Content Policy Archives | Page 6 of 233 | Digital Watch Observatory

China closes consultation on digital virtual human services

The Cyberspace Administration of China has closed its public consultation on the draft Administrative Measures for Digital Virtual Human Information Services, which set out proposed rules for digital virtual human services provided to the public in China.

The notice states that the consultation opened in April 2026 and that comments were accepted until 6 May 2026. According to the draft, the measures would apply to internet information services delivered to the public within China through digital virtual humans.

The draft says providers and users must process data for lawful purposes and within a lawful scope, use data from legal sources, and fulfil their data security responsibilities. It also requires technical and other necessary measures to protect data storage and transmission and to prevent leaks or improper use.

The text further requires digital virtual human service providers and users to establish security risk monitoring, warning, emergency response, anti-addiction mechanisms, and stronger content-direction management, while also retaining logs. Providers whose services have public opinion attributes or social mobilisation capacity would also be required to complete algorithm filing procedures and security assessments in line with existing national rules.

Beyond cybersecurity and data protection, the draft includes provisions on personal information, personality rights, intellectual property, content controls, labelling requirements, and protections for minors. It defines digital virtual humans as virtual figures in the non-physical world that simulate human appearance and may have voice, behaviour, interaction abilities, or personality traits, using graphics, digital image processing, or AI technologies.

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Major publishers book again Meta’s Llama over AI training

Meta and Mark Zuckerberg are facing a new copyright lawsuit from five major publishers, Hachette, Macmillan, McGraw-Hill, Elsevier, and Cengage, along with author Scott Turow. The plaintiffs accuse the company of using millions of copyrighted books, journal articles, textbooks, and scholarly works to train its Llama AI models without permission. Filed in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan federal court), the proposed complaint seeks monetary compensation, an injunction, and the destruction of allegedly infringing copies held by Meta.

The complaint argues that Meta’s AI strategy relied on protected works from trade, education, and academic publishing, including content allegedly taken from pirate libraries such as LibGen and Anna’s Archive, as well as broad web scrapes containing subscription-only material. The publishers also claim Zuckerberg personally directed or authorised the conduct, a charge Meta is expected to contest vigorously.

At the centre of the lawsuit is a policy question now shaping AI governance worldwide: whether large-scale copying for model training can be justified as fair use or requires permission, transparency, and compensation? Meta and other AI developers argue that training enables transformative innovation, while rights holders say commercial models are being built from creative and scholarly labour without licensing. A previous Meta win in an author’s case showed that courts may accept fair-use arguments, but only where plaintiffs fail to prove clear market harm.

Either way, the publishers are trying to make that market-harm argument harder to dismiss. Their filing describes Llama as an ‘infinite substitution machine’, capable of generating long-form books, educational materials, and scholarly-style outputs that may compete with human-authored works. The case also points to the alleged erosion of licensing markets, arguing that harm occurs not only when AI outputs imitate books, but also when copyrighted works are copied into commercial training pipelines without consent.

The US Copyright Office’s 2025 report said that fair use in generative AI training requires case-by-case analysis, with market effects and the source of the training material playing central roles. In the EU, the AI Act has shifted the debate toward transparency by requiring general-purpose AI providers to publish summaries of their training data and to comply with the EU copyright rules, including rights reservations for text and data mining.

Why does it matter?

The Meta case is the manifestation of a global shift in digital governance: AI copyright disputes are no longer isolated lawsuits, but part of a broader effort to define lawful data supply chains. Anthropic’s $1.5 billion settlement over pirated books, the EU’s training-data transparency regulation, and continuing legal disputes in the US all point in the same direction: courts and regulators are asking whether AI innovation can remain competitive while respecting the rights, labour, and markets that make high-quality knowledge possible.

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New Meta age assurance system aims to prevent underage access

Meta has expanded its use of AI to strengthen age assurance and improve enforcement of underage account policies across its platforms. The systems are designed to detect users under 13 for removal and to place suspected teens into protected Teen Account settings on Instagram and Facebook in regions including the EU, Brazil, and the US.

The technology analyses a range of signals, including profile information, user activity, and other contextual indicators, to estimate age more accurately. Automated systems are also being used to support faster and more consistent review of reports related to underage use.

Visual analysis has also become part of Meta’s broader detection approach, with the company saying its systems look for general age-related indicators rather than attempting to identify specific individuals. Reporting tools have been simplified, and AI-assisted moderation is being used to improve the speed and reliability of enforcement decisions.

Alongside these enforcement measures, Meta is increasing parental engagement through notifications and guidance to encourage more accurate age reporting and safer online behaviour. The wider effort reflects growing pressure on platforms to move beyond self-declared age checks and to build stronger systems to protect younger users.

Why does it matter?

The significance of the move lies in the fact that age assurance is becoming a core platform governance issue rather than a secondary moderation tool. Meta is trying to show that large social platforms can use AI not only to recommend or personalise content, but also to enforce minimum age rules at scale. That matters because regulators are increasingly questioning whether self-declared age data is enough to protect minors online. It also points to a broader shift in which platforms are expected to combine safety obligations, automated detection, and parental tools into a more active system of child protection.

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UNESCO supports Western Balkans regulators on EU digital rules implementation

UNESCO organised a study visit for media regulators from the Western Balkans under an EU-funded project on journalism as a public good. The initiative aimed to support preparation for European rules affecting the information ecosystem.

Participants from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia examined implementation of the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA). The visit included exchanges with institutions in France and the Netherlands on regulatory approaches.

The Netherlands presented a model based on a risk-based regulatory culture, with separate roles for a Digital Services Coordinator and a media authority. France presented a more integrated structure within a central media regulator, supported by specialised bodies and legislation.

Meetings involved stakeholders, including the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, TikTok, Reporters Without Borders, and UNESCO. Discussions covered platform engagement, regulatory cooperation, and institutional practice.

Participants identified institutional cooperation, technical expertise, and engagement with platforms as key elements of effective implementation. Discussions with Mariya Gabriel also addressed public-interest journalism, platform governance, and regional cooperation to tackle digital risks while safeguarding freedom of expression.

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EU and Japan sign cooperation arrangement on digital platform regulation

The European Commission has signed a cooperation arrangement with Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications to strengthen the enforcement of digital platform regulation.

The agreement was concluded during the fourth EU–Japan Digital Partnership Council meeting in Brussels and focuses on cooperation to improve oversight of online platforms under respective regulatory frameworks.

The arrangement supports the implementation of the EU’s Digital Services Act and Japan’s Information Distribution Platform Act. Both sides will collaborate on key areas, including transparency requirements and notice-and-action systems for illegal or harmful online content.

Cooperation will be delivered through technical expert exchanges, joint training sessions, shared research initiatives, and coordinated studies. Officials said closer international alignment is important for maintaining a secure and trusted online environment as digital platforms operate across borders.

The agreement follows similar partnerships with regulators in the United Kingdom and Australia, including joint work on age assurance standards. The Commission said the agreement forms part of broader efforts to develop coordinated approaches to platform governance and digital safety regulation.

Why does it matter?

The agreement highlights the need for coordinated international oversight of digital platforms operating across borders. As online services expand globally, closer alignment between jurisdictions like the EU and Japan helps close regulatory gaps and strengthen consistent standards for transparency and accountability.

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Meta taps blockchain networks for faster creator payments

Meta has introduced USDC payouts for selected Facebook creators in Colombia and the Philippines, marking another step towards using blockchain-based payment rails for creator earnings. The programme allows eligible users to receive funds directly into crypto wallets using Polygon or Solana as settlement networks.

Creators receiving USDC on Polygon can move funds through supported wallets or exchanges and convert them into local currency where off-ramp services are available. The model reduces reliance on traditional cross-border payment channels and is intended to give creators faster and more flexible access to dollar-denominated earnings.

Polygon has been included alongside Solana as part of the payout infrastructure, with Polygon arguing that its network already handles a large share of global USDC transfer activity. Low transaction costs and broad wallet and exchange support are presented as key reasons stablecoin rails are becoming more attractive for recurring digital payouts.

Why does it matter?

The significance of the move lies less in crypto branding than in payment infrastructure. Meta is testing whether stablecoin rails can make creator payouts faster, more flexible, and less dependent on the frictions of traditional cross-border transfers. If this model scales, it would suggest that blockchain networks are becoming useful not only for trading or speculation, but for mainstream platform payments where speed, settlement, and access to dollar-denominated value matter.

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The Academy introduces rules excluding AI-generated work from Oscar eligibility

The Academy’s Board of Governors has introduced new rules excluding AI-generated performances and screenplays from eligibility for the Oscars. The updated rules require that recognised work be created and performed by humans.

Under the updated framework, only performances credited in a film’s legal billing and demonstrably carried out by individuals with their consent will qualify for an Oscar. Screenplays must also be authored by humans, with the academy reserving the right to request further disclosure on the use of AI in production.

The update comes as AI technologies are increasingly used in filmmaking, including digital recreations of actors and synthetic performers. Industry tensions around AI have grown in recent years, including during the 2023 writers’ and actors’ strikes.

The move is described as part of efforts within the creative sector to preserve human authorship and artistic control as generative AI tools expand across media production.

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MEPs consider stronger EU measures on cyberbullying and online harassment

The European Parliament has voted on a resolution on targeted criminal provisions and platform responsibility to address cyberbullying and online harassment, following a debate with the Commission.

The debate focused on whether EU law should go further in addressing harmful online behaviour, including through targeted criminal provisions and stronger obligations for platforms. Parliament’s plenary briefing said MEPs were expected to press the Commission on what more can be done beyond existing Digital Services Act protections.

Draft resolution texts tabled in Parliament say MEPs want the Commission to consider making cyberbullying a criminal offence under EU law and to address legal gaps in the current framework.

The vote followed the Commission’s recent action plan against cyberbullying, which Parliament said is built around a support app, coordination of national approaches, and the promotion of safer digital practices.

The debate also comes after MEPs heard testimony earlier this year from Jackie Fox, whose daughter Coco’s case led to Ireland’s Harassment, Harmful Communications and Related Offences Act 2020, known as Coco’s Law. Parliament’s briefing notes that while EU initiatives address parts of the issue, there is still no EU-wide anti-online bullying law or commonly agreed definition at the European or international level.

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United Nations warns AI-driven advertising could deepen information crisis

The United Nations has warned that the rapid adoption of AI in advertising could deepen a global information integrity crisis. With worldwide advertising spending now exceeding $1 trillion annually, concerns are growing over how automated systems influence what users see, trust, and engage with online.

A briefing by the Department of Global Communications and the Conscious Advertising Network places advertising at the centre of the digital information ecosystem. It argues that advertising helps fund and shape the systems that influence what people see and believe, while AI-driven tools are increasingly being used in media buying and content generation in ways that can amplify disinformation, hate speech, and opaque decision-making.

Transparency gaps in AI advertising systems are also raising concerns over fraud, inefficiency, and declining trust in digital platforms. The report warns that these pressures can weaken independent journalism and reduce advertising effectiveness as confidence in online environments continues to erode.

UN officials and industry representatives are calling for stronger governance, clearer oversight of AI supply chains, and closer cooperation between regulators, advertisers, and civil society. The core message is that without stronger guardrails, AI may accelerate the breakdown of information ecosystem integrity rather than simply improve commercial performance.

Why does it matter?

AI is becoming embedded in systems that shape the online flow of information, which means advertising is no longer only a commercial mechanism but also a force affecting public perception and trust. As automation expands without clear oversight, risks can spread beyond brand safety into disinformation, media sustainability, and democratic discourse.

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Croatia faces additional European Commission action over Digital Services Act enforcement

The European Commission has stepped up its enforcement action against Croatia by issuing an additional letter of formal notice over shortcomings in the national implementation of the Digital Services Act. The move reflects continued concern about whether Croatia’s enforcement structure is fully equipped to apply the regulation in practice.

Although Croatia adopted implementing legislation in 2025, the Commission considers that important obligations remain unmet. In particular, the national authority designated to oversee the regulation has not been given sufficient powers to enforce the Digital Services Act effectively.

Further concerns relate to the penalty regime. According to the Commission, Croatian law does not yet fully meet EU requirements on maximum penalties, proportionality, and deterrence. It also lacks certain provisions needed to sanction individuals for non-cooperation or for providing inaccurate information.

Croatia has been given two months to respond and address the issues raised. If the response is not satisfactory, the Commission may move to the next stage of the infringement process by issuing a reasoned opinion.

Why does it matter?

The case matters because the Digital Services Act depends not only on EU-level rules, but on whether member states give their national authorities the powers needed to enforce them. Croatia’s case shows that even after implementing legislation is adopted, gaps in enforcement design, penalties, and institutional authority can still weaken how the DSA works in practice across the EU.

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