GGE on lethal autonomous weapons systems

This page gives an overview of the work of the Group of Governmental Experts related to emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon systems.

In 2013, the Meeting of State Parties to the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or have indiscriminate effects (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons – CCW) agreed on a mandate on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). It mandated its Chairperson to convene an informal Meeting of Experts ‘to discuss the questions related to emerging technologies in the areas of lethal autonomous weapons systems in the context of the objectives and purposes of the Convention’. Such meetings of experts were convened three times, in 2014, 2015, and 2016, and produced reports which fed into meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention.

In 2016, at the Fifth CCW Review Conference, High Contracting Parties decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS (GGE on LAWS), to build on the work of the previous meetings of experts. Since then, the group has been re-convened yearly.

GGE in 2024 and 2025: Consensus formulations

The 2023 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW decided that the work of the GGE on LAWS is to continue in 2024 and 2025: ‘… the Group is to further consider and formulate, by consensus, a set of elements of an instrument, without prejudging its nature, and other possible measures to address emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon systems, taking into account the example of existing Protocols within the Convention, proposals presented by High Contracting Parties and other options related to the normative and operational framework on emerging technologies in the area of lethal. autonomous weapon systems, building upon the recommendations and conclusions of the Group, and bringing in expertise on legal, military, and technological aspects’.

In 2024, the GGE held its first meeting on 4–8 March and its second meeting on 26–30 August. The group is chaired by Mr. Robert in den Bosch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The group worked on a so-called ‘rolling text’, which outlines provisional rough consensus on several formulations ‘for the purpose of advancing work on a set of elements of an instrument, without prejudicing its nature, and other possible measures’. Multiple versions of this text have been produced; one version, dated 8 November 2024, includes formulations on issues such as:

Characterisation of a LAWS
Applicability of international humanitarian law
Human control and judgement as essential with regard to the use and effects of LAWS
Several prohibitions on the use of LAWS, including a prohibition of employing LAWS that operate without context-appropriate human control and judgement
Obligations for states prior to potential employment and as applicable throughout the entire life cycle of LAWS
Obligations for states to ensure human responsibility and accountability

The GGE continues to work in 2025; a first meeting was held on 3-7 March, and it will be fellowed by another meeting on 1-5 September.

GGE at a glance

Mandate

The GGE was mandated to examine issues related to emerging technologies in the area of LAWS in the context of the objectives and purposes of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.

Composition

The group is open to all High Contracting Parties and non-State Parties to the CCW, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations.

Issues discussed

Characterisation of LAWS in order to promote a common understanding on concepts and characteristics relevant to the objectives and purposes of CCW
Potential challenges posed by emerging technologies in the area of LAWS to international humanitarian law (IHL)
The human element in the use of lethal force; aspects of human-machine interaction in the development, deployment and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS
Potential military implications of related technologies
Options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges posed by emerging technologies in the area of LAWS

Guiding principles

The guiding principles developed by the GGE were endorsed by the CCW Meeting of the High Contracting Parties in 2019. Below is an extract from the principles; the full version can be found in the report of the 2019 GGE and the report of the 2019 meeting of the CCW Meeting of High Contracting Parties

GGE’s work as reflected in annual reports

Report of the 2023 GGE

The 2023 GGE held two sessions in March and May 2023. According to the advance version of the final report (CCW/GGE.1/2023/2), the GGE concluded that when characterising weapon systems built from emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, it is crucial to consider the potential future developments of these technologies. The group also affirmed that states must observe particular compliance with international humanitarian law throughout the life cycle of such weapon systems. States should limit the types of targets and the duration and scope of operations with which the weapon systems can engage; adequate training must be given to human operators. In cases where the weapon system based on technologies in the area of LAWS cannot comply with international law, the system must not be deployed.

Report of the 2022 GGE

At the Sixth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW, states agreed that the work of the GGE on LAWS was to continue in 2022. The group held two sessions throughout the year; these concluded with the adoption of a relatively brief report highlighting that ‘every internationally wrongful act of a State, including those potentially involving weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS entails international responsibility of that State, in accordance with international law. In addition, States must comply with international humanitarian law. Humans responsible for the planning and conducting of attacks must comply with international humanitarian law.’

As with previous groups, the GGE discussions possible measures and other options related to the normative and operational framework on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS. In this regard, delegations presented and discussed several proposals including: legally binding instruments under the framework of the CCW; a non-legally binding instrument; clarity on the implementation of existing obligations under international law, in particular international humanitarian law; an option that prohibits and regulates on the basis of international humanitarian law; and the option that no further legal measures are needed

The report also included a recommendation for the group to continue its work.

Report of the 2021 GGE

The GGE held three sessions in 2021, during which it explored and sought agreement on possible recommendations on options related to emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems. The report of the meeting notes that delegations presented different options related to emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, including a legally-binding instrument, a political declaration, clarity on the implementation of existing obligations of international law in particular international law, and the option that no further legal measures are needed. The group also considered the 2019 guiding principles, which 'may be further developed and elaborated'. However, it could not reach consensus on how to reflect its deliberations, including possible conclusions and recommendations.

The Chair summary, annexed to the report, offers an overview of the group's discussions on a wide range of issues, including international humanitarian law and other applicable bodies of international law, state responsibility, human accountability, human-machine interaction, and risk mitigation.

Chairman's Summary | 2020 GGE

In November 2019, the CCW Meeting of High Contracting Parties decided that the GGE work would continue in 2020 and 2021, to explore and agree on possible recommendations on options related to emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, in the context of the objectives and purposes of the Convention.

The 2020 GGE concluded its work in April 2021 without agreeing on a substantive report. The group – mandated with clarifying, considering and developing the normative and operational framework on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS , building on the work of previous groups – was expected to present a report for consideration to the Sixth Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (to be held in December 2021). However, as the advanced version of the Chairperson’s Summary notes, ‘it was not possible for the group to develop and agree’ on such a report. Instead, the summary provides an overview of the group’s discussions, while also outlining (a) possible elements for consensus recommendations and (b) areas for possible future work with a view to arriving at additional elements for consensus recommendations. For instance, the group considered the following elements as a possible basis for consensus:

(a) international humanitarian law (IHL) imposes obligations on states, parties to armed conflict and individuals, not machines;
(b) states, parties to armed conflict and individuals remain at all times responsible for adhering to their obligations under applicable international laws;
(c) IHL requirements and principles must be applied through a chain of responsible command and control by human operators and commander;
(d) it is unlawful to use weapon systems, including LAWS, with effects that cannot be limited in accordance with IHL or that cannot otherwise be used in accordance with IHL;
(e) states shall ensure a human operator or commander exercises judgement over the operational context, including through constraints applied to the weapon system, the parameters of the weapon system’s use, and the required interaction between human and weapon system;
(f) in implementing agreed measures, states shall not hamper progress in or access to civilian and military research and development and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS;
(g) human responsibility for the use of weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems can be exercised in various ways across the life-cycle of these weapon systems and through human-machine interaction.

With regard to possible policy options for addressing the challenges raised by LAWS, the group has considered:

(a) the negotiation of a legally binding instrument containing prohibitions, regulations, positive obligations or a combination of these (a call for a moratorium on the development and use of autonomous weapons in the interim was also made);
(b) the negotiation of a political declaration containing important principles such as human control, possibly based on the Guiding principles agreed in 2019;
(c) the negotiation of a non-legally binding technical outcome comprising a compilation of existing applicable international law and identifying associated good practices and information sharing for states;
(d) a recognition that no further legal measures are needed, if the view is that IHL is fully applicable and sufficiently clear to deal with any possible challenges raised by LAWS.

As the summary notes, these policy options are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

Report of the 2019 GGE

At its 2019 session, the group adopted the guiding principles affirmed in 2018 as a basis for its work. It also identified an additional principle, which states that human-machine interaction should ensure that the potential use of LAWS is in compliance with applicable international law, in particular IHL.

Other conclusions outlined in the group’s report included, among others:

The potential use of weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS must be conducted in accordance with applicable international law, in particular IHL and its requirements and principles.
States, parties to armed conflict, and individuals remain at all times responsible for adhering to their obligations under applicable international law, including IHL.
Human judgement is essential to ensure that the potential use of weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS is in compliance with international law, and in particular IHL.
A weapons system based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS must not be used if it is of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering, or if it is inherently indiscriminate, or is otherwise incapable of being used in accordance with the requirements and principles of IHL.
Identifying and reaching a common understanding among High Contracting Parties on the concepts and characteristics of LAWS could aid further consideration of the aspects related to emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.
Human responsibility for the use of weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS can be exercised in various ways across the life-cycle of these weapon systems and through human-machine interaction.
During the design, development, testing and deployment of weapons systems based on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, the risks inter alia of civilian casualties, as well as precautions to help minimise the risk of incidental loss of life, injuries to civilians, and damage to civilian objects must be considered.
Research and development of autonomous technologies should not be restricted based on the sole rationale that such technologies could be used for weapons systems. But it is important to promote responsible innovation and use of such technologies.

The group continued discussions, without reaching an agreement, on possible policy options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges posed by emerging technologies in the area of LAWS. The four possible categories put forward in 2018 were reiterated.

The GGE also took note of multiple issues that would require further consideration and review, such as:

Possible bias in the data sets used in algorithm-based programming relevant to emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.
Different potential characteristics of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.
Developing a shared understanding on the concept of the human element in the use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.
Further clarifications on the type and degree on human-machine interaction required in the development, deployment and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.

Report of the 2018 GGE

In its report of the 2018 session, the GGE outlined a series of emerging commonalities, conclusions and recommendations.

A set of possible principles to guide the work of the GGE was developed. Among them: IHL continues to apply to the development and use of LAWs; human responsibility must be retained when it comes to decisions on the use of weapons systems; risks assessments and mitigation measures should be part of the design, development, testing and deployment cycle of emerging technologies in any weapons systems.
The report also summarised the group discussions on the human element in lethal force, aspects of human-machine interaction in the development, deployment and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, and on the potential military implications of related technologies.
When it comes to the possible policy options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges posed by emerging technologies in the context of LAWSs, the report outlines the four proposals discussed within the Group:
- A legally-binding instrument stipulating prohibitions and regulations on LAWS
- A political declaration that would outline principles such as the necessity of human control in the use of force and the importance of human accountability, and with elements of transparency and technology review
- Further discuss the human-machine interface and the application of existing international legal obligations
- A view was also expressed that no further legal measures were needed, as IHL is fully applicable to potential LAWS.

Report of the 2017 GGE

At the end of its November 2017 meeting, the GGE adopted a report outlining several conclusions and recommendations. Among these:

IHL applies fully to all weapons systems, including the potential development and use of LAWS.
Responsibility for the deployment of any new weapon systems in armed conflicts remains with states, which must ensure accountability for lethal action by any weapon system used by their forces in armed conflict in accordance with applicable international law, including IHL. The human element in the use of lethal force needs to be further considered.
Given the dual nature of technologies in the area of intelligent autonomous systems, the Group's work should not hamper progress in or access to civilian research and development and use of these technologies.
There is a need to keep potential military applications of related technologies under review in the context of the Group’s work.
There is a need to further assess the aspects of human-machine interaction in the development, deployment, and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.
There should also be further discussions on possible options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges posed by emerging technologies in the area of LAWS.