Privacy and data protection Archives | Digital Watch Observatory

Data sovereignty becomes an infrastructure strategy in the AI era

For most of the past decade, data governance was treated as a legal issue. IT built networks and bought tools, while regulators were someone else’s problem. That division no longer holds. Cloud adoption and AI have turned data sovereignty into a core infrastructure and strategy question.

Regulatory frameworks such as GDPR, NIS2, and DORA are expanding and being enforced more strictly. Governments are also scrutinising foreign cloud providers and cross-border access. Local data storage no longer ensures absolute data sovereignty if critical control layers remain outside national jurisdiction.

Traditional SASE and SSE models were not built for this environment. Many still separate outbound cloud traffic from inbound controls. That split creates blind spots in distributed architectures and complicates consistent policy enforcement.

AI workloads intensify the pressure. Retailers, banks, and manufacturers are deploying models locally, not just in hyperscale clouds. Securing east-west traffic across systems and APIs without undermining data sovereignty is becoming a central architectural challenge.

Managed sovereign infrastructure is one response. It reduces reliance on external cloud paths while preserving operational scale. Ultimately, organisations must align security, AI deployment, and governance with long-term resilience goals.

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European businesses gain AI-powered contract tools with local data hosting

Workday has rolled out its Contract Lifecycle Management (CLM) platform with EU-hosted data in Frankfurt, allowing European organisations to use AI contract tools while keeping all data within the EU.

German, French, and Spanish language support is live, with more languages planned. The update is part of Workday’s EU Sovereign Cloud strategy, targeting the CLM market, which is set to grow to $1.9 billion by 2033.

The platform uses AI agents to automate contracts. The Contract Intelligence Agent extracts terms, obligations, and renewal dates to create a searchable repository, while the Contract Negotiation Agent flags deviations, drafts redlines, and speeds approvals.

Multilingual support ensures smooth workflows across Europe’s largest commercial languages, improving compliance and efficiency.

GDPR compliance remains critical, with fines up to €20 million or 4% of global turnover. EU-hosted CLM removes offshore data risks, which are crucial for the finance, healthcare, and defence sectors. Workday combines AI efficiency with full legal compliance.

Decision-makers should focus on three priorities: EU data residency, leveraging AI agents to accelerate contracts, and integrating CLM with HR and finance systems to maximise value. Workday aims to capture market share in Europe against competitors such as Icertis and DocuSign.

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Australia begins a landmark study on social media minimum age

eSafety Commissioner has lau n ched a major evaluation of Australia’s Social Media Minimum Age to understand how platforms are applying the requirement and what effects it is having on children, young people and families.

The study aims to deliver robust evidence about both intended and unintended impacts as the national debate on youth, wellbeing and digital environments intensifies.

Over more than two years, the research will follow more than four thousand children and families in Australia, combining surveys, interviews, group discussions and privacy-protected smartphone tracking.

Administrative data from national literacy assessments and health systems will be linked to deepen understanding of online behaviour, wellbeing and exposure to risk. All research materials are publicly available through the Open Science Framework to maintain transparency.

The project is led by eSafety’s Research and Evaluation team in partnership with the Stanford University Social Media Lab and an Academic Advisory Group of specialists in mental health, youth development and digital technologies.

Young people themselves are shaping the study through the eSafety Youth Council, ensuring that the interpretation reflects lived experience rather than external assumptions. Full ethics approval underpins the methodology, which meets strict standards of integrity and privacy.

Findings will be released from late 2026 onward, with early reports analysing the experiences of children under sixteen.

The results will inform a legislative review conducted by Australia’s Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications, Sport and the Arts.

eSafety expects the evaluation to become a major evidence source for policymakers, researchers and communities as the global conversation on minors and social media regulation continues.

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Pakistan’s digital transformation highlighted as UNESCO advances AI ethics

UNESCO used the Pakistan Governance Forum 2026 to highlight the need for a structured Ethical AI and Data Governance Framework as the country accelerates its digital transformation.

Federal leaders, provincial authorities and civil society convened to examine governance reforms, with UNESCO urging Pakistan to align its expanding digital public infrastructure with coherent standards that protect rights while enabling innovation.

Speaking at the Forum, Fuad Pashayev underlined that Pakistan’s reform priority should centre on the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, adopted unanimously by all 193 Member States.

Anchoring national systems in transparency, accountability and meaningful human oversight was framed as essential for maintaining public trust as digital services reshape access to benefits and interactions between citizens and the state.

To support the shift, UNESCO promoted its AI Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM), which is already deployed in more than 50 countries. The tool helps governments identify regulatory gaps, strengthen institutional coordination and design safeguards against discrimination and algorithmic bias.

UNESCO has already contributed to Pakistan’s draft National AI Policy, ensuring alignment with international ethical frameworks while accommodating national development needs.

Capacity building formed a major pillar of UNESCO’s engagement. In partnership with the University of Oxford, the organisation launched a global course on AI and Digital Transformation in Government in 2025, attracting over nineteen thousand enrolments worldwide.

Pakistan leads participation globally, reflecting both the country’s momentum and growing demand for structured training.

UNESCO’s ongoing work aims to reinforce data governance, improve AI readiness and embed ethical safeguards across Pakistan’s digital transformation strategy.

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Google API keys exposed after Gemini privilege expansion

Security researchers warn that exposed Google API keys in public client-side code could be used to authenticate with the Gemini AI assistant and access private data. The issue arose after developers enabled the Generative Language API in existing projects without updating key permissions.

Truffle Security scanned the November 2025 Common Crawl dataset and identified more than 2,800 live Google API keys publicly exposed in website source code. Some belonged to financial institutions, security firms, recruitment companies, and Google infrastructure.

Before Gemini’s launch, Google Cloud API keys were widely treated as non-sensitive identifiers for services such as Maps, YouTube embeds, analytics, and Firebase. After Gemini was introduced, those duplicate Google API keys also acted as authentication credentials for the AI assistant, expanding their privileges.

Researchers demonstrated the risk by using one exposed key to query the Gemini API models endpoint and list available models. They warned that attackers could exploit such access to extract private data or generate substantial API charges on victim accounts.

Google was notified in November 2025 and later classified the issue as a single-service privilege escalation. The company said it has introduced controls to block leaked keys, limit new AI Studio keys to Gemini-only scope, and notify developers of detected exposure.

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Financial crime risks are reshaped by the rise of autonomous AI agents

Autonomous AI agents are transforming finance by executing transactions independently and speeding up workflows in digital assets and programmable finance. Software can manage wallets and move funds across blockchains in seconds, narrowing detection windows.

AI agents don’t create new crimes but increase speed and complexity, making accountability essential. Responsibility rests with developers, operators, and beneficiaries, with investigators tracing control, configuration, and economic benefit to determine liability.

Weak oversight or misconfigured rules can lead to significant compliance and enforcement consequences.

Investigations face new challenges as autonomous agents operate across multiple blockchains, decentralised exchanges, and global jurisdictions.

Real-time analytics and automated tracing are essential to link transactions to accountable actors before funds move. Governance architecture and monitoring systems increasingly serve as evidence in regulatory or criminal actions.

Institutions and law enforcement are using AI monitoring, anomaly detection, and automated containment systems. Autonomous AI impacts sanctions and national security, emphasising the need for human oversight alongside automation.

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ChatGPT Health under fire after study finds major failures in emergency detection

A new evaluation of ChatGPT Health has raised major safety concerns after researchers found it frequently failed to recognise urgent medical emergencies.

The independent study, published in Nature Medicine, reported that the system under-triaged more than half of the clinical scenarios tested, giving advice that could have delayed life-saving treatment.

The research team, led by Ashwin Ramaswamy, created sixty patient simulations ranging from minor illnesses to life-threatening conditions.

Three doctors agreed on the appropriate urgency for each case before comparing their judgement with the model’s responses. The AI performed adequately in straightforward emergencies such as strokes, yet frequently minimised danger in more complex presentations, including severe asthma and diabetic crises.

Experts also warned that ChatGPT Health struggled to detect suicidal ideation reliably. Minor changes to scenario details, such as adding normal lab results, caused safeguards to disappear entirely.

Critics, including health-misinformation researcher Alex Ruani, described the behaviour as dangerously inconsistent and capable of creating a false sense of security.

OpenAI said the study did not reflect typical real-world use but acknowledged the need for continued research and improvement.

Policy specialists argue that the findings underline the need for clear safety standards, external audits and stronger transparency requirements for AI systems operating in sensitive medical contexts.

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Galaxy S26 series brings powerful AI and privacy features

Samsung Electronics has unveiled the Galaxy S26 series, featuring advanced AI experiences, powerful performance, and an industry-leading camera system designed to simplify everyday smartphone tasks.

The series, which includes the Galaxy S26, S26+, and S26 Ultra, handles complex processes in the background, allowing users to focus on results rather than device operations.

The Galaxy S26 Ultra introduces the world’s first built-in Privacy Display, a redesigned chipset, and improved thermal management. Together, these upgrades enhance AI performance, graphics, and CPU efficiency, while ensuring faster, cooler, and more reliable operation throughout the day.

Photography and videography are also upgraded with wider apertures, Nightography Video, Super Steady video, and AI-powered editing tools that make professional-quality content accessible to all users.

Galaxy AI streamlines daily experiences by proactively suggesting actions, organising information, and automating tasks. Features such as Now Nudge, Now Brief, Circle to Search, and upgraded Bixby allow users to interact naturally with their devices.

Integrated AI agents, including Gemini and Perplexity, support multi-step tasks across apps, from booking services to advanced searches, all with minimal input.

Samsung has embedded multiple layers of security and privacy in the Galaxy S26 series. From AI-powered Call Screening and Privacy Alerts to Knox Vault, Knox Matrix, and post-quantum cryptography, users can control data access and protect personal information.

With long-term security updates, seamless software, and Galaxy Buds4 integration, the S26 series aims to combine performance, convenience, and safety in a single, intuitive device.

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Scotland considers new offence for AI intimate images

The Scottish government has launched a consultation proposing a specific criminal offence for creating AI-generated intimate images without consent. Existing Scots law covers the sharing of such photos, but ministers in Scotland say gaps remain around their creation.

The consultation in Scotland also seeks views on criminalising digital tools designed solely to produce intimate images and videos. Ministers aim to address harms linked to emerging AI technologies affecting women and girls across Scotland.

Additional proposals in Scotland include a statutory aggravation where domestic abuse involves a pregnant woman, requiring courts to treat such cases more seriously at sentencing. Measures to strengthen protections against spiking offences are also under review in Scotland.

Justice Secretary Angela Constance said responses in Scotland would inform future action to reduce violence against women and girls. The consultation also considers changes to non-harassment orders and examines whether further laws on non-fatal strangulation are needed in Scotland.

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Uni.lu expert urges schools to embrace AI

AI should be integrated into classrooms in Luxembourg rather than avoided, according to Gilbert Busana of the University of Luxembourg. Speaking to RTL Today in Luxembourg, he said ignoring AI would be a disservice to pupils and teachers alike.

Busana argued that AI should be taught both as a standalone subject and across disciplines in Luxembourg schools. Clear guidelines are needed to define when and how pupils may use AI, alongside transparency about its role in assignments.

He stressed that developing AI literacy in Luxembourg is essential to protect critical thinking. Assessment methods may shift away from focusing solely on final outputs towards evaluating the learning process itself.

Teachers in Luxembourg are increasingly becoming coaches rather than simple transmitters of knowledge. Busana said continuous professional training and collaboration within schools in Luxembourg will be vital as AI reshapes education.

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