78th Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 78)

Welcome to our daily coverage of the General Debate of the 78th UN General Assembly (UNGA). This summary was generated by humans and provides a comprehensive overview of how digital issues were tackled during first day's discussions, which took place on 19 September 023. For real-time updates and in-depth reports on UNGA78, follow our live coverage on the Digital Watch Observatory's dedicated page through DiploAI reports, written by our AI reporting tool.

New technologies: Governing AI

As the norm, the UN Secretary-General’s General Debate opening speech was rifled with references to digital technologies. The SG paid special attention to new technologies which require new and innovative forms of governance, such as AI and lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). 

Generative AI holds much promise – but it may also lead us across a Rubicon and into more danger than we can control. When I mentioned Artificial Intelligence in my General Assembly speech in 2017, only two other leaders even uttered the term. Now AI is on everyone’s lips – a subject of both awe, and fear. Even some of those who developed generative AI are calling for greater regulation. 

US President Joseph Biden also underlined that emerging technologies need to be ‘used as tools of opportunity, not as weapons of oppression’. He stressed that AI technologies need to be safe before they're released to the public and that countries and international bodies must cooperate to harness the power of AI for good.

Argentinian President Alberto Fernández noted that robotisation and AI force us to rethink education, processes of production, and the preservation of work, highlighting that confronting these new changes is the biggest challenge.

Slovenian President Nataša Pirc Musar noted that governing new technologies, including AI, must not impede economic, developmental, social, and research opportunities.

Speaking about calls for a global entity on AI, Antonio Guterres recalled that inspiration could be drawn from existing international organisations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He noted the UN’s readiness to host ‘the global and inclusive discussions that are needed’, based on member state decisions. 

To advance concrete governance solutions, Guterres reiterated that he will appoint a High-Level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence, which will provide recommendations by the end of the year. Slovenia expressed support. Japan’s Prime Minister Kishida Fumio underlined the Hiroshima AI Process on Generative AI, toward trustworthy AI.

The SG reiterated his call for a Global Digital Compact -- between governments, regional organisations, the private sector and civil society -- to mitigate the risks of digital technologies and identify ways to harness their benefits for the good of humanity. Germany’s Chancellor Olaf Scholz noted that it is fostering exchanges on the Global Digital Compact to ensure that access to AI is not limited to richer countries, causing a deeper digital divide.

Security 

As the war in Ukraine wages on, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stressed the effects of spreading the war into cyberspace in his address. He also noted that AI could be trained to combat well before it would learn to help humanity. In a similar vein, Germany noted the need for common rules for the use of generative AI as a weapon.

Meanwhile, Brazil’s President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, directed attention toward the fight against cybercrime. Qatar’s Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani highlighted risks such as deepfakes, privacy violations, hacking, phishing, identity theft, educational disruption via plagiarism, and human deception tactics. Czechia’s President Petr Pavel also drew attention to the tactics of malicious actors and raised alarms about the use of cyberspace, disinformation campaigns, economic manipulation, political interference, and various tools aimed at disrupting democratic processes, undermining institutions, and weakening security.

Fumio expressed Japan’s commitment to supporting digitalisation in developing countries while ensuring robust cybersecurity measures.

Human rights

The UN SG voiced concerns about  online surveillance and data harvesting which have given rise to widespread human rights abuses on a scale previously unseen.

Brazil called for a return to humanist traditions, emphasising the importance of inclusive policies at cultural, educational, and digital levels to uphold democratic values and preserve press freedom.

Slovenia advocated for a human-centric and human-rights-based approach to the development and deployment of technology. She proposed that the Global Digital Compact be centred around this notion, emphasising the need for all stakeholders, including private companies, to genuinely commit to this vision. 

Balancing digitalisation's benefits with the protection of human dignity was highlighted by Fumio, stressing the importance of compatible international rules and a digital ecosystem that respects human rights.

Development

The digital divide is a pressing global issue that exacerbates existing inequalities. This divide, which separates those with access to technology from those without, was highlighted by the SG as a matter of utmost concern. Turkmenistan’s President Serdar Berdimuhamedow sees vast potential in genetics and AI, ‘that could achieve prosperity for the whole humanity’. However, the gap between the possibilities and reality is widening. Similarly, Uruguay's President Luis Lacalle Lou acknowledged the potential of ICT and AI as tools for integration and development but called for more action, urging global leaders to turn their words into tangible efforts. 

Qatar emphasised the importance of keeping up with scientific and technical advancements and called upon nations to remove barriers hindering progress in this field. South Africa's President Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa focused on harnessing digital and green technologies to enhance industrial production and agricultural yields, addressing developmental challenges while working towards the 2030 Agenda.

Nayib Armando Bukele, the President of El Salvador provided a concrete example of commitment to digital transformation - a recent agreement with Google serves as a clear example of their commitment to digital transformation, particularly in public services such as education and healthcare. Finally, Palau’s President Surangel S. Whipps Jr. underscored that success in the digital age is not determined by geographical size but by determination and adaptability.

Content policy

The SG cautioned about the grave consequences of hate speech, disinformation, and conspiracy theories proliferating on social media platforms, often amplified by AI. These issues are seen as significant threats to democracy and contributors to real-world violence and conflict. Similarly, Brazil underlined the fight against misinformation, while Slovenia highlighted disinformation as one of the key challenges of our time. Slovenia underlined that big tech companies should take more responsibility for the content they host and moderate, therefore protecting users from harmful online content.

Welcome to our daily coverage of the General Debate of the 78th UN General Assembly (UNGA). This summary was generated by humans and provides a comprehensive overview of how digital issues were tackled during day two of discussions on 20 September 2023. For real-time updates and in-depth reports on UNGA78, follow our live coverage on the Digital Watch Observatory's dedicated page through DiploAI reports, written by our AI reporting tool.

Technologies: Caution and optimism blend in discussions

Speakers on Day 2 were cautious when it came to discussing digital technologies, yet  acknowledged the potential positive impact of emerging technologies. Suriname’s president Chandrikapersad Santokhi recognised the increasing reach and impact of digital technologies, the Marshall Islands’ president David Kabua acknowledged the role of new advances in enhancing connectivity between people, and Slovakian president Zuzana Čaputová highlighted the potential benefits in areas like connectivity, public health, and climate change. 

But there were also several warnings issued. Mongolian President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa pointed out that rapid technological advancements pose a challenge, Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font noted that new technologies could also be sources of new injustices, Sao Tome and Principe’s Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada highlighted how digital technologies could exacerbate inequality, wealth concentration, and domination, while Slovakia cautioned against the potential threat emerging technologies pose to democratic values. 

As Suriname emphasised, it is crucial to harness the advantages of the technological revolution to create an accessible, transparent, safe, and secure digital transformation environment. Chile also noted that while societies must make progress, they must do it in a responsible way, making sure that new technologies benefit, not threaten, people.

AI: not a lawless domain

Speakers on Day 2 echoed the messages of Day 1 that AI must be regulated. A grim picture of a world with unchecked AI was painted by the Prime Minister of Italy, Giorgia Meloni:

The applications of this new technology may offer great opportunities in many fields, but we cannot pretend to not understand its enormous inherent risks. I'm not sure if we are adequately aware of the implications of technological development whose pace is much faster than our capacity to manage its effects. We were used to progress that aimed to optimise human capacities, while today we are dealing with progress that risks replacing human capacities. Because if in the past this replacement focused on physical tasks so that humans could dedicate themselves to intellectual and organisational work, today the human intellect risks being replaced with consequences that could be devastating, particularly for the job market. More and more people will no longer be necessary in a world ever dominated by disparities, and by the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of the few. This is not the world we want. And so I think we should not mistake this dominion for a free zone without rules.

The Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón, emphasised the need to establish a foundation for regulating AI. Rumen Radev, President of Bulgaria, advocated for a human-centred and innovation-driven approach to our digital future and AI, anchored in principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Yoon Suk Yeol, president of South Korea, underscored the importance of providing clear guidance for the governance of AI. 

Monaco’s Prince Albert II highlighted the global duty to create a framework of ethical norms and global governance for AI, emphasising the urgency of completing ongoing efforts in this regard. Chile asserted the obligation for all to reach multilateral consensus and establish an ethical framework for the development and utilisation of emerging technologies like AI. Italy warned against treating AI as a lawless domain and calls for global governance mechanisms that ensure ethical boundaries are upheld, emphasising the practical application of ‘algorethics’, which focuses on ethics for algorithms.

Concrete actions were also outlined: the Korean government plans to host the ‘Global AI Forum’ and to collaborate closely with the ‘High-Level Advisory Body on AI’ being established by the UN to provide a network for communication and collaboration among global experts. Monaco expressed support for this body. Italy noted that it plans to put AI issues, including algorethics, on the G7 agenda in 2024. Spain expressed its commitment to supporting the Secretary-General's Envoy on technology, providing resources and know-how in the development of multilateral AI governance. Spain also expressed willingness to host the headquarters of a potential international AI agency.

Development: developing countries must not be left behind

Several countries on day 2 emphasised the transformative power of digitalisation and advanced technologies. Namibia and South Korea highlighted the importance of bridging the digital divide. South Korea, in particular, plans to play a leading role in bridging the digital divide by supporting the digital transformation of countries with limited digital penetration, noting that the digital divide is a major cause of the economic divide.

Namibia advocated for not leaving developing countries behind in the digital revolution. Namibia also stressed that access to technology can bridge gaps in education, healthcare, and economic development, ultimately propelling nations towards progress. In that line, Eswatini’s King Mswati III highlighted Eswatini’s efforts to increase opportunities for learning and skills development through the integration and use of digital technologies. Romanian President Klaus Werner Iohannis emphasised the role of digitalisation, innovation, and new technologies as enablers of sustainable development. Latvian president Edgars Rinkēvičs underscored their commitment to international cooperation in advancing digitalisation and development efforts. Julius Maada Bio, President of Sierra Leone, prioritised cutting-edge technology and infrastructure programmes as part of its national development trajectory. Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi, President of Botswana, emphasised the need to prioritise tangible priorities for infrastructure development, particularly in transit transportation, ICT, and energy sectors. Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda, emphasised the significance of inclusive digital public infrastructure, highlighting their recent initiative in collaboration with ITU and UNDP.

When it comes to UN initiatives, Namibia welcomed the recently unveiled plan known as UN 2.0. Underscoring that this ‘Quintet of Change‘ aims to provide the UN states with cutting-edge capabilities in data, digital innovation, and expertise. Meanwhile, Bulgaria stated the Global Digital Compact should harness the potential of digital technologies to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. Spain drew attention to the adverse aspects of the digital revolution, shedding light on concerns regarding inequality, wealth concentration, and domination that can arise due to the rapid advancement of digital technologies.

Security: Cross-border cooperation needed to tackle cyber threats

The cross-border nature of cybercrime is acknowledged time after time at the UNGA General Debate, and this debate was no exception. Mongolia emphasised the transformative potential of digital technology but also underscored that it has reshaped threats to global peace and security. Mongolia, Spain and Lebanon echoed the need for enhanced cooperation across borders to address a wide spectrum of global challenges, including cyberattacks. Mongolia also expressed support for the work of the UN to combat cybercrime, including the work of the Ad Hoc Committee on Cybercrime.

Several concrete examples were discussed, including cyberattacks faced by Moldova, which its president Maia Sandu, attributed to Russia. Additionally, Monaco highlighted the use of AI by malicious actors in launching cyberattacks, particularly in critical sectors such as healthcare and humanitarian operations.

Content policy and human rights: Combatting disinformation and protecting human rights online

Chile and Slovakia recognised the transformative power of technology and social media. They share a common concern about the challenges posed by the spread of disinformation and hate speech. Failing to confront this issue might turn social media platforms, AI, and emerging technologies into factors that worsen the existing crises, stated Slovakia and called for their immediate regulation. 

Chile views technological development as a tool for unity, emphasising the need to protect vulnerable groups from disinformation and prevent further divisions at both national and international levels. They believe in harnessing the power of technology to bring people together rather than drive them apart. On a similar note, Slovakia stressed the importance of using technology with the dignity and rights of every individual in mind.

To tackle these issues, South Korea unveiled plans to introduce a Digital Bill of Rights. At the same time, Romania welcomed the Secretary General's initiative for a Code of Conduct for information integrity on digital platforms.

Economic: Digital for economic growth

Discussions around digital economy topics emerged for the first time during this General Debate. For instance, Moldova expressed determination to strengthen its economy despite the challenges posed by a war in Ukraine, including facilitating the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, reducing bureaucracy through digital services, and exploring export opportunities in the EU market.

Additionally, Eswatini noted that the recently introduced Africa Strategic Investment Alliance (ASIA) aims to support programmes by the African E-Trade Group (AETRADE), which is focused on creating a digital marketing platform for all African countries to promote trade using modern technologies.

Welcome to our daily coverage of the General Debate of the 78th UN General Assembly (UNGA). This summary provides a comprehensive overview of how digital issues were tackled during day three of discussions on 21 September 2023. For real-time updates and in-depth reports on UNGA78, follow our live coverage on the Digital Watch Observatory's dedicated page through DiploAI reports, written by our AI reporting tool.

Development: Bringing a digital focus to SDGs

Countries underscored the central role of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in their development agendas. These statements resonated with a broader interpretation of the SDGs in connection to ‘digital’, emphasising the critical importance of addressing digital transitions, reducing inequalities, promoting gender equality, and harnessing technology for sustainable development and well-being. Several countries recognised the profound significance of integrating digital advancements into their development strategies to achieve broader global goals. 

As we summarise what countries said, we also link their statements with the relevant SDGs.

President of Timor-Leste, José Ramos-Horta, emphasised the challenges faced in the digital age, particularly by women and children who continue to experience extreme poverty and deprivation of basic freedoms. This aligns with SDG 5 (gender equality), which aims to empower women and girls and promote their rights. Ensuring equal access to digital opportunities can contribute to achieving this goal.

Serbia acknowledged the importance of the fourth industrial revolution and new technologies for development. The country is actively investing in infrastructure, economic reforms, and improving the business environment, focusing on digitisation and education. The emphasis on digitisation and reform aligns with SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), which promotes technological progress. The focus on investment in infrastructure and education aligns with SDG 4 (quality education), which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.

President of Dominica, Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, highlighted the role of ICTs in accelerating the realisation of the 2030 Agenda. This relates to SDG 9. Effective use of ICTs can facilitate progress in multiple SDGs.

President of Sri Lanka, Ranil Wickremesinghe, pointed out the widening North-South digital divide, financial crises, and energy transition. This is connected to SDG 10 (reduced inequalities) and bridging the digital divide can contribute to reducing other disparities as well.

President of Nauru, Russ Kun, emphasised the need for support and technical expertise in utilising digital technologies for healthcare. This aligns with SDG 3 (good health and well-being), which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all. Using e-medicine and digital technologies can improve healthcare access and outcomes. Nauru also discussed the potential of reviewing education delivery models and improving ICT infrastructure in schools; which is directly connected to SDG 4 - which also aims to ensure inclusive education. Integrating technology into education can enhance learning opportunities and prepare students for the digital future.

President of Albania, Bajram Begaj, recognised the need for comprehensive policy commitments to drive various transitions, including digital. This aligns with multiple SDGs, including SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 2 (zero hunger), and SDG 9. Comprehensive policies can facilitate progress across these areas.

Prime Minister of Greece, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, highlighted the importance of investing in infrastructure, education, and the green and digital transition. This aligns with SDG 4, SDG 7, and SDG 9. These investments can contribute to sustainable development in various aspects.

AI: Balancing challenges and opportunities

Our world is marked with complex realities, and disruptive technologies like AI that need to be tackled,  Federal Minister for European and International Affairs of Austria, Alexander Schallenberg, noted. AI, particularly in military contexts, has evolved into a focal point for global geopolitical rivalry, President of the Council of the European Union, Charles Michel, noted. Prime Minister of Nepal, Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda', underlined that the dual nature of AI demands informed discussions on its potential misuse. The technology must be regulated in a multilateral way, he underscored.

Nevertheless, amidst these challenges, there are positive developments to consider. President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić, highlighted that Serbia has established an AI institute, which aims to assist the growth of the knowledge-based economy in the field of AI.

Security: Less focus on cyber threats

Only two counties mentioned cybersecurity during Day 3 of the discussions, which is a slight decline from 5 countries on Day 2 and 6 countries on Day 1. Prime Minister of Kuwait, Sheikh Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, acknowledged new risks in cybersecurity and highlighted the need for a collective approach to addressing security issues, underscoring the Secretary-General’s Our Common Agenda. Minister for Foreign Affairs, Robert Dussey, acknowledged that the African cyberspace is vulnerable to cybercriminals.

Digital behemoths China and France: Curiously silent

Upon noticing that the two digital behemoths, China and France, did not address digital issues during the General Debate, we decided to delve into our database of General Debate reports, dating back to 2017 to check if this silence is curious or to be expected.

2022: China acknowledged that societies are becoming increasingly digitalised. France did not mention digital issues.

2021: China expressed its commitment to advancing cooperation in the digital economy. France underlined that universal human rights must be upheld in the digital realm and highlighted plans for the EU’s Digital Markets Act. The country invited partners to join the Christchurch Call to Action and establish a new digital order.

2020: China did not mention digital issues. France emphasised the need for new governance to protect the digital space from capture, piracy and manipulation, highlighting its involvement in initiatives like the International Partnership for Information and Democracy and the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI). France stressed the importance of concrete actions from major operators and platforms and a commitment to regional legislation and regulation if these commitments are not met. The country also reflected on the significance of the post-Cold War era and the necessity to rethink global value chains, particularly in strategic sectors like health, digital technology, and AI.

2019: China did not mention digital issues. France expressed concern about rising trade tensions and the impact of technological changes. France also highlighted the unprecedented global scientific collaboration to identify and tackle challenges, including those associated with technological revolutions.

2018: China acknowledged the UN's role in addressing non-traditional security challenges, particularly in areas like cyberspace. The country further emphasised the importance of upholding state sovereignty, following rules, and honouring responsibilities in the realms of cybersecurity. It strongly condemned terrorism and insisted that Security Council resolutions are diligently enforced to combat cyberterrorism, terrorist financing, and disseminate radical ideologies, addressing the roots of terrorism. France emphasised the importance of collective action in establishing contemporary rules for the digital transformation era, particularly in reconciling AI development with ethical guidelines. It pointed out that we can only maintain sovereignty and equality among nations through such collective efforts. France also called for the involvement of major non-state actors, particularly digital giants, in addressing issues like taxation and responsibility in countering information manipulation.

2017: China did not mention digital issues. France underlined the importance of combating terrorist use of the internet and their funding sources. France also announced plans to host a conference in 2018 to address this issue.

Welcome to our daily coverage of the General Debate of the 78th UN General Assembly (UNGA). This summary provides a comprehensive overview of how digital issues were tackled during days four and five of discussions on 22 and 23 September 2023. For real-time updates and in-depth reports on UNGA78, follow our live coverage on the Digital Watch Observatory's dedicated page through DiploAI reports, written by our AI reporting tool.

Technology: One of the biggest challenges and fears

In the ever-evolving landscape of technology and its impact on global affairs, nations around the world have voiced their perspectives on the roles and implications of technological advancements. In this diverse chorus of voices, Pravind Kumar Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius, underscored the profound changes brought about by the ICT revolution. Robert Abela, Prime Minister of Malta, reflected on the fear of technology's dominance, while Fiamē Naomi Mata'afa, Prime Minister of Samoa, emphasised global solidarity in addressing technology-related threats. Terrance Micheal Drew, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis, recognised the confluence of international complexities and new technologies, while Mahamoud Ali Youssouf, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Djibouti, acknowledged both the promise and fears associated with technological innovation. 

AI: The tide that cannot be held back

The most discussed digital topic of 22 and 23 September was AI. 

Mia Amor Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados, recognised that AI often takes a backseat in global discourse, overshadowed by the pressing drama and crises surrounding climate change. However, as North Macedonian President Stevo Pendarovski cautioned, AI, although newly emerging, is already causing significant changes in our lives.

Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Ralph Gonsalves, painted a sobering picture, declaring that the risk levels associated with human-induced disasters, including climate change and AI, have reached unprecedented levels. Gonsalves noted that AI is one of the contemporary drivers of insecurity and conflict. He questioned the global response to these existential threats. 

Oliver Dowden, Deputy Prime Minister of the UK, also emphasised mitigating the risk of extinction from AI. UK shared vivid examples of the dangers AI can pose, from teens hacking bank details to terrorists targeting government systems and cybercriminals manipulating voters with deepfakes and bots. Moreover, UK raised the alarm about frontier AI, which surpasses human understanding and presents unique risks of misuse, misadventure, or misalignment with human objectives. 

Hamza Abdi Barre, Prime Minister of Somalia, expressed deep concerns about new technologies like AI, highlighting the terrifying threats they may pose, while Tobias Billström, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden, underscored the challenges AI presents for international security and human rights. 

Demeke Mekonnen Hassen, Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia, called for the responsible use of new technologies like AI to ensure they benefit humanity, a sentiment echoed by Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, who emphasised AI's potential to bring more freedom, prevent wars, and enhance people's lives. Samuel Matekane, Prime Minister of Lesotho, also warned against losing sight of the need to address threats to people's rights, safety, and privacy.

Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore, addressed the necessity of preparing for the risks and equitable distribution of benefits in the digital and AI era, with a particular focus on concerns related to autonomous weapons. Singapore emphasised that AI is set to profoundly change our traditional military doctrines and strategic deterrence. Notably, the rapid deployment of AI-driven weapons will significantly reduce decision-making time for leaders, potentially sidelining human involvement. This raises the risk of unintended conflicts or escalated hostilities. Furthermore, while nuclear escalation remains a concern, the introduction of AI in conflict scenarios has magnified this risk considerably.

Gaston Alphonso Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, highlighted his deep concern that organised criminal groups might illicitly use autonomous weapons. Browne backed the recent appeal made by the UN Secretary-General to establish a binding legal framework to prohibit the use of lethal autonomous weapon systems by 2026 in response to these challenges.

Amid these considerations, Barbados emphasised the paramount importance of ensuring that AI, particularly generative AI, is harnessed for positive purposes rather than nefarious ones.

We have much to gain, noted Israel. The speaker highlighted many positive use cases of the technology: 

Imagine the blessings of finally cracking the genetic code, extending human life by decades, and dramatically reducing the ravages of old age. Imagine healthcare tailored to each individual's genetic composition and predictive medicine that prevents diseases long before they occur. Imagine robots helping to care for the elderly. Imagine the end of traffic jams with self-driving vehicles on the ground, below the ground, and in the air. Imagine personalized education that cultivates each person's full potential throughout their lifetime. Imagine a world with boundless clean energy and natural resources for all nations.

Imagine precision agriculture and automated factories that yield food and goods in an abundance that ends hunger and want. I know this sounds like a John Lennon song, but it could all happen. Imagine that we could achieve the end of scarcity, something that eluded humanity for all history. It's all within our reach. And here's something else within our reach. With AI, we can explore the heavens as never before and extend humanity beyond our blue planet.

Andorra, also noted that AI can help us improve our living conditions, while Sweden noted that AI and other emerging technologies can accelerate our efforts on the SDGs.

If leaders make the right decisions, Malta noted optimistically, AI can have a positive impact on societies.

Multilateral action on AI: The way forward

According to Dowden, the UK is determined to be in the vanguard, drawing from its heritage of the industrial revolution and the computing revolution, as well as the UK’s current circumstances with frontier companies, world-leading universities, and some of the highest investments in generative AI. However, Dowden acknowledged that the most important actions would be taken internationally, as tech companies and non-state actors often have country-sized influence and prominence in AI. ‘This challenge requires a new form of multilateralism,’ Dowden highlighted. 

Other nations’ representatives echoed the call for common action and international cooperation. North Macedonia emphasised that without a joint pact for the future, no single country or group of countries can adequately respond to the challenges posed by AI. Malta underscored the need for global action, recognising that technology is evolving rapidly and has vast potential. He asserted that failing to work together on AI is not a viable option. Thórdís Kolbrún Reykfjörd Gylfadóttir, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland, stressed the need for close multilateral cooperation to address the profound questions raised by AI and prevent it from becoming a destructive tool. 

Nanaia Mahuta, Minister for Foreign affairs of New Zealand, stressed that international rules and limits on autonomous weapons systems are needed, as well as establishing clear norms to address the responsible use of other new and emerging technologies, including AI. Enrique Austria Manalo, secretary for foreign affairs of the Philippines, noted that the country is working with partners for rules to govern lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). The Philippines is hosting an Indo-Pacific meeting on LAWS in December.

Some countries also highlighted the role of the UN in tackling AI: Barbados emphasised the necessity of establishing an appropriate regulatory framework and expressed support for the actions of the Secretary-General in this regard. Sweden highlighted the importance of shaping a shared vision for new technologies, such as AI, to be rooted in the values of the UN Charter, to harness their potential and mitigate associated risks. Yvan Gil Pinto, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, emphasised that the regulation of AI should become a strategic priority for the UN. The UK noted that the AI revolution is a test for the UN to collaborate effectively on an issue that will profoundly impact humanity and the planet's future.

Arnoldo Ricardo André Tinoco, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica, highlighted the need for new governance frameworks for the militarisation of new technologies. He noted that Costa Rica will present a resolution to the UN General Assembly on the matter of autonomous weapons systems, together with Austria and Mexico. The Philippines called for UN partnerships that guarantee that new technologies are not weaponised or misused in any way to subvert democracy and freedom.

Singapore stressed that global dialogue about LAWS must be started, and must be started under the auspices of the UN. Singapore also welcomed the Secretary-General's decision to convene a high-level advisory body on AI. Singapore is optimistic that the UN and the multilateral system will be able to establish norms on fast-emerging critical technologies. 

The UK) noted that governments should cooperate with the best academics and researchers to evaluate technologies. Israel noted that the perils of AI can be avoided by combining the forces of human and machine intelligence to usher in a brilliant future.

Development: Nations address the digital divide and advocate for equal access to technology

Malta stressed the urgent need to address the digital divide. This emphasis extends beyond just closing the gap in digital access, as Malta also prioritises equipping citizens with essential digital skills. Malta also called for global collaboration to reduce this divide, recognising it as a collective responsibility transcending borders. Singapore advocated for the adoption of the Global Digital Compact, emphasising the importance of bridging the global digital divide. Singapore commits to supporting small states in digital development, highlighting inclusivity in the digital age. The launch of the Digital Force platform for collaboration among small states further illustrates their commitment.

Mauritius advocated for collaborative efforts in harnessing digital tools, believing that international cooperation can accelerate digital development. He also highlighted the significance of increased investment in education, treated as a global public good, to nurture the required digital skills in the digital age. On a similar note, Georgia’s Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili, stated that Georgia’s commitment to allocating resources for digital literacy and bridging the digital divide reflects an understanding that access alone is insufficient.

Manasseh Damukana Sogavare, The Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, stated that the nation emphasises infrastructure resilience, digital connectivity, and technology transfer. He underscored the need for robust technological infrastructure to support digital access and the transfer of knowledge and technology from more developed regions to less developed ones. On the same note, Samoa acknowledged the potential of a digitised world to connect remote communities

Lesotho emphasised the significance of digital access in the modern era, particularly in healthcare. Additionally, Lesotho noted the positive effects of digital access at the national level, particularly among youth, including girls and women, which resulted in heightened civic engagement. However, he acknowledged challenges in providing full digital access in rural areas due to infrastructure and affordability issues, which perpetuate inequalities. Lesotho is committed to addressing these disparities for greater inclusivity.

Retno Lestari Priansari Marsudi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, echoed the need for developed nations to fulfil their responsibilities, particularly in areas like climate financing, green investment, and technology transfer. Indonesia stressed that technology and innovation should be accessible to all, not limited to a select few. Ensuring developing countries have access to secure digital technologies, including AI, is crucial for sustainable future growth.

Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bahrain, highlighted its significant achievements in digital transformation. Bahrain has assumed the role of leading the Digital Cooperation Organization (DCO) and has secured membership in the Council of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Moreover, Bahrain has gained recognition as a prominent player in the field of e-government, achieving the top global ranking for internet accessibility. Furthermore, Bahrain is undertaking a national strategy to support the advancement of the fourth industrial revolution and the digital economy. 

John Rosso, Deputy Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, underscored the importance of ICT for e-Government. Nabil Ammar, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, underscored that Tunisia is committed to digital transformation while also prioritising social protection for all citizens. Saleumxay Kommasith, Deputy Prime Minister of Lao PDR drew attention to the outcome of the G77 and China Summit, where heads of state and governments of developing countries echoed that science, technology, and innovation, including ICT, have become fundamental in addressing global challenges and advancing the 2030 Agenda. 

Finally, Reem Ebrahim Al Hashimy, Minister of State for International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates, highlighted plans to launch a digital platform for humanitarian support that utilises advanced technologies for disaster response.

Security: International partnerships needed to tackle cyber threats

In the evolving landscape of global security, nations addressed a spectrum of challenges and opportunities stemming from the digital age. Pham Minh Chinh, Prime Minister of Vietnam, underscored the complexity of non-traditional security threats, such as threats to cybersecurity, while North Macedonia noted that cyber threats have already become part of our lives. 

Various countries highlighted cybercrime as a concern. Mauritius acknowledged the cross-border challenge cybercrime poses. Samoa underlined the imperative of protecting citizens from cyber fraud and attacks. 

Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, noted that terrorist threats are taking new shapes due to the misuse of ICT. The Philippines) raised concerns about new forms of warfare, including cyber and space-based warfare.

Raymond Ndong Sima, Prime Minister of Gabon, noted that solutions to contemporary threats, particularly cyber insecurity, must be reinvented. Costa Rica emphasised the urgent need for new governance frameworks to combat cybercrime and bolster cybersecurity. Venezuela advocated for the strategic prioritisation of cyberspace protection and the fight against cybercrime to safeguard sovereignty and prevent destabilisation.

A few representatives noted that solutions to cybersecurity issues should be international in nature. In New Zealand's view, digital challenges such as cyber threats and online extremism should be addressed through collaborative efforts involving governments, civil society, and industry, exemplified by initiatives like the Christchurch Call to Action. Another collaborative effort is the UN Open-Ended Working Group on ICT Security, chaired by Singapore, whose representative highlighted that the group has made steady progress and can offer useful lessons for other areas. Samoa also emphasised the importance of OEWG’s work and called for international assistance to fortify critical infrastructure and financial institutions against cyber threats. José Ulisses Correia e Silva, Prime Minister of Cabo Verde, underscored the significance of international partnerships to confront cybercrime.

Sociocultural: Fake news and freedom of speech

In the contemporary landscape, the influence of fake news is an undeniable force, and nations worldwide are grappling with its ramifications. North Macedonia acknowledged the insidious nature of this phenomenon. However, North Macedonia is not alone in its concerns. Barbados voiced deep concerns about the impact of fake news on the very foundations of democracy, emphasising the vital need for accurate information as a foundation for a healthy democracy. Al Bahrain drew attention to the need to prevent the misuse of freedoms and media platforms, particularly in matters related to religious contempt, extremism, terrorism, and intolerance. Finally, Iceland stressed the importance that society make a clear distinction between individual freedom of expression and state-sponsored propaganda or artificially generated misinformation. Iceland emphasised that human rights and freedom are meant for individuals and not for automated bots.

Economic: Digital economies prioritised for prosperity

Malta emphasised Malta’s achievements in leveraging digital technology and dismantling trade and tariff barriers to venture into sectors once inaccessible to smaller nations. The conclusion drawn by Malta is that it is important to avoid using protectionism. Similarly, Vietnam noted that Vietnam aims to transition into a green, digital, circular economy, promoting innovation, reducing trade barriers, and seeking free trade agreements. Cabo Verde stated that Cabo Verde wishes to transform itself into a digital nation and diversify its economy. Lao PDR highlighted a preference for a digital economy over resource-driven economies. In this context, the Lao PDR has adopted its National Digital Economy Development Vision and Strategy. 

Welcome to our daily coverage of the 78th UN General Assembly (UNGA78) General Debate. This summary provides a comprehensive overview of how digital issues were tackled during day 6 of discussions on 26 September 2023. For in-depth reports on UNGA78, follow our coverage on the Digital Watch Observatory's dedicated page featuring reports written by Diplo’s AI reporting tool. Stay tuned for the final summary and data analysis from the entire General Debate!

Development: Digital revolution to achieve SDGs

In his speech, India's External Affairs Minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, emphasised the transformative role of digital public infrastructure and the democratisation of technology as national objectives. Jaishankar highlighted the importance of digitally-enabled governance and delivery.

Secretary of Relations with States of the Holy See, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, emphasised that alongside technological advancement, there should be a parallel commitment to safeguarding our common home. He advocated for the responsible use of new technologies to combat the global crisis of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Gallagher echoed the injustice that those contributing the least to pollution often bore the brunt of climate change’s adverse effects, i.e. developing countries. Hence, Gallagher stressed the urgency of taking action to protect the world we inhabit.

Tandi Dorji, Bhutan's Minister for Foreign Affairs, underscored countries' willingness to engage constructively in preparing for the Summit of the Future. He also advocated for the work towards the elaboration of a Global Digital Compact, aimed at accelerating the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A notable achievement highlighted by Bhutan was the enactment of the National Digital Identity Act, making it the first nation worldwide to establish a legal framework for Self-Sovereign Identity, serving as a cornerstone for delivering digital services to its citizens.

Omar Hilale, Head of the delegation of Morocco, emphasised the necessity for international solidarity and cooperation in scientific research, particularly in areas such as AI, healthcare, energy transformation, and disaster management. Morocco called for the promotion of resilient societies through equity and social justice, underlining the importance of a multilateral system centred around the UN.

Damiano Beleffi, Head of the delegation of San Marino, focused on the significance of digital education and highlighted their support for the outcomes of the 2022 UN Transforming Education Summit. San Marino called upon member states to ensure the global spread of digitalisation, particularly in developing countries.

Stanley Kakubo, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Zambia, drew attention to the potential of digital technology, particularly AI, to enhance citizens' quality of life. They envisioned AI applications in healthcare and agriculture to bridge gaps. Zambia stressed the importance of forging alliances for technology development, sharing digital resources, and establishing regulations to promote social and economic development. They called for the responsible and ethical use of digital technologies to ensure information security and integrity. Zambia also urged support and investment in digital infrastructure and the provision of affordable devices and internet services, particularly in least developed countries.

Ahmed Khaleel, Maldives' Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, provided an update on the country's progress toward the 2030 Agenda, emphasising the pivotal role of physical and digital connectivity in achieving these goals. He noted that the country is undergoing a digital revolution with the proliferation of online education, telemedicine and e-payment systems, with the aim of bringing services closer to its citizens.

AI: Addressing ethical dilemmas

Many people are concerned about AI, noted Robert Rae, Head of the Delegation of Canada, adding that Canadians are no exception. Minister for External Affairs of Cameroon, Lejeune Mbella Mbella, emphasised the need to confront this challenge, while Denis Ronaldo Moncada Colindres, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua, underscored the universal right for all people to benefit from the advancements in science and technology like AI, as technologies are fruits of human intelligence. India further highlighted that the New Delhi G20 outcomes prioritise issues related to the responsible harnessing of AI.

Secretary of Relations with States of the Holy See, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, expressed the pressing need for serious ethical contemplation regarding the integration of supercomputer systems into daily life. Entrusting decisions about an individual’s life and future to algorithms is unacceptable, he stressed. This is also valid in the development of the use of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), Gallagher noted. 

The use of LAWS in armed conflicts must align with international humanitarian law, Gallagher stated and advocated for negotiations on a legally binding instrument to govern their use. Until such negotiations are concluded, the Holy See called for a moratorium on their deployment. Gallagher underscored the importance of ensuring meaningful human oversight in weapon systems, citing the unique capability of human beings to assess the ethical implications and responsibilities.

In the pursuit of addressing these challenges, the Holy See extended support for the establishment of an International Organization for Artificial Intelligence. Its mission would be to facilitate the exchange of scientific and technological information for peaceful purposes, promoting the common good and integral human development.

Security: Enhancing security in the digital world

Jamaica recognises the threat posed to peace and security in the digital space. The country is actively working to enhance its domestic cybersecurity capabilities and is also involved in multilateral efforts to address cybersecurity issues. Additionally, she expressed Jamaica’s honour in leading the Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM) efforts towards the development of a UN Convention on Cybercrime.
Marc Hermanne Gninadoou Araba, Head of the Delegation of Benin, acknowledged that addressing modern challenges, including cybersecurity, requires reforms supported by clear and resolute political determination.