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So, dear friends and colleagues from India and from all around the world, it is an honor and pleasure to be here with you in Delhi at this pivotal moment for global AI governance. And first, of course, I want to express my gratitude to the government of India for bringing together a diverse and distinguished group of leaders, innovators, researchers, civil society representatives from all around the world. Switzerland very much welcomes and supports the focus of the AI Impact Summit, which is well presented in the three sutras, people, progress, planet, as we all have learned in the past weeks and months. And we fully agree that we need to develop and use AI in a way that everyone in the world can benefit from the potential that AI offers.

This includes economic and societal social progress for everyone. At the same time, of course, we need to make sure that we are able to develop and use AI in a way that everyone in the world can benefit from the that we respect human dignity and autonomy, as well as our planet, which is the basis for all life that we know, at least so far. We haven’t found other life elsewhere. So we are honored and very proud to be hosting the next AI Summit in Geneva in 2027. It is overwhelming to see already now and feel the momentum and the enthusiasm that we sense on national level among all Swiss stakeholders, as well as the very positive reactions from our partners from all around the world, who are all eager and willing to cooperate with us and contribute to the summit in Geneva.

Already now, we are approached by many governmental and other stakeholders that share their ideas with us about what the Geneva Summit and the road leading up to it should focus on and what it should achieve. And let me assure you that this is very welcome and helpful to us. The Swiss motivation for organizing the next summit is to, not to make a show, it is to substantially and meaningfully contribute to achieving the goal that mankind and the world want to achieve. it is to substantially and meaningfully contribute to achieving the goal that mankind uses the unprecedented potential of AI to achieve the goal that mankind uses for good and not for bad. This potential of AI, which may be at least as transformative as the invention of the printing press, radio, television and the internet, as well as the invention of the combustion and other engines together, this potential must be used to raise and not lower the quality of life of all people in the world and not just a few.

AI must strengthen and not weaken the dignity and autonomy of all people in the global north, south, east and west or whatever we call the region where we live and help us all to live together in peace and prosperity. So we are very keen to hear your ideas about what we could and should do together to achieve this goal. Of course, we do have some ideas on our own, but we have not decided yet about the focus of the Geneva Summit. We will discuss it with you together, shape it together. Of course, there will be a Swiss flavor to the Geneva Summit, which is based on the way we work and what we understand, our role in the international community.

We will try to be constructive. Thank you. creative and innovative and try to find pragmatic and fair solutions through bringing together all stakeholders in their respective roles and with their respective experience and at the same time we will try not to reinvent the wheel and duplicate processes and instruments that already exist and that work but rather we will try to build on them because we do already have a number of dialogue platforms for AI governance and for sharing good practices such as the UN Internet Governance Forum and its national and regional initiatives, the AI for Good Summit and the Global Forum on Ethics of AI organized by ITU, UNESCO and many other UN related processes and forum.

We have other forum like the OECD, GPI and other international and regional organizations and of course we will build on the outcomes of the previous summit in the UK, Korea, Japan, sorry Paris, Japan will follow at some point in time, UK, Korea, Paris and of course here in Delhi and we should not forget There are many academic and other networks that provide expertise and solutions. So we will do our best to bring them all together. And with the help of our longstanding partners from the Diplo Foundation and the Geneva Internet Platform, we will also try to facilitate the orientation in this complex governance ecosystem, in particular for less resourced communities, so that also they know better about what is going on where and where we need to raise our voice so that they are actually heard.

At the same time, we consider the transformative power of AI to be too big, broad and context -specific so that no one single institution and no single instrument will allow us to seize all opportunities and will solve all problems. So we will have to learn to live with a certain complexity of the governance of this transformation. But also, this is not a completely new situation. If we look at how we have governed the transformative power of combustion and other engines in the past 200 years, there are some lessons that we can also apply to AI. While today we are developing AI to automate cognitive labor, we have developed engines to automate physical labor. We have put engines in vehicles or machines to move goods or people from one place to another.

And we have put engines in machines to produce food or other goods automatically. And we do not expect one single institution or instrument to govern all of this. But we have developed a set of thousands of technical, legal, and also non -written societal norms that guide us in the use of these machines. We have regulated also the infrastructure that these machines use. We are setting requirements and liabilities for the people that develop, handle, and steer these machines. And we have developed instruments to protect people that are affected by the impact of these machines. And we are seeing different levels of harmonizations when it comes to regulating machines and engines. As an example, of course, we know that the airline industry is much more harmonized because it’s global than the way we regulate cars.

Cars driving in our streets on one side or the other side, where there’s more diversity possible. So after 200 years, we are still continuing to adapt the governance framework for engine driven machines, depending on the context of use. And we need to do exactly the same with AI. We need to develop appropriate technical, legal and societal frameworks and norms that allow us to develop and use AI for good in many different ways. And this work has already begun. We have analyzed our existing governance frameworks, have started to identify and fill the gaps. We have started to work on technical norms for AI systems. We have started to work on binding and non -binding legal instruments. And of course, in this regard, I’d like to particularly highlight the Vilnius Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, for which I had the honor to lead the negotiations among 55 countries from all over the world at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.

This provides for a principle based framework, not just for Europe, but for all countries. It provides for a principle based framework, not just for Europe, but for all countries on our planet that value human rights, democracy and the rule of law. so that our societies and economies can use AI to innovate, while at the same time we uphold our respect to human dignity and autonomy, also in the context of AI. The principles set out by the Vilnius Convention are simple and clear, but the Convention leaves enough leeway to participating states in order to allow to embed these principles in their existing legal and regulatory institutions and traditions. This will allow many countries to become parties to this global convention and to make sure that their governance frameworks may, although not become identical, but at least interoperable.

This Convention, which we hope will be ratified and enter into force very soon, will become one important instrument to make sure that AI is used for the good and not the bad. But of course, there will have to be many more binding and non -binding norms and more sector -specific norms and instruments to complement it, which hopefully will be… at least coherent in their logic and spirit. So we will use the time until the Geneva Summit next year to continue to identify gaps in global and regional governance of AI and achieve our shared objectives so that AI is used for innovation, while at the same time legitimate concerns and risks are appropriately addressed. Switzerland will be the host of the next summit, but we know that we will not be able to achieve anything on our own.

So we look forward to collaborating with all of you, with all countries and all stakeholders from the global north, south, east and west, and we will first try to identify areas where there’s a willingness and a shared vision to make progress together and then work with all of you on pragmatic and workable steps towards this vision. We will only be the facilitators trying to build bridges and build a climate of open and respectful and constructive dialogue, trying to offer pragmatic structures for trustworthy cooperation so that we can all use the potential AI, to say it again, to live together in peace, prosperity and security. Dignity. Dignity. The Swiss Summit team and I personally are looking forward to collaborating with all of you in the coming months, and we look forward to seeing you all in Geneva in 2027.

Thank you for your support and attention.

Ladies and gentlemen, moving on. Our next speaker is from one of Silicon Valley’s most influential venture capital firms, General Catalyst. And he has been among the most vocal advocates for what he calls responsible innovation. The idea that companies building the future also bear the greatest responsibility for its consequences. And well, I must say that his perspective bridges the worlds of capital and conscience. Please welcome the CEO of General Catalyst, Mr. Hemant Taneja.

Good afternoon. Let me just start by thanking Shri Prime Minister Modi Ji for getting all the AI thought leaders together in this world. And delivering the message around making sure we shape AI for human centricity. For human centricity. For human empowerment. I think that’s a really important design principle. And stepping up and embracing that and enforcing that as a world leader is exactly what we need today as we work on embedding AI into our society. So the biggest opportunity in capitalism today is what I call global resilience. If you think about the last five, seven years, we have gone through so much on the planet. We’ve had a pandemic. We’ve had wars. We have been learning how to embrace artificial intelligence as an enormous technological shift.

Many, many interesting shocks that have happened to us over the last several years. And the answer to embracing sort of resiliency and delivering transformation is actually artificial intelligence. That is the answer for actually driving what I call national resilience in all the key industries. Whether it’s healthcare. Whether it’s data. Whether it’s deterrence and defense. Whether it’s… scaling of the energy infrastructure so we can deploy AI, all those capabilities to present enormous opportunity and artificial intelligence is the answer for all of them. It’s India’s time to lead when it comes to delivering national resilience. It’s the strongest growth market in the world. And as we have learned over the last few years, when you think about diffusion of AI, growth is an enormous lever for it because it creates opportunity to embrace new technologies and new solutions.

The other thing that’s really interesting is because AI is deflationary by nature, it matches well to what’s required to uplift the opportunities here in India. Solving for needs in healthcare and education and other parts of what we deliver to society, at large, with the complexity of over a billion people, that is, if you can go solve that, you’re going to go solve the problems for the entire planet. So I do think India’s got all the dynamics going for it to lead in using AI to transform different industries. The other thing I would say is the way I expect India to deliver these transformations by leapfrogging. If you go back to the digital infrastructure revolution in India and what we saw with UPI and Aadhaar, the opportunity to completely rethink what the paradigms are going to be in these other industries is what lies ahead.

India has a lot of things going for it when it comes to resiliency and being able to deploy AI. First of all, you’ve got increasing investment in infrastructure. We saw that over the last couple of years. There’s a lot of infrastructure investment. There’s work being done around open source. I think the U .S.-India corridor is incredibly interesting. The packed silica announcement today was an important one. We need to make sure the innovation flows fluidly between US, India, Europe, across all parts of the Western world so that AI can thrive in the democratic world. That is where we want to see this technology come to scale. And it’s got a young demographic. It’s got a lot of potential in terms of being able to deploy a lot of these capabilities.

One topic that is very much top of mind for me is there’s this narrative that artificial intelligence can take the jobs of young people and we need to slow down progress. And my biggest advice on India’s leadership in AI is to reject that narrative and lean into it. I think everybody entering the workforce, and there’s a million Indians that enter the workforce every month. Everybody that enters the workforce is a young person. Everybody that enters the workforce should be fully empowered with AI. Because if you have that kind of productivity behind every single human being, entering the workforce, imagine the productivity we create in every company, in every industry, and how it’s going to unleash the opportunity in the world.

The way India is going to lead in artificial intelligence, from my perspective, is through entrepreneurship. Ultimately, startups are the most important institutions of the future. We’re rebuilding every core pillar of society with new businesses, and India has got an enormous talent pool. So many of you came in for the AI Summit, and we are actively building companies here with many of the entrepreneurs. I think just watching businesses like SEPTO and Rafi and Policy Bazaar Health and others that are transforming these industries, we have great confidence that the Indian entrepreneurs are going to build the next generation companies that not only drive abundance and resilience here in India. but are going to be positioned to be the global leaders in different markets.

So to that end, one of the announcements that I made in our roundtable with Prime Minister Modi yesterday was that we’re increasing our investment. We’re going to be investing $5 billion over the next five years in the Indian entrepreneurial ecosystem. It’s the largest of its kind, and thank you. And it comes from a deep belief that Indian entrepreneurs are going to create some of the most interesting companies of the next generation. So come build with us. Thank

Namaste. Thank you so much for that introduction. Good evening everyone. It is truly an honor to be here today. In his May 2011 address to the British Parliament, President Obama said, and I quote, I am told that the last three speakers here have been the Pope, Her Majesty, the Queen, and Nelson Mandela, which is either a very high bar or the beginning of a very funny joke. Unquote. Even though I am no President Obama, I feel something similar standing before you this evening. Being in the company of leaders like our Honorable Prime Minister Modiji, Sundar Pichai, Rishi Sunak, Sam Altman, Mukesh Ambani, Narayan Murthy, and my father, to name a few, this for sure is a very high bar that I will surely not reach.

I am very nervous and this is clearly not a joke. Under the leadership of our Honorable Prime Minister, it has been extraordinary to see to watch India step into a driving role in the global AI discourse. As a young leader, I feel extremely grateful to have this platform and I feel that it is our responsibility to make sure that we deliver. India’s journey from a $4 trillion economy to a $40 trillion economy in the arc that stretches from where we are today to the Vixit Bharat we aspire to be by 2047, technology will play a decisive role. This moment carries a similar taste to that of the Industrial Revolution. A period where the relationship between human labor and economic output was fundamentally rewritten.

And yet, I would argue, that what we are witnessing today is even more profound. The Industrial Revolution amplified our physical capabilities. AI is amplifying our cognitive ones. What we are living through is nothing less than a Cambrian explosion of possibilities. A phase where entirely new forms of value and new modes of human potential are emerging at a pace that defies our linear thinking. We are standing at a seminal moment in the history of human progress. A moment of extraordinary possibilities. In our humble attempt to translate these possibilities into reality, I am here to introduce Birla AI Labs. When it comes to the Aditya Birla group and AI, I want to be clear. My father has been at this for a while.

Deliberately, quietly, and steadily. Not for the spectacle, but to deliver tangible value to our stakeholders. Birla AI Labs has a dual mandate. The first is to service my father’s direction and act as an apex AI body for the Aditya Birla Group, building solutions alongside our business tech teams to unlock new value across our businesses. The second is to operate as a frontier research lab doing ongoing original research at cutting edge and translating that science into proprietary AI products for the open market. This dual positioning gives Birla AI Labs a rare advantage. Real world data, domain know -how and enterprise scale deployment through the group paired with the freedom to build category defining products for global markets.

Let me share what this looks like in practice. As a part of our first mandate driven by my father, we are executing AI deployment, across the Aditya Birla Group. The group has been operational for the last 160 plus years, and we have decades of operational data across manufacturing, financial services, commodities, consumer businesses, and a growing bench of talent that understands both the science and the business, giving us an undeniable moat. With a $120 billion market cap operating across 42 countries with over 250 ,000 employees, we are witnessing tangible early gains across our diverse portfolio as advanced analytics and AI reshape everything from supply chains to workforce management. Let me start with Birla Estates. We will be using AI to compress project concept timelines by 90%.

Freeing over 2 ,000 man days a year. The immediate impact is efficiency. Architects and developers are no longer constrained by the time it takes to test an idea Contract intelligence tools will now give our teams a unified, accurate view of every agreement Flagging potential claims before they escalate Moving into financial services and the transformation takes a completely different shape Aditya Birla Capital has built one of the most ambitious Gen AI programs in India’s financial sector Not by picking a single use case, but by going after the entire value chain at once Underwriting turnaround time is down 50 % Credit assessment preparation has been cut by 90 % A fully AI -enabled sales program is already targeting more than $100 million in gross sales And it’s not just about the sales, it’s also about the value of the product While the customer service platform is pushing first call resolution beyond 90 % What makes this remarkable is not any individual number.

It is the concurrence. Then there is Hindalco. And here the story shifts register entirely. This is about applying intelligence in one of the most physically demanding energy -intensive industries in the world. On the shop floor, a proprietary factory intelligence integrates 24 operational KPIs in real -time, turning what were once static spreadsheets into a living intelligence layer that surfaces anomalies before they escalate. And what we are building is more ambitious still. A digital twin for our smelters and furnaces, and an AI layer on top that will orchestrate the entire coal -sourced power ecosystem. But if there is one place in our portfolio where AI feels most consequential, most human, it is for Tantra. Tantra our microfinance business.

Here we are embedding AI across sales, audit and quality control and we expect it to unlock at least 30 % in productivity gains. It means a loan officer can reach more people. It means a woman in a village gets access to capital that she would not have had access to otherwise. That kind of efficiency does not just improve margins, it has the potential to improve lives. The consumer businesses brings this completely full circle. I have come to believe through my experience that to build great brands today, product must be backed by content -driven distribution. Our fashion, retail and jewelry businesses are deploying AI for hyper -personalized marketing and real -time inventory intelligence. Within Birla Cosmetics, our brand Love Etc and Contraband are using AI creativity tools to move from campaign ideation to final asset delivery at a fraction of the traditional cost.

What this tells me is that the question is no longer whether AI can work in complex, capital -intensive real -world industries. We have seen it and we know it can. The real question is how fast and how deep should we go, given the ambiguity that surrounds artificial intelligence. Now, on to our second mandate. And this is where Birla AI Labs operates as a frontier research lab. The conviction here is simple. India’s next great institution will emerge at the intersection of deep research, applied engineering and market creation. That is our North Star. To do this, we have assembled a global team of researchers and engineers from Oxford and IIT Madras to BITS Pilani, ISRO Google and Goldman Sachs.

Our first major research vertical is in structured foundation. A field that a recent Forbes article estimates at a $600 billion market opportunity. Often overlooked, a vast majority of the world’s data sits in time series and tabular formats Stock prices, sensor readings, supply chain signals, weather patterns, energy consumptions, patient vitals This data could actually power predictive intelligence in industry, in finance, in infrastructure, in healthcare In December, our team was in Europe in San Diego where our paper, Time to Time, was accepted It asks a very provocative question Do these time series foundation models actually understand what a market crash is? Or are they just fitting curves? A researcher showed that you can reach inside a model’s hidden states Inject the signature of a historical crash and watch the forecast shift accordingly This is not a question of time This is not curve fitting This is a model that has learned something about the structure of the world Our researchers are working at that frontier This thesis for Birla AI Labs has been presented at the Oxford AI Summit and the World Summit AI in the Netherlands in 2025 This lab has built, is building I would say a credible global research presence presenting at top venues partnering with leading institutions and attracting talent that could work anywhere in the world but has chosen to build for India A second research vertical is one that I believe the industry has a moral obligation to pursue AI now mediates the everyday decisions, relationships and information environments of over 1 .7 billion people worldwide Yet the study of what this does to human cognition, agency and daily life remains nascent We at Birla AI Labs want to do something about this We are here to help We conducted a study with Delhi University students to measure how language model usage affects curiosity and cognitive agency among students.

The results of this study will be presented at King’s College this June. This is the kind of research that industry too often leaves to others. But I believe that those of us who are building AI have a responsibility to understand its human consequences, not as an afterthought, but as a core part of the enterprise. Alongside the research, we are also building tools. In December 2024, we launched a beta version of an AI native research and productivity platform at IIT Bombay. Combining a genetic search, real -time data processing and multimodal intelligence to deliver contextual insights across the Internet, documents and financial data. That platform is now being used across my own office. to drive day -to -day efficiency.

It is a tangible example of what happens when frontier research meets applied deployment. And that is exactly the loop that we at Birla AI Labs are designed to close. This approach, building at the frontier while staying rooted in real -world application, is not new to us. The Aditya Birla Group’s history has been very intertwined with the story of our nation. My forefathers have built through every chapter of India’s journey, through independence, through liberalization, through globalization. Ours is a history of reading the moment, adapting with conviction, and building institutions that outlast the disruptions that gave birth to them in the first place. This century of building has given us something very invaluable, a muscle memory for navigating tectonic shifts We are here to build a new world.

We are here to build a new world. We are here to build a new world. We are here to build a new world. We are here to build a new world. The generations before me, my brother and my sister, have learned to read the early tremors, to invest before consensus forms, and to build for decades rather than just quarters. Every generation of our group has faced a moment where the old playbook had to be rewritten. What is different today is the elements of high ambiguity and uncertainty, which, if we look at closely, can give rise to immense opportunity. And that is precisely what makes this moment so thrilling and so consequential. But here is what I have come to believe very, very strongly.

No single institution, no matter how large or how well resourced, can navigate this epoch alone. The journey from $4 trillion to $40 trillion will not be powered by industry acting in isolation. It will require something way more fundamental. It will require us to build an ecosystem that brings academia, industry and policy into genuine, sustained collaboration. As India writes its AI chapter, we intend to be on the front lines, not as observers, not as fast followers, but as honest and true responsible builders of technology, of institutions and of the ecosystem this country needs to lead. And we will do so with utmost responsibility. The playbook for what comes next has not yet been written. And at the Aditi Birla Group and at Birla AI Labs, we look forward to writing it together.

Thank you all so very much. It’s been an honour.

Thank you so much, Mr. Cristiano Amon, for that very, very interesting session. And I’m sure each one of us must have gained something, some new insights out of it. Are you all excited about such sessions, such keynote speakers? Louder yes would do better. Thank you. I think we all keep reading about AI. We all are aware of the challenges in front of the world when it comes to AI. But, capital but, B -U -T, such sessions are actually adding such new perspectives to our understanding of AI, the challenge, and also the future, what to expect in future. So I think it’s really time to thank our keynote speakers who are adding such great value to our understanding of artificial intelligence, as well as to this AI Impact Summit.

And ladies and gentlemen, now, it’s my honor to invite Her Excellency, Ebba Bush, Deputy President of the United States, and the President of the United States, Prime Minister and Minister for Energy and Business, Sweden. Sweden has long been a quiet powerhouse of innovation, from Ericsson to Spotify to some of Europe’s most promising AI startups. As Deputy Prime Minister, Ms. Ebba Bush is navigating the critical nexus between energy policy and AI infrastructure. Now, that’s a challenge I think every nation will face as the data centers demand ever -growing share of national power grids. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, Her Excellency, Ebba Bush.

Thank you so much, Excellencies, distinguished guests, dear friends. Namaste, ap kärsahein. And let me begin by expressing my sincere gratitude I am very grateful to the European Council for the towards the government of India and to the organizers of this important summit. It is truly an honor to be here in beautiful, beautiful India. Given this unique chance to address you all today, I would like to talk about three points. About why, first of all, it is important to be here, some reflections on public legitimacy, and finally, about cooperation and AI sovereignty. India today is not only the world’s largest democracy, it is a leading voice in shaping the future global order. Your leadership matters, your perspective matters, and the Global South must be fully included when we shape the rules of innovation, technology governance, and global standards.

I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, and I am here today as a European, as a proud European, Swede that represents the second largest international delegation here at the AI Summit after France. That’s worth an applaud in itself. Thank you so much. The Nordics are deeply engaged here in India, and we are here because we believe this partnership is strategic.

It is long -term and built on trust. India is not only the world’s largest democracy, it is also the world’s youngest democracy. And I am impressed with the long -term vision of India for a better life for young people, with a commitment that stretches across generations. And Sweden shares this long -term commitment. Since India first gained independence, Swedish companies have worked alongside Indian partners, and we have grown together. And as India makes strategic investments in sovereign and democratic development, we have developed different AI models and advanced research ensuring that 1 .4 billion people can benefit from AI. This is not only industrial policy. It is in many ways poverty reduction. It is empowerment. It is development leap of historic proportions.

Sweden intends to be a reliable and innovative partner as India continues its economic rise. Prime Minister Modi often talks about and speaks of India as Vishmamitra, a friend to the world. Today, we stand at a new frontier where that friendship is more vital than ever, the frontier of artificial intelligence. Sweden is a proud friend of India. In the ancient scriptures, we read of the Samudramanta. The churning of the cosmic ocean. It teaches us that collaboration is the only way to truly unlock the deepest treasures. Today, the vast ocean of data is our samudra and AI is our churning rod. Clearly. Thank you. So as you understand, clearly, there are very, very good reasons why we are here and why this summit is taking place in India, in New Delhi.

And that brings me to the point of legitimacy. In 1450, with modern time telling, when the printing press was introduced, the reaction from the status quo was not excitement. It was fear. Power had long depended on being able to control information and suddenly knowledge could scale. And if you look back at the argument. That we heard that. They’re a bit familiar, actually. This will spread the wrong ideas. People won’t know what to trust. Society will lose control. And people, especially writers at the time, will lose their jobs. But the printing press wasn’t dangerous. What was dangerous was not understanding it. Those who understood it could soon reach a nation in only two weeks and a whole continent possibly in two months.

Every major technological shift follows the same sort of emotional curve. It goes from fear, then trust, then legitimacy, and finally, a worldwide transformation. We are now living through another such moment. And artificial intelligence isn’t just another digital upgrade. It is a fundamental shift. AI is no longer about algorithms alone. It is about control of energy, compute capacity, data, and trust. Nations that master AI infrastructure will shape economic growth, industrial competitiveness, and democratic resilience for decades. It’s going to make a massive shift. Make no mistake, we are not digitalizing the old economy. We are building an entirely new global AI industry, one that will redefine the foundations of productivity, of healthcare, of defense, energy systems, and of course also public administration.

The nations that lead this transformation, they will prosper. Those that merely consume AI built elsewhere will fall behind. The future will not be decided necessarily by the ones that builds the biggest models. But rather, the future will be decided by the ones that build the biggest models. the ones that build the most trusted systems. So for me, the question is not whether or not this transformation will happen. The question is who shapes it and on what values. And that is why I am here. So let’s talk a little bit about something else that is often misunderstood. Data centers. Because AI, much like fire, it is powerful. And in this sense, it is invisible. And it is very energy intensive.

Demanding of energy intense data centers, often on the countryside, rupturing forests and fields. To many citizens, data centers look like someone else’s internet using our electricity. At least that’s the debate in Sweden and I know in many other countries. But I believe that that’s the debate. And I think that’s the debate. That perception is incomplete. In reality, they can be long term. local job anchors if implemented and used correctly. They can enable renewable energy investments. They can be infrastructure for hospitals, for research, defense and industry. And they are the factories of the new economy. And this brings us to the core political challenge. People do not vote for technology. People vote for outcomes. A job, a hospital that works, energy they can afford.

If AI is to become electable in our democracies, policymakers must find a way to translate complexity into tangible benefit. Fear turns into trust when we understand. And when understanding grows. So how do we get there? No nation can build resilient AI infrastructure alone. Democracies have to cooperate. AI sovereignty does not mean isolation. It means choosing your dependencies. To be able to choose our dependencies and the values that shape global AI, we also need a measure of sovereignty over AI. True sovereignty, the way I see it, rests on three pillars. First, jurisdictional control, knowing where your data is stored and processed. Second, infrastructure capacity, having sovereign compute for advanced models. And third, strategic choice, selecting partners from a place of strength, not dependency.

And in a turbulent world, you need to choose your friends carefully. Sweden is choosing India. India provides the incredible scale and speed, the very engine of this movement. Europe and Sweden can provide precision and trust, the filter that ensures that what we extract is the amrit, the nectar of progress for all. Just as Lord Vishwakarma unified divine vision with practical tools, we must unify the human heart with machine power. We must not see AI as a replacement for the human spirit, but as a power multiplier for human dignity. And when we combine India’s digital scale with Sweden’s systematic trust, we do more than build code. We build a future where technology never outweighs. Sweden offers Europe and all of our global partners what the AI transition actually needs.

needs. So now you’ll have a little bit of Swedish bragging, which is not that very common. But first of all, we have an abundant of clean and reliable energy. We export more electricity per capita than any other European country. AI is becoming the most efficient way to export energy without exporting electrons. In Sweden, AI training can run a roughly one third of the carbon footprint of a typical US hyperscaler operations. This transforms us from energy exporter to intelligence exporter, a fundamentally more valuable position. But energy alone is not enough. And that brings me to the second Swedish strength, industrial depth. Sweden has deep expertise in scaling complex industrial systems. We are modernizing traditional industry while building new AI.

Infrastructure. And Europe cannot be underestimated. You cannot bypass the European Union in the AI stack. Consider just ASML in the Netherlands, the only company in the world producing extreme ultraviolet lithography machines essential for advanced ships. Or ARM in the United Kingdom, whose architectures power most of the world’s smartphones and an increasing share of data center properties. Processors. Or SAP in Germany, embedded in the mission -critical enterprise systems of the global economy. And of course, Ericsson from Sweden, a global leader in 5G and a frontrunner in 6G, the backbone of edge computing and AI -enabled networks. You cannot build the AI ecosystems with Europe. And you shouldn’t, because we’ll be a reliable partner. Third, but not least, trusted institutions.

When you make a deal with a Swede, that is a handshake that you can trust. And Sweden offers the ability to move from strategy to execution. In the Nordics, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, we are now building AI gigafactories, manufacturing intelligence at industrial scale with near zero carbon energy. We combine clean power, political stability, rule of law, technological sophistication and a culture of trust. We see ourselves as a sort of pathfinder, helping define the routes that will shape global AI infrastructure for decades. At the same time, we are making strategic commitments. During this parliamentary term, We have committed a substantial amount of funds to AI research, AI development and implementation, therefore ensuring that Sweden seizes the economic and societal benefits of this transformative technology.

Building on that foundation, we are today presenting in Sweden an AI strategy with high ambitions. The strategy will outline concrete steps that will steer Sweden towards sustained AI leadership. Our strategy not only demonstrates the scale of current commitment, but also maps a path forward for Sweden’s future. And we have launched an AI workshop to help public sector adopt AI safely and efficiently, because trust is built not by slogans, but by implementation. And this implementation brings me back to India. India understands scale. India understands development. Your investments in sovereign AI models ensures that AI speaks all of your languages, reflects your society and serves your people. This is what real inclusion truly looks like. When 1 .4 billion people gain access to AI tools that empower farmers, small businesses, teachers and doctors, that is not just innovation, that is transformation.

Information partnerships between India and Sweden combine scale with engineering excellence, market dynamism with institutional trust. Together, we can ensure AI strengthens democracy, drives sustainable growth and expands opportunity. I’d like to sum up by saying people fear what they do not understand. But what people understand and see value in. They will defend. Our task as leaders is not merely to regulate AI, it is to make it legitimate, to make it understandable, and most importantly, to make it beneficial. If we succeed, AI will not be feared like the printing press. It will be embraced like electricity, invisible, indispensable, but empowering. Let us shape this new industry together, open, competitive, democratic, and inclusive. The future of AI must empower our people and

including, you know, Southeast Asia as well as Africa and other places. So from that perspective, it is very important that we scale these solutions. We have policies, standards, toolkits which are developed which can be actually replicated. And frankly speaking, in this area, in this situation, nothing is static. You have a shelf life which is sometimes three months or six months or even less. Yes. So we have to continuously upgrade the things as we go by. You know, we can’t be saying that this is what we have done, unlike a machine which we have built up and it works for six years or five years. There is no guarantee, no warranty in these kind of systems which we are building in AI.

AI, and the reason for this is diversity. You know, each person is different. Each language is different. Each culture is different. So there is… There is huge amount of diversity and we have to live with the diversity unlike the earlier digital systems which used to work on only standards. You know, they had standards and they would perhaps keep the outliers away. Here, inclusion is the name of the, inclusion is part of the design, diversity is part of the design. And we would perhaps have to go step by step to define those diversities so that they start becoming standards. Right. You know, it’s a very different kind of a setup which is there and happy to be part of this journey, happy to, happy and acknowledged to the help which is being provided.

And hopefully we are going to get across to the next level and higher steps in the journey as we go by in future. Thank you very much.

Thank you, Mr. Nag for your insightful words and also for your incredible support throughout the last year over the course of the program. Right. Thank you. I will now invite Dr. Ariane Ahildur -Brandt, Director General of the Department for Global Health, Equality of Opportunity, Digital Technologies and Food Security of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development to deliver the keynote address. Thank you. Thank you.

Dear Mr. Naack, dear partners, distinguished guests, it is a great pleasure to welcome you to this launch today. We present to you the Policy Report and Developers Toolkit Building on Open and Responsible Voice Technology Ecosystem in India. The report and the toolkit are the impressive result of a very productive partnership between Germany and India. And it is the result of a joint effort involving a group of distinguished partners and experts. This is why I would like to start by thanking you, Mr. Nack, and your colleagues from Ascini, for the excellent cooperation. And I would like to thank the Digital Futures Lab, Art Park, TriLegal, and NASSCOM for their invaluable support. Dear guests, you will find that the report and toolkit that we are presenting today is full of best practices and lessons learned.

It will provide guidance and hands -on advice to policymakers and to the tech community alike. But for me, this report is more than useful and more than practical content. It also conveys a shared conviction, shared values, and a shared vision for digital inclusion. In fact, when it comes to inclusion, voice technology has a key role to play. For millions of people. Voice is the most natural and powerful interface to the digital world, especially for those with limited literacy or access to digital devices. When voice AI works in local languages and dialects, it will become a gateway to public services, healthcare, education, and economic participation. When it does not, AI risks reinforcing existing devices and may even become an instrument for exclusion.

This is why responsible, inclusive voice AI is not just a technical issue. As I said, it is part of a shared vision, a shared vision between India and Germany. At a time when artificial intelligence is often framed as a global competition, this report offers a different narrative, and this is a narrative of cooperation. The Indo -German Partnership on AI, and particularly on language, and voice technologies shows what is possible when we join forces. Together with Bashini and the Indian Institute of Science, our initiative Fair Forward has created open voice technologies for nine Indian languages. These language models can now be used by NGOs, state agencies and companies. For example, they can be integrated into voice assistance for health workers, which in turn can improve health care for women.

Or they can be used to advise farmers on crop management. This collaboration, based on the principles of openness, fairness and responsibility, is the foundation for AI that truly serves the common good. And it contradicts those who claim that only fierce competition can generate prosperity and innovation. Ladies and gentlemen, this approach, closely aligns with the principles articulated by the International Cooperation on Climate Change. in the Hamburg Declaration on Responsible AI for Sustainable Development Goals. This declaration, presented by BMZ, our ministry, and UNDP last year, has been endorsed by more than 50 stakeholders already, including governments, international organizations, NGOs, and companies. The declaration reminds us that AI should serve the people and the planet, strengthen inclusion, and support sustainable development.

And our report here is a very practical and relevant contribution to that agenda, translating shared principles into concrete guidance. So let us thus deepen cooperation, strengthen trust, and build voice technologies that truly speak to everyone. Thank you for your attention.

Thank you so much, Dr. Hillbrand. We shall now move on to the formal launch of the report and toolkit. I’ll invite all the representatives of the consortium from GIZ, Tri -Legal, Art Park, NASSCOM, Digital Futures Lab to please come on stage. And Mr. Nag to present the data. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Now that we’re done with the formal launch of the report and policy toolkit, just to give you a brief overview, I invite Ms. Harleen Kaur, Research Manager, Digital Futures Lab, to present the report.

Good morning, everyone, and thank you for being present. on a Friday morning for the launch of this report, as well as the developer toolkit. So I’ve linked the outputs in case you’d want to see them. If you can take a quick photo, and I’ll move towards discussing the high points of the findings that we had both for our policy report as well as developer’s toolkit. So when we began this work last year, we found that the challenges that are there in the voice tech arena, they are not limited to data collection alone. So the challenges are multi -layered that start right at the data collection stage and curation stage, but then move on to model development, where we see linguistic diversity gaps, lack of standards, uneven documentation, unclear data ownership and structures being a problem.

But then when we move on to the, hosting and licensing aspect, long -term infrastructure costs, costs, governance of open source assets, as well as sustainability of shared resources is something that we felt was a very important problem that needed to be solved in a certain manner. And the last is downstream deployment and impact, where bias, exclusion and lack of accountability for misuse become more visible. All of these are essentially starting at the data collection stage, but they move on to the life cycle of the voice technology ecosystem in India, specifically when you feel like supporting an open voice ecosystem in India. To lay down our approach for this project, we thought about how can we move on from the traditional government systems where government has primarily acted as a regulator, it enforces rules, it corrects market failures, to a newer active role, and that we have seen with Bhashani.

We encourage governments across the world to adopt this framework where the government acts as a steward of public good. ecosystem convener, as well as a standard setter, not just through licenses, but actually through practice as well. This is the overview of our policy framework. Based on this approach, we have structured our policy framework around the four pillars that you see on the screen. The first is treating foundational data sets as public goods. Second is institutionalizing sustainable open source infrastructure. Third is building open and representative models. And finally, strengthening responsible deployment. And what do we mean when we say this? When we say treat foundational data sets as public good, we are saying that government should be encouraging both funding and convening for public good functions.

For example, supporting languages that are not commercially viable as such. Institutionalizing governance. Governance framework. Thank you. to strengthen RAI practices, for example, through procurement, etc. On open representative models, we believe that local and contextually relevant benchmarks that are curated by government bodies not just at the center, but at the relevant diversity ecosystem, whether it is state, district, etc., is important. Shared national compute infrastructure, preferential treatment to open source ecosystem is something that we propose. On open source infrastructure itself, standardization of documents and promoting collaborative data steward models is something that has already been written in the report. Strengthening responsible deployment, public value sharing is another aspect of the report. We believe that public value sharing comes not just from financial arrangements, but also a buy -in of communities into what kind of…

uses of voice technology are there. And of course, supporting public literacy to protect against misuse and preventing harms is the policy side of our suggestion. Moving on to developer’s toolkit. You know, policy intent alone does not ensure inclusive AI systems. So alongside the policy framework, we’ve developed a developer toolkit that translates some of these principles into practice for developers. So it focuses on three broad areas, representation being the foremost through diversity planning, et cetera. Second being data quality and evaluation. And the third one being embedding RAI practices throughout the lifecycle of development of open voice I’ll just give you a brief overview of what we mean when we say this. So for developers, we have a toolkit that includes best practices that we’ve seen in industry.

And we have a toolkit that we’ve seen in India and outside on what does it mean to ensure adequate representation. on what does it mean to ensure adequate representation. So we have a toolkit that we’ve seen in India and outside So we have a toolkit that we’ve seen in India and outside on what does it mean to ensure adequate representation. Things like having a diversity wish list, making sure that you’re not collecting data from one source, applying linguistic expertise, using synthetic data, training model for linguistic and environmental nuances, and also layered data strategy. Which again means that don’t just use one source of data. Don’t do active or passive collection alone. Use a hybrid layered structure to make your models more diverse.

Once the developer move on from data collection to curation, we suggest many, many ways. This is just a very bird’s eye view overview in which data quality can be enhanced in the constraints that we operate in, in countries like India. And there are suggestions to make the applications inclusive and useful in practice, including robust transcription standards, contextual benchmarks. using data cards, model cards that are standardized, as well as continuous post -deployment monitoring. You can find more details in the report itself. And the last aspect of the developer’s toolkit is actually embedding RAI practices. We’ve taken another lifecycle framework within this where we believe that RAI practices are not the domain of policy alone. At enterprise startup developer level, ensuring a framework that serves to support them by providing them clarity on what does it mean when we say your output should be responsible.

So things like be mindful of engagement with the communities from whom you are taking data, annotation is happening, consent protocols, privacy enhancing techniques. So this report essentially is compliance plus. It actually shares practices that we believe are useful to promote open, responsible AI voice technology ecosystem. Please feel free to engage with the reports We’ll be very happy to take your comments, suggestions Thank you so much

Thank you, Harleen We shall now move on to a short panel discussion On voice technologies in India Unpacking the present and future Of the voice AI application ecosystem For India and beyond Joining us today, I will invite to the stage Mr. Amitabh Nag, CEO of DIBD Dr. Prasanta Ghosh, Associate Professor At the Indian Institute of Science Ms. Kritika K .R., Head Artificial Intelligence And Product Researcher, SanLogic Mr. Thomas Valunith, Counsel Trilegal And this discussion will be moderated By the Board of Directors of the Indian Institute of Science And Product Researcher, SanLogic Mr. Nihar Desai, Head of JNI Thank you.

Hello. Hello. Am I audible? Okay. Thanks everybody for joining. So, I just delving right deep into it. My first question to you would be Mr. Nag. As we saw in the toolkit, we were arguing that data set like foundational data sets, speech data sets, must be treated as DPIs and DPGs and hence be available in general. From your experience in driving this ecosystem for about two years since I’ve been a part at least, what does it take to continue creation, ongoing facilitation of such innovations being put up as a digital public good while ensuring trust safety, right? And is there a way for us to have a flywheel of data sorts, data goods of sorts?

Yeah, that’s a very important aspect of what we should be doing. That means continue the creation of data sets because it will then improve the models as we go by. Now, continuation of creation of data sets are, I would say that these are going to be in two or three ways, you know. One is the way which we have been… doing, which is the brute data collection, which is going to the various fields and then picking up the data from there and then creating the diversity which is required to actually build the model. So that is one way of doing it and that will continue. We will have to keep the focus with respect to saying that now I am doing for this particular area, this particular dialect, this particular language, while as it will be for other language in some other way.

The second is to actually look at using the products which have been developed using these models and creating such open domain activities to create the digital data. So you are creating the digital data which you are speaking, automatically creating the parallel corpus and then finding a way to actually vet this out and annotate and label and saying that, okay, this is the improvement corpus. That is the second thing. So one, you are creating a primary corpus. Second is… you are creating an improvement corpus which can be again fed back to the model and say that this is what is to be used and that is a big area of work as we look at. Allied to that is a lot of also the digital data is getting created any which way in the open domain which we can actually use to build the corpus again.

So you know YouTube videos today the world is more digital than it was yesterday. But the conscious way of looking at it as a program is what is required. How do I look at it as a program that I will be creating a data corpus at various places and this need not be necessarily an open domain. Open domain is kind of an easy way to work upon it. It can be a closed domain as well that there is an application which is working in an enterprise or a government and the people there are given an option to give suggestions to the translations or the answers or the things which you have gone in and that can get into a wetting pipeline and you are able to create that.

So those applications which are related to this when we are looking at AI portfolio not only languages but otherwise AI portfolio is very important for us to be on a continuous improvement journey. The most important aspect hence would be that if a person for example is working on a enterprise system of mails for example and it is actually deriving some summary of a document in perhaps a known language also or not a known language. The summary differs from what he thinks as a manual activity. He should be able to put that down somewhere and that goes as a feedback to the model. Currently that is something which is a concept which which may or may not exist, some enterprise would have done it, other enterprise would not have done it.

So looking at these kind of interventions which can be run as a program in a conscious way that everybody is able to contribute into the system his or her own things and then take it back from the, you know, improve the model or improve the AI systems, because they still require a lot of interventions from each and every person. The knowledge still is deficient. Thank

So what I’m taking away is that data sets need to be more of lived in nature. It’s not static. It has to be built upon by users and by others. And also just the fact that the feedback itself could lead to better data quality and which is something that enterprises might be doing, but it could definitely be done more. Thank you for that input. But to his point on the first question on data set inclusivity, Prashanta, like in going back to your research activity. mostly on inclusive data sets. The toolkit also argues that inclusivity must be designed at the foundational data layer at the time of designing data sets. But still we do find data sets which do lack this aspect.

What’s your take on what are the gaps over here at the research and academia level in terms of designing better inclusive data sets that could hence lead to better applications down the road?

That’s a very deep and good question. So to cover the diversity and become more inclusive, one approach would be to cover in the data, right? But if we think about the diversity that is there in Indian languages, right, that is a function of the culture, caste, local knowledge and everything, right? And while we see the diversity, they are not independent elements. There are certain commonalities and certain uniqueness in each of these languages and dialects and accents that we talk about. So one important direction in modeling would be to think about this intrinsic basis components that finally leads to this diversity. Instead of a brute force way of covering data from all parts of the country.

So if you can discover, for example, just an example, I’m not an expert of linguistics, but if you look at the Indian languages, there are two broad, right? One is Indo -Aryan and the other is Dabirian. Now, while there are multiple languages within each of the streams, we may say, well, can we go and then to cater certain technologies? Two speakers of these languages. should we go ahead and collect a good amount of data in everything, each of those. That may not be the only way to think about. How do we balance and make a trade -off between the amount of data we collect? We know that’s challenging and costly as well, to a novel modeling where we start from those intrinsic basis components and then manifest into those individual diversities.

I think that may help us to jointly think about modeling and collection for catering to this diverse population.

If you could help the audience with one example of when you say balance both aspects. Let’s say if we could pick up one of your initiatives, Syspin, Respin or Wani or any other data set. How did you manage or balance inclusivity versus model building activities versus maybe other factors that might be coming into factor while designing specifications?

Yeah, so the aspect of modeling that I brought out is something I would say not very well established at this moment. But from my experience in the project ResPin, I can give a concrete example. For example, if you take the Telugu as a language, right, there are, we worked with four major dialectal variations. One is in the region of Krishna Guntur, another is Vishakapatnam Vizag, another is Anandpur Chittoor, another is Nalgonda. Now, when you look at their intrinsic variations, we see that there are some commonalities. And then there are some unique aspects in each of those dialects. So now think about a brute force approach that I collect thousand hours in each of them. Versus think of collecting certain kind of stimuli to cover the actuality.

Acoustics case of the speakers, maybe from one region that will automatically cater to the other region. And then collect something that will complement. in each of the other regions, right? So that way, our overall timeline, budget, cost will all go down. And there has to be a novelty in terms of having a model that will start from the intrinsic one and then naturally diversify itself to cater to those populations. So that has to become a region -anchored approach that we started later on in one.

I see. Okay. Thanks for that input. Just to summarize, what I’m taking away is that instead of having brute force approach, what we’re essentially saying is balancing across various parameters on the basis of which you would train a model, such as linguistic diversity, acoustic diversity, and then using some sort of a smart approach to dissect the current audience, ways of collecting data, to maximize the output while maximizing bang for the buck. Thanks for that input. But this… This is also slightly… you are coming from the perspective of academia I would like to switch to Dr. Krithika from the perspective of as an applied AI researcher you are also one of the people in this panel who has really deployed speech AI solutions what is your take on challenges that you faced with inclusivity either at the data set layer or the application layer

More towards on core of the enterprise applications, knowledge repo integrations are coming up, beta healthcare, or even the manufacturing automobiles. So voice being the go -to interface for different applications and enabling the workforce across the industries is coming up. So in that case, again, as I said, on the consistency with the various user scenario and more specific to the domain adoption. Specialized domain adoption is required. That feedback loop is more important while the system is in the practice or while the system is in progress. I would say that point. And more critical aspect is on giving the scalable and sustainable infrastructure that comes with more optimized models and also like bringing the edge deployments also.

So that the real adoption can be scaled across multiple… industries and the normal usage for… various sectors across the industry. So I’m talking more on the end user perspective and using, getting the data. Data is one source of it, but making it reliable across the infrastructure and also giving the required scalable model at the device intelligence level is also important when it comes to the real adoption of these AI models.

Thanks for the input. So I guess after all, industry is also using feedback as a tool. It’s a nice validation over here. Yeah, maybe coming to Thomas, switching tracks to slightly legal sites. We’ve seen that, at least in the toolkit also, we’ve argued that speech models and speech data sets are at the intersection of copyright law, you know, data governance and security, etc. And how do you propose, how do you propose balancing sort of innovation? versus caution on these sites, especially with all the researchers and practitioners in the room?

Thanks, Nihal. That’s, again, a very helpful question. I think Harleen had articulated it quite well in the beginning when we have to consider the entire ecosystem as a whole. There is a common myth in India that anything that is public is freely available. I think what we have to think about is also that, you know, all data sets operate at the intersection of privacy law and copyright law. Under privacy law, most publicly available data sets are essentially freely available to be used under, you know, even the new legislation. But under copyright law, even if it is publicly available, somebody else may own the copyright on that. So there has to be careful thought put in place right from the beginning itself in terms of what data sets you’re collecting, what is the copyright provenance of it, are you able to defer to, you know, freely licensed and open source kind of material to compile it, compile that data set, and if not, are you able to obtain the licenses to do so?

So the thought process from the beginning in terms of how you’re structuring the way to get this and also how to reduce the surface area of the impact of some of these laws. So for instance, in relation to privacy laws, if you’re collecting somewhat more private data sets, if you can use privacy enhancing technologies or you’re able to extract data such that no personal data is ultimately captured or stored at the point of data collection, all of these are various ways in which you can put in place mechanisms right from the start of when the ecosystem begins to ensure that downstream use cases are also protected in that sense. The second big aspect is, of course, the documentation, right?

Now, the data collector, the data creator is essentially the person who is the gateway to the entire ecosystem in some senses. The documentation has to be robust right from the beginning to enable everybody in the downstream chain to be able to use this data and to ensure that there’s a good and safe and trusted ecosystem created. with respect to that specific data set. So yes, there are flexibilities that are available under the law in terms of how you are able to use voice data sets, but at the same time, there’s some caution that you have to put in place right from the beginning and throughout the life cycle of this in terms of figuring out how to be able to use these data sets effectively.

Of course, the last kind of related aspect to this is to think about the various layers in which these legalities operate. So of course, you can think of the speech data set itself as being copyrighted, but equally, if they are reading out of a book passage or if they’re reading specific performance and so on, there may be separate rights that are allocated in relation to some of these other tangential elements as well. All of these are to be accounted for from the very beginning of the ecosystem itself such that downstream usage is not… in that sense impacted. So I would say, you know, the report’s argument in that sense is that think about it as a whole.

Don’t think of each action in isolation. Think about the entire impact downstream as well. And then account for both either enabling maneuvers under law in terms of documentation, privacy enhancing techniques and so on, or implement the appropriate cautionary mechanisms to ensure that downstream usage is also protected.

Yeah, at least in some of the hats that I wear, I am also collecting data sets and those are important points that we keep in mind. And hopefully we’ll be able to take the learnings out of toolkit to actually implement in our processes. Switching tracks slightly to Dr. Prashanta here, we’ve without measurement, right, we don’t really get anywhere in terms of implementing the right frameworks, implementing the right legal processes, etc., in terms of implementing, measuring quality. what you’ve also spoken about evaluations being broken as far as Indian context are concerned can you elaborate a little bit on what challenges we face on a day to day basis where do they come across and how do you foresee this sort of challenges either getting resolved or getting amplified again I think this is an important area that all of us together should explore and contribute to

so when we build something like an automatic speech recognition system that is being used in many many applications think of this to be yet another human who is listening to the audio and trying to spit out what is spoken in text now if you go out in the real world as we have realized that multiple number of times and experienced through multiple projects in ResPin as well as Vani and many other projects that I have done and that we are able to do and that we are able to do and that we are able to do and that we are able to do is that if you give a piece of audio to two individuals, they never exactly agree on what they hear.

And I’m telling from my experience, not from two different parts of the country, I’m talking in terms of, you know, two people from the same district. In fact, there was an incident where we realized that these two people were just three kilometers away in terms of their location, but still they did not agree how that should be written from the audio they hear. So what it tells us is there is an inherent variation or variability in the way as an individual, as an Indian, I perceive or I like to see the text as, right? Now, if we accept that fact that exists today, we need to think of building our systems and system evaluation to cater to that variation.

So we need to think of that variability and to be… robust to that variability. So if, as I said in the beginning, if we treat the system also as a human, it will also not agree with another human. So if we just go by word -by -word comparison of how the system performs compared to some of the humans, certainly it will not be 100 % accurate. Or in other words, we calculate using what we call word error rate, which is objective way of evaluating. So a word -based comparison is not probably the right way to go at this point. Maybe the ASR system is doing pretty well, but just because it made a mistake slightly in one of the words, we are penalizing and telling that it’s not doing well.

So now we have to think about how do we solve this problem. It could be that we have a multiple evaluation system where we just don’t use word error rate. That’s one aspect. Another way to think about this will be to build ASR so that it itself can give not just one output, rather multiple outputs. which could be potentially right and then evaluate that not just objectively but also subjectively through human because human can absorb that error and say yes still it’s okay third will be to take that to the downstream application where depending on what you are using could be an LLM or any other QNA system that can absorb that robustness so I think we need to break down the entire evaluation system into multi -layered evaluations and then they are not really independent we need to take feedback all the way down to the final application back to ASR and so on so forth so I guess here individuals from the application areas, individuals from the linguistic background, engineers everyone has to come together and

so what I am hearing is that to solve this is more of an ecosystem level challenge right and then And maybe before our ecosystem champion over here, Mr. Nag, before you come in on this, I would just like one industry perspective of Dr. Krithika, how do you solve this from an application standpoint? Prashanta explained this challenge from more of an academic or foundational research standpoint. But how does evaluation play a role in your daily application layer?

Yeah, so as I said, right, so the applications are varied. So now the adoption is at the conversational level, right from bringing the analytics out of the data. Then now it is more on the voice interface and the multilingual conversation. Now with the speech -to -speech translation, those things are more prevalent with the conversation right now. Now coming to the industry application, industry aspect of it, yeah, adopting these models to the custom data set is one way. And also right pick of sourcing the data. From the available open source so that this model will be more specialized to those particular tasks. and the work they are supposed to do it. So now coming with the LLMs, these models are more adaptable to the industry jargons or even the core of the industry workflow.

Now making AI with the ASR models also enabling with the LLM, you have various methods from the data creation perspective, leveraging the open source data, and also like custom tuning the data to the various industry use cases. Definitely with the required compliance and these open source models are also enabling the on -prem deployment of these models, which enables the security aspect when it comes to creating the model for different core industry applications so that the models can be much more fine -tuned or trained across the domain, keeping the compliance aspect and the security aspects intact.

so having heard both of these perspectives Mr. Nag, how do you just from your experience standpoint, how do we approach resolving this conflict where all of us sort of concur that evaluations need we need a better framework to evaluation but it’s also in some ways nobody’s problem at the moment so is there a way to break this

so let’s step back and let’s evaluate our conversation itself you know, is there a framework by which we can say that who was saying, who has spoken better language right, it was as good as other people understand it you know, if the audience is able to understand what I am speaking and what I am intending to speak that is what is going to be the final evaluation by any aspect. What we have to actually look at it is that we have to reach a level by which it is acceptable to the people who are sitting in front of me. I don’t think we will be able to ever reach a situation where we will be able to say that this is the best, second best, third best.

It is a situation, ultimately the audience decide whether they are in a position to do that. We are looking at few of the use cases where we have actually deployed these technologies and we incidentally, you know, go to various evaluations. One of them is grievance incidentally and when we were giving it to the last, to the person who is actually the owner of the system, the acceptance was supposed to be taken up by various ministries. So one ministry would say that this model is better. The other ministry would perhaps display. It’s a question of perception and ultimately the audience would decide. And some would like the tone of speaking, some would like the modality, some would like the pronunciation.

So it’s all based on what the person’s perception is. Now, is there a common way in which we can say that this is the acceptable thing? Right? But then also we will have differences. You know, many of the public figures, for example, when they speak, you know, Hindi or English or whatever language, there are gaps in the language, but still, you know, they are understood. They are able to connect to the people. So we have a difficult challenge. Rather than looking at it only from a perspective of application or academics, we would have to look at it from a perspective of audience. But then we also have some issues. You know, we have situations where we have a lot of people who are not aware of the situation.

And we have to look at the situation from a perspective of the audience. which require accurate and perfect transcriptions. Like, for example, if I’m arguing a case in a court, you know, I can’t have variations in terms of languages. If I am, for example, trying to be in a meeting where I am saying something, again, I cannot have variations. But for that also, we will perhaps have to step two steps back and look at purity of language with respect to the acceptance. Because most of our language has become impure because of the fact that we are, you know, using mixed code most of the time, especially in the cosmopolitan area. And in the other areas, even if we are having native language, dialects are taking over.

So it’s a very complex problem. It’s not an easy problem to solve. At this point in time, when we are looking at how do we actually take it forward, I would tend to say that we should look at what is acceptable to the audience and then start working back to define an acceptable way by which in which the models can go out in the market.

Yeah, that’s an important point that so far we’ve been looking at mostly, at least I have been looking at mostly from the lens of application versus academia, but maybe we need to go what works point of view and not really from just the traditional ranking point of view. But Thomas, in a world where, and this is, we’ve not talked about this and this might be a curveball, but in a world where evaluation is slightly subjective and no longer objective, how does law see this? How do you make decisions for procurement? How do you resolve arguments, differences between two opinions, and especially in cases where both might be right and it’s a gray area? Like, do you foresee these sort of scenarios coming in, especially with Gen AI, which is like…

Like, do you foresee these sort of scenarios coming in, especially with Gen AI, to be fair I think the legal principles at least on this are somewhat more clear at least in terms of some of the more privacy facing or copyright facing principles they occur much before outputs for instance are produced or any of these methodologies are implemented and we have a body of law that existed for many years in India it’s just a question of how do you lead evidence in relation to some of these matters so if it ever comes to the question of is a specific output right or is a specific output implying this or a specific output implying that I think where we haven’t caught up as a country is in terms of how to evaluate the evidentiary standard in relation to that the principles of course are fairly laid out saying that this is how you would decide it but what you would show the court to say this is the evidence for that that’s something I think that’s still evolving but I think it also brings me to I think a larger point and I think we’re making on the in the report as well is that you know there is a measure of trust that needs to be put in place in the ecosystem as a whole, right?

Irrespective of what the outcome of evaluation may be, there are measures that you can put in place right from the get -go. And one example I can give you is in relation to harmful content, right? Now, if there is a debate in relation to whether content is harmful or not, and it is a subjective determination, you can avoid that question to some degree by putting in place the necessary rails and safeguards right from the beginning itself so that trust is engineered into the process already as opposed to having to face that choice kind of downstream. But yes, to your point, and if we’re coming to a place where we need to face that question, I think the principles exist, but how you lead evidence, how you show the court that one is the interpretation over the other, still developing and very, very subjective.

I think some of the cases that, you know, the prominent AI players have in the country will go a long way to develop. Some of those standards, but at least as of now, the court system is still trying to catch up. to some of these principles. Documentation goes a long way to show intent. Methodologies that you have implemented that go to the extent of showing that you assumed reasonably high enough safeguards, reasonably high enough principles. All of these go a large extent to show intent. And so the subjectivity, I think, in that sense is far reduced if you put in place some of these measures that bring trust in the entire ecosystem. So I think at that one flashpoint of failure perhaps is tough to look at for the courts as well.

But if you look at it from an ecosystem perspective, I think there’s a lot of that that may reduce those flashpoints of failure or those flashpoints of evaluation at least from a legal perspective.

I see. Thanks for that summarization. That the law as such is at a stage where it can accommodate some amount of subjectivity but there needs to be dialogue and more policy decisions to make it crisper and of course follow on into the application of the law. Thanks for that input. last question is leaving the floor open in terms of any inputs we do have the topic at hand is challenges and best practices for speech models and data sets at the ecosystem level or from your experiences any open points any arguments that you would like to make or any sort of a call out that you would like to make to the ecosystem right here it means the call out is means like you know many of the things which were indeterministic or unknown a few days back have started coming into a situation where we are able to crystallize it so I think we need to get into more workshops more discussions to think about it as how to do it take more use cases study more use cases in detail to figure out a framework by which acceptability and evaluations are properly benchmarked.

That’s a good point. Go ahead, Thomas. I have a point to add here, which is, you know, I think there is a certain sense of affinity in this ecosystem towards open source data sets or open models. I would be more thoughtful in terms of how and when these are suitable. Are there particular safeguards you need to put in place for open source data sets is something you need to think about. Are there end -use considerations that need to be tailored? And a good example is, you know, we have, I’ve seen an example where somebody is training a model to detect hate speech, right? Now the safeguards you would put in place to detect hate speech in a model is different from a data set and a model that you would develop to detect regular speech -to -speech translation.

So the decision as to what licensing frameworks, what documentation frameworks are fairly, need to be informed by what end -use case you’re doing, what unique… Thank you. attributes arise as a result of the specific data sets and applications that you are considering and finally on the basis of what downstream users you are expecting the choice needs to be made I think in a little bit more of a conscious fashion Nishant you wanted to say sure this your question actually stimulates me to think about you know English I mean you know sort of models that were built on American English so there have been always a standardization on evaluation in fact NIST evaluation if you look at there have been various protocols and there have been call out every year who beats the best baseline so far achieved I believe we have to do in our country in India at least for Indian languages and it’s very diverse as we just discussed so first of all thinking about how to evaluate and then creating a national level framework for evaluation.

And every year, let’s assess ourselves, all these stakeholders, right?

It could be general evaluation, could be application specific in each language or dialect. And then we really have a leaderboard, which, of course, you know, there are many individual leaderboards across the country, but let’s have only one under Varshini, let’s say, right? And that should be elaborate enough to cater to all languages and dialects. And maybe that’s not the right way, but you think through and make sure every year we make progress in each of those three. I think that has to be brought in in the system to bring competitiveness in a collaborative way, of course. And overall, that can help improve the voice technology in Indian languages. And the reason I’m saying it

mostly from my understanding and experience with the English that has happened, in the past. Yeah. interesting points, Prasanta, in terms of I hear you sort of speak passionately about evaluation and now you’re taking it one step further in terms of how do we really create a unified framework for evaluation within competitive but yet collaborative manner for the ecosystem housed under a central, unpartial entity like Bhashani. This is a great point. I hope the audience found some of these points helpful and enriching. Thank you so much for making time in what is sure to be a very busy event and hope you have a rest of a good day. Thank you. Invite Mr. Shailendra Pal Singh, Senior General Manager, Bhashani to felicitate the speakers.

Thank you. Mr. Amitabh Nag Dr. Prasanta Ghosh Dr. Krithika K .I. Mr. Thomas Salenat I’m Ms. Harleen Kaur Thank you to all our speakers for walking us through this rich tapestry of voice technologies and their life cycle in the Indian context and we hope you read our report and the toolkit and find it useful. Thank you so much. Thank you so much to the audience for staying with us patiently throughout this entire hour. Thank you. Thank you.