Privacy and data protection Archives | Digital Watch Observatory

European Commission marks 10 years of GDPR

The European Commission has marked ten years since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) entered into force across the European Union.

The GDPR entered into force on 24 May 2016 and established a common data protection framework across EU member states, and introduced rules governing the collection and processing of personal data. According to the European Commission, the regulation strengthened individuals’ rights regarding how personal data is collected, processed, corrected, deleted, and shared.

The framework applies to organisations ranging from small businesses to multinational technology companies. Authorities across the EU have also issued significant penalties in cases involving non-compliance with the regulation.

The GDPR has influenced privacy and data protection discussions internationally and contributed to wider adoption of similar regulatory approaches.

The Commission linked the GDPR to broader EU digital regulation efforts, including the Digital Services Act, the Digital Markets Act, and the AI Act. According to the Commission, these measures address issues including platform accountability, competition, and AI governance.

The Commission also referenced online child protection initiatives, including work on age verification and cyberbullying prevention. It said the EU’s approach reflects the principle that the online world should serve people.

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EU advances DSA researcher access with platform roundtable

The European Commission and a group of Digital Services Coordinators have held a roundtable with Very Large Online Platforms and Very Large Online Search Engines to support the first data access requests by vetted researchers under the Digital Services Act.

The meeting focused on the new mechanism for submitting vetted researcher status applications. The DSA and its delegated act give researchers a route to request platform data needed to study systemic risks and societal impacts, while adding safeguards to prevent misuse of accessed data.

Digital Services Coordinators told participants that they had received 49 applications for assessment as of 19 May. The applications mainly request data from social media platforms and focus on risks such as illegal content, advertising transparency and AI features.

The roundtable forms part of the EU’s wider supervision of designated platforms under the DSA. The regime applies to major online services that meet the threshold for Very Large Online Platforms or Very Large Online Search Engines, including XNXX, which was designated as a Very Large Online Platform in 2024 and is therefore subject to stricter transparency, risk assessment and researcher access duties.

The Commission said Digital Services Coordinators are assessing the applications and preparing guidance to help researchers navigate the process. VLOPs and VLOSEs also shared updates on their work to manage data access requests and make data catalogues available.

Although Digital Services Coordinators assess individual applications, the Commission remains responsible for enforcing VLOP and VLOSE compliance with vetted researcher data access obligations. It said it would closely monitor whether platforms provide researchers with access to data as required under the DSA.

The Commission noted that it has already taken action on research-related transparency obligations under the DSA, including proceedings, commitments from AliExpress and the first non-compliance decision and fine issued to X.

Why does it matter?

The roundtable marks an important step toward operationalising DSA researchers’ access. Independent researchers need platform data to study systemic risks such as illegal content, advertising transparency, AI-driven features and risks linked to large online platforms, including adult services such as XNXX. The process will test whether the DSA can turn platform transparency from a legal obligation into usable evidence for public-interest research, while balancing access with privacy, security and safeguards against misuse.

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Grokipedia articles show selective political divergence from Wikipedia, research finds

A new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examined structural and political differences between Wikipedia and Grokipedia, the AI-generated encyclopedia developed by xAI.

Researchers analysed 17,790 matched article pairs drawn from the 20,000 most-edited English-language Wikipedia entries. They found that Grokipedia articles are typically longer, more syntactically complex, and contain fewer references and hyperlinks per 1,000 words than their Wikipedia counterparts.

The study also identified a bimodal pattern across similarity measures, indicating that some Grokipedia entries closely resemble Wikipedia entries, while others diverge substantially in content and structure. Researchers said the findings suggest Grokipedia is not a fully independent alternative to Wikipedia, but often appears as an AI-mediated reconfiguration of Wikipedia content.

The analysis examined ideological differences by evaluating the political orientation of cited news media sources. Researchers found that divergence was concentrated primarily in politically and culturally sensitive topics, including religion, history, politics and literature.

Within those areas, Grokipedia articles showed a relative shift toward more right-leaning cited sources than Wikipedia. However, the study also noted that sources cited on both platforms remained predominantly left-leaning.

Researchers argued that Wikipedia’s human editorial processes make disputes, revisions and bias visible and contestable, while AI-generated systems may embed bias within more opaque automated workflows that are harder to scrutinise publicly.

The paper also raised broader concerns about the governance of AI-generated knowledge systems. Researchers warned that AI-generated encyclopedic content could shape future training datasets and automated information ecosystems, potentially reproducing or amplifying bias without sufficient transparency, accountability or human oversight.

Why does it matter?

The findings add to growing debates over AI-generated knowledge systems, political bias, citation quality and transparency. As generative AI increasingly produces reference and educational material, the key question is not only whether outputs are accurate, but whether their sources, editorial assumptions and revisions can be scrutinised. Grokipedia’s differences from Wikipedia show how automated knowledge systems may reshape information governance while making some forms of bias less visible.

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AppLovin lawsuit highlights scrutiny of digital advertising and data tracking systems

Amnesty International has expressed support for a class action lawsuit filed in the Netherlands against US technology company AppLovin over alleged large-scale mobile data tracking practices. The case has been brought by The Privacy Collective on behalf of Dutch internet users.

The lawsuit alleges that tracking software embedded in popular apps and mobile games collects personal data from millions of users, including children.

According to the complaint, collected data may be shared with third parties and used for targeted advertising purposes without sufficiently transparent consent mechanisms. The lawsuit references several widely used applications and games that allegedly contain the tracking software.

Amnesty International said such practices may raise concerns related to privacy, autonomy, and children’s rights in digital environments.

The Privacy Collective alleges that users may not receive clear information about the scope of data collection and tracking practices.

The case also highlights the scale of the global digital advertising ecosystem and its reliance on data-driven business models.

Why does it matter?

The case directly challenges the scale and opacity of the modern digital advertising ecosystem, where personal data collection embedded in everyday apps may operate with limited user awareness or meaningful consent.

It highlights an emerging regulatory and human rights tension in the digital economy: whether commercial tracking systems, particularly those affecting children, can be reconciled with fundamental privacy protections and accountability standards in data-driven markets.

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Singapore launches new AI, cybersecurity and quantum-readiness programmes

Singapore has announced new initiatives aimed at supporting enterprise AI adoption, strengthening cybersecurity, and preparing digital infrastructure for future quantum-related risks.

The measures were announced at ATxEnterprise 2026 by Senior Minister of State for Digital Development and Information Tan Kiat How. They include new partnerships under the Digital Enterprise Blueprint, an AI adoption playbook for enterprises, SME awards recognising AI impact, and a pilot on quantum-safe technologies.

According to IMDA’s Singapore Digital Economy Report 2025, AI adoption among SMEs increased significantly during 2024.

IMDA and the Singapore Business Federation will introduce SME AI Impact Awards recognising enterprises using AI technologies in business operations. Up to 30 winners will be recognised across categories for proprietary AI tools and adoption of ready-to-use AI solutions.

The Digital Enterprise Blueprint is being expanded through partnerships involving AI training, digital skills development, and cybersecurity support for SMEs. One programme led by Grab will provide AI-related training and courses for SMEs in sectors including retail, e-commerce, and food services.

RSM Stone Forest IT will also launch cybersecurity initiatives involving phishing simulations, awareness webinars, and tabletop exercises for SMEs. With the two partnerships, IMDA aims to reach 12,000 more SMEs, contributing to its target of supporting 50,000 SMEs by 2029.

IMDA, SkillsFuture Singapore, and Workforce Singapore have also developed an AI for Enterprise Impact Playbook to help digitally progressive enterprises assess readiness, identify support, and plan next steps for AI adoption.

Singapore additionally announced a pilot initiative focused on quantum-safe technologies for telecommunications infrastructure. IMDA signed a Memorandum of Intent with Singtel, Ericsson, and NCS Singapore to test and validate quantum-safe migration approaches.

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Malaysia expands online safety rules for platforms and digital services

Malaysia’s Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) has published the Child Protection Code and Risk Mitigation Code under the Online Safety Act 2025, following stakeholder engagement and a public consultation held from 12 February to 31 March 2026.

The codes form part of Malaysia’s broader online safety framework and outline expectations for service providers addressing online harms. According to MCMC, the framework follows an outcome-based approach that allows providers flexibility in implementing safety measures.

The Child Protection Code focuses on age-appropriate online experiences and child-safety-by-design principles for digital services in Malaysia. The code includes safeguards related to account registration, ownership restrictions for younger users, and protections involving higher-risk platform features.

It also introduces age-appropriate protections and restrictions on high-risk features, aiming to reduce children’s exposure to exploitative interactions and harmful content.

The Risk Mitigation Code outlines measures related to risk assessments, content governance, reporting systems, advertiser verification, and labelling of manipulated content. Measures include risk assessments, stronger content governance, effective reporting and response mechanisms, advertiser verification, and labelling manipulated content where appropriate.

Both codes are scheduled to take effect on 1 June 2026, with a transition period for implementation and verification processes. MCMC said a reasonable grace period will be provided for service providers to complete the verification process effectively.

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ICO warns major platforms over lack of privacy-friendly age assurance

The UK Information Commissioner’s Office has warned that major platforms have not yet introduced viable and privacy-friendly age assurance measures to stop underage children from accessing services with minimum age limits.

The statement follows letters sent by the ICO in March to TikTok, Snapchat, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and X, calling on them to urgently review and strengthen measures to prevent underage children from accessing their services.

Responses from the platforms show that some services are taking, or considering, additional steps to protect children. However, the regulator said none had yet introduced new age assurance solutions that it considers both viable and privacy-friendly.

The ICO said it does not yet have confidence that appropriate measures are being put in place and raised concerns that underage children’s data is still being processed on platforms they should not be able to access.

The regulator warned that more progress is needed and said it is considering next steps, including formal investigations and sanctions. Platforms that set minimum age limits must have effective age assurance measures in place, it added.

The ICO said it will continue working closely with Ofcom, which enforces the Online Safety Act, to ensure underage users cannot access services that were not designed for them. It also said its response to the government’s ongoing consultation sets out how the ICO can act under data protection law.

Why does it matter?

The ICO’s warning shows that age assurance is becoming both a child safety and data protection issue. Platforms that set minimum age limits may face pressure not only to keep younger users away from unsuitable services, but also to avoid unlawfully processing children’s personal data when those users should not have access in the first place.

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Meta accused of using influencers to defend Instagram child safety measures

The Tech Transparency Project has accused Meta of using influencers, parenting creators and healthcare professionals to promote Instagram child safety tools while the company faces scrutiny over the platform’s impact on minors.

According to the investigation, Meta hosted branded Screen Smart events across the United States, during which influencers and clinicians were introduced to Instagram Teen Accounts and parental supervision tools. TTP said many attendees later shared supportive content across Instagram, TikTok and other platforms, often using paid partnership labels or Meta-related sponsorship hashtags.

The group claims the campaign formed part of Meta’s effort to improve its public image on child safety amid lawsuits, whistle-blower disclosures and criticism over youth mental health harms. TTP said Meta relied on creators with large parent audiences and, in some cases, medical credentials to amplify messages about online safety protections.

Also, the investigation identified doctors and psychologists who promoted Instagram Teen Accounts while having financial relationships with Meta. TTP argued that these endorsements contrast with reports and advocacy concerns that Teen Accounts may not fully protect young users from harmful material, including content related to sex, drugs and violence.

TTP also linked some Meta-affiliated influencers to advocacy for app-store age verification laws, which would require Apple and Google to handle user age checks and parental approval for app downloads by minors. Critics argue such measures could shift responsibility for age assurance away from social media platforms themselves.

Meta did not respond to TTP’s questions, according to the investigation. In a statement cited by TTP from CNN coverage, Meta said it works with parents and creators to spread awareness of safety controls and encourage families to use them.

Why does it matter?

The investigation raises questions about transparency in platform safety campaigns, particularly when sponsored creators and professionals are used to promote tools aimed at parents. As regulators and courts scrutinise child safety on social media, public trust may depend not only on whether platforms introduce safeguards, but also on how clearly they disclose paid partnerships, conflicts of interest and the limits of those protections.

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Europol dismantles cybercriminal VPN linked to ransomware investigations

Europol has announced that international law enforcement agencies dismantled the cybercriminal VPN platform known as First VPN during a coordinated operation targeting ransomware infrastructure and wider cybercrime networks.

The operation, led by authorities in France and the Netherlands with support from Eurojust, targeted infrastructure allegedly used by cybercriminals to conceal ransomware attacks, fraud, data theft and other illegal online activities.

Europol described the service as deeply embedded in the cybercrime ecosystem and said it had featured in almost every major Europol-supported cybercrime investigation over the past few years. The platform was allegedly promoted as an anonymity service for criminal use, offering anonymous payments, concealed infrastructure and tools intended to help users evade law enforcement detection.

Coordinated action days took place on 19 and 20 May, during which authorities dismantled 33 servers connected to the service and shut down associated domain names. Investigators also interviewed the alleged administrator in Ukraine and carried out a residential search linked to the operation.

According to Europol, investigators gained access to the platform’s infrastructure and user database during the investigation, which began in December 2021. The agency said the data helped identify users allegedly connected to ransomware campaigns, fraud schemes and other cybercrime operations across several jurisdictions.

Intelligence generated through the operation led to 83 intelligence packages being distributed internationally, information linked to 506 users being shared with partner agencies, and 21 Europol-supported investigations advancing through newly obtained evidence.

The operation also received support from cybersecurity company Bitdefender, while a joint investigation team coordinated by Eurojust facilitated judicial cooperation and evidence sharing among participating countries.

Why does it matter?

The takedown shows how law enforcement is increasingly targeting the infrastructure that enables cybercrime, not only the attackers themselves. VPN services marketed for criminal use can help ransomware actors and fraud networks hide their identity, route attacks and evade detection. By dismantling First VPN and obtaining user data, investigators can disrupt multiple cybercrime operations at once and strengthen ongoing ransomware investigations.

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UK Pensions Regulator publishes AI governance plan for pension schemes

The UK Pensions Regulator (TPR) has published an AI plan outlining expectations for governance and oversight of AI use in pension schemes.

TPR said AI may support pension administration, decision-making, and member engagement, while also creating operational and cybersecurity risks. According to the regulator, accountability remains with trustees and scheme managers even when AI systems or third-party providers are involved.

TPR Chief Executive Nausicaa Delfas said:

‘AI has the potential to transform pensions for the better: improving how schemes are run, how members are supported, and how the system as a whole delivers value.’

She added: ‘But trust is the most valuable asset in our system, and that trust depends on the safe and responsible adoption of AI in members’ interests.’

The plan recommends governance measures, including system testing, risk monitoring, fraud prevention, data management, and compliance with data protection requirements.

TPR’s plan sets out four areas of focus:

Ensuring schemes are well run and governed
Strengthening data foundations
Supporting responsible innovation
Using AI to become a more effective regulator.

TPR said it will continue coordinating with the Financial Conduct Authority on regulatory alignment across the pensions sector.

The regulator also said it has used AI-supported processes to identify pension scam websites and support enforcement actions. Further guidance and industry engagement activities are planned later this year.

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