fake DeepSeek and ChatGPT services draw penalties in China

China’s market regulator has fined several companies for impersonating AI services such as DeepSeek and OpenAI’s ChatGPT, citing unfair competition and consumer fraud. The cases form part of a broader crackdown on deceptive practices in the country’s rapidly expanding AI sector.

The State Administration for Market Regulation penalised Shanghai Shangyun Internet Technology for running a fraudulent ChatGPT service on Tencent’s WeChat platform. Regulators said the service falsely presented itself as an official Chinese version of ChatGPT and charged users for AI conversations.

In a separate case, Hangzhou Boheng Culture Media was fined for operating an unauthorised website offering so-called ‘DeepSeek local deployment’. The site closely replicated DeepSeek’s branding and interface, misleading users into paying for imitation services.

Authorities said knock-off DeepSeek mini-programmes and websites surged in early 2025, involving trademark infringement, brand confusion, and false advertising. Regulators described the enforcement actions as a deterrent aimed at restoring order in the AI marketplace.

The regulator also disclosed penalties in other AI-related cases, including unauthorised access to proprietary algorithms and the use of AI calling software for scams. China is simultaneously updating antitrust rules to address emerging risks linked to algorithm-driven market manipulation.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech, and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

How early internet choices shaped today’s AI

Two decisions taken on the same day in February 1996 continue to shape how the internet, and now AI, is governed today. That is the central argument of Jovan Kurbalija’s blog ‘Thirty years of Original Sin of digital and AI governance,’ which traces how early legal and ideological choices created a lasting gap between technological power and public accountability.

The first moment unfolded in Davos, where John Perry Barlow published his Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, portraying the internet as a realm beyond the reach of governments and existing laws. According to Kurbalija, this vision helped popularise the idea that digital space was fundamentally separate from the physical world, a powerful narrative that encouraged the belief that technology should evolve faster than, and largely outside of, politics and law.

In reality, the blog argues, there is no such thing as a stateless cyberspace. Every online action relies on physical infrastructure, data centres, and networks that exist within national jurisdictions. Treating the internet as a lawless domain, Kurbalija suggests, was less a triumph of freedom than a misconception that sidelined long-standing legal and ethical traditions.

The second event happened the same day in Washington, D.C., when the United States enacted the Communications Decency Act. Hidden within it was Section 230, a provision that granted internet platforms broad immunity from liability for the content they host. While originally designed to protect a young industry, this legal shield remains in place even as technology companies have grown into trillion-dollar corporations.

Kurbalija notes that the myth of a separate cyberspace and the legal immunity of platforms reinforced each other. The idea of a ‘new world’ helped justify why old legal principles should not apply, despite early warnings, including from US judge Frank Easterbrook, that existing laws were sufficient to regulate new technologies by focusing on human relationships rather than technical tools.

Today, this unresolved legacy has expanded into the realm of AI. AI companies, the blog argues, benefit from the same logic of non-liability, even as their systems can amplify harm at a scale comparable to, or even greater than, that of other heavily regulated industries.

Kurbalija concludes that addressing AI’s societal impact requires ending this era of legal exceptionalism and restoring a basic principle that those who create, deploy, and profit from technology must also be accountable for its consequences.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!

EU strengthens cyber defence after attack on Commission mobile systems

A cyber-attack targeting the European Commission’s central mobile infrastructure was identified on 30 January, raising concerns that staff names and mobile numbers may have been accessed.

The Commission isolated the affected system within nine hours instead of allowing the breach to escalate, and no mobile device compromise was detected.

Also, the Commission plans a full review of the incident to reinforce the resilience of internal systems.

Officials argue that Europe faces daily cyber and hybrid threats targeting essential services and democratic institutions, underscoring the need for stronger defensive capabilities across all levels of the EU administration.

CERT-EU continues to provide constant threat monitoring, automated alerts and rapid responses to vulnerabilities, guided by the Interinstitutional Cybersecurity Board.

These efforts support the broader legislative push to strengthen cybersecurity, including the Cybersecurity Act 2.0, which introduces a Trusted ICT Supply Chain to reduce reliance on high-risk providers.

Recent measures are complemented by the NIS2 Directive, which sets a unified legal framework for cybersecurity across 18 critical sectors, and the Cyber Solidarity Act, which enhances operational cooperation through the European Cyber Shield and the Cyber Emergency Mechanism.

Together, they aim to ensure collective readiness against large-scale cyber threats.

Would you like to learn more about AI, tech and digital diplomacy? If so, ask our Diplo chatbot!