AI unlocks secrets of 2,000-year-old Herculaneum scroll

A 2,000-year-old burnt scroll from the ancient Roman town of Herculaneum has been read for the first time using AI and X-ray imaging. The scroll, charred by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79AD, was too fragile to open physically. As part of the Vesuvius Challenge, a project launched in 2023, researchers employed synchrotron X-rays to scan the papyrus, creating a 3D reconstruction, while AI detected and replicated the ink to reveal parts of the text.

The researchers successfully deciphered several columns, including the Ancient Greek word ‘διατροπή’ meaning ‘disgust.’ These breakthroughs come as University of Oxford scholars continue efforts to interpret the text further. The Vesuvius Challenge, led by computer scientist Brent Seales, aims to read other ancient scrolls discovered in Herculaneum, which were preserved under volcanic ash.

This technological achievement has been hailed as a monumental step in historical research, as scholars, librarians, and computer scientists collaborate to unlock the secrets of the past. Despite the promising results, further improvements in AI software are needed to read the entirety of these ancient documents.