Interdisciplinary approaches

Protecting critical infrastructure in a fragile cyberspace

‘Securing Critical Infrastructure in Cyber: Who and How?‘ is the name of one of the main panels at IGF 2024 in Riyadh, where participants discussed the complexities of identifying, securing, and cooperating to protect critical systems from cyber threats. The session, part of the Geneva Dialogue project, focused on safeguarding critical infrastructure from cyber threats and implementing international cyber norms.

The dialogue highlighted the elusive nature of defining critical infrastructure, as interpretations vary widely across nations. ‘Understanding critical infrastructure begins with impact analysis, but what happens if these systems fail?’ noted Nicolas Grunder from ABB, underscoring the need for clarity. Regional interdependencies further complicate matters, as cascading failures in energy, transportation, or cloud services can cripple interconnected sectors, a scenario brought to life through a fictional cyberattack simulation on a cloud provider.

Baseline cybersecurity measures emerged as a priority, focusing on asset inventories, supply chain security, and resilience planning. Kazuo Noguchi of Hitachi America emphasised the mantra of ‘backup, backup, backup’, advocating for distributed systems across regions to mitigate single points of failure. Practical measures like incident response plans, vulnerability management, and operator awareness training were cited as essential components of any security framework.

The role of international cyber norms and confidence-building measures (CBMs) sparked debate. While voluntary, norms such as avoiding attacks on critical infrastructure during peacetime provide a foundation for responsible state behaviour. Yet, as Kaleem Usmani of CERT Mauritius pointed out, ‘Norms reduce risks and foster cooperation, but accountability remains a challenge.’ Regional collaboration, such as harmonised security certifications, was proposed as a pragmatic solution to bridge gaps in global standards.

Amid growing geopolitical complexities, participants called for greater transparency and cooperation. Bushra AlBlooshi from the Dubai Electronic Security Center showcased Dubai’s approach, where interdependencies between sectors like power and transportation are mapped to preempt disruptions. However, securing systems reliant on foreign service providers adds another layer of vulnerability, prompting calls for international agreements to establish untouchable ‘red lines’ for critical infrastructure in peace and war.

Parliamentarians gather at IGF 2024 to shape a prosperous digital future

Parliamentarians from across the globe convened at the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2024 in Riyadh to explore their pivotal role in shaping inclusive and secure digital governance frameworks. The ‘Parliamentary Track Roundtable: A Powerful Collective Force for Change’ session underscored the necessity of international collaboration and the harmonisation of digital legislation to address shared challenges and opportunities in an increasingly interconnected world.

Hakob Arshakyan, Vice President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia, presented his country’s ‘Crossroads of Peace’ initiative, aimed at fostering connectivity across regions by reopening blocked roads and railways. He highlighted Armenia’s strides in digitalisation and stressed the importance of seamless cross-border legislation to unlock the full potential of digital public services and unified governance platforms.

Meanwhile, Norway’s Sigbjørn Gjelsvik championed the principles of inclusivity and accessibility, announcing Norway’s upcoming hosting of the IGF in June 2025 and reiterating the commitment to an open internet. The digital divide, particularly in rural regions, took centre stage as Namibia’s Maria Ilago detailed her nation’s efforts to enhance digital literacy and connectivity.

She emphasised the significance of localised digital content to ensure inclusivity. Issa Al-Otaibi, a member of the Shura Council from Saudi Arabia, mirrored these sentiments, sharing Saudi Arabia’s bold investments in AI, smart cities, and capacity development for legislators to balance governance with technological innovation.

Human-centred governance and safeguarding rights in the digital sphere were key themes for Argentina’s member of parliament, Pamela Calletti. She addressed concerns over disinformation and manipulation, advocating for robust regulations to protect individuals online. Pakistani senator Palwasha Mohammad Zai Khan underscored the role of youth in driving digital transformation, calling for regional cooperation to bolster cybersecurity and infrastructure.

Across these varied perspectives, common themes emerged: the pressing need for international collaboration, bridging digital divides, and the importance of fostering cybersecurity and data privacy. Speakers also emphasised engaging youth in policy-making and equipping legislators with technical expertise to navigate complex digital landscapes.

The roundtable illustrated the power of collective action in shaping a global digital future. As countries grapple with rapid technological advances, the insights and commitments from IGF 2024 call for parliaments worldwide to lead with vision and unity in the digital age.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Empowering civil society: Overcoming barriers in digital governance

In the rapidly evolving realm of digital governance, civil society organisations (CSOs) play a pivotal role in championing inclusion, accountability, and grassroots perspectives. A recent panel discussion, moderated by Kenneth Harry Msiska and featuring voices from KICTANet, DiploFoundation, and Sarvodaya Fusion, delved into the unique challenges CSOs face and explored strategies to amplify their influence in shaping digital policies.

The challenges of representation

Despite their critical contributions, CSOs often face systemic barriers in global governance forums like ICANN, IETF, and ITU. As Stephanie Borg Psaila, DiploFoundation’s Director of Digital Policy highlighted, financial constraints are a recurring theme, particularly for Global South organisations.

Stephanie at IGF 2024.

Additionally, technical jargon and language barriers alienate many CSOs, a concern underscored by Msiska. Visa challenges and structural imbalances further limit participation, with African representatives facing disproportionate hurdles, as Rosemary Koech-Kimwatu from KICTANet noted.

Moreover, power imbalances within governance bodies, such as ICANN, reveal an outsized influence of the private sector, leaving CSOs underrepresented and sidelined.

CSOs as catalysts for change

Amid these obstacles, CSOs remain indispensable to internet governance. They amplify marginalised voices, balance stakeholder interests, and infuse grassroots perspectives into global discussions.

‘CSOs bring local knowledge and community insights to the table,’ emphasised one audience member, while Koech-Kimwatu described them as innovators and keen observers, offering forward-thinking practices. Despite financial struggles, CSOs often act as pipelines for tech policy talent, underscoring their enduring value.

Empowering civil society

To strengthen their role, panellists proposed targeted strategies. As Msiska suggested, regional collaborations could enhance collective influence and voting power. Engaging in research and becoming trusted policy advisors were also highlighted as priorities.

Koech-Kimwatu championed hybrid meeting formats and digital tools to improve accessibility, noting their post-pandemic success in fostering participation. Expanding youth-focused initiatives, such as those seen in the East Africa IGF, was deemed essential for ensuring a dynamic and diverse future workforce.

Funding emerged as a central theme, with Wachako advocating unrestricted support to boost CSO capacity and effectiveness. Institutional backing, including travel and digital participation aid, was also critical for levelling the playing field.

A call for structural reforms

The panel underscored the need for governance structures to evolve. As Paolo from Malawi suggested, clearly recognising CSOs as distinct constituencies within frameworks like ICANN is a step toward equitable representation. Leveraging local knowledge and creating mechanisms to address power disparities were also stressed as essential reforms.

Looking ahead

While initiatives like the CARDI project and KICTANet’s case study on African CSO participation are promising, unresolved issues persist. Power imbalances, talent retention, and harmonising diverse CSO interests remain pressing concerns.

As Msiska concluded, empowering CSOs requires capacity-building, sustainable funding, and structural changes. By addressing these challenges, the digital governance landscape can become more inclusive, ensuring that civil society perspectives shape policies for a more equitable digital future.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Inclusive AI governance: Perspectives from the Global South

At the 2024 Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Riyadh, the Data and AI Governance coalition convened a panel to explore the challenges and opportunities of AI governance from the perspective of the Global South. The discussion delved into AI’s impacts on human rights, democracy, and economic development, emphasising the need for inclusive and region-specific frameworks.

Towards inclusive frameworks

Ahmad Bhinder, representing the Digital Cooperation Organization, stressed the importance of regional AI strategies. He highlighted the development of a self-assessment tool for AI readiness, designed to guide member states in governance and capacity development.

Similarly, Melody Musoni, Policy Officer at ECDPM, pointed to the African Union’s continental strategy as a promising example of unified AI governance. Elise Racine’s (Doctoral candidate at the University of Oxford) proposal for reparative algorithmic impact assessments underscored the need to address historical inequities, providing a blueprint for more equitable AI systems.

Ethics, rights, and regional challenges

The ethical dimensions of AI took centre stage, with Bianca Kremer, a member of the board of CGI.br and a professor at FGV Law School Rio, highlighting algorithmic bias in Brazil, where ‘90.5% of those arrested through facial recognition technologies are black and brown.’ This stark statistic underscored the urgent need to mitigate AI-driven discrimination.

Guangyu Qiao Franco from Radboud University emphasised the underrepresentation of Global South nations in AI arms control discussions, advocating for an inclusive approach to global AI governance.

Labour, economy, and sustainability

The panel explored AI’s economic and environmental ramifications. Avantika Tewari, PhD candidate at the Center for Comparative Politics and Political Theory at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, discussed the exploitation of digital labour in AI development, urging fair compensation for workers in the Global South.

Rachel Leach raised concerns about the environmental costs of AI technologies, including embodied carbon, and criticised the lack of sustainability measures in current AI development paradigms.

Regional and global collaboration

Speakers highlighted the necessity of cross-border cooperation. Sizwe Snail ka Mtuze and Rocco Saverino, PhD candidate at the Free University of Brussels, examined region-specific approaches in Africa and Latin America, stressing the importance of tailored frameworks.

Luca Belli’s (Professor at Vilo School, Director of the Center for Technology and Society) observations on Brazil revealed gaps between AI regulation and implementation, emphasising the need for pragmatic, context-sensitive policies.

Actionable pathways forward

The discussion concluded with several actionable recommendations: fostering inclusive AI governance frameworks, implementing reparative assessments, addressing environmental and labour impacts, and prioritising digital literacy and regional collaboration.

‘Inclusive governance is not just a moral imperative but a practical necessity,’ Bhinder remarked, encapsulating the panel’s call to action. The session underscored the critical need for global cooperation to ensure AI serves humanity equitably.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

International experts converge at IGF 2024 to promote digital solidarity in global governance

A panel of international experts at the IGF 2024 gathered to discuss the growing importance of digital solidarity in global digital governance. Jennifer Bachus of the US State Department introduced the concept as a framework for fostering international cooperation centred on human rights and multi-stakeholder engagement. Nashilongo Gervasius, a public interest technology expert from Namibia, highlighted the need to close digital divides and promote inclusivity in global digital policymaking.

The discussion focused on balancing digital sovereignty with the need for international collaboration. Jason Pielemeier, Executive Director of the Global Network Initiative, stressed the critical role of data privacy and cybersecurity in advancing global digital rights. Robert Opp, Chief Digital Officer at the United Nations Development Programme, emphasised the importance of capacity building and enhancing digital infrastructure, particularly in developing nations.

Key global mechanisms like the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) processes featured prominently in the dialogue. Panellists, including Susan Mwape from Zambia, underscored the need to strengthen these platforms while ensuring they remain inclusive and respectful of human rights. The upcoming WSIS+20 review was recognised as an opportunity to revitalise international cooperation in the digital realm.

Challenges such as internet shutdowns, mass surveillance, and the misuse of cybercrime legislation were debated. Mwape voiced concerns about the potential for international forums to lose credibility if hosted by countries with poor human rights records. Audience member Barbara from Nepal called for greater accountability in digital governance practices, while Hala Rasheed from the Alnahda Society echoed the urgency of addressing inequalities in digital policy implementation.

Russian civil society representative Alexander Savnin brought attention to the impact of sanctions on international technical cooperation in cybersecurity. He argued for a more balanced approach that would allow global stakeholders to address shared security challenges effectively. Panellists agreed that fostering trust among diverse actors remains a critical hurdle to achieving digital solidarity.

The session concluded with a commitment to fostering continuous dialogue and collaboration. Panellists expressed hope that inclusive and rights-based approaches could transform digital solidarity into tangible solutions, helping to address the pressing challenges of the digital age.

Experts discuss internet growth and the multistakeholder model at the IGF in Riyadh

At the 2024 Internet Governance Forum in Riyadh, experts convened to assess two decades of internet governance since the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). Discussions focused on key achievements, persistent challenges, and principles shaping the future digital landscape. The success of the multistakeholder model, credited with increasing global internet usage from 16% to 67% since WSIS, was a central theme.

Milestones such as the introduction of internationalised domain names, the expansion of internet exchange points, and the IANA stewardship transition were highlighted. Challenges including cybersecurity threats, misinformation, internet fragmentation, and the digital divide were also discussed. Experts agreed on the need for collaborative approaches to maintain a unified, resilient internet.

Speakers included Brendan Dowling, Australia’s ambassador, Kurtis Lindqvist, ICANN President and CEO, and Raquel Gatto, VP of ISOC Brazil and Head of Legal at NIC.br. Tripti Sinha, Chair of the ICANN Board, called for strengthened collaboration among governments, civil society, and the private sector. Ian Sheldon, Vice Chair of ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee, also shared insights, emphasising the importance of engaging smaller countries in governance discussions.

The technical community’s contributions were recognised as vital to mitigating risks and building trust. Innovations like DNSSEC and RPKI were highlighted as frameworks for enhancing security and ensuring stability. Discussions explored the potential of technical solutions to address future challenges, such as artificial intelligence governance.

Riyadh’s role as host of IGF 2024 provided an opportunity to reflect on the past and prepare for WSIS+20. Experts stressed that preserving the multi-stakeholder model is crucial for maintaining trust and fostering innovation in the digital age. Continued collaboration among all stakeholders will be essential to creating a secure, inclusive, and open internet for future generations.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Revitalising trust with AI: Boosting governance and public services

AI is reshaping public governance, offering innovative ways to enhance services and restore trust in institutions. The discussion at the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Riyadh, moderated by Brandon Soloski of Meridian International, focused on using AI to streamline services like passport processing and tax systems, while also addressing privacy and data sovereignty concerns. Open-source AI was highlighted as a critical tool for democratising access and fostering innovation, particularly in developing nations.

Global regulatory frameworks were a central theme, with panellists underscoring the need for harmonisation to avoid fragmentation and ensure seamless interoperability across borders. Economist and policy analyst at the OECD, Lucia Russo, discussed regulatory approaches such as the EU AI Act, which aims to create a comprehensive legal framework. Brandon Soloski and Sarim Aziz from Meta pointed to the benefits of principle-based frameworks in other regions, which provide flexibility while maintaining oversight. Pellerin Matis, Vice President of Global Government Affairs at Oracle, emphasised the importance of public-private partnerships, which allow governments to leverage private sector expertise and startup innovation for effective AI implementation.

The panellists explored how AI can enhance public services, highlighting its role in healthcare, agriculture, and public safety. Examples included AI-driven tools that improve patient care and streamline food production. However, challenges like data protection, trust in AI systems, and the balance between innovation and regulation were also discussed. Anil Pura, an audience member from Nepal, contributed valuable perspectives on the need for education and transparency to foster public trust.

Transparency and education were recognised as fundamental for building trust in AI adoption. Panellists agreed that ensuring citizens understand how AI technologies work and how their data is protected is essential for encouraging adoption. They called for governments to work closely with civil society and academia to create awareness and promote responsible AI use.

The discussion concluded with a call to strengthen collaborations between governments, private companies, and startups. Brandon Soloski highlighted how partnerships could drive responsible AI innovation, while Pellerin Matis stressed the importance of ethical and regulatory considerations to guide development. The session ended on an optimistic note, with panellists agreeing on AI’s immense potential to improve government efficiency and enhance public trust.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Dynamic Coalitions: Bridging digital divides and shaping equitable online governance

The session ‘Dynamic Coalitions and the Global Digital Compact’ at IGF 2024 in Riyadh highlighted the significant role of Dynamic Coalitions (DCs) in advancing the Global Digital Compact’s (GDC) objectives. Moderated by Jutta Croll, the discussion served as a platform to illustrate the alignment of DC efforts with the GDC’s goals, emphasising the need for broader collaboration and inclusion.

One of the pressing topics addressed was bridging digital divides, as emphasised by June Paris, an experienced nurse engaged in research on nutrition in pregnant women and a business development expert. She underscored the challenges faced by Small Island Developing States (SIDS), noting their increased vulnerability to digital marginalisation. Paris called on DCs to prioritise policies that combat polarisation and promote equitable internet access for underrepresented regions.

The conversation also delved into expanding the benefits of the digital economy. Muhammad Shabbir, a member of the Internet Society’s Accessibility Special Interest Group, a member of the Pakistan ISOC chapter, and a member of the Digital Coalition on Accessibility and Disability (DCAD), detailed the contributions of coalitions like the DC on Financial Inclusion, which advocates for accessible financial services, and the DC on Open Education, which focuses on enhancing learning opportunities. Shabbir also highlighted the DC on Accessibility’s work towards digital inclusivity for persons with disabilities and the DC on Environment’s initiatives to address the environmental impacts of digitalisation.

Founder and investor of the WAF lifestyle app and chair of Dynamic Coalition on Core Internet Values, Olivier Crepin-Leblond, provided insights on fostering safe and inclusive digital spaces, stressing the pivotal work of DCs like the DC on Internet Rights and Principles, which champions human rights online, and the DC on Child Online Safety, which ensures the protection of children in the digital realm. He highlighted the significant proportion of under-18 internet users, linking their rights to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Data governance and AI regulation also featured prominently. Tatevik Grigoryan, co-chair of Dynamic Coalition on Interoperability, Equitable and Interoperable Data Governance and Internet Universality Indicators, discussed frameworks for responsible data management. At the same time, Yao Amevi Amnessinou Sossou, a research fellow for innovation and entrepreneurship, spotlighted AI-related initiatives. These included tackling gender biases through the DC on Gender and Internet Governance and exploring AI’s potential in healthcare and connected devices through other coalitions. Their contributions underscored the need for ethical and inclusive governance of emerging technologies.

The session’s open dialogue further enriched its value. The lead of three dynamic coalitions – Digital Economy, Digital Health and Environment, Dr Rajendra Pratap Gupta, highlighted the urgency of job creation and digital inclusion, while audience members raised critical points on data integrity and the transformative potential of gamification. Mark Carvell’s (co-moderator of the session) mention of the WSIS+20 Review added a forward-looking perspective, inviting DCs to contribute their expertise to this landmark evaluation.

By showcasing the diverse initiatives of Dynamic Coalitions, the session reinforced their essential role in shaping global internet governance. The call for greater inclusion, tangible outcomes, and multistakeholder collaboration resonated throughout, marking a clear path forward for advancing the GDC’s objectives.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Enhancing parliamentary skills for a thriving digital future

As digital transformation accelerates, parliaments across the globe are challenged to keep pace with emerging technologies like AI and data governance. On the second day of IGF 2024 in Riyadh, an influential panel discussed how parliamentary capacity development is essential to shaping inclusive, balanced digital policies without stifling innovation.

The session ‘Building parliamentary capacity to effectively shape the digital realm,’ moderated by Rima Al-Yahya of Saudi Arabia’s Shura Council, brought together representatives from international organisations and tech giants, including ICANN, Google, GIZ, and UNESCO. Their message was that parliamentarians need targeted training and collaboration to effectively navigate AI regulation, data sovereignty, and the digital economy.

The debate on AI regulation reflected a global dilemma: how to regulate AI responsibly without halting progress. UNESCO’s Cedric Wachholz outlined flexible approaches, including risk-based frameworks and ethical principles, as seen in their Ethics of AI. Google’s Olga Skorokhodova reinforced this by saying that as AI develops, it’s becoming ‘too important not to regulate well,’ advocating with this known Google motto for multistakeholder collaboration and local capacity development.

Beckwith Burr, ICANN board member, stressed that while internet governance requires global coordination, legislative decisions are inherently national. ‘Parliamentarians must understand how the internet works to avoid laws that unintentionally break it,’ she cautioned and added that ICANN offers robust capacity-building programs to bridge knowledge gaps.

With a similar stance, Franz von Weizsäcker of GIZ highlighted Africa’s efforts to harmonise digital policies across 55 countries under the African Union’s Data Policy Framework. He noted that concerns about ‘data colonialism’, where local data benefits global corporations, must be tackled through innovative policies that protect data without hindering cross-border data flows.

Parliamentarians from Kenya, Egypt, and Gambia emphasised the need for widespread digital literacy among legislators, as poorly informed laws risk impeding innovation. ‘Over 95% of us do not understand the technical sector,’ said Kenyan Senator Catherine Muma, urging investments to empower lawmakers across all sectors (health, finance, or education) to legislate for an AI-driven future.

As Rima Al-Yahya trustworthily summarised, ‘Equipping lawmakers with tools and knowledge is pivotal to ensuring digital policies promote innovation, security, and accountability for all.’

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.

Diplo Foundation explores AI’s ethical and philosophical challenges at IGF 2024

At the 2024 Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Riyadh, a session featuring experts from DiploFoundation, addressed AI’s deep philosophical and ethical implications. The discussion moved beyond surface-level concerns about bias and ethics, focusing instead on more profound questions about human identity and agency in a world increasingly shaped by AI.

Jovan Kurbalija, Director of the Diplo Foundation, emphasised the need to critically examine AI’s impact on human knowledge and identity. He introduced the idea of a ‘right to be humanly imperfect,’ advocating for preserving human flaws and agency in an AI-dominated world.

That concept was echoed by other speakers, who expressed concern that the pursuit of AI-driven optimisation could erode essential human qualities. Sorina Teleanu, Diplo Foundation’s Director of Knowledge, raised important questions about the tendency to anthropomorphise AI, warning against attributing human traits to machines and urging a broader consideration of non-human forms of intelligence.

The panel also delved into the philosophical dimensions of AI, with Teleanu pointing out the lack of privacy protections surrounding brain data processing and the potential risks of attributing personhood to advanced AI. The discussion of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) brought up the provocative idea that if AI becomes indistinguishable from humans, it could potentially deserve human rights, challenging our traditional notions of consciousness and personhood.

Addressing AI governance, Kurbalija focused on practical, immediate issues, such as AI’s impact on education, employment, and daily life, rather than speculative long-term concerns. He called for a decentralised approach to AI development that preserves diverse knowledge sources and prevents the centralisation of power by large tech companies. Henri-Jean Pollet from ISPA Belgium added to the conversation by advocating for open-source models and data licensing to ensure AI reliability and prevent inaccuracies in AI-generated content.

The conversation also explored the evolving dynamics of human-AI interaction. Teleanu highlighted the potential changes in human communication as AI-generated text becomes more prevalent, while Mohammad Abdul Haque Anu, Secretary-General of the Bangladesh Internet Governance Forum, stressed the need for AI ethics education, particularly in developing countries. Kurbalija shared a revealing anecdote about AI-generated speeches at conferences, illustrating how AI could influence professional communication in the future.

As the session concluded, Kurbalija highlighted the Diplo Foundation’s approach to AI development, focusing on tools that support diplomats and policymakers by enhancing human knowledge without replacing human decision-making. The discussion wrapped up with a demonstration of these AI tools in action, emphasising their potential to augment human capabilities in specialised fields. The speakers left the audience with an invitation for continued philosophical exploration of AI’s role in shaping humanity’s future.

All transcripts from the Internet Governance Forum sessions can be found on dig.watch.