Cybersecurity

Spyware accountability demands Global South leadership at IGF 2025

At the Internet Governance Forum 2025 in Lillestrøm, Norway, a powerful roundtable titled ‘Spyware Accountability in the Global South’ brought together experts, activists, and policymakers to confront the growing threat of surveillance technologies in the world’s most vulnerable regions. Moderated by Nighat Dad of Pakistan’s Digital Rights Foundation, the session featured diverse perspectives from Mexico, India, Lebanon, the UK, and the private sector, each underscoring how spyware like Pegasus has been weaponised to target journalists, human rights defenders, and civil society actors across Latin America, South Asia, and the Middle East.

Ana Gaitán of R3D Mexico revealed how Mexican military forces routinely deploy spyware to obstruct investigations into abuses like the Ayotzinapa case. Apar Gupta from India’s Internet Freedom Foundation warned of the enduring legacy of colonial surveillance laws enabling secret spyware use. At the same time, Mohamad Najem of Lebanon’s SMEX explained how post-Arab Spring authoritarianism has fueled a booming domestic and export market for surveillance tools in the Gulf region. All three pointed to the urgent need for legal reform and international support, noting the failure of courts and institutions to provide effective remedies.

Representing regulatory efforts, Elizabeth Davies of the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office outlined the Pall Mall Process, a UK-France initiative to create international norms for commercial cyber intrusion tools. Former UN Special Rapporteur David Kaye emphasised that such frameworks must go beyond soft law, calling for export controls, domestic legal safeguards, and litigation to ensure enforcement.

Rima Amin of Meta added a private sector lens, highlighting Meta’s litigation against NSO Group and pledging to reinvest any damages into supporting surveillance victims. Despite emerging international efforts, the panel agreed that meaningful spyware accountability will remain elusive without centring Global South voices, expanding technical and legal capacity, and bridging the North-South knowledge gap.

With spyware abuse expanding faster than regulation, the call from Lillestrøm was clear: democratic protections and digital rights must not be a privilege of geography.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

FC Barcelona documents leaked in ransomware breach

A recent cyberattack on French insurer SMABTP’s Spanish subsidiary, Asefa, has led to the leak of over 200GB of sensitive data, including documents related to FC Barcelona.

The ransomware group Qilin has claimed responsibility for the breach, highlighting the growing threat posed by such actors. With high-profile victims now in the spotlight, the reputational damage could be substantial for Asefa and its clients.

The incident comes amid growing concern among UK small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) about cyber threats. According to GlobalData’s UK SME Insurance Survey 2025, more than a quarter of SMEs have been influenced by media reports of cyberattacks when purchasing cyber insurance.

Meanwhile, nearly one in five cited a competitor’s victimisation as a motivating factor.

Over 300 organisations have fallen victim to Qilin in the past year alone, reflecting a broader trend in the rise of AI-enabled cybercrime.

AI allows cybercriminals to refine their methods, making attacks more effective and challenging to detect. As a result, companies are increasingly recognising the importance of robust cybersecurity measures.

With threats escalating, there is an urgent call for insurers to offer more tailored cyber coverage and proactive services. The breach involving FC Barcelona is a stark reminder that no organisation is immune and that better risk assessment and resilience planning are now business essentials.

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Generative AI and the continued importance of cybersecurity fundamentals

The introduction of generative AI (GenAI) is influencing developments in cybersecurity across industries.

AI-powered tools are being integrated into systems such as end point detection and response (EDR) platforms and security operations centres (SOCs), while threat actors are reportedly exploring ways to use GenAI to automate known attack methods.

While GenAI presents new capabilities, common cybersecurity vulnerabilities remain a primary concern. Issues such as outdated patching, misconfigured cloud environments, and limited incident response readiness are still linked to most breaches.

Cybersecurity researchers have noted that GenAI is often used to scale familiar techniques rather than create new attack methods.

Social engineering, privilege escalation, and reconnaissance remain core tactics, with GenAI accelerating their execution. There are also indications that some GenAI systems can be manipulated to reveal sensitive data, particularly when not properly secured or configured.

Security experts recommend maintaining strong foundational practices such as access control, patch management, and configuration audits. These measures remain critical, regardless of the integration of advanced AI tools.

Some organisations may prioritise tool deployment over training, but research suggests that incident response skills are more effective when developed through practical exercises. Traditional awareness programmes may not sufficiently prepare personnel for real-time decision-making.

Some companies implement cyber drills that simulate attacks under realistic conditions to address this. These exercises can help teams practise protocols, identify weaknesses in workflows, and evaluate how systems perform under pressure. Such drills are designed to complement, not replace, other security measures.

Although GenAI is expected to continue shaping the threat landscape, current evidence suggests that most breaches stem from preventable issues. Ongoing training, configuration management, and response planning efforts remain central to organisational resilience.

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IGF 2025 opens in Norway with focus on inclusive digital governance

Norway will host the 20th annual Internet Governance Forum (IGF) from 23 to 27 June 2025 in a hybrid format, with the main venue set at Nova Spektrum in Lillestrøm, just outside Oslo.

This milestone event marks two decades of the UN-backed forum that brings together diverse stakeholders to discuss how the internet should be governed for the benefit of all.

The overarching theme, Building Governance Together, strongly emphasises inclusivity, democratic values, and sustainable digital cooperation.

With participation expected from governments, the private sector, civil society, academia, and international organisations, IGF 2025 will continue to promote multistakeholder dialogue on critical topics, including digital trust, cybersecurity, AI, and internet access.

A key feature will be the IGF Village, where companies and organisations will showcase technologies and products aligned with global internet development and governance.

Norway’s Minister of Digitalisation and Public Governance, Karianne Oldernes Tung, underlined the significance of this gathering in light of current geopolitical tensions and the forthcoming WSIS+20 review later in 2025.

Reaffirming Norway’s support for the renewal of the IGF mandate at the UN General Assembly, Minister Tung called for unity and collaborative action to uphold an open, secure, and inclusive internet. The forum aims to assess progress and help shape the next era of digital policy.

Track all key moments from the Internet Governance Forum 2025 on our dedicated IGF page.

DeepSeek under fire for alleged military ties and export control evasion

The United States has accused Chinese AI startup DeepSeek of assisting China’s military and intelligence services while allegedly seeking to evade export controls to obtain advanced American-made semiconductors.

The claims, made by a senior US State Department official speaking anonymously to Reuters, add to growing concerns over the global security risks posed by AI.

DeepSeek, based in Hangzhou, China, gained international attention earlier this year after claiming its AI models rivalled those of leading United States firms like OpenAI—yet at a fraction of the cost.

However, US officials now say that the firm has shared data with Chinese surveillance networks and provided direct technological support to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). According to the official, DeepSeek has appeared in over 150 procurement records linked to China’s defence sector.

The company is also suspected of transmitting data from foreign users, including Americans, through backend infrastructure connected to China Mobile, a state-run telecom operator. DeepSeek has not responded publicly to questions about these privacy or security issues.

The official further alleges that DeepSeek has been trying to access Nvidia’s restricted H100 AI chips by creating shell companies in Southeast Asia and using foreign data centres to run AI models on US-origin hardware remotely.

While Nvidia maintains it complies with export restrictions and has not knowingly supplied chips to sanctioned parties, DeepSeek is said to have secured several H100 chips despite the ban.

US officials have yet to place DeepSeek on a trade blacklist, though the company is under scrutiny. Meanwhile, Singapore has already charged three men with fraud in investigating the suspected illegal movement of Nvidia chips to DeepSeek.

Questions have also been raised over the credibility of DeepSeek’s technological claims. Experts argue that the reported $5.58 million spent on training their flagship models is unrealistically low, especially given the compute scale typically required to match OpenAI or Meta’s performance.

DeepSeek has remained silent amid the mounting scrutiny. Still, with the US-China tech race intensifying, the firm could soon find itself at the centre of new trade sanctions and geopolitical fallout.

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Onnuri Church probes hack after broadcast hijacked by North Korean flag

A North Korean flag briefly appeared during a live-streamed worship service from one of Seoul’s largest Presbyterian churches, prompting an urgent investigation into what church officials are calling a cyberattack.

The incident occurred Wednesday morning during an early service at Onnuri Church’s Seobinggo campus in Yongsan, South Korea.

While Pastor Park Jong-gil was delivering his sermon, the broadcast suddenly cut to a full-screen image of the flag of North Korea, accompanied by unidentified background music. His audio was muted during the disruption, which lasted around 20 seconds.

The unexpected clip appeared on the church’s official YouTube channel and was quickly captured by viewers, who began sharing it across online platforms and communities.

On Thursday, Onnuri Church issued a public apology on its website and confirmed it was treating the event as a deliberate cyber intrusion.

‘An unplanned video was transmitted during the livestream of our early morning worship on 18 June. We believe this resulted from a hacking incident,’ the statement read. ‘An internal investigation is underway, and we are taking immediate measures to identify the source and prevent future breaches.’

A church official told Yonhap News Agency that the incident had been reported to the relevant authorities, and no demands or threats had been received regarding the breach. The investigation continues as the church works with authorities to determine the origin and intent of the attack.

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Lazarus Group linked to Taiwan exchange hack

Taiwanese cryptocurrency exchange BitoPro has confirmed that North Korea’s state-sponsored Lazarus Group carried out a cyberattack on 9 May, resulting in the theft of approximately $11.5 million.

The company announced an internal investigation supported by an external cybersecurity firm. BitoPro detected suspicious outflows from its platform in early May, prompting immediate security measures and a comprehensive forensic review.

According to the exchange, the attackers employed tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) consistent with previous operations attributed to Lazarus—an elite cybercrime unit from North Korea linked to numerous high-profile financial and cryptocurrency heists worldwide.

‘The methodology observed during the breach strongly resembles known Lazarus Group activity,’ BitoPro stated. ‘We are working closely with law enforcement and blockchain security experts to recover stolen assets and prevent further incidents.’

The breach adds to a growing list of Lazarus-linked attacks targeting decentralised finance (DeFi) platforms, exchanges, and cross-chain bridges—sectors often lacking the robust security infrastructure of traditional banking systems.

BitoPro’s disclosure highlights the escalating threat that state-affiliated hacking groups pose to the digital asset industry. Experts warn that these attacks are becoming more frequent and sophisticated as bad actors continue to exploit vulnerabilities in emerging financial technologies.

Currently, BitoPro has not confirmed whether any of the stolen funds have been recovered. The company has assured users that affected systems have been secured and that additional security measures are being implemented to protect its infrastructure.

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Supply chain cyber attack hits UBS and Swiss banks

A sophisticated supply chain cyber attack on Swiss service provider Chain IQ has resulted in data leaks at several financial institutions, including UBS and Pictet. According to the banks, no client data was compromised.

UBS confirmed the breach on Wednesday, stating: ‘A cyber attack at an external supplier has led to information about UBS and several other companies being stolen. No client data has been affected.’ The bank said it had acted swiftly to protect operations.

Chain IQ revealed that it was one of 20 organisations targeted in what it described as ‘a cyber-attack that had never before been seen on a global scale.’

The attackers published stolen data on the dark web on 12 June 2025 at 17:15 CET. The firm said access was revoked and the incident contained within 8 hours and 45 minutes.

The stolen data included employee business contact details from certain clients, such as internal telephone numbers. The company stated that all systems were checked and secured, with law enforcement notified immediately.

Dr Ilia Kolochenko, CEO of ImmuniWeb and a Fellow at the British Computer Society, warned of the potential impact: ‘This breach may have a disastrous and long-lasting effect on the Swiss banking sector. An urgent investigation is essential to determine its scope.’

He added that the incident highlights third-party vulnerabilities: ‘Even major institutions are at risk from supply chain weaknesses. Legal liability could extend to the banks themselves if damage to individuals occurs.’

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Researchers gain control of tesla charger Through firmware downgrade

Tesla’s popular Wall Connector home EV charger was compromised at the January 2025 Pwn2Own Automotive competition, revealing how attackers could gain full control via the charging cable.

The Tesla Wall Connector Gen 3, a widely deployed residential AC charger delivering up to 22 kW, was exploited through a novel attack that used the physical charging connector as the main entry point.

The vulnerability allowed researchers to execute arbitrary code, potentially giving access to private networks in homes, hotels, or businesses.

Researchers from Synacktiv discovered that Tesla vehicles can update the Wall Connector’s firmware via the charging cable using a proprietary, undocumented protocol.

By simulating a Tesla car and exploiting Single-Wire CAN (SWCAN) communications over the Control Pilot line, the team downgraded the firmware to an older version with exposed debug features.

Using a custom USB-CAN adapter and a Raspberry Pi to emulate vehicle behaviour, they accessed the device’s setup Wi-Fi credentials and triggered a buffer overflow in the debug shell, ultimately gaining remote code execution.

The demonstration ended with a visual cue — the charger’s LED blinking — but the broader implication is access to internal networks and potential lateral movement across connected systems.

Tesla has since addressed the vulnerability by introducing anti-downgrade measures in newer firmware versions. The Pwn2Own event remains instrumental in exposing critical flaws in automotive and EV infrastructure, pushing manufacturers toward stronger security.

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Chatham House analyst targeted in phishing attack

Chatham House expert Keir Giles has been targeted by a highly sophisticated spear phishing campaign, with suspected ties to Russian intelligence.

The cyber operation impersonated a senior official at the US State Department and attempted to extract sensitive credentials under the guise of a legitimate diplomatic consultation.

The incident, which took place in May 2025, was investigated by Google’s Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) and Citizen Lab. It has been linked to a threat actor tracked as UNC6293, possibly associated with APT29—an espionage group believed to be backed by Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).

Giles received an email from an individual claiming to be ‘Claudie S. Weber’, a non-existent official at the US Department of State. The message invited him to a meeting to discuss ‘recent developments’, a type of request not uncommon in his line of work.

Although the attacker used a Gmail address, they copied several fake @state.gov email addresses to lend the communication authenticity. According to Citizen Lab, the US State Department’s email servers do not bounce invalid addresses, allowing this tactic to go unnoticed.

The tone of the message, coupled with evasive language, led investigators to suspect that the attackers may have employed a large language model to generate the email content.

While the first message contained no direct malware, a later email included a PDF instructing Giles to create an app-specific password (ASP) for accessing a supposed government platform. In reality, this would have handed full access of his Gmail account to the attackers.

Although Giles followed the instructions, he used a different Gmail account than the one targeted—likely limiting the damage. After ten further email exchanges, he shared details of the attempted attack publicly, warning that the stolen material could be altered and leaked as part of a disinformation campaign.

He noted that the attackers’ patient approach made the scam appear more plausible. Citizen Lab confirmed the threat actor’s ability to adapt based on Giles’ replies, avoiding pressure tactics and instead suggesting future collaboration.

Google ultimately blocked the offending Gmail account and secured the affected inbox. GTIG later disclosed a broader campaign, including another incident themed around Ukraine and Microsoft, beginning in April 2025.

In response, GTIG advised high-risk users to avoid app-specific passwords altogether, particularly when enrolled in the Advanced Protection Program (APP). Other recommendations included promptly revoking unused ASPs, monitoring account activity, and enabling advanced security measures.

The case underscores the evolving tactics of state-aligned cyber actors, who now combine social engineering with AI and deep reconnaissance to breach high-value targets.

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