WSIS Forum 2026
Rapport généré par l'IA

Meaningful Connectivity by Design - The Role of Technical Standards in Connecting the Unconnected

5 intervenants
Résumé

Résumé

La discussion a porté sur la manière dont les normes techniques peuvent soutenir une connectivité utile pour les communautés mal desservies et sur les autres conditions nécessaires pour connecter les non-connectés. Dorothy Stanley a soutenu que la connectivité doit être utilisable, fiable, sécurisée et abordable, et non pas simplement disponible sous la forme d’une liaison sans fil ou filaire, car elle sous-tend l’éducation, les soins de santé, la croissance des entreprises et la participation à l’économie numérique . Elle a également noté que de nombreuses personnes restent non connectées en raison de lacunes en matière d’infrastructures, de limites de backhaul et d’alimentation électrique, ainsi que de contraintes d’accessibilité financière, tandis que les normes contribuent à transformer les objectifs politiques en solutions techniques interopérables et à réduire la dépendance à l’égard des fournisseurs . Le Dr Carl Gahnberg a présenté les principaux obstacles à la connectivité comme étant des problèmes de réglementation, d’infrastructure, d’accessibilité financière et de littératie numérique, en soulignant que ces facteurs sont interconnectés et doivent être traités conjointement . Il a indiqué que la réglementation part souvent du principe que la connectivité doit être fournie par de grands opérateurs de télécommunications, ce qui peut exclure les réseaux communautaires plus petits ou à but non lucratif au moyen des règles relatives aux licences et au spectre . Sur le plan des infrastructures, il a mis en avant l’importance du backhaul et de l’interconnexion locale via les points d’échange Internet, qui peuvent réduire les coûts en maintenant le trafic au niveau local plutôt qu’en l’acheminant à l’international . Il a également souligné que la couverture à elle seule est insuffisante si l’accès n’est pas abordable ou si les utilisateurs n’ont ni la confiance ni les compétences numériques nécessaires pour utiliser l’internet de manière sûre et confiante . Purva Rajkotia a insisté sur l’ampleur du problème, notant que 2,9 milliards de personnes restent hors ligne, et a soutenu que l’interopérabilité est essentielle pour passer à l’échelle . Il a déclaré que les normes IEEE fournissent à la fois le schéma de déploiement et la base de la montée en échelle, citant la portée mondiale du Wi-Fi, d’Ethernet, du fixed wireless et du time-sensitive networking, tout en avertissant que des systèmes propriétaires fragmentés ne peuvent atteindre une échelle comparable . Il a présenté le projet CR Bolo comme un modèle porté par les communautés, d’abord déployé en Inde puis étendu au Brésil, utilisant les infrastructures existantes, des réseaux maillés sans fil à faible coût dans un spectre sans licence, des outils capables de fonctionner hors ligne et des services en langues locales pour atteindre des villages isolés . Dans la discussion ultérieure, il a ajouté que CR Bolo vise à former les communautés afin qu’elles possèdent et exploitent elles-mêmes les réseaux et à créer des modèles interopérables et reproductibles pour un déploiement plus large . Dans la discussion sur les politiques publiques, Gahnberg a suggéré que les régulateurs devraient commencer par garantir un spectre libre de licence pour le Wi-Fi et des modèles similaires de connectivité communautaire, car les normes ouvertes ont besoin d’un environnement réglementaire favorable pour être utiles dans la pratique . Il a ajouté que les réseaux communautaires peuvent servir de points d’entrée démontrant la demande locale et peuvent ensuite attirer de plus grands opérateurs à investir . Sur la cybersécurité, les panélistes ont convenu que la sécurité doit être intégrée dès le début de la conception du réseau et soutenue par des équipements à jour, le chiffrement, l’authentification et le renforcement des capacités des utilisateurs, puisqu’aucun système ne peut être totalement sûr sans des utilisateurs informés . Dans l’ensemble, l’atelier a conclu que les normes ouvertes sont un outil essentiel mais partiel, qui fonctionne le mieux lorsqu’il est associé à une réglementation favorable, à des modèles abordables fondés sur les communautés, à des équipements modernes et sécurisés et à des efforts de littératie numérique .

Points clés

- La discussion a défini la « connectivité utile » comme allant au-delà d’un simple accès au réseau : elle doit être fiable, sécurisée, abordable et réellement utilisable pour l’éducation, les soins de santé, les entreprises et la participation à l’économie numérique. Les intervenants ont souligné que de nombreuses personnes restent non connectées en raison de lacunes en matière d’infrastructures, de limites de backhaul et d’alimentation électrique, ainsi que d’obstacles liés au coût. - Un thème majeur a été que les normes techniques sont des leviers fondamentaux, mais non suffisants à elles seules. Dorothy Stanley a soutenu que les normes transforment les objectifs politiques en solutions techniques interopérables et aident à éviter la dépendance à l’égard des fournisseurs, tout en devant être accompagnées d’éducation, de déploiement, de développement des compétences et d’investissements dans les infrastructures. Purva Rajkotia a renforcé cette idée en affirmant que les normes sont ce qui permet à la technologie non seulement de fonctionner, mais aussi de passer à l’échelle mondiale. - Le Dr Carl Gahnberg a présenté les obstacles à la connectivité en quatre catégories interconnectées : les obstacles réglementaires, les obstacles infrastructurels, l’accessibilité financière, et la littératie/l’autonomisation numériques. Il a expliqué que la réglementation part souvent du principe que seuls les grands opérateurs de télécommunications peuvent fournir la connectivité, ce qui peut exclure les petits fournisseurs et les réseaux communautaires par le biais des règles sur les licences et le spectre. Il a également souligné l’importance du backhaul et de l’interconnexion locale, tels que les points d’échange Internet, pour réduire les coûts et améliorer la connectivité. - Le panel a présenté des modèles de connectivité à faible coût, interopérables et portés par les communautés comme une voie pratique pour connecter les populations mal desservies. Purva a décrit le projet IEEE CR Bolo, qui utilise les infrastructures locales existantes, des réseaux maillés sans fil sur spectre sans licence, un fonctionnement hors ligne/en ligne, des interfaces en langues locales et des partenariats avec des ONG pour élaborer des solutions évolutives et reproductibles dans des lieux tels que l’Odisha, le Brésil et potentiellement le Nigeria. Le projet a été présenté comme un moyen de desservir des zones isolées où les grands opérateurs voient peu de retour sur investissement. - La sécurité et la cyberrésilience sont apparues plus tard comme un axe important. En réponse aux questions du public, les intervenants ont soutenu que les technologies fondées sur des normes telles que le Wi-Fi incluent des fonctions de sécurité comme l’authentification, le chiffrement et la résilience, mais ont également souligné que la sécurité doit être intégrée dès le départ et soutenue par la formation des utilisateurs et la littératie numérique. Ils ont mis en garde contre le déploiement d’équipements obsolètes et ont insisté sur la nécessité d’utiliser des appareils à jour et de maintenir une sensibilisation continue aux cybermenaces.

L’objectif général de la discussion était d’examiner comment les normes techniques peuvent soutenir les efforts visant à connecter les non-connectés, en particulier au moyen de modèles pratiques, évolutifs et orientés vers les communautés, tout en reconnaissant que les normes doivent aller de pair avec une réforme des politiques publiques, le développement des infrastructures, des mesures d’accessibilité financière et des programmes de compétences numériques.

Le ton général était constructif, expert et orienté vers les solutions. Il a commencé comme une discussion de cadrage sur l’ampleur et la complexité du défi de la connectivité, puis est devenu plus pratique et axé sur la mise en œuvre à travers des exemples comme CR Bolo, avant d’évoluer vers un ton légèrement plus prudent mais toujours pragmatique lors de la discussion sur la cybersécurité et la résilience.

Intervenants

- Dr. Carl Gahnberg - Premier intervenant du panel ; affilié à l’Internet Society ; a parlé des obstacles à la connectivité, notamment le terrain, les infrastructures, l’accessibilité financière, les politiques publiques, la littératie numérique et la connectivité centrée sur les communautés. - Dorothy Stanley - Intervenante et panéliste ; a abordé la connectivité utile, l’interopérabilité, les normes techniques et, plus tard, la sécurité dès la conception ainsi que le déploiement sécurisé d’équipements à jour. - Audience - Participants du public ayant posé des questions, notamment sur la cyberrésilience et sur le moment où la sécurité doit être prise en compte dans les déploiements de connectivité. - Karen Mulberry - Modératrice et présidente de séance ; a présenté les intervenants, guidé la discussion et animé les questions-réponses. - Purva Rajkotia - Intervenant et panéliste ; associé à IEEE SA ; s’est exprimé sur les voies des TIC pour faire passer à l’échelle les initiatives de connectivité, les normes ouvertes interopérables, et le projet IEEE CR BOLO / Community Reach. Intervenants supplémentaires : - Aucun autre intervenant nommé n’a été identifié au-delà de ceux figurant dans la liste fournie.

Intervenants
DS
Dorothy Stanley
124 wpm · 4 min
DC
Dr. Carl Gahnberg
171 wpm · 21 min
PR
Purva Rajkotia
153 wpm · 15 min
KM
Karen Mulberry
127 wpm · 4 min
A
Audience
149 wpm · 1 min

L’atelier a examiné comment les normes techniques peuvent contribuer à connecter les populations mal desservies, tout en considérant de manière constante que la connectivité est plus que la simple existence d’un lien. Dorothy Stanley a ouvert la séance en définissant la « connectivité significative » comme une connectivité utilisable, fiable, sûre, abordable et adaptée aux besoins des personnes qui en dépendent, et non comme la simple présence d’un accès sans fil, Wi-Fi ou Ethernet . Elle a relié cela aux résultats du quotidien, en disant que les étudiants ont besoin de connectivité pour apprendre, les patients pour accéder aux soins de santé, les entrepreneurs pour développer leurs entreprises, et les communautés pour participer à l’économie numérique . Stanley a également souligné que de nombreuses personnes restent non connectées ou mal desservies, malgré l’importance croissante de la connectivité dans la vie quotidienne, et elle a pointé des obstacles persistants, notamment le backhaul, l’alimentation électrique et l’abordabilité .

Stanley a déclaré que les normes techniques sont fondamentales parce qu’elles aident à traduire les objectifs de politique publique en solutions applicables et interopérables, fournissent des indicateurs de performance communs et soutiennent le déploiement auprès de différents fournisseurs . Elle a également averti que les normes ne constituent qu’une partie de la solution et doivent être combinées avec l’éducation, le développement de produits, le développement des compétences, les efforts de déploiement et l’extension des infrastructures . Elle a ajouté qu’éviter l’enfermement propriétaire est particulièrement important lorsqu’il s’agit de connecter des communautés mal desservies .

Karen Mulberry a ensuite orienté la discussion vers les obstacles et la mise en œuvre, en présentant Dr. Carl Gahnberg afin qu’il parle des obstacles à la connectivité, du terrain, des infrastructures et des politiques publiques . Gahnberg a brièvement situé l’Internet Society au sein de la communauté des normes ouvertes, y compris son soutien à l’Internet Engineering Task Force et son travail avec des organismes tels que l’IEEE . Il a déclaré que la tâche consistait à « relier les points » entre les spécifications techniques et l’objectif de connecter davantage de personnes, et il a proposé un cadre plus large pour comprendre pourquoi des personnes restent hors ligne ou mal connectées .

Gahnberg a organisé les obstacles en quatre catégories liées entre elles : la réglementation, les infrastructures, l’abordabilité et la culture numérique ou l’autonomisation . Il a souligné qu’il s’agit de questions interdépendantes plutôt que distinctes . S’agissant de la réglementation, il a affirmé qu’Internet peut prendre en charge de nombreuses technologies de connectivité et de nombreux modèles économiques, notamment le satellite, la fibre, le mobile et le Wi-Fi . Toutefois, il a suggéré que de nombreux cadres réglementaires sont conçus en pensant aux grands opérateurs et que les modèles plus petits ou à but non lucratif sont souvent négligés en raison d’une sensibilisation limitée et d’un manque de réflexion réglementaire plus large . Il a pris l’exemple de la connectivité centrée sur les communautés, expliquant que les communautés locales peuvent construire et exploiter leurs propres réseaux et les connecter à l’Internet au sens large, mais que la réglementation n’offre pas toujours une voie adaptée à de tels modèles .

En ce qui concerne les infrastructures, Gahnberg a déclaré que la question dépasse les cartes de couverture ou le nombre de pylônes . Il a décrit un « écosystème d’infrastructure » comprenant les fournisseurs d’accès, les fournisseurs de backhaul et les points d’interconnexion entre les réseaux . Il a insisté sur le fait que le débat public se concentre souvent sur la couche d’accès tout en négligeant les dépendances en amont qui influent à la fois sur le coût et la qualité . À titre d’exemple, il a mis en avant les points d’échange Internet en tant que lieux physiques neutres où les réseaux s’interconnectent . Il a expliqué qu’ils sont importants pour l’abordabilité parce qu’ils permettent au trafic local de rester local au lieu de transiter à l’international avant de revenir, ce qui peut réduire les coûts inutiles et améliorer l’efficacité .

Sur l’abordabilité, Gahnberg a déclaré que la couverture est nécessaire mais non suffisante si l’objectif est réellement de connecter les populations . Il a soutenu que l’abordabilité doit être comprise dans le contexte de communautés spécifiques et a noté que l’accès partagé via des lieux tels que les bibliothèques ou d’autres institutions communautaires peut faire partie de la solution . Il a également indiqué que certaines communautés peuvent avoir d’abord besoin d’une connectivité de base pour le courrier électronique ou les services essentiels plutôt que d’une « expérience Netflix », et que prendre au sérieux la demande locale peut révéler des approches plus appropriées et plus abordables .

La quatrième catégorie de Gahnberg était la culture numérique et la confiance . Il a déclaré que les utilisateurs ont besoin de compétences pratiques ainsi que de la confiance nécessaire pour évoluer en toute sécurité dans l’environnement en ligne, et il a averti que de mauvaises expériences telles que les escroqueries peuvent décourager les gens d’utiliser ou même de payer un accès à internet . Mulberry a répondu que Gahnberg avait efficacement saisi le paysage auquel sont confrontés ceux qui tentent de développer des outils et des boîtes à outils pour connecter les non-connectés .

Mulberry a ensuite présenté Purva Rajkotia pour fournir un exemple pratique de mise en œuvre à travers les parcours TIC et le projet CR Bolo de l’IEEE . Rajkotia a commencé par souligner l’ampleur du défi, affirmant que 2,9 milliards de personnes, soit environ un tiers de la population mondiale, restent non connectées alors même que la connectivité est souvent décrite comme un droit humain fondamental . Il a déclaré qu’il s’agit souvent des personnes qui ont le plus à gagner . Rajkotia a soutenu que l’interopérabilité est centrale pour permettre un changement d’échelle et a souligné que les normes importent non seulement pour définir la technologie, mais aussi pour permettre le déploiement et le passage à l’échelle .

Pour illustrer cela, Rajkotia a cité d’importants chiffres de déploiement pour les technologies fondées sur les normes IEEE, notamment environ 20 milliards d’appareils utilisant le Wi-Fi 6 et 6E sous IEEE 802.11, environ 7 milliards utilisant Ethernet sous 802.3, près de 1,5 milliard utilisant le sans fil fixe sous 802.16, et près de 400 millions utilisant les réseaux sensibles au temps sous 802.1 TSN . Il a opposé cela à la fragmentation propriétaire et a soutenu que les normes interopérables créent l’écosystème nécessaire à une adoption plus large . Rajkotia a ensuite présenté CR Bolo comme le complément pratique aux normes : les normes fournissent le plan directeur, tandis que les programmes menés par les communautés démontrent le déploiement dans le monde réel .

Rajkotia a déclaré que CR Bolo a commencé en Inde en partenariat avec des ONG locales, qu’il s’est ensuite étendu au Brésil, et qu’il était également envisagé pour le Nigeria . Il a décrit un important déploiement dans l’Odisha, dans l’est de l’Inde, et a expliqué que le projet cherche à utiliser autant que possible les infrastructures locales existantes afin de réduire les coûts . Il a expliqué que CR Bolo est conçu pour des villages reculés à faible densité de population où les grands opérateurs ne voient souvent pas de retour sur investissement viable pour des technologies telles que la 5G ou la 6G . Dans l’Odisha, le projet a utilisé des stations de radio communautaires, un réseau maillé sans fil couvrant environ 5 à 7 km, du spectre non licencié ou déréglementé, et un système fondé sur l’IVR pouvant fonctionner à la fois en ligne et hors ligne . Rajkotia a ajouté que le projet avait atteint une quatrième phase dans laquelle il commençait à intégrer des modèles en langues locales et l’apprentissage automatique afin de réduire davantage les coûts, d’améliorer l’utilisabilité et de favoriser le passage à l’échelle .

Mulberry est revenue plus tard sur CR Bolo et l’a présenté comme un moyen de démontrer les progrès de mise en œuvre dans un domaine lié aux objectifs de développement durable associés aux infrastructures . En réponse, Rajkotia a expliqué le modèle en termes plus pratiques. Il a déclaré que CR Bolo combine des réseaux communautaires avec des technologies numériques abordables telles que le Wi-Fi pour fournir des informations et des services à des personnes ayant un accès limité ou nul . Il a indiqué que le modèle commence par tirer parti des infrastructures existantes lorsque cela est possible, plutôt que de supposer qu’un nouveau déploiement majeur est toujours nécessaire . Il a également insisté sur l’utilisation de technologies à faible coût et économes en énergie adaptées à des lieux disposant de ressources financières et techniques limitées, et a noté que certaines communautés cibles n’ont même pas d’électricité, de sorte que les solutions doivent être conçues pour cette réalité plutôt qu’en supposant l’existence d’une alimentation et d’infrastructures conventionnelles .

Rajkotia a déclaré qu’un autre principe de CR Bolo est la communication bidirectionnelle plutôt que la diffusion à sens unique . Il a expliqué que le projet travaille avec les communautés et les prestataires de services afin que les utilisateurs puissent poser des questions, partager des connaissances locales et accéder à des services dans leurs propres langues . Il a soutenu qu’une conception en langues locales est essentielle et a affirmé qu’il faut « penser local » pour que les communautés puissent devenir « plus vocales » . Il a également déclaré que l’inclusion numérique nécessite appropriation et formation, les habitants étant formés pour gérer, exploiter et entretenir eux-mêmes le réseau . Enfin, il a déclaré que l’objectif est de créer un modèle communautaire évolutif et interopérable plutôt que des déploiements ponctuels isolés, afin que les réseaux locaux puissent être reproduits et migrer sans heurts d’une technologie à l’autre .

Mulberry a également décrit explicitement les normes ouvertes comme une voie de mise en œuvre et comme un élément d’une boîte à outils plus large nécessaire à la connectivité locale . Elle a ensuite demandé ce qu’un régulateur devrait faire en premier s’il voulait prendre une mesure concrète facilitatrice . Gahnberg a répondu en se concentrant sur la politique du spectre, en particulier sur le spectre libre de licence pour le Wi-Fi et les modèles similaires de connectivité communautaire . Il a expliqué que le spectre sous licence est souvent utilisé pour des technologies de plus longue portée telles que la téléphonie mobile, tandis que les bandes non licenciées conviennent à des technologies de plus courte portée telles que le Wi-Fi . Il a noté que la bande 2,4 GHz est généralement libre de licence à l’échelle mondiale, tandis que les bandes 5 GHz et surtout 6 GHz ne sont pas uniformément disponibles pour un usage libre de licence dans toutes les régions du monde . Il a également indiqué que certaines juridictions n’autorisent l’usage libre de licence qu’à des fins privées, et non pour une fourniture communautaire ou une récupération des coûts, ce qui peut bloquer les initiatives de connectivité locale même lorsque la technologie est disponible . Gahnberg a soutenu que les réseaux maillés communautaires Wi-Fi devraient être considérés comme des points d’entrée légitimes pouvant démontrer la demande locale et attirer ultérieurement des investissements plus importants de la part de grands opérateurs .

Lorsque Mulberry a demandé à Stanley quels nouveaux domaines pourraient rendre les normes cruciales pour une connectivité fiable, sûre, sécurisée et significative, l’échange a été interrompu par un membre du public, et la discussion s’est orientée vers la cybersécurité . La question du public demandait aux panélistes d’identifier à la fois une opportunité et un défi que les normes techniques présentent pour améliorer la cyberrésilience dans les communautés nouvellement connectées et les institutions locales telles que les services de santé et les services financiers .

Gahnberg a répondu en reliant la question à la culture numérique et au renforcement des capacités . Il a déclaré que connecter une communauté n’est que la première étape et que les étapes ultérieures doivent inclure la formation, le renforcement des capacités locales et la « formation des formateurs » afin que les communautés puissent utiliser internet en toute sécurité et avec confiance . Du côté des normes, il a cité les méthodes cryptographiques, la validation de l’authenticité des sites web et les communications chiffrées comme protections techniques importantes . Dans le même temps, il a déclaré que les utilisateurs ont aussi besoin de suffisamment de compréhension pour reconnaître les escroqueries et prendre des décisions éclairées en ligne .

Rajkotia a approuvé et a mis l’accent sur les protections intégrées aux systèmes fondés sur des normes . En prenant le Wi-Fi comme exemple, il a déclaré que les technologies fondées sur des normes incluent déjà des fonctionnalités telles que l’authentification, le chiffrement et la résilience du réseau . Il a ajouté que cela ne garantit pas une sécurité complète, mais fournit un niveau de protection de référence ainsi qu’une base pour des améliorations futures .

Stanley a ajouté que les générations plus récentes de routeurs domestiques et d’équipements connexes sont sensiblement plus sûres que les anciennes . Elle a soutenu que les communautés en cours de connexion devraient recevoir des équipements neufs et à jour, dotés des protections de sécurité actuelles, et non des équipements obsolètes de récupération qui peuvent fonctionner mais sont moins résilients face aux menaces actuelles . En réponse à une dernière question du public sur le moment où la sécurité devrait être introduite dans le processus de connexion des non-connectés, Stanley a déclaré que la sécurité devrait être prise en compte dès le tout début de la conception du réseau . Gahnberg a approuvé, tout en ajoutant qu’aucun système ne peut jamais être sûr à 100 % et que la sensibilisation des utilisateurs demeure essentielle, car certaines attaques reposent sur la manipulation des personnes plutôt que sur la compromission de la technologie elle-même .

Dans l’ensemble, la session a présenté les normes techniques comme un facilitateur essentiel d’une connectivité significative, parce qu’elles favorisent l’interopérabilité, le déploiement, des indicateurs de performance communs, le passage à l’échelle et l’évitement de l’enfermement propriétaire . Dans le même temps, les intervenants ont souligné à plusieurs reprises que les normes ne constituent qu’une partie de la réponse et doivent être associées à une réglementation favorable, à des écosystèmes d’infrastructure plus solides, à des modèles de déploiement abordables et centrés sur les communautés, à une utilisabilité en langues locales, à des compétences numériques et à la sécurité dès le départ .

Dorothy Stanley
When we talk about meaningful connectivity, what do we mean? It's not sufficient just to have a wireless connection, a Wi -Fi connection, or an Ethernet connection. That connection has to be usable, reliable, secure, affordable, and usable for the participants. Why? Because students need to learn, patients need to access health care, entrepreneurs can grow businesses, and communities need to participate fully in the digital economy. Yet today, too many remain unconnected or underserved. Infrastructure gaps persist. Backhaul and power availability limit the deployment. Affordability constraints also slow adoption. At the same time, connectivity is becoming even more important. For people to be able to participate in the digital age. This is where technical standards play a foundational role. They are a foundation. They're not the complete answer. They have to be paired with education, with deployment, with product development, with skills development, and infrastructure build -outs. Standards help translate policy aspirations into implementable, interoperable technical solutions. They provide common performance metrics. Critically, they enable deployment and interoperability among systems from different vendors. This is important, especially in connecting the unconnected, where vendor lock -in is something that's desirable to be avoided. So I encourage you to participate fully in this workshop. You'll hear examples about deployments that have been successful in meeting. The challenge of connecting the unconnected. You'll also hear about some of the challenges that are there. along with programs that are available to meet the needs. Thank you very much for your kind attention.
Karen Mulberry
Thank you, Dorothy. I'd like to go on to our first speaker, Carl Gahnberg from the Internet Society, who's going to be talking about barriers to connectivity, terrain, infrastructure, and policy. Carl?
Dr. Carl Gahnberg
Thank you very much, Karen, and thank you very much for the invitation for this panel. I'm very happy to be here with a fellow standards geek, so to speak. For those of you who are not familiar with the Internet Society, it's an organization that has been around for about 30 years, and our origins is very much in the open standards community. We're still to this day have open standards as a key part of our mission, where one of the things that we're doing is helping facilitate the Internet Engineering Task Force that is doing the majority of the standards for the open Internet, and we're doing that in the United States working closely also with other standards organizations like IEEE. And I think this session is focused on specifically the role of technical standards in enabling connectivity or fostering meaningful connectivity, I think, is critically important to sort of connect the dots. What makes a technical specification over here actually usable for the policy and goals that we have over here in terms of bringing people online? So my role with this first intervention is to sort of help us set the stage a little bit more broadly beyond just the issue of technical standards and maybe create a little bit of a shared frame for how to think about the current barriers that is sort of keeping people offline or keeping people from being online maybe. And a way to think about it or a helpful way to think about it is, first of all, they're all interconnected, so they're not clear -cut. You can just work in. One of these pillars, you really need to think about them as. having dependencies across them, but they can help us organize a little bit the problems that we are facing. So you can break them down in, first of all, regulatory barriers, secondly, infrastructure barriers, third, affordability, and four, about digital literacy and empowerment. But if we start in that first bucket of regulatory barriers, one of the opportunities, if you will, with Internet connectivity is that it actually allows for a wide range, almost endless range, maybe that's a bit overselling it, but a broad range of different connectivity models when it comes to the technologies that you use to bring people online, whether we're talking about satellite connection or a fiber connection or a mobile connection or Wi -Fi connection. You can use a lot of different technologies to bring people online. And you can also have a number of different business models for facilitating that connectivity. All of those are sort of enabled by the Internet as a networking model where a broad range of different types of networks can be part of the broader Internet. Now, unfortunately, some of the regulatory barriers that we see is about the sort of idea of who offers connectivity is very much still focused on being large, old -school telecom operators, and that tends to overlook smaller providers. So sometimes the sort of real barriers for offering connectivity from a regulatory perspective can have to do with licensing regimes, for instance. Who is allowed to sell connectivity to end users, and what are the requirements to becoming Internet service providers? Other barriers that we're going to talk a little bit more about today can have to do about allocation of spectrum, for instance, for wireless technologies and spectrum auctions and the cost of spectrum. So from a regulatory point of view, sometimes it's sort of a lack of vision, if you will, where there is a tendency to look at connectivity as something being only provided by large providers and therefore the regulatory environment becomes created for the large providers, but that there is an importance to also consider that smaller providers can play a very important role. So, for instance, one of the things that we are advocating for at the Internet Society is community-centered connectivity, which is about local communities building their own networks and facilitating their own connectivity and then to have those networks be connected to the broader Internet. So, again, this is about taking advantage of that open networking model that is the Internet where smaller networks can become part of the bigger whole. One of the challenges that we've seen in some countries has to do with just license to operate one of these networks where there might be a lack of just a licensing model for a nonprofit. So, we're looking at the whole range of different ways of doing that being a non -profit offering that connectivity, they are just unable to get an operating license. And those are, of course, just tweaks in the regulatory framework where it was probably not intended to block those out from the ecosystem, but for lack of awareness and sort of broader thinking, they became blocked out from that ecosystem. So those are a little bit of the regulatory barriers where my argument would be that part of the issue is sort of thinking too one -sided in terms of who can provide connectivity. The second barrier when we talk about connectivity has to do with infrastructure, and that goes beyond just thinking about sort of the number of towers that you might have in a country and sort of coverage on specific places, but really goes again to thinking about infrastructure as sort of an infrastructure ecosystem point of view. There are multiple providers involved in fostering a global connectivity and offering a connectivity service in a country. We tend to focus a lot on the access side, which is, of course, the reseller of connectivity to users. But those networks are in turn dependent on backhaul infrastructure that connects the access network out to the broader Internet. And you have specific providers in that range as well. But those networks also need to interconnect with each other. So one of the things that we've been advocating a lot for is, for instance, Internet exchange points, which are just neutral places, physical locations where different network operators can come together and interconnect their networks. That might sound like a very trivial thing to do, but it's actually a very important piece for lowering costs of connectivity. So to give you an example, we've been operating in countries where you might have had two networks on different sides of a network, almost like a road, but different parts of town. where effectively if you wanted to send an email from one part of town to the other part of town, because there wasn't any local interconnection between the two networks, that email ended up going over national borders, even up to Europe in order to be exchanged to traffic in Europe and then go down to a country in Africa, for instance, rather than having the two networks just interconnect locally. So fostering local interconnections through, for instance, Internet exchange points is critically important as a reduction of barriers, not least for the cost savings that comes with connecting locally. So we talked a little bit about the regulatory barriers, the infrastructure barriers. Of course, a third important piece has to do with affordability. We can't stop the thinking just that coverage isn't, it's sort of a necessary but not sufficient condition if we want to connect the unconnected. We also really need to think about, affordability and the relative affordability in different communities. And again, one way of addressing that is to allow for these different connectivity models, like the ones that I mentioned around community-centered connectivity, where you might enable a shared connectivity from a library, for instance, in order to enable people to have a sort of basic level of access to the Internet and for the basic needs of that access. And they might also be using the Internet for, let's say, applications that might not be bandwidth -heavy. They might need to have a connectivity just for being able to do their basic needs that requires email service. They might not be going for the sort of Netflix experience just yet. So we have to think about meaningful connectivity should and also block out people in the sense that we only set the barrier for the sort of bandwidth -heavy applications, but really think about what are the demand -side needs for the Internet and what those communities need. And by using that lens, I think we can identify more affordable solutions. Thank you. The fourth piece has to do with at this stage we've looked at regulatory issues we've looked at infrastructure issues we've looked at affordability being an issue but even where connectivity might be affordable you also need to think about the digital literacy aspect and that includes not only the skill sets required to make use of an internet connection fundamental computer skills it also goes to things like trust and I think that is becoming an even more important barrier when you're looking at both people that are either not connected to the internet or that might have sort of had initial internet experiences and might have had bad internet experiences where they or their family might have been subjected to scams etc. So how to ensure that people that not only they have the affordability to now be online but to prioritize their spending to actually make use of it also requires a degree of trust in that infrastructure and that environment that they're engaging with and part of that trust comes with building skill sets to sort of safely navigate that environment. So it's not only digital literacy for the sort of hands-on practical ability to open your web browser and sort of do things. It also goes to the literacy of understanding that environment that you're engaging with and feeling confident in that environment in order to make the most of it. So hopefully that was helpful to sort of set the stage of thinking about these four
Karen Mulberry
Yes, thank you very much, Carl. I think that you really express, I think, the environment and the landscape that we're facing in trying to come up with tools and toolkits, approaches to connect the unconnected. Now I'd like to introduce Purva, whose last name I can't pronounce, who will give you an example of an application for connecting the unconnected. He's talking about ICT pathways for scaling connectivity initiatives. It's both technical standards and a project that the IEEE has called the BOLO project. Purva?
Purva Rajkotia
Thank you so much, Karen. So before I jump into my, are we sharing the presentation? Let me see if I can do that. Okay. So I think one of the things before I jump into the presentation, if there is any, that 2 .9 billion people, which is like the one -third of the world's population, is still without connectivity. Let that sink in. We take connectivity for granted. We talk about connectivity as something which is a fundamental human right. But you have one -third of the population that does not have connectivity. And the truth is that those are the people that can benefit. The most from connectivity. but we do not have connectivity for that. And one of the things that we look is interoperability, which is going to be the scaling unlock. So before I jump into my presentation, I would say that the way I look into it is, as Karen mentioned, I work for IEEE SA, and SA is in a very unique role when it comes to developing the world's leading technical standards. We not only define how technology works, but we also define how technology scales. And that is important. Because technology is as good as it is deployed, or somebody is going to make use of it. If the technology just stays in the paper, it's of no use to anyone. And that's how we view technology from the IEEE SA's perspective. Now the presentation that I have is going to have two complementary pathways what we talk about is the portfolio of open interoperable standards that form the technological backbone and the CR Bolo project that Karen mentioned or the community reach project wherein we actually do a real world proof of concept wherein we take the technology that's been developed and take it to the community led connectivity now both pathways we think are needed because standards do provide the blueprint for technology but programs, the community led programs, they basically demonstrate the build and that is what my presentation is going to be about I only have three slides, I think I have already gone through one, so there are only two slides remaining so by that time if the presentation comes up it's good if not I can explain everything what I have in my slides I don't need the slides for it but if you look at the IEEE standards IEEE standards they are not theoretical like the way you look at exploring IEEE standards it's billions of devices are deployed globally based on IEEE standards now we just did a recent count like if you look at 802 .11 technology the Wi -Fi technology just using Wi -Fi 6 and 6E no we are not talking about 7 or 8 just with 6 and 6E we have 20 billion devices that are deployed globally now just imagine the impact IEEE developed standards have when it comes to global connectivity and 802 .11 is just one aspect of the connectivity technology that's been developed by IEEE the second standard is 802 .3 which is the Ethernet standards again that is the backbone for every wired network and even with 802 .3 we have around we have around 7 billion devices that's been deployed using the technology then we have the fixed wireless, but the fixed wireless is important because that's the last mile to provide connectivity to the rural or remote areas and right now with the technology that IEEE has developed we have 1 .5 billion devices using the 802 .16 and last but not the least is 802 .1 TSN which is the time sensitive network and we have close to 400 million devices that are using the technology, so again this is just an illustration of the scale of deployed technology developed by IEEE in terms of billions, so again goes to the point that I was mentioning that IEEE makes the technology and that's why we have blueprint and the way it does it, it makes the scalability possible also. I would also like to highlight the point that the fragmented proprietary solutions will not achieve this kind of scale deployment. So I think this is something that we all should understand that the importance of standards that how much standards are really important when it comes to having a solution that is based on consensus driven technology. The next slide actually is going to be about the project that we have done which is the CR Bolo project. Now this particular connectivity solution is a technology based in India. Now we started off this project in India in partnership with the local NGOs and we have scaled this project now to Brazil and we are also planning to take this project and we are also planning to take this project to Nigeria. With the CR Bolo project, we picked the villages, people who are familiar with the map of India, they might know Odisha, which is one of the states, easternmost state, where there is connectivity problems. We took this project over there and we tried to use as much infrastructure they had as possible to develop connectivity. Because one of the things I think Carl mentioned in his remarks is that the impairments for a meaningful connectivity is also the financial aspect. So unless and until you come up with a solution which is going to be a low -cost solution, it's going to face a challenge in those kind of regions. And the reality is when we talk about remote villages, the remote villages they have fewer population, the sparse population. So when it comes to a bigger operators, it does not make them much of economic scale to deploy say a 5G technology or a 6G technology when you have villages with only 100 people living over there. There is not return of investment over if they are going to deploy that kind of technology. So you have to develop solutions which are community led, which are low cost solution and also which are replicable. And that is what we started with our project here in CR Bolo, which is community radio stations. We tried to use the wireless mesh network which was 5 to 7 km of radius on an unlicensed deregulated spectrum. Again, if you use the unregulated spectrum it helps in reducing the overall cost. Also, the good thing about this technology, it works online and offline. Here when we assume connectivity, we always assume that the solution should be online all the time. But there are many applications that can work in an offline mode. So that way you reduce the consumption of the connectivity if you want to bring down the overall cost structure. and that is what we also do with our project here with CR Bolo and again this is done with an IVR system which is more of an interactive voice response system now we are actually in our fourth phase and with this project now we have started integrating LLMs the local language models, we have started using machine learning in a way that is going to bring down the cost, expand the usability and make it much more scalable and usable by the end users so I think in conclusion what I am going to say is just take this point from here, there are 2 .9 billion people that are still offline, we need a solution which is going to be open standards based so that we can bring down the overall cost structure we can make it much more scalable and we also want a replicable community models so that we can take this thing to much larger population as possible. So these are the ways we think that is a path to a universal meaningful connectivity at a national scale level. That's it.
Karen Mulberry
Thank you very much, Purva. There we go. So now we've reached kind of an open dialogue where you can ask our panelists questions. We can discuss various options and in essence look at an open standard as an implementation pathway. It's just part of the toolkit of a broader sense of things that need to come together to enable local connectivity, much like, Carl, you noted that there are a lot of different aspects that need to be considered you know, the four steps. They have to work together to make something happen. So I have a question for you to get us started. Now, the session was about the role of technical standards. So, you know, if a regulator wanted to, you know, take a concrete step in a direction to enable something, what should, how should they start? What should they do?
Dr. Carl Gahnberg
Thank you. Thank you very much. So I think there might be more things to do, and perhaps we'll discover some of them in the conversation here today. But I think one concrete example, and we've talked about it quite extensively actually already, and not least because of Dorothy's background with Wi-Fi, is to ensure that there is license-free spectrum for Wi -Fi and for those connectivity, for those connectivity models. So for those of you who are not necessarily familiar with this, basically spectrum comes in two different forms if you will you have a licensed set spectrum that is used for technologies that might operate over long range and where you basically need to assign an exclusive right for that spectrum in order for that technology to work so a mobile network for instance for mobile telephony but then you also have unlicensed spectrum where basically technologies that might work over a shorter range and that does not necessarily conflict with other technologies can operate and this is where Wi-Fi fits in so and I'll let Dorothy fill in but one of the ways to think about wi -fi is that it's been described as a very polite technology in that it doesn't take up a lot of space in terms of the of the frequency it doesn't sort of operate over longer ranges it is sort of listening for what is out there before it starts transmitting so it's something that is not very sort of invasive in its radio frequency environment and Wi-Fi has to is opportunity that you can deploy a technology then as a wireless technology in a community and create these mesh networks that was mentioned and to use that as the access piece for that local community that you're buying your connectivity to that network by effectively getting a access code to that Wi-Fi network and that Wi-Fi network because it's a mesh network is now sort of beyond this room it might cover you know a couple of blocks of a city or even a smaller village is covered by that wi -fi network but one of the challenges that we've seen is that while some of the spectrum is sort of default license free globally so 2 .4 gigahertz for instance is the sort of standard license free globally there are other bands where you get up to five gigahertz or now in sort of a somewhat of a controversy when it gets to six gigahertz is not licensed for that network so it's a bit of a challenge but it's a bit of a challenge free in all parts of the world and that means that if you were to deploy a Wi-Fi mesh network, for instance, as a local community, you're just simply not permitted to do so. But it also gets to more sort of simpler issues where you might have had that spectrum band being license-free, but only for your private use. So if you're a small community network where that local village, if you will, have come together to form a NGO in order to provide their local village with connectivity, because they're doing that and they might need to charge the users for it, even if it's just sort of to cover the costs, they're not able to do that because it's not suddenly for private use, but it is for public use of selling that connectivity. And then suddenly the use of Wi-Fi is no longer permitted for those purposes or license -free. So there are those sort of regulatory barriers that could quite easily be lifted that doesn't really come at the expense of something else. it's not like that spectrum is required for the big operator to cover it, but rather it's a missed opportunity by just sort of relying on legacy rules. And I think it's a nice illustration where Wi-Fi as a technology, as I mentioned, you can think about it as this sort of polite technology, but it is an open standard. It allows for effectively how do we coordinate connectivity within that license-free spectrum and then make something useful out of it. So the technical standards is enabling that to happen, but then we need the regulatory environment to actually also provide its enabling piece to make sure that it can be used. So I think it's a nice illustration where sort of the opportunities of open standards and of technical standards in order to favor these end goals that we have in terms of connecting the unconnected, it is interacting with other pieces. It is interacting with business models. It is interacting with a regulatory environment where, unless we sort of illustrate those connections, which is one of the big opportunities this week where you have this multi-stakeholder. groups coming together and sort of raising their concerns. And what you see on this panel is a technical community that is trying to convey that for the purpose of really benefiting to the greatest extent from these technical standards that have been developed, we need to have that dialogue with regulators as well in order to make sure that we don't have these limiting factors that is keeping us from connecting to unconnected. And I think something also to mention from Purva's presentation is that sometimes these need to be looked at over a longer period of time when you think about connectivity models can change over time as well. So as Purva mentioned, for some of the communities that we're discussing about connecting with a Wi-Fi mesh network, that is not the end state for that community. But it is a sort of a helpful entry point for that community to become connected. And importantly, it shows that there is a business case for users in that community that might attract a bigger operator to come in with. sort of their infrastructure where we sell their services. Because one of the things that Purva mentioned was that for some big operators, it's simply not a business case to bring their infrastructure to these faraway communities. But if you can show that, hey, we were able to have them connected with a Wi-Fi mesh network, there is a demand clearly in this community for their internet connectivity that brings sort of the next stage for that operator to actually, when they're mapping out where we're going to make the investments to see all there is already thousands of internet users in that community, it might be worth for us to do that sort of infrastructure investments and bring our technologies to them. So that's also part of looking at this is looking at a bigger picture and a bigger story that access technologies and the use of technologies that we're using can evolve over time, but they can form very important parts of forming the sort of demand stage of it and showcasing the business case for different communities as well.
Karen Mulberry
Thank you. And if any of you have any questions for our panelists, please let me know. Otherwise, I'll go through some questions that I have developed based on their discussion. So next question then, Purva. In terms of CR Bolo, you know, it's something that you've described as demonstrating a pathway, demonstrating the application of a standard. I mean, it provides a roadmap to implement connectivity and ultimately to, you know, create that opportunity to say we've checked, we've provided a solution for an SDG in that area because infrastructure is a very important sustainable development goal that we're all working towards 2030. And in that implementation. So, you know. How does CR Bolo do this, and what technical standards do you see might be useful in the process?
Purva Rajkotia
Thank you, Karen. So the way I look into it is CR Bolo basically demonstrates an ICT pathway for connecting the unconnected by combining community -based networks with affordable digital technologies like Wi -Fi, and we are going to go into a little bit more other technologies also, to deliver information and services to populations that have limited or no Internet access. Now, the approach it takes to address this is that the first one, it leverages the existing infrastructure. So rather than relying on solely based or deploying a new large -scale deployment, what CR Bolo actually does, it assesses the region, and based on what the local community channels are, it develops a project based on it for accessing the remote and the underserved areas. The second thing it uses is that it uses a low -cost appropriate technologies. Now, the model basically emphasizes that the solutions should be affordable, it should be energy efficient, and also suitable for regions with limited technical and financial resources. Because the reality is that CR Bolo project is going to be deployed in parts of the world where they do not even have electricity. So just thinking that you are going to deploy a very sophisticated, even a Wi -Fi router, but if you do not have the electricity to power that router, your CR Bolo project is not going to work. So you have to think from that perspective, that you are going into a green field where you do not have any kind of technical resources. how do you still enable the connectivity? So that's the other approach that we take. Also the third thing that we do with our CR Bolo project is we enable two -way communication. So rather than broadcasting work, like so either you can just do broadcasting of information which could be which is a form of communication but it's very limited for the end users. What we do is we basically work with the communities and service providers to make sure that people can ask questions, share their local knowledge, access the relevant services and all in their local language because that is very critical because if you are going to develop a solution say in English or in other languages and if you are going to deploy this in a rural part in India where people are not used to that kind of language your services are going to be limited so you have to think from you have to basically think local to make your solution be more vocal. because you think in local language, you develop solution in local language, that's the only way you can get the community to be more vocal about the services that we are offering. So that's the other approach when we talk about CR Bolo. Also, we develop the solution by doing digital inclusion because what we want to do is we want to reduce the barriers to connectivity as Carl mentioned. The other thing that we also want to do is we want to bring more literacy and language to the local people so that at the end of the day, they become the owner of the network because at this time, you can just go and deploy the network but if they do not have the ownership of the network, the network is going to fail. So we want to train the people. We want to bring a lot of literacy skills and the digital skills to the local community so in the end, they become the owner of the network. They run the network, they operate the network, they maintain the network. and also what we want to do is we want to provide a scalable community model so that this model could be easily replicated to different regions of the world. We do not want to make it different in networks. Say for example if you are deploying one network over here, we do not want it to be completely different from the one that is deployed here. We want to make it more scalable so it becomes more interoperable and there is a seamless migration among the technology. So the way we look at the CR Bolo as basically the way we look at connecting the unconnected is about extending the existing internet infrastructure involving designing inclusive solutions that brings in local community that the solutions are affordable, more community centered and also providing meaningful access to the information and digital services where connectivity remains limited and that too in their local land. So that's how we look into CR Bolo. Thank you.
Karen Mulberry
Dorothy, I have a question for you. So what are some of the new areas where the use of standards might be critical for reliable, safe and secure and meaningful connectivity?
Dorothy Stanley
Thank you Karen, for the question. I think we have a hand.
Audience
I only wanted to announce the next question in case we are out of time.
Dorothy Stanley
What's your question?
Audience
Okay. Thank you very much. I have a question for Carl and Purva. Once you connect the unconnected, right, and you improve the connectivity among communities, well, that's a new playing field for cybercrime and cyberthreats. If you could name one opportunity and one challenge that the technical standards provide to actually improve cyber resilience of those communities and even the local institutions in health, financial service. Thank you.
Dr. Carl Gahnberg
Well, let me start. I think that's an excellent question. And as I mentioned, I think this is an important part of thinking about digital literacy where it's a matter of not only being able to open your browser but really to understand the environment that you're engaging in and feel the confidence and trust in it. And we've been doing a lot more work in that area where we've been working on community-centered connectivity for quite some time. And I think before we sort of we didn't stop purposefully, but we didn't necessarily think through step two, three, and four after the community was connected. But we've spent much more focus on making sure that it doesn't stop at the community being connected, but also in part for the purpose of actually scaling the model where you can try to connect with the community. You can train the trainers, and then you can have the local community train others, et cetera. but also for the purpose of having capacity building at the local level to have that digital literacy, understand how do you actually engage safely online. Now, when it comes to sort of technical standards for that safe Internet browsing, if you will, I think those are sort of generally applicable for any Internet users, but of course it has to do with the ability to use cryptographic methods, for instance, when it comes to validating the authenticity of websites. Besides, it comes to the ability to make use of encryption for your communications as well. I think those are vital pieces for any user's online experience, but specifically for communities that might be sort of on an initial or learning path in terms of engaging online, that the importance of keeping yourself secure online might be dependent on making use of encrypted technologies. It might be dependent on understanding the role of cryptographic signatures in terms of authenticating what is a valid website, what is a scam website, et cetera. So you can look at technical standards from that point of view, sort of enabling a more safe internet environment. But I would say that's horrible for every internet user, but it might be extra important to learn about in that sort of initial capacity building.
Purva Rajkotia
And just to add to what Carl said, I think I totally agree with him. I think that's the reason we have to have the standards which are, the solutions or technologies which should be deployed, which are standards-based. And the reason I say it is because we talk about Wi-Fi standards. Wi-Fi actually has got a lot of security aspects built into it. So for example, authentication, encryption, network resilience, all those aspects, they are already in there, which basically protects the user. so if you have that kind of technologies which are standard based technologies which are deployed, you are going to provide some kind of shield to the end user in terms of the cyber threats now again, does this provide like 100% reliability? No it's not 100% reliability but at least it gives you a starting point in terms of what additional additions could be made in terms of making sure that if there are some new threats there are some new things which the technology could not have envisioned they are coming up so that could at least lay the foundation for those kind of things that are coming up.
Dorothy Stanley
I would add one comment to the others there are studies done about the security capabilities and vulnerabilities of different generations of equipment that are deployed, particularly if you look at home routers whether they are Ethernet based or Wi -Fi routers whatever And the newer routers are much more secure. So generally, overall, whether you're talking about an underserved population connecting the unconnected or, you know, anyone else, you do need to have and maintain your security posture. So that's another reason for these, you know, connecting the unconnected. You don't deploy old equipment, right? This is not the place for your 20-year-old castoffs. Not that the 20-year-old castoff equipment wouldn't work. It will, right? But by its very nature, you can't expect it to be resilient to the 2026 threats, right? So you deploy new equipment that is to the 2026 level, posture level of security. So that's not the place to skimp, right? So deploy new equipment, up to date equipment, where your routers are going to be able to do that. Your routers will have firewalls, will have these protections that are now available. Thank you.
Karen Mulberry
I think we have time for one more question if there's any other questions in the audience.
Audience
Yeah I have a question please, thank you it's related to the last one actually and I wanted to ask in which moment of connecting the unconnected do you think it's one to start thinking about the security measurements because of course there's always this clash between security and advancement without obstacles so in which of the moments when we think about connectivity by design we should start talking about security which one is the best and in a way that it also allows not to keep people unconnected because of it of course it's a process but I would love to hear your views.
Karen Mulberry
Do you want to start?
Dorothy Stanley
I'll start. The network that one is designed, you should start thinking about security at the very beginning. And I think this is an area where there's perhaps some room for a new thinking about how to protect these networks. So I would say the beginning is where you start.
Dr. Carl Gahnberg
Yeah, at the beginning, absolutely. One thing to add is to, as Purva mentioned, you'll never be able to build something that is 100% secure, right? And I think that's really where the other component that we're talking about, the capacity building of the users, is so important. Both for them to realize that there will be threats out there that you might not necessarily be able to sort of utilize the technology for safeguarding against, but sometimes it has to do with sort of. Manipulating you socially, that is the sort of attack vector. It doesn't really matter how strong encryption we build if someone is convincing you to give them your encryption keys right so i think that's why looking at the end user as an important sort of defense vector as well is so important and not only rely on the technology offering the security but that the capacity building piece is so important to not give them a sort of safe sort of false sense of confidence as well that because I'm using this most recent up to date technology therefore i am safe and secure but to kind of on going question your security posture i think that is something that um both personally but also that i'm seeing uh is something that is sort of more actively being done by internet users you might have assumed 10 years ago that oh i i can sort of trust the online environment and you know people might have been familiar with something like that but i think that's something that's going to be a little bit more of a common threats but i think now what i'm seeing at least in my friends and and many others is sort of an ongoing questioning of can I trust this thing or not? And I think that's really important that you continuously evaluate what you're doing online and sort of build security to that.
Karen Mulberry
I'm going to say thank you very much, everyone, Carl, Purva and Dorothy. We are out of time for our session, but I would like to recommend that if you're interested in knowing more about what the intervenants talked about, please, they will be here this week, approach them, or you can reach out to them online and ask your questions to learn more about, you know, the approaches that are being taken, the barriers they're trying to work through to provide that connectivity to the unconnected population. So thank you very much for attending our workshop, and we will see you online. Thank you.
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Open Forum #34 How Do Technical Standards Shape Connectivity and Inclusion
However, standard-setting bodies like ITU, IETF, and others operate without sufficient input from the global south, civil society, or marginalized communities, which risks reinforcing the digital divide. Preuves Fro...
Digital standards
WS #484 Innovative Regulatory Strategies to Digital Inclusion

Redefining Digital Exclusion #

Beyond Basic Connectivity

Sophie Maddens highlighted that 2.6 billion people remain unconnected to the internet, with persistent divides across rural/urban, income, gender, and a...
How the PNMA Concepts Portfolio effectively contributes to the WSIS+20 Process and GDC implementation
This means removing barriers such as auctions or costly license fees. Preuves Current barriers include spectrum auctions and costly license fees that are inappropriate for social initiatives Major discussion point...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 2)
The other scenario sees global utilisation of ‘whitespace’ frequencies (television frequencies freed after the digitalisation process which have a metropolitan area outreach and will increasingly be used for wireless com...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 1)
‘Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You...
Innovative approaches to connect underserved areas
https://dig.watch/wp-content/uploads/IGF2018_127-1.png [Read more session reports and live updates from the 13th Internet Governance Forum] The objective of the session was to discuss the unique challenges community netw...
Connecting Europe to Latin America: a revolution in Internet governance?
First, this submarine infrastructure might be a good opportunity to lower the prices of access to international bandwidth from Brazil, where they are still controlled by a few backbone providers who have maintained them ...
Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity came into sharper focus with the rapid expansion of the Internet's user base. One side effect of the rapid integration of the Internet in almost all aspects of human activity is the increased vulnerability ...
[ConfTech #4 discussion summary] (Cyber)Security and the shift to online
Remote work has also raised privacy concerns on whether corporate security policies can be ensured in homes and whether data that used to be stored on corporate networks can now be secured and insured in terms of integri...
Dynamic Coalition Collaborative Session
Recommendation to create cryptographic inventories as first step in post-quantum cryptography migration Call for global standards development focusing on interoperability to avoid leaving organizations, countries, or p...
Network security
1

The knowledge base supports the broader framing that connectivity should be ‘meaningful’ rather than just available. It describes meaningful connectivity as enabling people to participate in ways they want, with protection, safety, and good connectivity, and also links meaningful connectivity to affordability and regular access [S93]. A separate IGF source likewise states that connectivity per se is no longer sufficient and that meaningful connectivity is the relevant goal [S75].

2

The knowledge base adds context showing that this development-oriented framing is well established: internet inclusion is presented as a tool for development and empowerment, with examples spanning education, entrepreneurship, and broader social participation [S26]. Additional material on online learning also illustrates how connectivity can directly support educational outcomes for marginalised communities [S94].

3

The knowledge base confirms the general point that large numbers remain offline or underserved and that affordability is a major barrier. One source states that almost half the global population still lacks connectivity and that in many places internet access remains slow, unreliable, and expensive [S75]. Another notes that around 2.6 billion people are still offline [S39]. Affordability challenges are also specifically documented for Africa, where broadband costs remain comparatively high [S18].

4

The knowledge base confirms that standards act as a bridge between technology and policy and that they enable interoperability, safety, and quality of service [S97] and [S91]. It also explains that digital standards are agreed rules that allow technologies, products, and services to function properly across systems and markets [S91] and [S41].

5

The knowledge base corroborates this multi-factor view. It notes that overcoming infrastructure challenges alone does not automatically produce development outcomes, and that users also need training, trust, relevant local conditions, and supportive policy frameworks [S26]. Other sources similarly emphasise that meaningful connectivity depends on digital literacy, local content, and skills, not only network deployment [S75] and [S31].

6

While the knowledge base does not directly discuss vendor lock-in in this workshop context, it does add relevant context that open and interoperable standards can lower costs, promote competition, and help bridge digital divides [S17]. It also notes that standards support fairer competition and reduce technical barriers across markets [S41].

7

The knowledge base confirms that the Internet Society is associated with the open standards ecosystem and worked alongside IEEE in internet inclusion initiatives [S90]. It also identifies the IETF and IEEE as important bodies in the broader standards landscape [S91] and [S97].

8

The knowledge base strongly supports this multidimensional framing. It states that meaningful connectivity challenges include infrastructure costs, affordability, adoption, digital skills, and local content, and that solutions require multistakeholder action rather than a single intervention [S75]. A separate source also emphasises that infrastructure decisions must be backed by empowered users and good policy frameworks [S26].

9

The knowledge base confirms the technical diversity of internet connectivity models. One source explicitly discusses Wi-Fi, mobile communication standards, submarine cables, and satellite connectivity as parts of the internet’s underlying infrastructure [S92]. Another describes a range of technical solutions, including support for community networks and use of spectrum to connect unconnected communities [S93].

10

The knowledge base adds supporting context by showing that alternative and non-commercial connectivity models often struggle within prevailing governance and infrastructure arrangements. For example, a source on submarine cable governance contrasts commercial operators with non-commercial actors and argues for models that preserve access for non-profit uses [S44]. Another source highlights the importance of tailored business and policy models for community networks and excluded communities [S54].

11

The knowledge base supports this claim. It describes community networks and mesh networks as useful and inspiring, especially for distant or developing areas, while also indicating that they face practical and regulatory constraints rather than serving as a universal solution [S32]. Another source presents community networks as locally grounded organisations that require supportive governance, business models, and capacity building to be sustainable [S54].

Carl Hallergard — Carl Hallergard
Work for a brighter future — Professor General for Human Resources and Social Policy Chung has also served as Member of the UN (2002–08) at Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metal- Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Prot...
IGFSA | SIDE EVENT — Additionally, Haqono highlighted the importance of capacity building and education in internet governance. As the Coordinator of the Bangladesh School of Internet Governance, he emphasized the need to equip individuals w...
Unstoppable Together:Digital Grassroots Impact Rapport Launch | IGF 2023 Launch / Award Event #143 — Supporting facts: Nancy joined DIGRA in 2018. She works towards reducing digital inequalities in rural communities. She represents DIGRA in events and various initiatives. Topics: Nancy Vachira, Inter...
Isobel Grundy — Isobel Grundy
European Broadcasting Union — Capacity development Most of the EBU’s activities are aimed at increasing the capacity of its members to address challenges and embrace opportunities brought about by the digital age. To that end, through its Digital T...
EQUAL Global Partnership Research Coalition Annual Meeting | IGF 2023 — Is there any summary from Audience: their discussions? Yeah maybe I can just briefly summarize so thanks to the great tech team we were able to like solve our issues and communicate with each other but...
Karen Krebsbach — Karen Krebsbach
Alicia Shepherd-Vega — https://diplo-media.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/2023/09/nVuNjdFE-Alicia-Shepherd.jpg Ms Alicia Shepherd-Vega is an educator, researcher, and policy analyst. Her work with the Digital Watch Observatory began last year a...
Main Topic 3: Europe at the Crossroads: Digital and Cyber Strategy 2030 — Oksana Prykhodko: And standardization, it's not about protocols. Panelist: Just asking. No, I would add it because it's not clear. Based on existing protocols. Yeah, because it's not clear if we're using existing proto...
Jill M. Purdy — Jill M. Purdy
Amrita Choudhury — Amrita Choudhury Director, CCAOI https://dig.watch/wp-content/uploads/amrita1.jpg Ms Amrita Choudhury is Director of CCAOI; President of Internet Society India, Delhi Chapter; and Asia Pacific Lead of SIG Women. She is a...
World Economic Forum – Global Coalition for Digital Safety | IGF 2023 Side Event — https://www.intgovforum.org/en/content/enhancing-digital-safety-the-world-economic-forum-global-coalitions-collaborative-approach Intervenants: Name: Courtney Gregoire, Affiliation: Chief Digital Safety Officer, Microsof...
Policy Network on Meaningful Access: Meaningful access to include and connect | IGF 2023 — The aim is to provide internet access to all individuals, businesses, schools, and communities in a meaningful way.The ITU has introduced the Universal and Meaningful Connectivity (UMC) dashboard to monitor progress towa...
Open Forum #34 How Do Technical Standards Shape Connectivity and Inclusion — However, standard-setting bodies like ITU, IETF, and others operate without sufficient input from the global south, civil society, or marginalized communities, which risks reinforcing the digital divide. Preuves Fro...
Status of internet access and connectivity in Africa — And there is also the issue of affordability: a monthly residential subscription to Starlink could go up to USD$100, which is more often than not a prohibitive cost. Across Africa, barriers to access are not only rela...
Beyond the hype of the race for 5G — The resulting excess costs could be put to much better use in product development and tackling the digital divide. An even more considerable risk for the long-term future of the internet is a fragmentation of the interne...
WS #231 Address Digital Funding Gaps in the Developing World — Neeti Biyani: Thank you. Diya? Sabhanaz Rashid Diya: I guess I get the last word, but unless Maarten wants to come in. You know, one of the things I always take a lot of inspiration from is I come from the traditional ...
Are companies responsible for the security of their digital services and products, and to what extent? — The IoT will remain insecure unless government steps in and fixes the problem. We’re unlikely to get any regulation forcing backbone companies to clean up either DDoS attacks or spam, just as we are unlikely to get any r...
Ready for Goodbyes? : Critical System Obsolescence — So it's something a work in progress. We are doing fairly well to secure our cyberspace. It's a work in progress. Rebecca McLaughlin-Eastham: Joshua, talk to me about the biggest pain point, transition...
Establishing standards for IoT devices: Recent examples — So, it remains to be seen whether this legislation will have a ripple effect, or even lead to a change in security and privacy standards for consumer IoT devices in the USA. Dr Efrat Daskal is a research fellow at the Fe...
I’m not a ‘technical person’, but I don’t have to be — Such voices can also become a voice of advocacy in the Internet governance community, for instance, concerning the role of Internet governance in development, the need for greater and more effective digital media literac...
Internet and Development: A Reality-Check — This post was originally published at the Huffington Post blog channel. By Constance Bommelaer de Leusse and Tereza Horejsova How can we create a more inclusive Internet? What are the practical steps we can take to exp...
A view on digital divide and economic development — When considering the great technological changes that humanity is facing, it is generally assumed that the Fourth Industrial Revolution (underway since the middle of the last century, and characterised by a fusion of tec...
WS #155 Digital Leap- Enhancing Connectivity in the Offline World — Fourth, we normally don't think about this entrepreneurial and business skills, knowledge to leverage digital technologies for entrepreneurship, local businesses, and economic growth. And some of you already talked a...
Net neutrality debate goes to the ITU WCIT — ‘The enemy of my enemy is my friend.’ This is one way to read ETNO’s (European Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association) most recent proposal to the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) to regulate the po...
Hey, Govs - leave those ISPs alone! (2) — Part II: What is the way to Internet regulation? "In managing, promoting and protecting the Internet presence in our lives, we need to be no less creative than those who invented it." Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General, ...
WS #484 Innovative Regulatory Strategies to Digital Inclusion — So that would be the one recognition that other actors are needed and that other actors are contributing because when those actors are provided with an enabling regulatory environment well here in Europe for instance whe...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 2) — The other scenario sees global utilisation of ‘whitespace’ frequencies (television frequencies freed after the digitalisation process which have a metropolitan area outreach and will increasingly be used for wireless com...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 1) — ‘Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You...
‘The poorer the country, the higher the cost’ – webinar host — The cost for Internet access differs significantly from one country to another. Take for instance the price for 1Mbps: it can cost $250 in Togo (TogoTelecom), and $445 in Niger (Orange Niger), but it can cost only $25 fo...
Internet Governance Forum 2025 — Looking toward the future, Henry Wang from Singapore IGF predicts transformative potential: "the low Earth orbital satellites is not only starting. There are so many constellations under construction. So within three to ...
Assessment of the impact of internet exchange points (IXPs): Empirical study of Kenya and Nigeria — ‹ Back In June 2020 we published a new report “Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem – Lessons from Kenya and Nigeria’s Internet Exchange Point Growth”. It gives an update on this study published in 2012. Learn how th...
The History of Wireless Communications in Canada’s Arctic - Part Three — Why is the extension of wireless communication so important to Nunavut? In this, the last blog in this series, we explore the many reasons it is such a significant development Immense Geography - Small Population: Nun...
Beyond development: connectivity as human rights enabler | IGF 2023 Town Hall #61 — have been unconnected and underserved they finally put some people in a boat and the article in The Economist is from July 5th 2014 where they said the connectivity between the two countries was nearly thwarted by a swar...
Beyond universality: the meaningful connectivity imperative | IGF 2023 — Strategies to address the affordability and accessibility of devices were emphasized to ensure that connectivity reaches its full potential.In conclusion, the discussion underscored the need to go beyond simplistic measu...
Main Session | Policy Network on Meaningful Access — So, I have a bit of a problem because I cannot see the next slide, please. They're not on the, can they project it on the Zoom as well? And can I have the next slide, please? Okay. Okay. Yes, that's on. So, we de...
International digital standards: A case for the involvement of stakeholders in the ARIN region — ◩DNSSEC – developed at the IETF – helps secure data exchanged in the DNS.ISO/IEC 18033 standard series – developed at ISO/IEC JTC1 – provides specifications for encryption algorithms.Recommendation ITU-R M.2150 – adopted...
The geopolitics of digital standards: China's role in standard-setting organisations — Box 3. Cooperation between SDOs Over the years, many of the SDOs that form part of the international standardisation landscape have developed various mechanisms for cooperation. For instance, the IEC, ISO, and ITU c...
How the PNMA Concepts Portfolio effectively contributes to the WSIS+20 Process and GDC implementation — This means removing barriers such as auctions or costly license fees. Preuves Current barriers include spectrum auctions and costly license fees that are inappropriate for social initiatives Major discussion point...
Connecting Europe to Latin America: a revolution in Internet governance? — First, this submarine infrastructure might be a good opportunity to lower the prices of access to international bandwidth from Brazil, where they are still controlled by a few backbone providers who have maintained them ...
Cybersecurity — Cybersecurity came into sharper focus with the rapid expansion of the Internet's user base. One side effect of the rapid integration of the Internet in almost all aspects of human activity is the increased vulnerability ...
[ConfTech #4 discussion summary] (Cyber)Security and the shift to online — Remote work has also raised privacy concerns on whether corporate security policies can be ensured in homes and whether data that used to be stored on corporate networks can now be secured and insured in terms of integri...
Digital literacy for digital natives — Since its creation, the Internet has been regarded as a world of opportunities. Whereas it gives access to information, knowledge, and ideas, and contributes to faster communication and new business models, online engage...
ICF 2023: Digital Commons for Digital Sovereignty | IGF 2023 Day 0 Event #82 — It was emphasised that these alternatives are vital for ensuring peaceful decisions and effecting change. Lastly, the distinction between large language models and logical programming in properly encoding language was ex...
Unpacking the High-Level Panel’s Rapport on Digital Cooperation: Geneva policy experts propose action plan — Postal networks can potentially be used for the digital inclusion of not only the ‘next billion’, but also the ‘bottom billion’ of world citizens. Action: Organise an awareness-building event on the role of post offices ...
Top digital policy developments in 2019: A year in review — If security and privacy considerations are properly addressed these developments hold considerable promise. World Bank’s ID4D initiative The World Bank’s Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative is helping cou...
How the PNMA Concepts Portfolio effectively contributes to the WSIS+20 Process and GDC implementation — This means removing barriers such as auctions or costly license fees. Preuves Current barriers include spectrum auctions and costly license fees that are inappropriate for social initiatives Major discussion point...
Policy Network on Meaningful Access: Meaningful access to include and connect | IGF 2023 — The aim is to provide internet access to all individuals, businesses, schools, and communities in a meaningful way.The ITU has introduced the Universal and Meaningful Connectivity (UMC) dashboard to monitor progress towa...
A4AI launches Meaningful Connectivity standard for Internet access — The Alliance for Internet Access (A4AI) has, in its latest report presented a new standard called Meaningful Connectivity which should serve as a guide to help governments set effective broadband-policy targets and track...
WS #225 Bridging the Connectivity Gap for Excluded Communities — Preuves Emphasis on open source technology as a game changer for empowering local communities and reducing dependence on big tech companies Major discussion point Bridging the Connectivity Gap for Excluded Communi...
Nri Collaborative Session Community Based Connectivity to Achieve Digitally Inclusive Societies — This represents a shift from traditional views where civil society responds to government policies to one where they actively shape them Topics Legal and regulatory | Development | Sociocultural Community networks are...
The History of Wireless Communications in Canada’s Arctic - Part Three — Why is the extension of wireless communication so important to Nunavut? In this, the last blog in this series, we explore the many reasons it is such a significant development Immense Geography - Small Population: Nun...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 1) — ‘Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You...
Digital infrastructure and standards in Africa: National priorities and elements of foreign policy — Across Africa, efforts are underway to advance the deployment of digital infrastructures that support meaningful internet connectivity. As the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) explains, meaningful connectivity is ...
High-level AI Standards panel — Topics Development | Capacity development | Digital access | Infrastructure | Digital standards Practical Implementation and Real-World Impact Intervenants - Seizo Onoe- Kathleen A. Kramer- Philippe Metzger- Paul Gaskell ...
[WebDebate #12 summary] Standardisation: Practical solutions for strained negotiations, or an arena for realpolitik? — Our May WebDebate looked at standards as tools for managing international relations and discussed the process of negotiating and implementing the standards. Standards define our everyday lives in ways most people do not ...
Embedding Human Rights in AI Standards: From Principles to Practice — Consensus level High level of consensus with significant implications for the field. The agreement spans institutional representatives, technical experts, and civil society, suggesting genuine momentum for change. The ...
Global Standards for a Sustainable Digital Future — Intervenants - Maike Luiken- Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos Arguments Standards serve as bridges between academic research and practical implementation, providing common language across disciplines Standards must address both t...
Connecting the dots and (finally) understanding international security — Women are even more negatively impacted by the lack of infrastructure, connectivity, and digital skills. There is still a long way to go before we reach global connectivity, despite internet advancements brought about by...
All hands on deck to connect the next billions | IGF 2023 WS #198 — I want to add another important parameter here, which is the parameter of preparedness. So, I believe that it is very important, if we focus on the role of governments, that governments not only invest in ensuring the co...
Normative Scale - Creative Diary 26may2015 — ASEAN | Asean Regional Forum Statement by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs on Cooperation in Ensuring Cyber Security | 2012 APEC | Shanghai Declaration with Program of Action & Statement on the Security of Informa...
Cybersecurity — Today’s headlines often feature the word ‘cyber’, reporting on threats related to the virtual world: online child abuse, stolen credit cards and virtual identities, malware and viruses, botnets and denial-of-service atta...
Open Forum #46 Developing a Secure Rights Respecting Digital Future — This approach addresses both connectivity gaps and economic empowerment simultaneously. Preuves Since 2020, FCDO and CSER collaborated to support 13 SMMEs owned by women, youth and persons with disability across fiv...
Beyond universality: the meaningful connectivity imperative | IGF 2023 — Topics: Statistical Capacity, Data Sets Enquiring how open the methodology is to adding new categories or if the categories are now closed. Topics: Methodology, Categories Notes that for many rural communitie...
Approaches Towards Meaningful Connectivity in the Global South — This omission could lead to their exclusion from implementation of digital inclusion policies. Preuves When examining the WSIS Plus 20 elements paper, certain communities are named and recognized but indigenous comm...
Cybersecurity requires governments to step in — For delivering secure-by-design digital products, companies currently lack market incentives. Just as governments need industry for developing smart regulations and policies, the industry needs governments for setting th...
Status of internet access and connectivity in Africa — And there is also the issue of affordability: a monthly residential subscription to Starlink could go up to USD$100, which is more often than not a prohibitive cost. Across Africa, barriers to access are not only rela...
Policy Network on Meaningful Access: Meaningful access to include and connect | IGF 2023 — The aim is to provide internet access to all individuals, businesses, schools, and communities in a meaningful way.The ITU has introduced the Universal and Meaningful Connectivity (UMC) dashboard to monitor progress towa...
Internet and Development: A Reality-Check — This post was originally published at the Huffington Post blog channel. By Constance Bommelaer de Leusse and Tereza Horejsova How can we create a more inclusive Internet? What are the practical steps we can take to exp...
Beyond universality: the meaningful connectivity imperative | IGF 2023 — Topics: Statistical Capacity, Data Sets Enquiring how open the methodology is to adding new categories or if the categories are now closed. Topics: Methodology, Categories Notes that for many rural communitie...
High Level Session I: Universal, affordable & meaningful connectivity — Almost half the global population still lacks internet connectivity; and in some countries, it is still slow, unreliable, and expensive. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the way in which connectivity was approached. ...
Standardisation – The Key to Unlock the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) — Is standardisation a key to unlocking the 17 Sustainable Development goals adopted in the framework of the 2030 Agenda? How can the goals be translated into actions? How can standards be developed and used to attain the ...
International digital standards: A case for the involvement of stakeholders in the ARIN region — ◩DNSSEC – developed at the IETF – helps secure data exchanged in the DNS.ISO/IEC 18033 standard series – developed at ISO/IEC JTC1 – provides specifications for encryption algorithms.Recommendation ITU-R M.2150 – adopted...
Open Forum #34 How Do Technical Standards Shape Connectivity and Inclusion — However, standard-setting bodies like ITU, IETF, and others operate without sufficient input from the global south, civil society, or marginalized communities, which risks reinforcing the digital divide. Preuves Fro...
WS #484 Innovative Regulatory Strategies to Digital Inclusion

Redefining Digital Exclusion #

Beyond Basic Connectivity

Sophie Maddens highlighted that 2.6 billion people remain unconnected to the internet, with persistent divides across rural/urban, income, gender, and a...
How the PNMA Concepts Portfolio effectively contributes to the WSIS+20 Process and GDC implementation — This means removing barriers such as auctions or costly license fees. Preuves Current barriers include spectrum auctions and costly license fees that are inappropriate for social initiatives Major discussion point...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 2) — The other scenario sees global utilisation of ‘whitespace’ frequencies (television frequencies freed after the digitalisation process which have a metropolitan area outreach and will increasingly be used for wireless com...
Are citizen-run mesh networks the key to an open Internet? Probably not. (Part 1) — ‘Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You...
Innovative approaches to connect underserved areas — https://dig.watch/wp-content/uploads/IGF2018_127-1.png [Read more session reports and live updates from the 13th Internet Governance Forum] The objective of the session was to discuss the unique challenges community netw...
Connecting Europe to Latin America: a revolution in Internet governance? — First, this submarine infrastructure might be a good opportunity to lower the prices of access to international bandwidth from Brazil, where they are still controlled by a few backbone providers who have maintained them ...
Cybersecurity — Cybersecurity came into sharper focus with the rapid expansion of the Internet's user base. One side effect of the rapid integration of the Internet in almost all aspects of human activity is the increased vulnerability ...
[ConfTech #4 discussion summary] (Cyber)Security and the shift to online — Remote work has also raised privacy concerns on whether corporate security policies can be ensured in homes and whether data that used to be stored on corporate networks can now be secured and insured in terms of integri...
Dynamic Coalition Collaborative Session — Recommendation to create cryptographic inventories as first step in post-quantum cryptography migration Call for global standards development focusing on interoperability to avoid leaving organizations, countries, or p...
Internet Inclusion: Global Connect Stakeholders Advancing Solutions — New: Diplo's and GIP's Tereza Horejsova will be present at the event and moderate the introductory session on the state of Internet inclusion (5 October 1.30 local time) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engine...
Involvement of ARIN Service Region in International Digital Standardization — The international community and policymakers need to grasp and better comprehend how digital standards work, why they are important for the digital economy and society, and why standard-setting processes would benefit fr...
Policy Meets Tech: Internet infrastructure, standards, and protocols — On 17 October 2023, Diplo hosted the first techtalk in the 'Policy Meets Tech' series, dedicated to unpacking the underlying infrastructure and standards of the internet. Following the journey of an internet packet be...
Framing meaningful access for inclusive digital policy — Session page https://www.intgovforum.org/en/content/igf-2021-ws-248-framing-meaningful-access-for-inclusive-digital-policy The session tried to look beyond the term of internet connectivity and raise awareness about the ...
Who is learning online? — Most people use the Internet only for social media and entertainment. [Interestingly, a 2016-2017 survey of undergraduate students at the University of Tirana in Albania discovered that 28.8% of students use the Internet...
Leaders TalkX: Future-ready: enhancing skills for a digital tomorrow — And so, we'd love to hear your perspective. What approaches are needed in K-12 education to support students in developing their skills for a digital tomorrow? Jennifer Corriero: Thank you. I am so happy to be here. An...
Keynote at the Mobile World Congress: Innovation for Inclusion — For those attendees who managed to get through the crazy traffic jams that turned the whole city upside down, another keynote session in Barcelona on emerging markets and innovation for inclusion took place this morning ...
Digital standards — Global Digital Compact process issued an assessment from deep dives and consultations. The assessment recognised the significance of interoperable internet standards and protocols and the need to avoid internet fragmenta...
Part 6: Governing the metaverse through standards — This post is part of the series UN 2.0 and the Metaverse: Are We Seeing What Is Possible? Part 1: Harnessing technology, driving SDGs Part 2: ‘CitiVerse: Turning the world into a global village (or rather sandbox?)’...
Breaks through the barriers of development — https://www.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EL_Angelic-Caroline-Alihusain-del-Castilho.pdf https://www.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/angelic_0.png
Assessing the Promise and Efficacy of Digital Health Tool | IGF 2023 WS #83 — So they have initial onboarding workshops where these experts have become integral members of the development team. They have been actively participating in regular virtual meetings to discuss technological advancements,...
Communication barriers to negotiation: Encountering Chinese in cross-cultural business meetings — However, the Chinese delegation seemed to have an additional purpose, to establish further trust or relationship before signing any business deals. This difference in communicative purposes led to further clashes in each...
AI for Good Global Summit — Anyone want to comment further? One of the insights I heard from other professors when I attended another conference is that, because I also touch a bit on the physical laws, not the laws, but the physics that are lying ...

Avertissement : Il ne s'agit pas d'un compte rendu officiel de la session. DiploAI génère ces ressources à partir d'enregistrements audiovisuels ; elles sont présentées telles quelles, y compris d'éventuelles erreurs. En raison de contraintes logistiques (audio/vidéo ou transcriptions), les noms peuvent être mal orthographiés. Nous nous efforçons d'être aussi précis que possible.