Digital tools and AI can help governments turn thousands of human rights recommendations into concrete action, but only if technology remains firmly guided by human expertise and institutional cooperation, speakers concluded during a WSIS Forum 2026 session on scaling digital tools for human rights monitoring.
The discussion brought together representatives from Costa Rica, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), academia, and civil society to examine how digital platforms, AI-assisted analysis, and improved data management can enhance the implementation of recommendations issued by UN human rights mechanisms.
Costa Rica shares experience with recommendation tracking
Opening the discussion, Domenico Zipoli, Head of Programmes at the Geneva Human Rights Hub, noted that governments receive thousands of recommendations every year from treaty bodies, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), special procedures, and regional mechanisms, making implementation increasingly difficult without digital support.
Costa Rica’s Roberto Cespedes, Chargé d’Affaires at the country’s mission to the UN in Geneva, explained how the National Recommendations Tracking Database (NRTD) has transformed the country’s follow-up process.
Costa Rica established its National Mechanism for Implementation, Reporting and Follow-up (NMIRF) in 2011, bringing together ministries, parliament, the judiciary, and the national human rights institution. However, for years, the mechanism lacked an effective technological platform capable of managing recommendations from multiple international processes.
‘The database has significantly improved visibility of recommendations across institutions,’ Cespedes said.
He highlighted the tool’s ability to cluster recommendations by topic, enabling ministries to identify shared responsibilities and collaborate more effectively. Rather than working in isolation, institutions increasingly recognise the need for coordinated implementation.
Costa Rica is also working to expand access beyond government. Cespedes said civil society organisations are expected to gain direct access to the platform, allowing them to monitor implementation, provide feedback, and strengthen transparency.
OHCHR: AI can assist, but humans remain indispensable
Presenting the UN perspective, Marie Eve Boyer, Human Rights Officer at OHCHR, explained that the NRTD was developed to address the fragmentation of international human rights recommendations.
Built on the Universal Human Rights Index, the platform enables governments to consolidate recommendations, assign responsibilities across ministries, monitor progress, and prepare reports more efficiently.
Boyer noted that 20 countries are already using the NRTD, while another 40 are waiting for deployment.
She argued that AI has significant potential to support implementation by identifying relevant information, clustering recommendations, highlighting data gaps, and scaling reporting processes. However, she stressed that technology cannot replace human judgement.
‘AI can help process information, but it cannot understand the reality experienced by communities,’ she said, adding that contextual expertise remains essential when assessing whether recommendations have genuinely been implemented.
She also warned against viewing digital tools as substitutes for strong institutions, arguing that successful implementation depends on sustained human engagement alongside technological innovation.
Generative AI opens new possibilities for legal experts
Offering an academic perspective, Lukasz Szoszkiewicz, Assistant Professor at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, demonstrated several prototype tools built using natural language processing and generative AI.
His projects include searchable databases of UN treaty body jurisprudence, analytical dashboards for the Universal Human Rights Index, and paragraph-level search tools for European Court of Human Rights decisions.
Szoszkiewicz argued that generative AI is fundamentally changing software development by enabling lawyers, researchers, and other domain experts to build specialised digital tools themselves rather than relying solely on IT teams.
‘Domain experts now have the possibility to develop tools that match exactly what they need,’ he explained.
He also addressed concerns about AI hallucinations, recommending that large language models be used primarily to generate deterministic software code rather than directly analysing sensitive datasets. This approach, he said, produces more reliable and verifiable results while reducing the likelihood of inaccurate outputs.
Better data still needed to measure real-world outcomes
Audience interventions highlighted persistent challenges surrounding data availability and measuring whether human rights recommendations actually improve people’s lives.
Representatives from civil society organisations working on torture prevention and disability rights pointed to the difficulty of obtaining reliable outcome data, particularly in countries where governments do not systematically publish relevant information.
Responding to these concerns, Boyer said OHCHR is exploring minimum datasets that could help governments monitor implementation more consistently while aligning human rights indicators with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Cespedes added that AI could eventually help governments identify positive actions that officials may not even realise correspond to international recommendations, making implementation more visible and easier to document.
Throughout the session, speakers agreed that AI and digital platforms should be viewed as tools to strengthen human rights implementation rather than replace human oversight. They concluded that meaningful progress will depend on better data, stronger institutional cooperation, and continued collaboration between governments, international organisations, academia, and civil society.
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