The 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 80) – Day 5

Overall report from Day 4 at UNGA 80

The report is generated by DiploAI based on audiovisual recordings; the result is presented as-is and may include potential errors. Comments and corrections can be sent to reporting@diplomacy.edu.

Main points: Urgent Security Council reform, immediate ceasefire in Gaza and preservation of the two-state solution, urgent climate action and delivery of climate finance, reform of the global financial architecture, and developing global governance for Artificial Intelligence.

Key areas of prevailing agreement (not shared by all countries): Condemnation of the actions in Gaza as genocide and collective punishment; the urgent need to reform the UN and Security Council to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities; and the necessity of upholding international law as the foundation of the world order.

Areas of divergence: Conflicting narratives regarding responsibility for global instability and the undermining of the UN Charter; contrasting views on the nature of regional disputes and adherence to bilateral ceasefire agreements (e.g., Thailand vs. Cambodia, Armenia vs. Azerbaijan over corridor terminology); and differing positions on the scope and necessity of sanctions (e.g., Cuba/Russia/Belarus vs. the West).

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10 key points

1. The erosion of the international rules-based order was widely noted. The credibility of the United Nations, particularly the Security Council, was highlighted as being severely undermined by the use of the veto, selective application of international law, and a pervasive atmosphere of double standards and impunity.
2. The Palestinian question was the central crisis of the session. Speakers overwhelmingly condemned the actions in Gaza as genocide, war crimes, and collective punishment, demanding an immediate and permanent ceasefire, unconditional release of hostages, unhindered humanitarian access, and a definitive path to a two-state solution.
3. Urgent reform of the United Nations and the Security Council was demanded. There was strong agreement that the UN’s structures are anachronistic and unrepresentative of the modern world, with repeated calls for the expansion of permanent and non-permanent seats for Africa, Asia, Latin America, and small island developing states (SIDS), and limitations or the elimination of the veto.
4. Climate change was framed as an existential threat requiring immediate justice. Climate change was highlighted as an urgent, existential crisis, disproportionately affecting SIDS and requiring major emitters to drastically cut emissions, fulfil financial obligations (USD 100 billion annually), and fully institutionalise the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) in global finance.
5. The global financial architecture needs fundamental reform. The current system was widely criticised for perpetuating inequality, imposing debt burdens, and failing to provide adequate, concessional, and predictable financing for development, especially for the global South.
6. Sovereignty and self-determination were emphasised as non-negotiable rights. A number of speakers, particularly from Africa and the Global South, emphasised the right to national sovereignty, to determine their own destiny, and to reject neocolonial policies, unilateral coercive measures (sanctions, blockades), and foreign interference in internal affairs.
7. The potential and risks of digital technology require global governance. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and digital public infrastructure were seen as powerful catalysts for development, but required collective action to bridge the digital divide, ensure human-centric governance, and establish guardrails, especially against military misuse and the spread of disinformation.
8. Education was presented as the core driver of peace and equality. Education was stated to be the single greatest social, economic, and creative equalizer. There was a strong emphasis on expanding its definition to include digital skills and the imperative to protect schools and the right to learn in conflict zones.
9. Stronger regional security and cooperation were promoted. Initiatives like the Confederation of Sahel States (ASS), the reaffirmation of the Caribbean as a zone of peace, and the proposal for a Eurasian Charter of multipolarity were noted as attempts by regional blocs to manage their security and assert their collective interests.
10. Dialogue and international law were stressed as the only path to resolving all conflicts. Speakers insisted that diplomacy and strict adherence to international law remain the only viable paths to peace in conflicts from Ukraine and the Middle East to border disputes and maritime claims (e.g., Armenia-Azerbaijan, South China Sea).

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Summary report

Context:

This session served as a critical opportunity for the 193 member states to take stock of the UN’s achievements over eight decades and to discuss the urgent need for a renewed international system. Coming after the adoption of the Pact for the Future, the debate was set within the context of the UN80 initiative, signalling a process aimed at comprehensive reform and strengthening of the organisation’s capacity to deal with modern crises. The event was organised by the UN General Assembly and presided over by Her Excellency Annalena Baerbock.

Why it matters:

The debate revealed a profound erosion of faith in the rules-based international order, driven by the selective application of international law and the paralysis within the Security Council. This erosion, which small states argued makes them the first casualty, makes the debate pivotal. The widespread agreement on the immediate need for UN reform and the collective condemnation of the crisis in Gaza demonstrate that the political will for systemic change is high. New ideas, such as the institutionalisation of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) in global finance, the call for common norms on AI governance, and the push for reparatory justice for historical wrongs, stood out as fresh perspectives aimed at modernising the policy field.

What was discussed:

The discussion was dominated by two overriding concerns: the crisis of peace and security and the crisis of multilateral governance and finance.

The Palestinian question was the central focus, with speakers overwhelmingly condemning the actions in Gaza as genocide and war crimes, and many states announcing or reaffirming the recognition of the State of Palestine as an essential step toward a two-state solution. The need for an immediate and permanent ceasefire and unhindered humanitarian access was paramount. The war in Ukraine was widely denounced as a blatant violation of the UN Charter, with demands for accountability for the aggressor. Speakers from the global South, particularly from the Sahel, forcefully articulated the need to assert national sovereignty, to break with economic dependence on raw materials, and to repel alleged neocolonial interference and the sponsorship of terrorism by foreign powers, with Burkina Faso and niger specifically accusing France.

On development and climate, the existential threat of climate change to small island states (SIDS) and its status as an “anatomy of an injustice” was a major theme. This requires major emitters to fulfil financial obligations and to integrate the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) into concessional financing criteria. This led to strong calls for reforming the global financial architecture, correcting historical injustices in lending, addressing the crushing debt crisis, and ensuring concessional finance flows to the most vulnerable.

Furthermore, digital transformation was framed as a double-edged sword. While AI and digital public infrastructure (DPI) offer massive potential for development and social mobility, there was an urgent call for global digital governance to mitigate the risks of disinformation, military misuse of AI, and the “dictatorship of the algorithm” imposed by a few transnational corporations. Education was presented as a core pillar of resilience and equality, with speakers promoting the protection of classrooms in conflict zones. Calls were also made to lift the long-standing economic blockade against Cuba and end all unilateral coercive measures against sovereign states.

Unique and non-expected insights:

A number of unique points and proposals were highlighted. The Prime Minister of Armenia reported the establishment of peace with Azerbaijan based on the Alma-Ata declaration and announced the launch of the Trip Route infrastructure project, while simultaneously rejecting the use of the “Zangezur Corridor” narrative as a territorial claim. Cuba’s foreign minister used the term “dictatorship of the algorithm” to describe the control exercised by a few transnational tech companies. The Maldives proposed a dedicated rotator seat for SIDS on an expanded Security Council. The Philippines shared the successful peacebuilding story of the Bangsamoro autonomous region. Brunei Darussalam noted that the actions in Gaza betray the vow of “Never again,” which is a universal promise.

Follow-up and next steps:

The session laid out a clear agenda for the coming years:

• Security Council Reform: The process to expand permanent and non-permanent seats for the global South, Africa, and SIDS must be accelerated, with some speakers calling to limit the veto through the Uniting for Peace resolution.
• Global Governance: The UN80 initiative and the Global Digital Compact implementation must be a priority to strengthen the organisation’s effectiveness and to establish common norms for AI.
• Climate Finance: Efforts must be focused on fully institutionalising the MVI and converting the Bridgetown Initiative into a working instrument for capital reflow.
• Diplomacy: Armenia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan are expected to continue working toward the opening of their borders, while the UAE and Senegal will co-host the UN Water Conference next year. Several countries, including Germany, the Philippines, and the Bahamas, announced their bids for non-permanent Security Council seats for future terms. Romania urged states to join the declaration promoting the universal jurisdiction of the ICJ.

The overall takeaway was a shared conviction that, despite the deep fissures, the United Nations remains the only institution capable of preventing global catastrophe and achieving a just world, provided its members summon the political courage to reform and act.

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Key points by speakers

Bahamas

• Multilateralism as the pathway to survival: The United Nations was created out of the “ashes” of world wars and is the best tool for multilateral action to tackle complex, intractable, and dangerous modern crises such as nuclear weapons proliferation, pandemics, cyber attacks, financial contagion, and climate change.
• Reforming a tool, not abandoning it: Any lack of effectiveness in the UN lies squarely at the feet of member states, and the solution is to “fix it,” not abandon it, by addressing structural and institutional weaknesses and ensuring standards are evenly applied.
• Climate change as an existential threat: Climate change, whose storms and rising seas make no distinction, is an urgent and existential crisis for small island states, which do not have the resources to adapt and rely on those most responsible to change their behaviour.
• Regional action for peace and stability: The Bahamas insists on the vision of a two-state solution (Israel and Palestine) and calls for the immediate lifting of the Cuba embargo, which has punished ordinary people.
• Call for a dedicated UN presence in Haiti: The multinational security support mission in Haiti must evolve into a force strong enough to meet the threat of violence and lawlessness, and the world must act by establishing a dedicated United Nations support office for Haiti to coordinate aid and nurture democracy.

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Grenada

• Education as the greatest equaliser: Education is the single greatest social, economic, and creative equaliser, a “broad road to resilience, to innovation, and to peace” that transforms circumstances into possibility and saves people from the poverty of diminished possibility.
• Broadened vision of education for the future: The definition of education is changing to include technical training, vocational education, and digital skills, with a certificate in coding or renewable energy being as powerful as a law degree, which is why Grenada is considering the teaching and use of AI.
• Education thrives through co-creative partnership: Partnerships are crucial for small states to gain reach and resources, but donors, multilateral institutions, and the private sector are called upon not only to fund/give but to co-create and co-learn, treating education as collaboration and investment.
• Protecting education in times of conflict: Protecting education in times of conflict must be treated as a pillar of peace building, and just as hospitals are protected, so too must schools be safeguarded because a child deprived of learning becomes an adult deprived of dignity.
• Need for technology with ethics: Technology and education without ethics are insufficient; the next generation must be equipped to think critically, act ethically, and live responsibly in digital spaces to become “stewards of truth” and “guardians of humanity” in an age of misinformation.

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Burkina Faso

• UN anniversary as an embarrassing fiasco and structural failure: The 80th anniversary is not a cause for celebration but is akin to looking at an embarrassing fiasco, a collective disappointment, and a structural failure, marred by unfulfilled optimism, disappointment, and shattered dreams.
• Condemnation of the Security Council’s misuse: The Security Council is tarnished by politicisation and is, in fact, a “troublemaker” as a result of the complicity of some permanent members who are themselves major actors and financers of the crises of our time.
• Demand for bold reform and African representation: Bold reforms are urgently needed, notably introducing a bold Security Council reform granting Africa a permanent seat on the council, and addressing the structural causes of international injustice like the embargo on Cuba and sanctions.
• Economic break from dependence on raw materials: It is critical to reconsider economic development strategies by focusing on economic autonomy, local use of resources, and industrialisation, and to urgently break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials.
• Assertion of sovereignty against external aggression: Burkina Faso has chosen to take its destiny into its own hands to combat imported terrorism supported by “dark forces” coveting its resources, and it condemns the condescending stance of certain UN agencies and the alleged support provided to criminals by foreign states (e.g., France).

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Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Climate change as an “anatomy of an injustice”: The effects of climate change are not an accident of geography but a failure of stewardship and a moral failing, as emissions are poured by the many, but the cost is paid daily by the few, especially large ocean states, calling for deep, fast emission cuts and fair finance.
• The Sustainable Island State Agenda (CISA): Saint Kitts And Nevis has launched CISA, a blueprint to 2040 guided by seven fundamental pillars (e.g., energy transition, water security, circular economy), which places people at the center of progress and entwines sustainability with prosperity.
• Institutionalisation of the MVI is lifesaving: The adoption of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) is a pivotal turning point because it measures susceptibility and risk, acting as a “living lens” where GDP is a “static snapshot,” and it must be fully institutionalised across all International Financial Institutions.
• Call for reparatory justice: The nation reaffirmed its shared agenda for reparatory justice for the brutality of the transatlantic slave trade and colonisation, noting that when emancipation came, it was the enslavers, not the enslaved, who received reparations.
• Reform the UN architecture for small states: The Security Council is not credible if it excludes representation from the regions most vulnerable to the threats of our time, including Africa, Latin America, and small island developing states (SIDS), calling for a seat at the table where peace is forged.

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Niger

• Solidarity with the Confederation of Sahel States (ASS): Niger fully supports the ASS, which is asserting the right of member states to determine their own destiny, pinpoint priorities, and craft regional cooperation that exclusively serves their people.
• Condemnation of sponsored terrorism: The region faces deliberately imported and sponsored terrorism, which has expanded and intensified despite the presence of Western powers, suggesting that some foreign powers are complicit and have established a subversive plan to destabilise the alliance through intelligence, funding, and equipping terrorists.
• Demand for recognition of colonial crimes and reparations: The nation condemns the self-avowed support of France for terrorism in the Sahel and solemnly demands that France shoulder its duty of remembrance, recognise its crimes (e.g., pillage of uranium, historical massacres), and pay colonial debts.
• New model of governance and sovereignty: The new trajectory is built on reaffirming sovereignty over natural resources (which had been plundered by foreign powers), breaking with unfair conventions, and achieving food self-sufficiency through a vast agricultural programme.
• Need for UN reform/Self-reliance: The powerless UN, hampered by the veto of Western powers, must be reformed to be more inclusive and fairer, as the fight against terrorism must be self-sufficient and not rely on foreign assistance, which has often been used to threaten and humiliate.

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Laos

• Upholding the UN Charter principles: The nation reaffirms its firm adherence to the fundamental principles enshrined in the UN Charter, including the peaceful settlement of disputes, international cooperation, solidarity, and peaceful coexistence, which have guided the world through challenges.
• Support for UN reforms and the two-state solution: The Lao PDR supports the UN80 initiative and the adoption of the Pact for the Future, and continues to support the two-state solution for Palestine, urging the international community to intensify efforts for recovery and reconstruction.
• Rejection of unilateral coercive measures: Unilateral coercive measures contradict the UN Charter and international law, hinder sustainable development, and impose unjust suffering on innocent people, leading to a call to lift the economic and financial embargo against Cuba.
• Connectivity for development: The country is committed to transforming from a landlocked into a land-linked country, with infrastructure development like the Lao-China Railway and seaport development serving as a top priority to reduce transportation costs and open new routes for regional economic and trade integration.
• Need for digital access and inclusive governance: The nation underscores the importance of enhanced international cooperation, access to new technology, and innovation, supporting the implementation of the Global Digital Compact aimed at enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits.

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Armenia

• Peace established with Azerbaijan: Peace has been established with Azerbaijan based on the 1991 Alma-ata declaration, confirming the inviolability of the international borders between the former soviet socialist republics, an achievement made possible by the decisive role of US President Donald Trump.
• Rejecting the “Zangezur Corridor” narrative: The nation’s agreements with Azerbaijan establish connectivity through the Trip Route for international transportation on the basis of respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and jurisdiction, and it resolutely rejects the use of the term “Zangezur Corridor,” which is perceived as a territorial claim.
• Developing regional connectivity: The Trip Route infrastructure project, an accurate reflection of the Crossroads of Peace program, will operate in Armenia’s territory to link the east to the west and the north to the south with highways, railways, pipelines, and electricity lines, with the prospect of opening the border with Turkey.
• Democratic choice and EU aspiration: The National Assembly has adopted the law on initiating the process of Armenia’s accession to the European Union, which is an incentive to consistently continue democratic reforms and become institutionally and substantively compliant with EU standards, a choice that is a matter of strategy for a democratic state.
• Focus on institutionalisation of peace: Peace is “not a vacation” but requires daily work and care to be protected from indifference and pessimism, necessitating the diligent institutionalisation of peace, including clarifying the fate of missing persons and addressing the issue of persons deprived of liberty.

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Cambodia

• Need to reinvigorate multilateral trust: The ideals of multilateralism are being put to the test by geopolitical divisions and rivalries that often hamper the Security Council, and if the world genuinely believes it is “better together,” it must reinvigorate trust in multilateral institutions and invest in preventive diplomacy.
• Peace through internal win-win policy: The nation achieved peace and national reconciliation through its win-win policy that ended thirty years of internal conflict without a single bullet being fired, allowing the economy to achieve high annual growth and position for least developed country (LDC) graduation by 2029.
• Transition to a global peace contributor: Cambodia has transformed from a country that once hosted UN peacekeeping missions to a steadfast contributor to global security, deploying over 10,000 peacekeepers to 10 UN missions across the globe since 2006.
• Call for strict adherence to border ceasefire: The nation is threatened by a border conflict and calls for its neighbour’s strict and sincere adherence to the agreed terms of the ceasefire, full respect for bilateral agreements, and observance of international law, while rejecting unilateral moves to impose territorial sovereignty.
• Support for pragmatic UN reform: The nation supports pragmatic, incremental UN reform that strengthens effectiveness without undermining the Charter, including empowering preemptive diplomacy, strengthening the general assembly, and expanding non-permanent Security Council seats to better reflect today’s multipolar world.

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Russian Federation

• UN Charter violations by the West: The root of global problems lies in the incessant attempts by the West to divide the world into “us and them” and the widespread gross violations of the principle of the sovereign equality of states and the non-use of force (e.g., Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya).
• Condemnation of Israeli and Western actions in the Middle East: The nation firmly condemned the Hamas attack but stated there is no justification for the brutal killings and collective punishment of Palestinians in Gaza, or for the illegal strikes on Iranian and Qatari facilities, and it called for the immediate lifting of illegal anti-Iranian sanctions.
• Denunciation of the Kyiv regime and NATO expansion: The Kyiv regime is eliminating the russian language and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which violates human rights, while NATO continues to expand right up to Russia’s borders, undermining the principle of indivisible security and strengthening its own security at the expense of others.
• Proposal for Eurasian security architecture: Russia is open to negotiations on the root causes of the Ukraine conflict and is offering a constructive alternative to the dangerous course of expansion by proposing the building of an architecture of equal and indivisible security in Eurasia, notably through the development of a Eurasian Charter of diversity and multipolarity.
• UN reform for global majority representation: The issue of Security Council reform is particularly important, and Russia calls for its democratisation exclusively through the expansion of the representation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, supporting permanent seats for Brazil and India, and correcting the historical injustice towards Africa.

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Cuba

• Condemnation of Gaza genocide and demand for Palestine UN membership: The nation reiterates its firmest solidarity with the Palestinian people, stating that the genocidal extermination and ethnic cleansing actions of the zionist regime condemn 2,200,000 human beings in Gaza to hunger, and demands that this general assembly unequivocally declare Palestine’s right to be a UN member state.
• Rejection of the Monroe Doctrine and US aggression: The nation strongly rejects threats of aggression against Venezuela, repudiates the Monroe Doctrine, and condemns the US naval and air deployment in the Caribbean, which generates a dangerous situation that violates international law and regional security.
• Economic war and the “macabre figure”: The devastating and accumulated impact of the US economic blockade, which has been tightened to the extreme as a “comprehensive and prolonged economic war,” aims to deprive Cubans of their livelihoods. The current US Secretary of State was called the “reincarnation of that macabre figure” (Lester Mallory).
• Demand for common norms on technology: The world is suffering from a powerful cultural domination and the dictatorship of the algorithm, imposed by a few US transnationals, necessitating the establishment of common norms at the UN to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially AI, for the benefit of all.
• UN reform to centre the General Assembly: The most urgent priority is to create a new international order, which includes protecting and strengthening the UN in its intergovernmental essence, rejecting agendas subject to arbitrary priorities, and emphasising the central role of the general assembly as the most democratic and representative organ.

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Brunei Darussalam

• UN as a moral covenant and small state lifeline: The UN Charter is not just a legal text but a moral covenant and a collective vow against war and dehumanisation, which for small states like Brunei affirms sovereignty, dignity, and belonging, making multilateralism a “lifeline.”
• Security Council paralysis and the veto: The Security Council, the guardian of peace, has too often been paralysed, restricted by veto, divided by interests, and mute in the face of grave injustice, undermining its credibility and the foundation of the UN, with reform needed to limit the use of the veto towards its eventual elimination.
• Gaza betrayal of “Never again”: The actions in Gaza—indiscriminate bombings, forced displacement, collective punishment, and the weaponisation of food and medicine—betray the vow of “Never again” born from the ashes of the Holocaust, a universal promise that should stop being broken.
• Recognition of Palestine is an inherent right: Recognising the state of Palestine and supporting its full membership in the UN is not a reward but an inherent right of the Palestinian people, essential for peace, dignity, and reconciliation.
• Regional and global cooperation: The nation is committed to peace and harmony, advancing sustainable development, and working through ASEAN and other frameworks like APAC and the Belt and Road Initiatives to strengthen cooperation and enhance development.

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Germany

• Responsibility and gratitude for the UN: As Germans, the nation is deeply grateful for the opportunity to be engaged for peace, prosperity, and security in the UN, which means it feels particularly responsible for the organisation, noting that the UN is only as strong as its member states want it to be.
• Three key objectives: justice, peace, respect: Germany’s work at the UN is summarised by three key objectives: Justice (meaning development, combating climate change, and fair humanitarian aid distribution), Peace (contributing to peacekeeping missions and peacebuilding), and Respect (for the UN Charter, international law, and human rights).
• Immediate end to Gaza war and two-state solution: The “terrible war in Gaza” must end, hostages must be released, and the only solution is two states for two peoples; the nation’s raison d’état is that the security of Israel will always be part of its foundation.
• Iran snapback sanctions: Since Iran does not comply with its obligations under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and its nuclear programme is concerning, Germany had no choice but to trigger the snapback of sanctions on Iran, while remaining open to negotiations on a new agreement.
• UN reform for underrepresented regions: After 80 years, the UN must be fit for purpose, and the Security Council needs additional permanent and non-permanent seats to reflect the world’s actual realities, with permanent seats going to Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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Iceland

• Rules-based order is a lifeline for small states: The fundamental principles of self-determination and equal rights are under siege, and a world not governed by rules is a world where the strong impose their will; the rules-based international order is nothing short of essential for small states like Iceland.
• Condemnation of Russia and call for return of children: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine is a blatant violation of the UN Charter and an assault on the organisation itself, with the aggressor sitting on the Security Council being “obscene.” The tens of thousands of Ukrainian children abducted must be returned immediately.
• Gaza actions as ethnic cleansing and war crimes: The nation unequivocally condemned the Hamas attack but called the Israeli military operations in Gaza crimes against humanity and systematic ethnic cleansing, demanding an immediate ceasefire, unhindered humanitarian access, and the two-state solution.
• Accountability and the erosion of courts: International courts like the ICJ and ICC have been defied and targeted with punitive measures, an especially alarming trend for small states whose very existence depends on the functioning system of international law.
• Combating digital disinformation and demanding a female SG: The spread of disinformation and conspiracy theories online is dangerous for democracy. The nation also expects nothing less than to see the United Nations finally led by a woman when the next Secretary General takes office.

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India

• UN in a state of crisis and gridlock: The UN is in a state of crisis and remains gridlocked when peace is under threat, development is derailed, and human rights are violated, leading to an erosion of belief in multilateralism.
• UN reform to redress historical injustice: Resistance to UN reform is undermining its credibility, and it is imperative to address the historical injustice done to Africa and expand both permanent and non-permanent membership of the Security Council.
• Counter-terrorism priority: Countering terrorism is a particular priority, as India has a neighbour that is an epicentre of global terrorism, and when nations openly declare terrorism a state policy and terror hubs operate on an industrial scale, such actions must be unequivocally condemned.
• Global South motivation and contribution: Bharat, under Prime Minister Modi, believes it has both a duty to contribute and an obligation to motivate the Global South, having undertaken more than 600 major development projects in 78 countries and responded to the urgent requirements of its neighbours.
• Harnessing AI responsibly for welfare: Artificial intelligence has a particular promise for development, and India’s approach is to harness it responsibly for human welfare, with inclusion and impact as the watchwords for the summit it will host in 2026.

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Egypt

• Erosion of the multilateral system: The multilateral international system is facing challenges and its pillars are being eroded as a result of crimes committed in full view of the international community, exacerbated by the use of double standards across the board.
• Rejection of forcible displacement/ethnic cleansing: The nation rejects any scenarios to forcibly displace the Palestinian people, which would be a crime of ethnic cleansing, affirming that egypt is not and will not be a “gate to liquidate the Palestinian cause” or a partner in a “new Nakba.”
• Protection of Nile water rights: Egypt’s perspective on conflicts gives precedence to the sovereignty of states and settling disputes by peaceful means, warning that Ethiopia’s imposition of a fait accompli on the Nile is delusional, and Egypt is ready to resort to justice and international arbitration to protect its existential interests.
• UN/IFIs reform to address injustice: Restoring the United Nations and international financial institutions is a necessity to ensure a balanced representation in decision-making bodies and to lift the historic injustice inflicted upon the African continent (Zulwini consensus), while providing concessional financing and addressing the debt crisis.
• Regional security and stability: The nation presents a joint vision for security and cooperation in the region with Saudi Arabia, based on balanced and comprehensive security for all countries, and stresses the importance of supporting the national institutions of Sudan and holding simultaneous presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya.

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Belarus

• Condemnation of the West’s rewriting of history: The West has developed its own version of the truth about WWII, erasing memories, demolishing monuments, and rewriting history, calling into question the legitimacy of the postwar world order and the universal principles of the United Nations.
• Critique of NATO expansion and logic of superiority: The so-called victors of the Cold War forgot the principle of indivisible security and adopted a logic of superiority and confrontation behind NATO’s eastward expansion, which led to Ukraine conflict and security threats for many states.
• Proposal of the Eurasian Charter: The way to end the bloodshed in Ukraine lies in returning to the principle of indivisible security. The president of the Republic of Belarus has put forward an initiative to develop a Eurasian Charter of multipolarity and diversity in the twenty-first century to launch a new paradigm for an Eurasian architecture of equal and indivisible security.
• Western self-isolation: The actions of European neighbours to lay mines, build walls, and erect fences on the border with Russia and Belarus are seen as creating a sense of impending threat from the east and a measure of harsh self-isolation that drives EU countries into domestic economic and political crisis.
• UN reform for the global majority: UN reform must keep up with the times, including expanding the category of permanent members to include developing countries from Africa, Latin America, and Asia, to prevent the UN from suffering the same fate as the League of Nations and to reflect the interests of the global majority (BRICS, SCO, ASEAN).

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Mauritania

• World of two contrasting realms: The world today consists of two contrasting realms—one rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and artificial intelligence, while the other remains hostage to poverty and marginalisation—requiring humanity to unite efforts for a just and comprehensive human-centred development.
• Support for Palestinian state recognition and UN reform: The genocidal war in Gaza is a true litmus test for the human conscience. The nation reiterates its support for the Palestinian people, stressing that stability depends on the establishment of an independent state, and renews its commitment to the legitimate demands of the African continent (Zulwini consensus) for equitable representation in global governance structures.
• Internal governance and social cohesion: The nation prioritises the strengthening of the rule of law, good governance (transparency, independent judiciary), and the consolidation of values of justice, having chosen dialogue as a constant approach in managing public affairs and promoting social cohesion through structured programmes that embody spatial justice.
• Progress in health and economic stability: The nation has implemented comprehensive health coverage, achieving approximately 21 per cent of the total population insured, and has diversified its economy, recording a growth rate of 5 per cent in 2024 and expecting inflation not to exceed 2.5 per cent.
• Commitment to green transition: Major projects have been launched in the energy transition and sustainable development, including a hybrid renewable energy plant and the adoption of a green hydrogen law.

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Romania

• Need to prevent the UN’s decline: The nation recalls the fate of the League of Nations and stresses that the UN must not share the same fate, urging the world to act to ensure that aggressors can no longer replace the rule of law with the rule of the mighty.
• Staunch support for international law and ICJ jurisdiction: Romania is a staunch supporter of international law, leading in promoting the universal jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), especially after the ICJ’s advisory opinion on climate change obligations, and calls on other states to join its declaration.
• Condemnation of Russia’s war and call for ceasefire: The fully fledged war of aggression against ukraine is unprovoked and challenges the rule-based international order, with the nation urging for an immediate, complete, and unconditional ceasefire and supporting the pursuit of justice and accountability.
• Demand to end the aggressor’s veto power: UN reform should make further progress in representativity and working methods, and the nation explicitly stated the need to act together and make sure that the aggressor “doesn’t have the power to veto anymore” on the wars it has started.
• Human rights in the digital space and against disinformation: The implementation of the Global Digital Compact should ensure a human-centric, human rights-based approach to the digital future, as the space cannot be left without rules. Furthermore, the nation warned against malign foreign interference and disinformation (e.g., in Moldova’s elections).

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Thailand

• UN at a crossroad and need for evolution: The UN is at a crossroad facing critical challenges, and for it to fulfil its purpose, it must evolve with the changing times, with Thailand standing ready to play a constructive role in shaping a UN that is truly fit for purpose.
• Multilateralism and women’s participation: Multilateralism is more effective when women participate fully in peacekeeping, conflict prevention, or humanitarian response, as their voices and leadership strengthen the community and make peace more durable.
• Assertion of sovereignty and condemnation of provocation: While committed to peace and peaceful dialogue, the nation asserted its sovereignty and territorial integrity and condemned its neighbour’s (Cambodia) continued provocation and distortion of the truth regarding the border dispute, noting that the villages in question are in Thai territory.
• Sufficiency Economy Philosophy: The nation’s sustainable development is guided by the sufficiency economy philosophy, built on balance, resilience, and moderation, which empowers people while protecting the planet.
• Advocating for the global community: The nation has a long history of hosting displaced persons (Myanmar), championing the right to health (universal health coverage), and striving for open and fair trade, built not on walls of tariffs but on bridges of trust.

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San Marino

• Recognition of the State of Palestine: On 15 May, the parliament mandated the government to recognise the state of Palestine. The nation announced the official recognition of the State of Palestine as a sovereign and independent state within internationally recognised borders, calling it an essential step to reaffirm that peace must be built on justice and equality.
• Accountability for grave violations against children: The nation is deeply concerned about the high number of grave violations against children in conflict, including the denial of humanitarian access, killing, and maiming. It renews its commitment to the CAAC agenda and stresses that impunity for perpetrators is not acceptable.
• Financing for sustainable development: The Seville commitment adopted at the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development is crucial for promoting investment and addressing the debt crisis. The world needs a rule-based and equitable financial system that ensures more effective and inclusive global economic governance.
• Warning against military AI autonomy: The nation is worried about the risk related to new technology in the military domain, where AI is used to select targets and make life-or-death decisions. It believes that meaningful human control must be retained over such decisions.
• UN reform to deliver innovative solutions: The nation affirms its commitment to multilateralism, and the UN80 initiative must be an inclusive reform process capable of delivering innovative solutions, one that preserves the integrity and balance of the three UN pillars on an equal basis.

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Saudi Arabia

• Call for UN reform and end to aggression: The nation emphasises the urgent need for the UN to become more capable and more efficient in keeping pace with developments and finding the necessary approaches to resolve crises, calling for an end to the brutal and unchecked practices in Gaza, including starvation, forced displacement, and systematic killing.
• Two-state solution as the only path to security: Military escalation will not achieve peace or security. The two-state solution is the only path that would guarantee the security of all countries in the region, with the nation co-chairing the high-level conference for the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine.
• Condemnation of regional aggressions: The nation strongly condemns the Iranian attack on Sicily, Qatar, and the continued Israeli aggressions in the region (including on Qatar, Iran, Yemen, Lebanon, and Syria), calling for international measures to deter Israel from such criminal behaviour.
• Leading in climate action and water security: The kingdom is committed to climate action through a balanced and comprehensive approach (circular and balanced carbon economy), having launched the Saudi Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative. It also established a Global Water Organisation to address water challenges.
• Vision 2030 achievements: The nation has made broad structural transformations, achieving 93 per cent of Vision 2030 performance indicators, with the unemployment rate among Saudis decreasing to 6.3 per cent and women’s participation in the labour market increasing to over 36 per cent.

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Singapore

• Post-WWII order has ended: The post-world war order has come to an end, with the current distribution of power being very different from 1945, resulting in a world that is more turbulent, more uncertain, and in some places, violent.
• UN and international law remain the best way forward: Despite the pessimism, the multilateral system and international law underpinned by the UN still remain the best way to uphold global peace and prosperity in a fair and inclusive way, especially for a small, trade-dependent state like Singapore.
• Conditional recognition of Palestine: The nation hopes for an immediate ceasefire, but will recognise the state of Palestine only when it has an effective government that accepts Israel’s right to exist and categorically renounces terrorism; it will reconsider its position if Israel takes further steps to extinguish a two-state solution.
• Multilateral trade system is under threat: The geopolitical shifts are disrupting the multilateral trading and economic system, with tariffs and export controls being used as levers to secure unilateral advantage, which is to the detriment of small, trade-dependent states.
• Success in multilateralism: Even in fractious times, multilateralism still works, citing the consensus adoption of the BB&J treaty, the agreement on the normative framework for cybersecurity (open-ended working group), and the conclusion of WIPO treaties as success stories.

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Oman

• Palestinian question takes precedence: The Palestinian question is a deeply painful and enduring human and political issue that must take precedence in deliberations, requiring an end to the occupation, undoing the injustice, and restoring legitimate rights through the two-state solution.
• Call for sanctions on Israel: The nation condemns the Israeli aggression on Qatar, Iran, Yemen, Syria, and Lebanon, and calls for imposing sanctions on Israel in response to its blatant violations of international law and unlawful encroachments on state sovereignty.
• Empowering the Secretary General: Member states, particularly the permanent members of the Security Council, must empower the secretary general to fulfil his mandate in line with the purposes of the UN Charter, especially in the areas of international peace and security.
• Commitment to the green transition: The nation emphasises the imperative of transitioning to clean energy sources and is committed to seizing emerging opportunities in trade and sustainable development, placing high importance on digital transformation and AI applications.
• Global peaceful campaign for Palestine: From the podium, the nation called for a global peaceful campaign to lift the blockade and undo the injustice imposed on the Palestinian people to secure their freedom through the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state.

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Malaysia

• Condemnation of Gaza actions as genocide/colonialism: The nation cannot congratulate itself on its inability to end the occupation of Palestine, as the world is watching in high definition as genocide unfolds, which is modern-day colonisation dressed in the cape of Western tolerance.
• Demand for concrete action and sanctions: Simply advocating for a two-state solution is not enough; there must be concrete action against the occupying force, including sanctioning israel, as its brutality will spill over to the rest of the world.
• Three imperatives for survival: The nation believes three urgent reforms are key to survival: limiting or abolishing the veto (challenging it each time), ensuring authority flows back to the general assembly (as the conscience of the world), and redesigning global financing mechanisms for the global South.
• ASEAN intervention in regional conflict: ASEAN did not stand idle when conflict threatened to spiral between neighbours, stepping in to convene both sides and implement a ceasefire that it is now actively monitoring on the ground.
• Global South marginalisation: The global South has borne the brunt of unequal economic policies, remains unrepresented in decision-making, underserved in development financing, and sidelined in global governance, and a fairer international order cannot be built without it at its centre.

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Tunisia

• Need to strengthen the UN and rebuild trust: The nation is celebrating the UN’s anniversary, but notes that the current era is marked by unprecedented frequency of violations of international law, requiring determined and tireless work to renew trust in multilateral work and reform the organisation.
• SC’s inability to act and demand for full Palestine membership: The Security Council is still unable to end the genocidal war and starvation against the Palestinian people, and the nation values the wave of international recognition, urging full Palestine membership without delay, as the state is a state pursuant to international law.
• Reforming international financing: The nation renews its call for a comprehensive and deep reform of the international financing system and its institutions to guarantee justice, access to financial resources, and the implementation of innovative mechanisms, such as the debt-for-climate swap initiative.
• Comprehensive approach to migration: The nation’s approach to irregular migration is based on respecting human rights, rejecting all forms of racial discrimination, and is calling for a comprehensive approach that prioritises development in origin countries and does not place a burden that exceeds the capacity of countries of the South.
• Commitment to African solutions: The nation is committed to addressing the vulnerabilities of the African continent, supporting the partnership between the UN and the African Union, and believes in the need for African solutions for African problems to achieve the goal of silencing the guns by 2030.

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Maldives

• Erosion of the rules-based order: The nation confronts the erosion of the rules-based order along three fault lines: the rule of law against conquest, respect for sovereignty/territorial integrity, and multilateralism, which is being undermined by selective law application and impunity.
• Condemnation of Gaza genocide and hypocrisy: Israel’s ongoing genocide has killed more than 66,000 civilians. The sheer hypocrisy is that this genocide is sustained by weapons and money from the very countries that claim to defend human rights, and the nation states that this complicity is the “shame of this century.”
• UN reform for SIDS: UN80 must be the repair moment, requiring a serious reform that tackles Security Council paralysis, including an expanded and more representative council with a rotator seat for SIDS (small island developing states) and led by a female secretary general.
• Climate finance and debt relief: The nation is urging for universal ratification of the BB&J agreement and demanding that the global financial architecture deliver deeper, faster, fairer restructuring, scaling up concessional financing for SIDS, and ensuring that climate finance is additional.
• Maldives 2.0 blueprint: The nation is taking responsibility at home through its Maldives 2.0 blueprint for change, which focuses on reshaping governance, digitalising services, and building an inclusive, future-ready economy with a focus on sustainability and youth.

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Guinea

• Peace, development, and human rights are inseparable: The nation fully identifies with the session’s theme, noting that peace, coexistence, development, and human rights are becoming a reality in Guinea, which places hope in the United Nations despite its potential decline.
• Assertion of national sovereignty: The president chose to fully embrace national sovereignty by revoking several non-compliant mining permits and transforming the education system to promote intellectual property and excellence, thus providing the necessary human capital for development.
• The Simandou 2040 program: The president has launched the Simandou 2040 program, built on five strategic pillars (agriculture, education, infrastructure, economy/finance, and health/well-being), financed essentially by revenues from the Simandou iron deposit (the world’s largest).
• Return to constitutional order: The nation has achieved a historic milestone by adopting a new constitution by a large majority through a referendum, marking its long-awaited return to the constitutional order.
• Achievement of sovereign credit rating: The Republic of Guinea has achieved its first sovereign credit rating (B+ with stable outlook by Standard and Poor), which places it as the second largest economy in French-speaking West Africa and opens access to more favourable international capital markets.

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Philippines

• Enduring faith and Security Council bid: The nation’s faith in the UN Charter endures, and it is ready to rise up to the challenge of forging new pathways for international peace and security by seeking a non-permanent seat in the Security Council for the term 2027-2028.
• Peacebuilding and the Bangsamoro region: Peace is a just order with individuals flourishing in dignity, as shown by the success story of the Bangsamoro autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao (BARM), which tells that peacebuilding endows communities with their rightful future.
• Reforming the global financial system: The current financial system is untenable, having fostered debt burdens and perpetrated power imbalance, and reforms are needed to address the structural asymmetries that undermine developing countries, especially climate vulnerable ones.
• Commitment to UNCLOS and maritime law: The nation is committed to the rules-based international order, having ratified the BB&J agreement and abiding by the 1982 Law of the Sea as reinforced by the binding 2016 arbitral award on the South China Sea, despite being the receiving end of illegal, coercive, aggressive, and dangerous actions in its own waters.
• Migrants’ rights and technology: Filipino migrants are the backbone of maritime trade, and their rights should be a gathering point, not a fault line, for governments. The nation also stresses that AI offers promise but carries profound risks and must be harnessed responsibly.

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United Arab Emirates

• Path of prudence and humanitarian diplomacy: Amidst global turmoil, the nation has chosen the path of prudence and de-escalation, leveraging its capabilities to build bridges, prevent conflicts, and champion genuine humanitarian diplomacy (e.g., prisoner exchange between Russia/Ukraine, peace talks between Azerbaijan/Armenia).
• Immediate ceasefire and condemnation of aggression: The nation insists on an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza, the release of hostages, and unhindered humanitarian aid delivery, while also condemning Israel’s treacherous and reprehensible attack against the state of Qatar as a flagrant violation of its territorial integrity.
• Call for Iran to end island occupation: The nation continues to place the dispute of the three occupied Emirati islands in the Arabian Gulf (Greater Tumb, Lesser Tumb, and Abu Musa) at the forefront of national priorities, calling on Iran to end its occupation and resolve the dispute through direct negotiations or the International Court of Justice.
• Support for Sudan and the two-state solution: The nation supports the Sudanese people’s aspirations for an end to the civil war and a transition to an independent civilian government. It believes in the centrality of the two-state solution for a permanent, just, and comprehensive solution to the issue.
• Harnessing AI for sustainable development: The nation views the UNAT initiative as an opportunity to reform and is seeking to harness AI to advance sustainable development globally, supporting countries to build their technological capacities while ensuring responsible and ethical use.

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Follow-up actions

Security Council & UN Reform

• Introduce a bold Security Council reform granting Africa a permanent seat.
  • Proponents: Burkina Faso, Niger, Egypt, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, Germany, India, Malaysia
• Pursue results through Resolution 377A (Uniting for Peace) to challenge the veto.
  • Proponent: Malaysia
• Implement the UN80 initiative to reform and develop the work of the organisation.
  • Proponents: Tunisia, UAE, San Marino, Laos, Singapore, Philippines
• Seek a non-permanent seat on the Security Council for the 2032-2033 term.
  • Proponent: Bahamas
• Seek a non-permanent seat in the Security Council for the term 2027-2028.
  • Proponents: Philippines, Germany

International law & justice

• Work towards the establishment of a special tribunal for the crimes of aggression against Ukraine.
  • Proponent: Germany
• Join the declaration to promote the universal jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
  • Proponent: Romania
• Resort to international arbitration regarding the Nile water issue if necessary.
  • Proponent: Egypt

Technology & Cybersecurity

• Establish at the UN common norms on digital technology, especially artificial intelligence.
  • Proponent: Cuba
• Promote an independent international science panel and global dialogue on AI governance.
  • Proponent: San Marino
• Actively contribute to the implementation of the UN Convention Against Cybercrime.
  • Proponent: Romania

Development & Finance

• Fully institutionalise the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) across the World Bank, IMF, and regional development banks.
  • Proponent: Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Help convert the Bridgetown Initiative into an instrument to shift rhetoric into reflowing capital for resilience.
  • Proponent: Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Call on donors and institutions to co-create and co-learn in education partnerships.
  • Proponent: Grenada

Regional security & diplomacy

• Call for a dedicated UN support office for Haiti to coordinate aid and strengthen institutions.
  • Proponent: Bahamas
• Implement a plan for reconstruction and recovery in Palestine.
  • Proponent: Egypt
• Develop a Eurasian Charter of diversity and multipolarity to build an architecture of equal and indivisible security in Eurasia.
  • Proponents: Russian Federation, Belarus
• Implement state-of-the-art technologies for border and customs controls.
  • Proponent: Armenia

International conferences & conventions

• Host the eighth Summit of the European Political Community and the seventeenth Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (COP17) in 2026.
  • Proponent: Armenia
• Host the UN Water Conference with the Republic of Senegal.
  • Proponent: United Arab Emirates
• Support the implementation of the political declaration on explosive weapons in populated areas.
  • Proponent: San Marino

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Statistics and data

• As a small island state with a population of ~400,000 and an economy of ~$12 billion, we do not have the resources. (Bahamas)
• Each additional year of schooling raises a person’s earnings by an average of 10%. (Grenada)
• If every child in low-income countries left school with basic reading skills, 171 million people could be lifted out of poverty. (Grenada)
• If all girls completed secondary school, child marriage would fall by two-thirds, and maternal deaths would drop by almost half. (Grenada)
• Since 2023, a national fund has collected more than CHF 413 billion. (Burkina Faso)
• The rate of unemployment among Saudis has decreased to 6.3% today compared to 12% in 2016. (Saudi Arabia)
• Women’s participation in the labour market increased to over 36%, public investment fund assets reached $913 billion by 2024, and non-oil activities contributed 56% to real GDP. (Saudi Arabia)
• For the past two years, at least one child has been killed every hour in Gaza. (Iceland)
• We lost more than $9 billion in Suez Canal revenues due to disruptions in international trade. (Egypt)
• The number of health coverage beneficiaries increased by 147% between 2019 and 2024, reaching ~21% of the total population. (Mauritania)
• We recorded a growth rate of 5% in 2024, while inflation is not expected to exceed 2.5%. (Mauritania)
• Israel’s ongoing genocide has killed more than 66,000 civilians, more than half of them women and children. (Maldives)
• In sixty years, our per capita GDP has been built from $500 in 1965 to around $85,000 today. (Singapore)
• The UN Secretary-General reported over 40,000 cases of violations against children in armed conflict, the highest in thirty years. (Philippines)
• The 1,900,000 seafarers are the backbone of maritime trade, which accounts for 90% of global commerce. (Philippines)

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Language analysis

Metaphor

• “The floor is not in the hammer, but in the hand that lets it fall.” (Bahamas)
• “Education is not a narrow path to employment. It is a broad road to resilience, to innovation, and to peace.” (Grenada)
• “Peace requires daily care like a newborn baby to be protected from infections, the cold and the heat, the indifference and the pessimism.” (Armenia)
• “The world is now facing the harsh reality that might makes right, and that interdependence is no longer the cornerstone of peace, but rather a tool of threat and coercion.” (Cambodia)
• “We are suffering from the dictatorship of the algorithm.” (Cuba)
• “The Security Council, the guardian of peace, has too often been paralysed, restricted by veto, divided by interests, and mute in the face of grave injustice.” (Brunei Darussalam)
• “Where GDP is a static snapshot, the MVI is a living lens. It sees susceptibility. It weighs shocks. It measures exposure.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
• “Reform is justice. Reform is prudence. Reform is protection and equity.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Simile

• “Heat that hangs like a heavy blanket smothers harvests and hardens the soil.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Rhetorical Question

• “Is this what we really want?” (Bahamas)
• “But can we remain lucky every season, every single year?” (Bahamas)
• “Why did they wait so long?” (Russian Federation)

Anaphora

• “It was not wealth that brought me here. It was not privilege that brought me here. It was access.” (Grenada)
• “We must cut emissions deeply and quickly, scale finance fairly and urgently, and equip vulnerable nations with the tools to survive and to thrive.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Parallelism

• “Progress and peril, innovation and instability, hope and hardship coexisting side by side.” (Grenada)
• “We must help rebuild markets so that merchants trade rather than flee. We must help rebuild schools so that children learn rather than languish. We must help rebuild hospitals so that mothers are treated rather than traumatised.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Antithesis

• “A world not governed by rules will be a world where the strong impose their will and the weaker they will pay the price.” (Iceland)

Triad

• “Justice, Peace, Respect.” (Germany)

Allusion

• “The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Ad Hominem

• “The current secretary of state of The United States is the reincarnation of that macabre figure.” (Cuba)

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Thought-provoking comments

• “The United Nations was not born out of some high minded ideal… UN was created out of the ashes of a period when humanity had almost destroyed itself.” (Bahamas)
• “The floor is not in the hammer, but in the hand that lets it fall.” (Bahamas)
• “A child deprived of learning today becomes an adult deprived of dignity tomorrow. And a society deprived of educated citizens becomes a society deprived of peace.” (Grenada)
• “The paradoxical defines our era. Progress and peril, innovation and instability, hope and hardship coexisting side by side.” (Grenada)
• “Rather than being a cause for celebration, this anniversary is in fact akin to looking at an embarrassing fiasco, a collective disappointment and a structural failure.” (Burkina Faso)
• “When a single hurricane can steal away years of a nation’s GDP in a single night, the ledger of gross national income becomes a misleading measure of our well-being. This is the anatomy of an injustice.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
• “Peace is not the absence of noise. Peace is the presence of safety.” (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
• “Peace, thus, is established, but peace is not a vacation. It is work, everyday work. Peace requires daily care like a newborn baby…” (Armenia)
• “The world is now facing the harsh reality that might makes right, and that interdependence is no longer the cornerstone of peace, but rather a tool of threat and coercion.” (Cambodia)
• “He wrote… ‘all possible means must be promptly used to weaken the economic life of Cuba… provoke hunger, desperation, and the overthrow of the government’… The current secretary of state of The United States is the reincarnation of that macabre figure.” (Cuba)
• “We are suffering from the dictatorship of the algorithm.” (Cuba)
• “Never again does not belong to one people alone. It is a universal promise for all mankind, and we should stop breaking that promise.” (Brunei Darussalam)
• “A world not governed by rules will be a world where the strong impose their will and the weaker they will pay the price.” (Iceland)
• “This complicity is the shame is the shame of this century.” (Maldives)
• “Peace is only built on understanding equity and justice.” (Egypt)

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Transcript – Day 5

##The president of the general assembly: [00:00:00] The Assembly will continue its consideration of agenda item eight entitled general debate. The Assembly will hear an address by his excellency Philip Edward Davis, prime minister and minister for finance of the Commonwealth Of The Bahamas. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Bahamas: [00:00:38] Madam president, Annalena Baerbock, we offer our warm congratulations on your election to preside over this eightieth session of the general assembly, and we thank your predecessor, his excellency, Philémon Yang for a job well done. Excellencies, delegates, ladies and gentlemen, in celebrating eighty years of the global community coming together in this United Nations, we must remind ourselves of how we got here. The United Nations was not born out of some high minded ideal or because humanity suddenly decided to promote its collective virtue. No. UN was created out of the ashes of a period when humanity had almost destroyed itself. The blood soaked trenches of the first world war brought about by the rivalries between the great powers of the day, the collapse of the League of Nations made impotent because of the refusal of the major powers to participate, the despair of the Great Depression, the rise of fascist ambition which led to the devastation of the second world war, the terror of atomic weapons. These are the foundation of the United Nations. Over 100,000,000 died, many more driven into poverty. I recite these histories because that is not a world we wish to return to. We are in danger of being doomed to repeat the brutal his brutal history lessons. When nations go their separate ways, history teaches us that this disaster eventually follows. When nations stand together, survival and prosperity become possible. With the stents of the atomic firestorms still hovering over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world raced to come together in a single body to prevent such things from happening again. The need for nations to unite in a single forum has never been more pressing. This multilateral effort is not a cure all. Wherever humans live, there will be conflict. But today’s crises are far more complex and seemingly more intractable and even more dangerous than eighty years ago. The atomic weapons of the nineteen forties are proliferated into the nuclear weapons of today, able to wipe out all human life many times over. Diseases now cross oceans in a day, potentially leading to pandemics that can last for years. Cyber attacks can leak borders in a second. Financial contagion can cripple economies in an instant. And climate change, yes, climate change, whose storms and rising seas and fires and floods make no distinction between rich or poor, strong or weak, can devastate us all. No single nation acting on its own can resolve these. Multilateral approaches are not the problem. Multilateral approaches offer the pathways to the solutions. The United Nations is not perfect, but it is the best tool for multilateral action that we have. We workmen should not blame our tools. The floor is not in the hammer, but in the hand that lets it fall. Your excellencies, the comrade of the Bahamas is committed to work with members to find solutions. It is why we have offered ourselves as a candidate for a non permanent seat on the security council for the twenty thirty two, twenty thirty three term. This is not a candidacy just for ourselves. It is for every small state that not only insist that its voice must count, but also knows that we have much to contribute in matters of global peace. For example, we cannot turn away from the agony of the Middle East. The aspirations of the Palestinian people for dignity and self determination are real. Along with the state of Israel, both peoples have a right to security, sovereignty, and peace. For generations, this conflict has tested the contents of the world, but resignation is not an option. The vision of two states living side by side in peace and mutual recognition remains the only pathway to justice, stability, and reconciliation. We must we must not abandon dialogue for despair. The multilateral capabilities and capacity of the UN should not be front and center of this effort. We think that the organization we think that if the organization has structural and institutional weaknesses, then let’s fix them. If we think that standards are not evenly applied, that powerful states avoid consequences for aggression or human rights abuses while weaker states are sanctioned more readily, then let’s step up and fix them. The UN is only the sum part the sum of its parts.

##Bahamas: [00:05:42] Any lack of effectiveness, any lack of practical impact lies squarely at the feet of member states. The solution is not to abandon it, but to fix it. For countries like The Bahamas, the biggest challenges and crises we face are not of our own making, and yet we are the ones who feel the impacts the most. Our independent Bahamas has never fought a war, and yet conflict in faraway places caused severe economic shocks with Bahamians forced to pay higher prices and suffer from unreliable supply chains. Above all, it is the physical changes relating to climate that are causing crises which we are critical, urgent, and existential. Over the past two years, many Bahamian voices have raised the alarm in many international forums about the risk we face from threats of climate change. We do not have the luxury of restarting an esoteric conversation about the causes of climate change. Our living reality means that we simply don’t have the time. As I speak to you today, this morning, right now, right now, a tropical storm is moving up our chain of islands. We hope, we pray that we are lucky, but can we remain lucky every season, every single year? We know what we need to do. We need to adapt and to make ourselves more resilient. But even with the best intentions, a small island state like ours with a population of around 400,000 people and an economy of approximately 12,000,000,000, we do not have the resources. We have one of the cleanest air in the world and emit far less than 1% of carbon generated by human activity, so we have to rely on others to also adapt. Is it really too much to ask of those most responsible to change their behavior so that the rest of us might have a better chance at survival? Along with climate change, our closest neighbors also suffer from a number of external threats. Our neighbors in Cuba have suffered for decades under an embargo under an embargo which has caused suffering without delivering justice. The embargo has punished the ordinary people without changing policy. Friends, engagement, not isolation, is the only way forward. And so The Bahamas will continue to add his voice to the many who say, the time for the embargo to be lifted is now. And what of Haiti? Too often the suffering of its people has been met with indifference. The multinational security support mission under Kenyan leadership has been an important bridge, but bridges must be a pathway to the solution. That mission must evolve into a force strong enough to meet the still present threat of violence and lawlessness. But Haiti needs more than security. It needs investment, partnership, and hope. The lack of security in Haiti disproportionately adversely impacts the security of The Bahamas, and we can no longer continue to carry so much of the burden and plight of the Haitian people. The world must act. We say this is not we say this not out of fatigue, but out of conscious realization that a crisis of this magnitude cannot be left to neighbors alone. It requires a global response. The Bahamas therefore calls for a dedicated United Nations support office for Haiti, an institution to coordinate aid, sustain international attention, strengthen institutions, and nurture democracy. We cannot come we cannot claim fidelity to peace and at the same time ignore Haiti. Your essences, the lessons of history are clear. To retreat into a world of isolationist, protectionism, where might is right and resources of the planet are plundered forth a few, is to return to a time when life was famously described as nasty, brutish, and short. There would be a fairly swift breakdown in international peace and security. With no global forum for conflict mediation, there’s a strong likelihood that disputes would more often escalate into wars, border clashes, and proxy conflicts. With every country facing increasingly dangerous and rapid climate change, the collective action needed to address it would likely hasten to climate breakdown. The kind of economic fragmentation that heralded the great depression in America in the nineteen thirties would reemerge. Protectionist sanctions and trade barriers, the collapse of supply chains, and resulting higher cost of living around the world would recreate the same conditions that fuel the rise of fascism and the explosion of the second world war. Is this what we really want? No matter how imperfect, are we really prepared to throw away what we have? Your excellencies, we recognize that we seem to live in a time when the global community appears indifferent to the suffering and deaths of millions of our fellow human beings. And yet, even in the face of potential climate disaster, today we ask not for your pity. We not ask for clarity, for charity. We ask simply that you act in your own enlightened self interest. The security and prosperity of all of us in the region, the hemisphere, and the world are interconnected. Even if we do not agree on the causes, as I have previously said to this assembly, our live reality is that our storms and hurricanes are your fires and floods. If The Bahamas were to collapse because of the disproportionate risk we face from climate change, economic vulnerabilities, and external geopolitical pressures, the world would lose one of one of the more best tourist destinations on this planet. We ask for nothing more than what we all want, the right to live in peace and security and in the pursuit of happiness. But most of all, just let us live. Just give us the right to live. Thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:12:35] On behalf of the assembly, I wish to thank the prime minister and minister for finance of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Dickon Mitchell, Prime Minister and Minister for Infrastructure and Physical Development, Public Utilities, Civil Aviation and Transportation, and minister for national security, home affairs, public administration, information and disaster management of Grenada. I request the protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Grenada: [00:13:26] Madam president, members of the assembly, excellencies, colleagues, and friends, it is my honor to address this assembly on behalf of Grenada and as a member of the Caribbean community character. Madam president, I extend my heartfelt congratulations on your election as president of the eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. We look forward to working with you on the guiding team of better together and to supporting your efforts in advancing peace, sustainable development, and inclusive reform within the United Nations. We meet today in a time of paradox. The headlines tell us of division, instability, and conflict. Yet, never have human beings had such access to innovation, creativity, and opportunity. In one corner of the world, classrooms are reduced to rub. In another, laboratories create breakthrough in science and technology that can transform our future. A paradox. In one hemisphere, children walk miles to fetch water from school. In another, children are using artificial intelligence in their lessons. A further paradox. The paradox defines our era. Progress and peril, innovation and instability, hope and hardship coexisting side by side. And so, madam president, my remarks today are centered on the one force powerful enough to bind these contradictions together. The only force that can turn innovation into inclusion and conflict into cooperation. That force is education. That is a simple yet profound truth. Education is a single greatest social, economic, and creative equalizer that we possess. It transforms circumstances into possibility. It turns the child of a laborer into a leader. The daughter of a seamstress into a scientist. The son of a fisherman into an innovator. This is the heart of my message. Education is not a narrow path to employment. It is a broad road to resilience, to innovation, and to peace. And madam president, it saves people, not just from economic poverty, but from the poverty of diminished possibility. And so education is a lifeline. I have seen this. I have lived this. And now I’m privileged to lead this in and for my country. For me, education was a bridge from limitation to possibility. It was education that carried me from a small hillside village in Saint David, Grenada, where my family fetched water from a public standpipe to this assembly hall today. It was not wealth that brought me here. It was not privilege that brought me here. It was access. Access to teachers who believed in me. Access to opportunities that were modest, but life changing, access to the chance to learn even when the path was uncertain. But my story is not unique. It is echoed in the resilience of the Caribbean families who sacrifice for the children’s schooling, in the ingenuity of students who make the most of scarce access and even scarcer resources, and in the determination of communities that rebuild schools year after year after every hurricane. That is a shared story of Carrickham, a story of people who learn to adapt, to innovate, and to persist always with education as our anchor. And yet today, we must admit that the definition of education itself is changing. Education can no longer be defined solely by university lecture halls or college campuses. Around the world, young people are shaping their futures in new ways through technical training, vocational education, and digital skills. A certificate in coding can be as powerful as a law degree. A credential in renewable energy can open doors as wide as a medical license. A diploma in advanced manufacturing can transform not only an individual’s life or future, but economic trajectory of an entire community. This broader vision of education is the reality we are embracing in Grenada and across The Caribbean. In Grenada, we have embarked on transformative reforms to strengthen our education system and expand opportunities for all students at all levels. We have established universal secondary education and passed legislation to raise the mandatory school age to 18, ensuring that more of our young people remain engaged in formal education. Not as charity, but as a matter of justice and national survival. We have modernized school curricula to prepare our students for the future. Coding and technology clubs are now part of the school environment. And all students leading primary school assess through electronic testing, prioritizing both digital literacy and problem solving schools. We have placed student well-being at the heart of our reforms, hiring counselors, school feeding officers, and attendance officers to strengthen support for student mental health, nutrition, and engagement. We have also expanded our special education department and increased the number of early childhood officers, ensuring greater support for students with diverse learning needs. Because in a small island, every child’s potential is a national asset. Additionally, and importantly, we have taken bold steps to make education more affordable and inclusive, eliminating school fees at the pre primary, primary, and secondary levels. Free tuition is now also available at our two main technical and vocational institutions, widening access to post secondary training and future skills development. Across the Caribbean community, we are investing in skills for the new economy such as digital literacy, renewable energy, climate adaptation, and advanced technologies. In the case of advanced technologies, we are considering the teaching, understanding, and use of AI and AI related skills to enhance education access, delivery, and outcome. As we understand that the jobs of tomorrow cannot be met with the skills of yesterday. And through the Caribbean Future Skills Fund, conceived with the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, we are in we are pioneering an endowment model for education. We’re one where international contributions are matched by local investment. This ensures that our young people gain not just training, but also a sense of ownership and responsibility. It is education with skin in the game from both donors and recipients.

##Grenada: [00:23:02] This is not education as an abstract ideal. This education as a lifeline, as resilience, preparing us to withstand the shocks of climate change and economic volatility. It is education as innovation, equipping us through powerful digital tools to turn necessity into opportunity. And it is education as sovereignty, ensuring that our destiny is not dictated by external forces, but shaped by the skills and creativity of our own people. And so when Grenada, Jamaica, or Dominica rebuilds their school after a hurricane, we are not just rebuilding classrooms, We are rebuilding futures. And so we need partnerships. Education thrives when ideas and systems are shared across borders. Partnerships build better schools. Yes. But more importantly, they build better citizens of the world. For small states like mine, partnerships bring the reach and the resources we cannot muster alone. They open doors to technologies and opportunities beyond our shores. For larger seats, partnership with us offers something equally valuable. Lessons in adaptation and creativity forged on the front lines of hurricanes, pandemics, and economic shocks. Together, these halves create something greater than either could achieve alone. An education system, global envision, but local in impact. And that is why today, I call on donor countries, multilateral institutions, and the private sector, not only to fund, but to co create, not only to give, but to learn. Because education is not charity, it is collaboration. It is investment in the kind of world we wish to leave behind. But yet, there’s conflict, instability, and the attack on education. So, madam president, we must also speak honestly of the shadows that darken our world today. Wars reach, economies falter, communities fracture, and amid disturbance, it is children who bear the heaviest burden. When a school is reduced to rubble, when a teacher is silenced, when a family is forced to flee in fear, education becomes the first casualty of the conflict. And when education is taken away, it is not only opportunity that dies, but hope itself. We know all too well what follows. Ignorance that breeds division, Exploitation that preys on vulnerability. Extremism that fills the void. And the cycles of despair that pass from one generation to the next. A child deprived of learning today becomes an adult deprived of dignity tomorrow. And a society deprived of educated citizens becomes a society deprived of peace. And so this is why I say to this assembly today, protecting education in times of conflict must be treated as a pillar of peace building. Just as we rush to shelter the displaced and heal the wounded, we must also safeguard classrooms and teachers. Just as we protect hospitals, so too we must protect schools. Because whether that child is in Palestine, in Haiti, in Sudan, or in Ukraine, their right to learn is as sacred as the right to life itself. A child in Grenada, a child in Canada, or a child in Qatar deserve the same opportunity to unlock knowledge, to connect with teachers and peers, and to shape their future. An attack on education is an attack on all. A commitment to education is a promise we make for. Madam president, today I urge this assembly, regardless of history or grievance, to come to the table in a shared realization that no child’s classroom should be treated for a battlefield, and no young man should be collateral damage of political disputes. From Guyana and Venezuela, to Belize and Guatemala, from Haiti’s turmoil to the wars in Israel and Palestine, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic Of Congo. We see conflicts that has that have as another casualty, the education of children. All children, not the children of one side or another, but all children. And so I repeat, I urge all parties, regardless of history or grievance, to come to the table in a shared realization that no child’s classroom should be traded for a battlefield, and no young mind should be collateral damage of political disputes. And so we must appreciate that dialogue is not weakness. It is in fact the highest form of courage. It is a choice to preserve learning, to preserve hope, and to preserve the possibility of peace. Rinida knows from experience that education thrives when nations stand in solidarity. Around the world, partners have trained our teachers, opened the doors of their universities, and strengthened our health and education systems. From The Republic Of Cuba to The Kingdom Of Morocco, from The People’s Republic Of China to The United Mexican States and beyond. Such partnerships have given thousands of our students opportunities in medicine, engineering, the sciences, and more, often offered in the spirit of friendship and evening times of difficulty. So it is regrettable that at that at a time when we should be expanding cooperation, restrictive measures and political divisions continue to weaken international collaboration and punish countries like Cuba that have sought to deliver the promise that education holds. Real hopes for the sake of the Cuban people and for the good of our region that greater steps will be taken towards Cuba’s engagement in the economic and social life of our hemisphere. For small island states, every partnership in education and development is a lifeline. We cannot afford to see those lifelines severed by geopolitics. And so, madam president, that is why I joined my Caribbean colleagues in reaffirming our region as a zone of peace. This principle is not simply a diplomatic phrase. It is a pledge to our people because conflict undermines development, and peace is the first investment in people. Other courageous champions of education have reminded us that classrooms must be defended even more fiercely than borders. Her highness, Sheikha Mamuzah bin Nasser, has echoed the sentiments that in times of war, and I quote, the right to education should be defended just as we defend the right to food and shelter, unquote.

##Grenada: [00:31:55] The children of Palestine deserve that right to education. They too deserve the right to a future. Gordon Brown, Rasa Michelle, Kalish Satyar, and Malaya Yousafad have carried the same conviction onto the global stage, that protecting learning is protecting humanity’s future. Education cannot wait for the end of conflict. It must be safeguarded in spite of it. Governments, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector must become partners in this defense. We must work together to rebuild schools and create systems that are resilient enough to withstand war and disasters. Partnership can be the difference between a child picking up a book and a child picking up a gun, between hope and hopelessness. So my global call to action, the numbers speak for themselves. Each additional year of schooling raises a person’s earnings by an average of 10%. If every child in low income countries left school with basic reading skills, a 171,000,000 people could be lifted out of poverty. If all girls completed secondary school, child marriage would fall by two thirds, and maternal deaths would drop by almost half. And if every adult worldwide had just two more years of education, global GDP would grow by trillions of dollars annually. These numbers show that education does not just change the fortunes of individuals, it changes the fortunes of nations. It shapes economies, democracies, and peace itself. But let me be clear. In this era, technology and education without ethics is not enough. We must also teach our young people how to think critically, act ethically, and live responsibly in digital spaces. Education must prepare not only workers for jobs, but also active and responsible citizens. Not only coders of software, but also stewards of truth. Not only innovators of technology, but also guardians of humanity. Because we live in an age where misinformation travels faster than facts, and where algorithms can divide as easily as they can connect. In such a world, education must equip the next generation with the wisdom to discern, the courage to question, and the empathy to choose what is right. So let us imagine then a different world. A world where a child at a standpipe in Saint David, Grenada has the same access to knowledge as a child in New York or Tokyo. A world where a child in the rubble of porta prints can log on to a digital classroom and continue learning despite the chaos around them. A world where a child in a refugee camp, stateless but not hopeless, can study, dream, and prepare for a future beyond the fences that confine them. That vision is within our reach, but it will not come by chance. It will come by the choices we make here together in this assembly and the partnership we embrace moving forward. And so in concluding, madam president, colleagues, friends, education is not only a policy, it is a promise. A promise that no matter the size of a nation, the color of a passport, or the weight of a child’s circumstances, that the door to opportunity remains open. For Grenada and the Caribbean community, education is the antidote to ignorance, the pathway to resilience, and the seed of innovation. It is how we turn survival into sovereignty. It is how we transform vulnerability into vision. And so I urge this assembly, let us protect our classrooms as fiercely as we protect our borders. Let us value our teachers as highly as we value treaties. And let us treat education not as a privilege for a few, but as a right for all. Because when we safeguard education, we are safeguarding peace. When we democratize knowledge, we democratize hope. And when we give a child, whether in Saint David, Grenada, or Port Au Prince, Haiti, or Gaza, Palestine, or in a refugee camp anywhere, the tools to learn. We give humanity itself the tools to endure. So let us resolve together that no classroom, no student, and no country will be left behind. Let us believe that together, that resilience is not just surviving the storms of our time, but building a world where education ensures we thrive beyond it. Thank you, madam president.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:38:04] On behalf of the assembly, I wish to thank the prime minister and minister for infrastructure and physical development, public utilities, civil aviation and transportation, and Minister for National Security, Home Affairs, Public Administration, Information and Disaster Management of Renata. The Assembly will hear and address by His Excellency Rimtalba Jean Emmanuel Ouedraogo, prime minister and head of government of Burkina Faso. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Burkina Faso: [00:39:02] Madam president, secretary general of the United Nations, heads of delegation, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is my great honor and privilege to address you on behalf of president captain Ibrahim Trawori, president of Burkina Faso, head of state, during this session to convey the voice of the dignified, honest people of Burkina Faso. I would therefore like to convey fraternal greetings to you, to all citizens of the world committed to peace and freedom. Madam president, on behalf of Burkina Faso, I would like warmly to congratulate you upon your election to the presidency of this, the eightieth session. Your election bears witness to the trust of the international community in your leadership, your ability to listen to other views and to dialogue. In Burkina Faso, you will find a sincere, constructive and committed partner. I would also like to express my gratitude to your predecessor, Mr. Philemon Yang, my gratitude for the high quality and rigor of the work he undertook during the previous session. Madam President, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, Burkina Faso fully aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the Alliance of Sahel States by the Republic Of Mali. Together with Niger as well, we belong to a community of aspirations in a forum of renaissance and breaking with the past. Secretary General, Burkina Faso would like to pay tribute to the work of the UN system and its partners in this common quest for stability and prosperity. The present meeting, is being held eighty years after the adoption of the United Nations Charter, is a suitable opportunity for us to take stock candidly of what our organization has achieved. And that is what the topic for this meeting suggests that we do: Better Together 80 and More for Peace, Development and Human Rights. This is fully relevant in light of our mutual commitment to bring about a world that is more just and to build more effective multilateralism. It is therefore part of this approach that should guide every nation, every subregional and international group. This is the oak anniversary after eighty years that should really lead for us to carry out an introspective assessment of what we have achieved. Rather than being a cause for celebration, this anniversary is in fact akin to looking at an embarrassing fiasco, a collective disappointment and a structural failure. Because we have to be honest with ourselves, we should humbly recognize that even though globally there have been some achievements, there is rather a negative back drop as a result of eight decades of optimism that have been sorely put to the test, eight decades of disappointment, eight decades of shattered dreams, eight decades of failure to meet the moment in a nutshell. That is unfortunately the bleak picture of a UN that many of our forefathers from 1945, if they were still alive, would have struggled to accept. It is therefore difficult to celebrate given such a mixed backdrop to this anniversary. How can we understand the fact that Africa, the cradle of humanity and where there are so many conflicts, and which represents more than 1,000,000,000 human beings, remains excluded from the Security Council’s decision making bodies. How can we accept the fact that peacekeeping missions financed to the tunes of billions of dollars are leaving our countries in the lurch and are leaving behind frustration and suffering rather than tangible results. The causes of this collective failure are well known to all, notably the Member States themselves, who, after eight decades, have, within this General Assembly, devoted their energies to defend noble causes and to propose realistic reforms without being successful in this quest. What can we do if the decisions of the General Assembly, which are not binding, are simply making it irredeemably inaudible and ineffective? Could we expect the Security Council to be more successful when it is tarnished by politicization and when it is powerless as a result of its inconsistencies and ineffective because of its permanent divisions? What is even worse is that this Council, whose role today is misused, the Council is in fact a troublemaker as a result of the tacit, underhand and sometimes active complicity of some of its permanent members, who are themselves major actors and financers of the crises of our time. That is what the Security Council has become. It has become a pernicious body which, as a result of the predatory behavior of some of its permanent members, they can decide which country will be on the council’s agenda in which other country peacekeeping operations can be sent as if to better legitimize their role. We are therefore powerless in the face of the failure of initiatives which are nevertheless good ideas as a result of the rivalries between States and the unresolved crises that are so numerous, most emblematic of which is the conflict between Israel and Palestine which has lasted too long.

##Burkina Faso: [00:45:58] The sinful inaction of the international community in the face of lack of trust and the authority of States which have been undermined by terrorists. It is time for an awakening and for bold reforms, without which the Security Council will remain an anachronistic institution and will not be able to meet the moment. Ladies and gentlemen, in a world that is changing rapidly as a result of rapid digital change and the persistence of geopolitical tensions, it is critical that we reconsider our economic development strategies. International trade can no longer be conceived through rigid schemas and imbalanced models that have been imposed upon us rather it should be focused on strengthening economic autonomy, local use of resources and promoting genuine social justice. It has been recognized today that lasting prosperity involves proactive industrialization policies, maximizing the value of raw materials and creating decent jobs, notably for young people. That is why we urgently need to break with the cycle of dependence on the export of raw materials. This is a model that increases our vulnerability and is a permanent break on our emergence. In Burkina Faso, presidential initiatives bear witness to this determination to build a productive, inclusive and resilient economy which can bring new horizons for our citizens. That is why my country reaffirms its commitment to building a fairer multilateral trade system based on international solidarity and making the most of scientific progress, technological advancement and innovation, which are genuine levers for shared, lasting development. Madam President, like other nations in the Sahel, my country is going through one of the most testing times in its history. For more for almost a decade now, Burkina Faso has been attacked by terrorists supported by dark forces. These groups are coveting our resources. They are trying to shatter our sovereignty and impose the law of chaos. But rather than resigning ourselves to this fate, we have chosen to stand up with dignity and resistance Under the leadership of our President, Captain Ibrahim Cauley, we decided to take our destiny in our own hands by mobilizing our defense and security forces, supported by volunteers for defending the fatherland who are genuine heroes by building up the Patriotic Support Fund which is fueled by our citizens’ voluntary contributions and contributions from our diaspora and friends of our country throughout the world. Since 2023, this fund has collected more than CHF413 billion, which is startling proof of the patriotic spirit and unity of our people. By carrying out historic reforms to achieve food sovereignty, to restore our lands and to relaunch our agricultural production and to reduce our dependence on imports. These efforts that our determined people have undertaken are now bearing fruit. More than 72% of our territory has been recovered. Thousands of internally displaced people are going back home. Schools are reopening and social services are now resuming. Faso is thus showing that a united people can overcome even the toughest challenges. Burkina Faso hereby wishes to reaffirm fully responsibly that its priorities are nonnegotiable and that its choices must be respected more than ever before. Ladies and gentlemen, our activities are aligned with the virtues of solidarity and unity. We are deeply convinced that a people brought together around a common ideal can achieve great things. The efforts undertaken by our fellow citizens within the country and in the diaspora, as well as their enthusiastic commitment to the momentum we’ve created, reaffirm that we’ve made the right choice. And this under the leadership of comrade president of Burkina Faso, Ibrahim Tarroubi. The enthusiasm carried by the patriotic support fund and the presidential initiative Faso Mebo, is an excellent illustration of this. Established in 2023 in support of the action plan for stabilization and development, the Patriotic Support Fund aims to mobilize additional national resources, endogenous resources, so as to build our defense and strategic investment capacity. This fund has secured large scale backing both within the country and in the diaspora. Madam president, the methodical pursuit of our reforms has meant that today we’ve made significant headway on economic governance. We have better control over public spending. We’ve optimized management of the state’s human resources. We’ve streamlined institutional spending, and our debt levels are viable. These efforts can also be seen in a more equitable distribution of our national wealth, ensuring that the vast resources we have in Burkina Faso fully benefit our citizens, benefit our prosperity instead of flowing to external interests or the representatives thereon within the country. Despite the difficulties inherent in the security and humanitarian crisis, the government has taken action across all sectors of socioeconomic development, and this has brought noteworthy successes. Ladies and gentlemen, this is why we are astonished by the condescending stance of certain UN agencies who feel it within their rights to meddle in our national debate using biased narratives, narratives which are divorced from the reality on the ground. We unequivocally reject the report entitled children and armed conflict in Burkina Faso, which is peppered with the counter truths and very title of which demonstrates semantic manipulation. I would like to use this opportunity to commend the courage of our combatants and to pay tribute to military and civilian martyrs who honorably gave their lives in defense of our sovereignty. Madam president, we’ve always stated that terrorism is being used as a pretext, a convenient pretext for certain states to pillage African resources. Thus, our countries are being confronted with terrorism. These terrorists being the troops of predatory foreign armies. Some states are no longer hiding this fact. They are publicly proclaiming their support provided to these criminals. A case in point is France. The Macron regime’s public media, in addition to the daily disinformation it offers, has become a mouthpiece for the communication of these criminals, perpetrators of cowardly barbaric attacks committed against our peaceable citizens. On this note, we’d like to reiterate our call for a response to be given to the request submitted on the 08/20/2024 by the member states of the Confederation of Sahel States. This was addressed to the Security Council. To this day, this request has gone unanswered. This ongoing silence further discredits this institution, leaving doubts about its implicit connivance. What’s even more concerning is the fact that some members of the Security Council are continuing to trample over resolution thirteen seventy three, which is actually binding. This resolution imposes the suppression of terrorism financing, strengthening border controls, and enhanced international cooperation In the Sahel, we’ve taken note of this reality. As a result, we’ve adapted our security arrangements to the reality on the ground in addition to revising our modalities of cooperation with certain countries. Madam president, we remain convinced that the United Nations should be the framework for dialogue and cooperation, but what we’re calling for is a renewed partnership underpinned by mutual respect, equality, and genuine solidarity. Ladies and gentlemen, confronted with common threats and external interference, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger have pulled our forces so established the Confederation of Sahel states. The ASS is not a retreat. It’s not a way of turning inwards. Not at all. It is us asserting that we have the right to determine what happens to us, to pinpoint our own priorities, and to craft regional cooperation that exclusively serves our people. This choice is a matter of dignity. We are refusing a system whereby our countries were all too often used as territory for the manoeuvring by foreign players in pursuit of foreign agendas. It is our willingness to be the agents of our history to write ourselves the future our children will live out. The ASS is in keeping with the fight of Pan African figures such as Thomas Sankara, Patrice Lumumba, and Kwame Nkrumah. Today, a new generations of leaders is taking up the baton. Firmly convinced in this conviction brimming with inspiration, the inspiration given by the father of the August nineteen eighty three revolution, the idea that only struggle liberates. Madam president, Africa, for eighty years now, has sought to claim its legitimate place on the Security Council. It is high time to deeply reform our organization. Specifically, what we need is to introduce a bold Security Council reform granting Africa a permanent seat on the council. We must also improve resource management to make the United Nations more effective to bring it closer to the people it claims to serve. We must also staunchly attack staunchly address the structural causes of international injustice, whether that be terrorism that’s been instrumentalized by some, the embargo on Cuba, sanctions against Venezuela, Russia, Nicaragua, Interalia, and the Israeli Palestinian conflict, the impasse that surrounds it. There’s also the role to be played by China in our future. There is also the specific case of the Bolivarian Republic Of Venezuela. We’d like to reiterate our unswerving support to the Venezuelan people, which for decades has suffered campaigns of isolation, illegal sanctions, and constant provocations. Faced with this flagrant interference in the sovereign affairs of this nation and this economic attack which has disastrous humanitarian consequences, we’d like to express our solidarity with this country Venezuela. Venezuela, which is resisting with dignity so as to maintain its right to craft its own destiny free from ultimatums and foreign dictates. We appeal to reason and to diplomacy to end all hostile actions directed against Venezuela. Mister secretary general, I would now like to address you. It is high time for our organization to change paradigms because today, the United Nations finds itself in the same situation as the defunct League of Nations. The UN isn’t able to make its voice heard to ensure that its own principles are upheld. It’s not capable of ensuring compliance with its decisions and resolutions by the powers that be. It’s incapable of ensuring respect for international law, of settling many conflicts, or ensuring that it lives up to the task of addressing current challenges. Mister secretary general, you have an excellent opportunity to go down in history should by shouldering your responsibilities to enact an in-depth transformation of the United Nations on which so many hopes were pinned when it was established. You have the support of millions of people the world over to turn the organ organization into a genuine guarantor of peace and security in our world instead of an instrument of domination in the hands of whoever is currently the mightiest. Despite the various pressure, despite all the power plays, we know that you have the ingenuity to liberate the organization and to ensure it is up to the task of our common ambition. Madam president, turning to development issues. Burkina Faso applauds the holding of the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development. It is a hope that the conclusions drawn in Seville will contribute to the advent of a financial architecture that’s more equitable, which respects the sovereignty of states and support genuine transformation of developing countries. In a similar vein, it’s absolutely vital to address the factors which serve as a brake on the full implementation of the sustainable development goals, which are supposed to enact positive transformation in our world under the auspices of the United Nations. Ladies and gentlemen, eighty years after the pending of the UN Charter, our organization has not fulfilled the hopes pinned on it in 1945. Far from it. Eighty years on, our world brims with injustice and suffering. There are risks of yet another large scale conflict. They’re becoming increasingly palpable. This is a source of concern for the future, but it is not too late to give new impetus to our common home, the impetus it currently lacks. Burkina Faso, true to its pan Africanist heritage, would like to reiterate its faith in renewed, fair, and equitable multilateralism. We will resolutely defend our sovereignty and our dignity. However, we will also stretch out our hands to all nations enamored of justice, freedom, and solidarity. Long live the United Nations Organization, a reformed organization, a credible organization. Long live the Confederation of Sahel States. Long live the Kino Faso, a dignified sovereign country standing firmly on our two feet. Motherland or death, we shall prevail. I thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:02:05] On behalf of the assembly, I wish to thank the prime minister and head of government of Burkina Faso. The assembly will hear an address by his excellency Terrance Michael Drew, prime minister and minister for finance, national security, and immigration, health, and social security of Saint Kitts And Nevis. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Saint Kitts and Nevis: [01:02:59] Madam president, secretary general Antonio Gutierrez, excellencies, distinguished delegates, friends of conscience and colleagues in the cause of civilization, and to my fellow Ketishans and divisions at home and across the seas, I bring you greetings from our Twin Island Federation, and I bring you a plea that must no longer be deferred. Madam president, for eighty years, this assembly has been a harbor for hope. From these benches, ideas were born that banished hunger, cured children of diseases, and stitched torn treaties back together. We have reason to honor what has been achieved, rights extended, ladders out of poverty raised, medicines, and measures moved across borders. Yet alongside these triumphs are truths we must not hide. Partial pledges, procrastination, and the persistent practice of putting profit before people. Where progress has been made, too often, it has been piecemeal. Where promises have been given, too often, it they have been broken. We meet now at the moment of moral measure. The map of human destiny is not drawn merely by the large or the loud, but by the just and the judicious. Diplomacy that is polite but passive is not enough. Language must be matched by labor. Pledges must be partnered by payments, and rhetoric must be redeemed by results. Saint Kitts And Nevis stands ready to work, to partner, and to perform. But we ask for the great actors in this global drama a simple thing, and that is to transform your capacity into compassion. Change the calculus of comfort for the calculus of climate justice. Madam president, we are people who measure time not by years alone, but by storms. Imagine, for example, an elder fisherman, hands like weathered rope, watching the reef that used to cradle his nets die away until there is nothing left to catch but mere memories. Imagine classrooms without roofs and homes without running water. These are not metaphors for us. These are our fears at the turn of every hurricane season. The climate science is stern and the science are severe. Heat that hangs like a heavy blanket smothers harvests and hardens the soil. Seas that swell, swallow beaches where families once played cricket in the sand. Storms that arrive more often, that intensify in hours from category one to category five, arrive with total fury and leave devastation in their wake. When a single hurricane can steal away years of a nation’s GDP in a single night, the ledger of gross national income becomes a misleading measure of our well-being. This is the anatomy of an injustice. The emissions that warm the planet are poured by the many into an atmosphere owned by no one, and paid for most daily by the few, by our large ocean states. What was forged by centuries of industrial development now returns as tempest tempest and trial to those least responsible. That is not merely an accident of geography. It is a failure of stewardship, a moral failing that we must name, and a responsibility we must repair. We therefore welcome the ICJ’s landmark ruling on the responsibility of states for climate change, and which makes clear that under international law, states have a binding duty to protect our planet from the escalating climate crisis. We must do better. We must cut emissions deeply and quickly, scale finance fairly and urgently, and equip vulnerable nations with the tools to survive and to thrive. I’m also pleased to inform that on August 29, Saint Kitts And Nevis ratified the BBNJ treaty. This is a historic achievement for the ocean and for multilateralism. Madam president, Saint Kitts And Nevis has chosen to script a different future for survival and growth, one that speaks to balance of care and of durability. We have launched, therefore, the sustainable island state agenda known as CISA, a deliberate blueprint that sets our course to 2040. CISA is not a slogan. It is a structured mechanism that places people at the center of progress and entwines sustainability with prosperity. It is guided by seven fundamental pillars, energy transition, water security, food and nutrition security, sustainable industries, sustainable settlements, circular economy, and health and social protection. Each pillar reinforcing the others like ribs holding up the body of a nation that intends to continue standing strong. Our path on the Sisa is both practical and poetic. We are reimagining energy so that the power that lights our homes does not darken another nation’s future. We are investing in water as a right, not as a luxury, by drilling wells, restoring reservoirs, and integrating desalination powered by the sun so that a child need not learn to ration. We are reworking food systems so farmers can feed nations, not just our markets. We are building homes that will shelter hope in the time of storm, hospitals that will heal in the time of shock, and school that will kindle the skills to continue economic diversification. These are not abstract ambitions. They are concrete commitments. A 70,000 gallon per day solar desalination plant already commissioned, and a 2,000,000 gallon desalination plant nearing completion. Geothermal drilling in our sister island of Nevis supported by multilateral finance to power both our islands and beyond. An ambitious smart homes program, a new smart climate resilient hospital, all expressions of how a small nation answers a large challenge. We are taking bold tangible actions that demonstrate how sustainability can be sewn into the simplest seams of daily life. The SISO vision mobilizes resources, aligns ministries, elevates visibility, and most importantly, invites society into shared responsibility. It is an audacious plan because audacity is required of small states when the storm approaches. Madam president, distinguished colleagues, just last week, this assembly took a vital step toward when the United Nations adopted by consensus, a progressive resolution that revitalizes the commission on the status of women. Saint Kitts And Nevis was honored to co facilitate this resolution alongside island, a natural partner for equity, sustainability, and resilience. Saint Kitts And Nevis has made the empowerment, protection, and upliftment of women and girls a cornerstone of our national agenda.

##Saint Kitts and Nevis: [01:11:46] Today, our parliament boasts the highest number of female members in our nation’s history, and it is led proudly by a woman speaker of the house. This is not symbolic. It is structural. It is proof that when women lead, nations rise. Our sustainable island state agenda is deeply rooted in gender equality. By empowering women and girls, we are not only advancing fairness, we are reinforcing resilience. For we know this truth, when women are given the tools to thrive, families flourish, communities strengthened, and nations become unshakable. Madam president, the adoption of the multidimensional vulnerability index is a pivotal turning point. The MBI fence centers vulnerability, not just income as a criterion for concessional financing. For countries like ours, which may register as high income on the basis of statistical averages, yet can be economically annihilated by a single climatic event. This change is lifesaving. Where GDP is a static snapshot, the MVI is a living lens. It sees susceptibility. It weighs shocks. It measures exposure. The MVI can unlock concessional finance for resilience, transform loans into lifelines, and ensure that the reality of risk is not lost in translation. But let us now move from recognition to realization, from the adoption of the MBI to its full institutionalization across the World Bank, across the IMF, across regional development banks. Let us make vulnerability into the architecture. Let us bake vulnerability into the architecture of global finance so that resilience is not the exception, but the expectation. Distinguished colleagues, talk of reform must not be timid. The architecture of international finance was largely built in a different century for a different world. That architecture must be remodeled so that it reflects the realities of today. Climate risk, transnational inequality, and the asymmetric impacts that fall upon the smallest and the most exposed. Say Kitsa Nevis affirms its staunch support for the Bridgetown Initiative, where our region’s clarion call for financial and climate justice. The Bridgetown Initiative offers a practical, principled platform to alter debt dynamics, to reposition credit flows toward green investments, and to operationalize liquidity instruments that protect the vulnerable. We therefore ask this assembly and our global partners to help convert initiative into instrument and to shift rhetoric into reflowing capital for resilience. The mission of the United Nation therefore, peace, development, human rights is not advanced by preserving an architecture that perpetuates fragility. Reform is justice. Reform is prudence. Reform is protection and equity. Madam president, I want to acknowledge this deep significance of the recent Africa curriculum summit, a historic convening that rekindles bonds severed by the brutality of the Transatlantic slave trade and colonization. This diplomatic meet was a profound moment of remembrance, resistance, and reconnection. We gathered as descendants of a common ancestry, forging a shared agenda for reparatory justice, trade, transport, investment, sustainability, peace and security, climate action, and technical cooperation. Our partnership sounds loud. Not only a call for financial redress, but for justice. Repertory justice is not just about giving money, it is about correcting a moral wrong. For centuries, our ancestors were forced to work, beaten to work, dehumanized to work for free. Yet when emancipation came, it was not the enslaved who received reparations, but the enslavers. This moral inversion must be corrected. And and as part of this broader historical reckoning, I also amplify the call for full exoneration of his honorable, most honorable, Marcus Mosiah Garvey, a global icon, pan Africanist, and prophet of liberation. And while we welcome the presumers pardon granted to him, we continue to petition for his full exoneration. Let us correct this error in the record of justice. So today, we stand not in anger, but in resolve. And as Martin Luther King said, the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. With our African brothers and sisters, as a nation and as a region, we will continue to bend that arc toward justice, toward cohesion, and toward a future shaped not by the chains of history, but by the power of solidarity. Madam president, there is a phase that I hold dear. Peace is not the absence of noise. Peace is the presence of safety. For those of us in The Caribbean, peace is a practical prerequisite for prosperity. Our zone of peace must be more than a slogan pasted on policy papers. It must be defended by concrete measures, better public health frameworks, stronger interdiction of illicit weapons, greater cooperation and maritime security, investment in community safety, and youth empowerment programs, and international support for capacity building in policing and justice systems. We recognize the serious threats posed by drug trafficking and other transnational crimes. These scourges must be addressed through cooperation, dialogue, respect for sovereignty, and the full respect for the principles of international law. Therefore, we continue to call for measures that encourage peace, stability, and mutual respect. These are the only foundations on which lasting security and sustainable development can be built and maintained in our hemisphere. Historically, in our region, disputes have been resolved through dialogue. As such, we encourage dialogue between our two dear friends, the Bolivarian Republic Of Venezuela and The United States Of America to ensure to ensure that our region remains a zone of peace. We are not asking for pity or imposition. We’re asking therefore for partnership, for tools to block the flow of guns and the flow of funds that fuel violence, for initiatives that create opportunities so that young men and women find purpose in productive work rather than perilous pursuits. Partnership, not pity. Prevention, not punishment. And yet, madam president, partnership alone may not be enough. The time has come to reshape the United Nations itself, to reform its structures so that they reflect the realities of our modern world. The Security Council, the very body with the very body charged with maintaining international peace and security cannot be credible if it excludes representation from the regions most vulnerable to the threats of our time, Africa, Latin America, and small island developing states such as those in The Caribbean.

##Saint Kitts and Nevis: [01:21:34] To secure a world of peace, those who suffer the sharpest edges of insecurity must have a seat at the table where peace is forged. Across the globe, conflict continues to wreak havoc in Gaza, Ukraine, Sudan, The Democratic Republic Of Congo, Yemen, and each theater of violence is a theater of human cost. Children displaced, parents bereft, infrastructure destroyed. The pathway to peace is hard and long, but there’s no ethical alternative to persistent and constructive diplomacy, to humanitarian corridors that put people above politics, and the courage and will of leaders to commit to a world rooted in peace, justice, and compassion. Saint Kitts And Nevis therefore calls for an end to the anguish caused by the horrific genocide that is unfolding in Gaza. We categorically condemn this affront to humanity for which there must be accountability. We urge for an immediate and unconditional ceasefire for the protection of civilians, of children, of women, of the vulnerable, of the weak, and we also call for the release of hostages and for the restoration of basic necessities and humanitarian access. International law, conscience and human decency demand no less. Further, the past to lasting peace between the state of Israel and the state, yes, the state of Palestine, one that guarantees human rights, dignity, and security for all lies in the implementation of a two state solution. Madam president, distinguished delegates, our region remains incomplete while Haiti suffers. Haiti’s struggle is our shame if we do not respond with resolve. The people of Haiti carry within them an extraordinary history of emancipation and courage, Yet that history has been mad by instability, natural disasters, and foreign interventions that have too often deepened dependency and deprivation rather than delivered dignity. Saint Kitts And Nevis and the Caribbean community welcome the comment the commitments of partner states, notably the Kenya led multinational security support mission, and the backing of the OS and other regional actors to help restore security and to assist in rebuilding Haitian institution. But security is only the first step. We must invest in Haiti’s health, education, agriculture, infrastructure, and governance. We must help rebuild markets so that merchants trade rather than flee. We must help rebuild schools so that children learn rather than languish. We must help rebuild hospitals so that mothers are treated rather than traumatized. Haiti must be allowed to write and lead its own restoration story, and the international community must be a steadfast partner, not a script writer. Madam president, the economic, commercial, and financial embargo against Cuba is a relic that continues to wound an entire people and weaken regional solidarity. Year after year, this assembly has reaffirmed that the embargo is gravely unjust. Saint Kitts And Nevis joins the Caribbean community, is call in calling for its end and for Cuba’s removal from the list of state sponsors of terrorism, which isolates it from commerce and corporation. Cuba has for a long time been a friend of our region, one of the most generous states in our region. And our partnership with Cuba will be long lasting and will always be based on respect for the human rights of people fully in line with international law. A stronger Cuba and more sustainable Cuba will not just improve the well-being of their own citizens, but also the security and sustainability of the entire Caribbean. When islands share storms, we must share solutions. The theme of this eighteenth of this atheist session, better together, asks us to imagine a world in which inclusion is operationalized, excluding Taiwan from agencies where it can and must contribute, such as the World Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization on the minds global capacity for collective problem solving. Taiwan’s contributions in public health, technology, and disaster response are not partisan. They are practical. To keep a door close and cooperation in these domains is to take a risk the world cannot afford, excellencies. A Taiwan Strait is not merely a lane on a map. It is a lifeline of commerce and human connection. We must urge calm, counsel conversation, and choose this diplomacy of dialogue over the dramatics of discord. Travel, trade, and talks are how we protect the livelihoods of ordinary people, whether in Taipei or the twin islands of our federation. Madam president, I speak to our youth, the wonderful youth of this world, Those whose futures will be most shaped by what we do here. Your anger at injustice is justified. Your impatience is prophetic. We need your innovation, your indignation, and your insistence on better governance. Give us your ideas, and we will give you the institutions to implement them. Education must therefore be practical and futuristic. Training in renewable technologies, digital skills, sustainable agriculture, for example, are important. In Saint Kitts At Nevis, we have a program for our young people that is called the Aspire program, meaning achieving success through personal investment, resources, and education. Our national effort to invest in our children’s future. In this program, every child between the ages of 55 and 18 gets a grant of $1,000 partly to be deposited as savings, and partly to buy shares in local companies. From So very young, they are building their financial future, a gateway, a pathway to end poverty in our country. This is an example of how we see hope at the roots. In conclusion, madam president, distinguished colleagues, when we accept the verse that says, we shall overcome, we must repair it we must repair it with the refrain, we shall act. The triumph of the twentieth century was not inevitable. It was the product of people who chose courage over comfort. The triumph of this century will be no less possible if we choose it. This assembly has the capacity to imbue policy with compassion, to turn knowledge into kindness, to render solidarity not a sentiment, but a system. Let us be architects of a world where smallness is not a sentence, but a strength, Where islands like ours are recognized as laboratories of resilience rather than limit cases of neglect. We are being better together means binding ourselves in common cause, common finance, and common care. They will be brave enough to act, willing enough to partner, and wise enough to ensure that when future generations ask what did we do at this what did we do at this turning point, the answer will not be they hesitated, but the answer must be they not only acted, but they acted together as a human family. Thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:31:24] On behalf of the assembly, I wish to thank the prime minister and minister for finance, national security, and immigration, health, and social security of St. Kitts And Nevis. The assembly will hear an address by his excellency, Lamine Zeine Ali Mahaman, prime minister of the transition government and minister of economy and finance of the Republic of Niger. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Niger: [01:32:27] Excellencies, heads of state and government, heads of delegation, madam president, ladies and gentlemen, it is a great honor for me to deliver on behalf of the sovereign Nigerian people the greetings, and the message of his excellency, army general Abdurrahman Thiani, president of The Republic Of Niger and head of state. At the outset, madam president, if I may, I’d like to extend to you our heartfelt congratulations on your election to preside over this eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. Niger would like to assure you that you have our full support as you fulfill your mission. I also wish to applaud the commitment and leadership of your predecessor who steered the seventy ninth session. Madam president, gentlemen, before getting to the heart of the matter, I would like to say that Niger supports the statement delivered on behalf of the Confederation of Sahel States from this very same rostrum by my brother and friend, his excellency Abdulai Maiga, prime minister of Mali, in this yesterday on the 09/26/2025. He forcefully expressed the aspirations of our alliance and our people with full respect for our sovereignty, the defense of our interests, and genuine cooperation with all countries enamored of peace and justice. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, I would like to solemnly express the willingness of the sovereign people of Niger through their government, our willingness to maintain friendly cooperative relations with all governments and peoples in a matter of peace and justice, and this with respect for the values and principles set forth by the United Nations Charter as well as our sovereignty and our interests. And how can it be otherwise when we know that throughout our history, the people of Niger and of the Sahel in general, drawing on their vast social and cultural diversity, always drew on their ancestral values to forge secular bonds and to harmoniously coexist amongst themselves and with their neighbors as well. Among the values which underpin our society, our unity, and our common aspirations, there are a number which stand out, inter ethnic mixing, kinship with humor, respect for otherness, as well as religious tolerance and solidarity, not to mention peace. Throughout our history, we’ve strengthened mixing between the Hausa, Zama, pearls, Tuareg, Kanuri, Gumanshi, Tubu, Arab, and Buduma people. This mixing meant that we established blood ties and indestructible alliances amongst the people of Nigeria. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, as you can clearly see, the Nigerian people, the people of the Sahel have a long standing tradition of living together in diversity, solidarity, peace, and cohesion. Across the vast territory of the Sahel where the climate is often arid, our people understood very quickly that it was necessary to organize, to establish bonds, to cooperate with one another so as to live in peace and security on this shared territory. These people understood that sticking together, expressing solidarity is not an option, a way of becoming stronger. It was a precondition for their very survival. And it is for that very reason reason that we naturally support all initiatives which support international cooperation and solidarity so as to achieve our common objectives, that is peace, development, and the well-being of all. For that same reason, we rise up against all initiatives or any actions which undercut the international community’s efforts directed at achieving peace and development. Drawing on these principles, the people of Nigeria unreservedly condemn the Israeli genocide in Gaza. We unswervingly support to the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state. Much like Niger firmly condemns the Israeli aggression against Iran and Qatar, we also rise up against the trivialization of violence in the DRC, in Sudan, and in the Sahel, while the international community looks on indifferent. And in fact, some elements of the international community, some foreign powers are complicit in what’s happening in the African Continent. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, actors directly getting involved in conflicts are not the only ones responsible for the insecurity and uncertainty our world faces today. Niger would also like to denounce the inaction of all those who do have the means to act to promote truth and peace. The silence of those who do have a voice, the indifference of those egoists who stand ready to destabilize entire countries or regions in their own interests, the lack of humanism on the part of those who work and underhand ways to sow death in other countries, and the foolishness of those who betray their motherland and their continent. President, ladies and gentlemen, inaction, indifference, complicit silence, as well as subversive and underhand actions to destabilize the situation, violent disinformation campaigns, information wars.

##Niger: [01:39:03] This is the reality that my country and the Confederation of Sahel States, the ASS, are facing as we combat imported terrorism backed by sponsors. Indonesia, in particular, has been living through this since the 07/26/2023. That is the date when the sovereign people of Indonesia decided to take destiny into their own hands. We must grasp the complexity of the tragedy unfurling in this Sahel. The challenges it throws up, the ins and outs. This is necessary necessary to understand not only the game various actors are playing, but also the determination of our people and their governments to fight for victory to tackle this challenge regardless of the time and the sacrifice this will require. We will be defending our countries to ensure our survival. We will be defending our territory and our people. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, the usual narrative states that the situation in the Sahel can be explained away by the fall of the Qaddafi regime in 2011 and the collapse of the Libyan state, which resulted in armed groups being unleashed in our region and large quantities of weapons flowing into that same region. Others might mention the victory of the people of Algeria, a victory over terrorism, which they achieved in the nineteen nineties, which as a result pushed the conflict to the Sahel as terrorists found refuge in the Sahara and the Sahel. We must add to that the indisputable fact that as western powers and armies set up shop in the Sahel countries, in Mali, Indonesia, and Burkina Faso in particular, to supposedly help these countries to combat terrorism, what we actually saw is terrorist phenomena in the region expand and intensify. Furthermore, it is also held up as an indisputable truth that the true the main leaders of these terrorist movements do not come from the Sahel. It’s also necessary to underscore that they have vast logistical means, a specific modus operandi, and exhibit blind, unheard of violence, which is completely foreign to our geographical and cultural space. Indeed, our countries throughout our history have known wars in the name of religion. We’ve seen rebellions, but we’ve never seen such bloody, gratuitous, indiscriminate violence on a scale that we’re on the scale we’re experiencing now. For all of the above reasons, I’m sure you’ll agree that this is deliberately imported terrorism that we’re facing, madam president. This is also sponsored terrorism, and this throws up the actual genuine issue of terrorism financing and the destination of all of the resources terrorists have been capturing for over a decade now. How can we understand the fact that terrorists have maintained the war effort over such a long period of time? We must also point out the happy coincidence, which saw in Kedal in Mali, a stronghold for terrorists liberated in the third trimester of twenty twenty quarter of twenty twenty three at the same time when the French army was leaving the Niger. The government of Niger, much like those of Mali and Burkina Faso, regularly informed international public opinion of the evidence we’ve collected, evidence of the involvement of a number of foreign powers in the destabilization of the alliance of Sahel states and of the support they’re providing to terrorists. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, speaking from this rostrum, I’d like to condemn the self avowed support of France to terrorism in Sahel and in particular in Niger. Indeed, since French troops were cast out from Niger in 2023, as announced, the government of France has established a subversive underhand plan to destabilize my country. It involves sending intelligence to training, funding, and equipping terrorists. Unfortunate attempts to create the conditions for inter ethnic conflicts in Niger and in the Sahel, a disinformation and misinformation campaign to discredit my country, our institutions, our political leaders, and our army. France has also maintained and fueled ongoing political tensions between my country and some of our neighbors. On top of that, we must mention the economic and financial war, an unprecedented war which betrays France’s hateful desire to thwart any and all of our development projects by disincentivizing investment and systematically voting against my country in all international financial institutions, whether that be the African Development Bank, the World Bank, or the IMF. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, what’s happening today in our region in the Sahel and specifically in Niger is the result of a number of factors. First, unpaid colonial debts. These debts must be paid off. Our people never forgot the unheard of violence which characterized the colonial occupation. The infamous Voulet Shanhuan mission and other military expeditions which stood out because of all the death and the large scale torture which they unleashed in Terra, in Djundru, in Duchi, in Koni, in Tesawa, and in Zinda, and this in a matter of years. In Zinda, as you know, there were even executions. Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, speaking from this August rostrum, my country, Niger, entreats the world’s conscience to point out this hostile force which has since the nineteenth century never laid down its arms and which continues to wage total war against my country. Here is evidence of this. In November 2021, in Terre, young demonstrators were assassinated by the French army. The threat of military intervention on the part of ECOWAS has been instrumentalized by France. We must call a spade a spade. The abject terrorism behind which France stands committing vile crimes in the ASS, for instance, those committed in Fambita on the 03/21/2025, 44 Muslims were executed in cold blood while they were at Friday prayers. This rostrum also gives me an opportunity to pay a tribute and to think about all of the civilians and the soldiers who gave their lives shot down by the enemy. These crimes remind us of those committed by France in Niger, and this ever since 1899, crimes which remain an open wound on our collective memory. On the the name of human rights, I recall the innocent victims of the Central African Mission. I recall cities and villages which were pillaged and set on fire.

##Niger: [01:47:07] I recall the carnage in Junju and Lugu. I recall martyr cities, Kurankalgo, where the population was entirely exterminated. In Beni Nkoni, where over 7,000 people were thrown into mass graves, I’m recalling pregnant women eviscerated their fetuses left for the vultures to claim. I speak on behalf of raped women and hanged little girls. I speak on behalf of men shot dead and members of the resistance decapitated on behalf of my country, Niger. I solemnly demand that France shoulders its duty of remembrance, to shoulder its duty of remembrance and to recognize its crimes to recognize its crimes. On this note, general Chanye has established a commission of experts, academics, and scientists to study these dark pages history and to rewrite the true history of our country to set the record straight, to speak the truth, to reclaim ownership of our history, and to give back to our great nation its dignity. The pillage of our resources to the detriment of Nigerians and the environment. Following half a century of exploitation, uranium has brought our people nothing but misery, pollution, rebellion, corruption, and despair, while the French prospered and bolstered their power. All of our aquifers are contaminated. It’s unacceptable. Also, since the advent of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland and the decision taken by our government to exercise its sovereignty over its resources, the French government, dismayed, has tried to drag us into endless legal proceedings before it will stop exploiting and selling our minerals. Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to be clear that rather than breaking our spirit, the struggles we’ve had to face have only strengthened our determination to fight to the end, to vanquish the terrorists and their sponsors. We can already take pride in some structural achievements that we have seen. What the people of Niger have been successful in since the 07/26/2023, with the National Council taking power, is to put our country on a new trajectory, which is a source of great hope. Success means casting away from our country the forces that were hampering our sovereignty and were preventing our forces of defense and security from equipping themselves with the means to fulfill their missions. This is something we have to do. Success also means breaking with all of the unfair conventions, treaties and laws that were not in the interest of Niger. This is a strong sign for all of those who are accustomed to looting Niger that now our country will defend its interests unashamedly. Success also means reaffirming our sovereignty over our natural resources which had all too long been plundered by foreign powers. Success also means uniting our people on questions of national interest. Now all the people of Niger are united. They are focused on safeguarding our country’s best interests. They’ve understood that the battle is a collective matter. That is why we have a new motto La Busanino in Zama, in Hoassa and this means this is our business and our business alone. Success also means awakening our patriotism, which had all too long been trampled upon by individuals acting in personal interests. Now the people of Niger are proud of their fatherland. Success also means sincere support from the people to the government. People are now fully behind our efforts to put our country on the path to development. This also means that Niger can stand on its own two feet, can stand up to and vanquish terrorism, can protect its sovereignty, can invest in the country’s future, in a nutshell can live without the so called foreign assistance which has so often in the past been used to threaten and humiliate us. Success also means that for the first time in our country’s history decisions affecting Niger and our people are taken in Niger by the people of Niger and in the interest of Niger and nowhere else. That is what has allowed us in spite of the difficult circumstances that we’re all aware of, to take social measures which are both robust and symbolic, which include lowering the price of petrol and gasoline, reducing the costs of some medical and surgical services, reducing school fees and making sure that basic goods are affordable. Madam President, ladies and gentlemen, as you can see Niger is well on the way to a new model of governance. This approach was built upon in the conference that was held the National Conference held in Niamh from the fifteenth to the February 20 this year, which brought together all of the forces of the nation. This led to the adoption of significant recommendations and the drafting of a reform charter for our country. In line with the charter, it also allowed us to progressively establish our institutions such as the Reform Council, the State Court, the Audit Court, the Commission to Combat Economic, Financial and Fiscal Crimes, the National Communication Unit and the authority for regulation of public procurement. Next, in the diplomatic domain, Niger has not just enlarged its diplomatic relations with several many countries and redefined consulate positions, but has also redefined the framework of cooperation with its partners. This is now based on the absolute respect for our sovereignty, our strategic choices and the legitimate aspirations of our people. Niger is therefore not isolated, far from it. We are also committed to a vast agricultural programme to ensure food self sufficiency for our hard working people by ensuring that we fully use the thousands of hectares of arable land through large scale irrigation. The head of state has asked for this to be a reality and now the results that we’ve achieved are encouraging one year since we’ve implemented these measures. For the first time in our recent history, the country has not been through a lean period, the period during which generally we had to request support from the international community. Our ambition is for Niger to have food sovereignty. In Charlotte, we will no longer need to ask for support to feed our people. Turning to economics. In spite of the iniquitous sanctions imposed on Niger and the economic blockade supported and financed by France, who are trying to hamper our country, we have courageously kept going with our macroeconomic reforms and this has led in particular to our taming inflation to minus 0.1% at the August year. And now we plan to see economic growth of some 7% looking in the period twenty twenty five-twenty twenty eight. In addition, our budget deficit, which was 5.4% of GDP in 2023, will, we hope, be contained to 3% by the end of this year. And significant efforts have been made to improve our debt profile. Madam President, ladies and gentlemen, now when it comes to the issue of human rights, Niger reaffirms its commitment to the international legal instruments to which it is a party. Nevertheless, we condemn the selective approach used in implementing human rights principles by some countries whose only aim is to harm our State’s image. I would also like to clearly say that Niger and all of the Confederation of Sahel States, profoundly committed to respecting human dignity and the flourishing of our people, will not take any human rights lectures from any kind of body. Given the security, diplomatic and development challenges, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger have taken the historic decision to establish a strategic alliance, which is the Confederation of Sahel States. And the speakers from Burkina Faso and Mali have already mentioned this. This is a context in which we coordinate our policies and we are building our future together with our own ideas to ensure that our diplomacy which works perfectly well, can lead to specific outcomes, so that we can meet the aspirations and needs of our peoples. This forum allows us to coordinate policy and to build our future with our own ideas and our own means based on ancestral values in a forum which we hope will soon be rid of all forms of threats. In conclusion, I would like to say that Niger is as a result of its history and geography facing many challenges. We have to acknowledge that such as the effects of climate change, droughts followed by floods, which are making life for our farmers even harder. Many of our young people are still in need and we’re also facing up to the fact that a lot of our wealth has previously been exploited by foreign powers shamelessly. We also have the scourge of terrorism financed by Western powers as a result of one-sided agreements. Terrorism has been plunging our towns into sorrow and people have been deprived of their needs. However, Niger together with the other two countries of the confederation are currently enjoying a renaissance and we are currently on the road to recovery through the leadership of our three heads of state and our determination to take our destiny into our own hand. The recovery in Niger is not a break with the international community, it rather just reaffirms our sovereignty, our dignity and our inalienable right to choose our partnerships for the well-being of our children. Our absolute priority therefore remains security. The fight against terrorism that we are engaged in, we are doing it ourselves for our region and also for the stability of the entire world because we understand that we have to be self sufficient. We can’t rely on the UN, this powerless UN, which is hampered by the veto of Western powers. The UN has to be reformed. Neteer’s recovery also means economic progress through the responsible use of our immense varied natural resources. We have decided that these riches must benefit our people first and foremost. We are committed also to honest governance and we invite international investors who wish to, to support us in this. It will be a win win partnership. We also hold out our hand to all countries in the world who believe in a partnership based on mutual respect, justice and solidarity. This reform also means ensuring food self sufficiency in our country. Our government is focusing on agroecology and large scale irrigation, as I have already said. Being self sufficient remains the watchword of our Head of State. Madam President, we still believe in multilateralism as the way to overcome global challenges. However, this must be reformed. It must be more inclusive and it must be fairer. Africa must have its full place as it is required in international decision making bodies including in the Security Council. The voice of our alliance must be heard when peace in the world is discussed. We have our role to play. We must work together to build a more resilient, a fairer, more equal world, a world in which security is not the privilege of just a few powers, but the right of all countries, be they large or small, a world in which every nation’s view counts without any kind of discrimination and where the voices of the people are heard. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you on behalf of my country, Niger.

##The president of the general assembly: [02:02:27] On behalf of the assembly, I wish to thank the Prime Minister of the transition government and minister of economy and finance of The Republic Of The Niger. The assembly will hear an address by his excellency, Sonexay Siphandone, prime minister of the Leo People’s Democratic Republic. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Laos: [02:03:11] Madam president, at the outset, I would like to extend my warmest congratulations to Her Excellency, Annalena Baerbock, on her election as President of the eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. Taking this opportunity, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and would like to offer our full support upon discharging your duties. And also to express my sincere appreciation to his excellency, Philemon Yang, for his leadership throughout the seventy ninth session with significant outcomes achieved in many areas. Madam president, this year marks the eightieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. This general assembly being held under the theme better together eighty years and beyond for peace, development, and human rights. It’s of historical significance as it recalls the shared aspiration of the international community that led to the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945 following the catastrophic destruction of the second world war. This courageous decision beyond its historical importance also reflected the collective determination of all nations in chartering out a new direction for safeguarding global peace, anchored in the principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter, including the peaceful settlement of disputes, international cooperation, solidarity, and peaceful coexistence. The charter established the fundamental principles that have guided all member states in promoting peace and fostering multilateral cooperation over the past eight decades. Although the world has encountered multifaceted challenges and at times brought us to the brink of destruction. It was true the international community’s firm adherence to multilateralism that we were able to overcome these obstacles through the peaceful settlement of disputes, allowing all humanity to live in peace, stability, and prosperity. These achievements underscore the tangible success of the United Nations in fulfilling its given mandate with the charter continuing to serve as our guiding compass. Madam President, today our world continues to encounter interrelated and deeply rooted challenges, leading to heightened geographical tensions and rivalry, widening inequality combined with the lingering impacts of the COVID-nineteen pandemic. These factors continue to threaten international peace and undermine development progress. In many regions, disputes and armed conflicts continue to persist, inflicting devastating consequences on the people across the globe. Therefore we must redouble our efforts and exhaust all possible means to collectively address these challenges through dialogue and peaceful settlements, thereby protecting the hard won gains and preventing further setbacks in implementation the implementation of the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development. In this context, the Lau PDA supports the UN80 initiative proposed by the Secretary General, which fully aligns with the emerging opportunities and pressing needs of time. This initiative reflects the international community’s continued commitment and aspiration to strengthen the United Nations in addressing the emerging global challenges. I firmly believe that in our ongoing efforts to reform the United Nations, priority must be given to maintaining peace, which is the most essential foundation for advancing sustainable development, ensuring justice and preserving human dignity. At the same time, we must strive to further enhance the effectiveness of the UN’s working methods and mechanisms through comprehensive and inclusive reforms. Madam President, the Lao PDR attaches great importance to enhancing its partnership with the United Nations. Over the years, our contributions in various areas as a member state reflect the steadfast commitment to promoting the role of the United Nations and upholding the principles enshrined in the UN Charter. The UN Charter provides the fundamental principles to which every member state must adhere to safeguard global peace and create an environment conducive to sustainable development. Over the past seven decades, cooperation between the Lao PR and the United Nations has been gradually expanded. With the UN playing an essential role in supporting the country’s socioeconomic development. In 2025, this year marks the seventieth anniversary of the Lau Piedras membership in the United Nations. On this important occasion, as a peace loving nation, I’d like to reaffirm the Lau Pirie’s firm commitment to the principles and objectives of the United Nations. Madam president, we welcome the successful outcome of the high level meeting on the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and implementation of the two state solution, which was held in between twenty eight to thirty July twenty twenty five. The adoption of the New York declaration marks an important milestone for the international community in reaffirming our collective commitment to the pursuit of peace, justice and shared responsibility.

##Laos: [02:11:02] The Lao PDR continues to support the two state solution with the state of Palestine and Israel living side by side in peace and security in accordance with the relevant UN resolutions. The Lao Pia sincerely hopes that the long overdue question of Palestine, which has been which has persisted for decades, will be resolved by peaceful means. On this note, we call on the international community to intensify our efforts to support recovery and reconstruction work for the Palestine for the Palestinian people to return to normalcy. Drawing from our own experience, the Lao Piedra believes that the war is never the answer and the only path towards resolving conflicts is through diplomatic means, mutual understanding, respect for sovereignty and adherence through the principles of international law. The Lao Pillai is of the view that unilateral coercive measures is not only contradicting to the United Nations Charter and international law, but also hinders sustainable development and impose unjust suffering on innocent people. We must, therefore, redouble our efforts to foster enabling environment for peace and development cooperation among all nations. And in this regard, the LAPDL once again joins the international community in calling for lifting the economic and financial embargo against the Republic Of Cuba, including the removal of Cuba from the list of state sponsors of terrorism and the elimination of all unilateral coercive measures imposed on sovereign countries. Madam President, the midterm review on the implementation of the 2030 agenda has shown that we continue to face numerous challenges. In this regard. L’Aubitai reaffirms its strong determination to implement the SDGs and welcomes the adoption of the pact for the future. The renewed commitments aimed at strengthening multilateral cooperation and advancing the key priorities of the United Nations. For the Lao PDR, the SDGs have been fully integrated into the national development agenda. We will continue to attend SDGs through the implementation of our national socioeconomic development plan, which with consolidated efforts to enhance resilience and better respond to the current circumstances, including climate and environmental challenges by applying climate smart technologies. Likewise, we recognize that enhanced international cooperation as well as access to new technology, innovation and financial resources remains essential for countries in special situations and the most vulnerable groups. Taking into account its specific development needs and unique circumstances, the LARPDR has therefore adopted the National SDG 18 entitled Lives Safe from Unexploded Ordinance. UXO contamination continues to pose major threats to the livelihood of the Lao people across the country and hinders national development efforts. Taking this opportunity, I call upon the international community to increase its support and assistance in addressing the UXO issue, including through the implementation of the International Convention on Cluster Munition, particularly by supporting the LAPDIS presidency of the Third Review Conference on the Convention on Cluster Munitions in 2026. We are gratified to note that the LAPDR continues to meet the thresholds for LDC graduation. To ensure a smooth and sustainable graduation, we are currently implementing the smooth transition strategy through close consultations and cooperation among the concerned sectors and development partners in view of maintaining a positive momentum in the post graduation period. Despite numerous challenges faced, the LAPDR remains firmly committed to fostering self reliant capacity and building resilience in all dimensions, including by putting in place basic economic structures, developing human capital and enhancing domestic productive capacities rather in view of realizing a self reliant and independent economy. These efforts constitute the key objectives in the preparation process for LDC graduation, in line with upcoming tenth five year National Socioeconomic Development Plan for twenty twenty six-two thousand and thirty. The Lao PDR commenced the successful outcomes of the third UN Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries, particularly the adoption of the Awaza program of action. The Lao PDA will continue to streamline this program of action into the upcoming National Socioeconomic Development Plan to achieve our national development objective of transforming from a landlocked into a land linked country. For the Lao Piedra infrastructure development for connectivity has been a top priority in this connection. Notable progress includes the completion of the Lao China Railway, development of the Lao Vietnam International Seaport in Vung Ang and the railway extension connecting Kangwon Province in Central Laopedia to Vuong’ang Seaport is also in the pipeline, as well as all expansions of the dry ports and multimodal transport service hub. These initiatives have contributed to the efforts to reduce transportation costs and open new routes for regional economic and trade integration. Madam President, climate change and natural disasters, are occurring more frequently, have had severe impacts on many countries, including the Lao Piedra. Therefore, the international community must redouble its efforts to implement the Paris Agreement and strengthens disaster preparedness, climate adaption and mitigation and to reduce the impacts of natural disasters. To ensure sustainable use of natural resources, the Lao PR has adopted the National Strategy on Climate Change and remains committed to fulfilling its national obligations outlined in its nationally determined contributions. However, adequate financial support, technology transfer and capacity building remain crucial for effective implementation of the said commitments. In this connection, we call on the international community to fulfill its obligations, particularly by providing USD 100,000,000,000 annually to support global climate action and assist the most vulnerable countries. Another untapped potential for sustainable development lies in digital scientific and technological innovation, which can serve rather as a powerful catalyst for accelerating progress toward attaining the SDGs. The Lau PDA supports the implementation of the Global Digital Compact and underscores the importance of digital access and inclusive governance aimed at enhancing mutual trust and shared benefits. At the regional level, ASIN continues to underscore the importance of digital transformation and the application of modern technology to enhance efficiency and strengthen adaptability. At present, ASEAN is accelerating the negotiation process on the Digital Economy Framework Agreement in view of positioning the region as a leading digital economic hub, promoting regional integration, expanding global connectivity and enhancing the capacity necessary for addressing the emerging challenges of the modern global economy. Madam President, in conclusion, I would like to reaffirm the LAPDR’s commitment to promoting and supporting the United Nations in fulfilling its mandate, particularly by upholding the principles of the UN Charter. I am confident that a strong and effective United Nations not only plays a vital role in maintaining global peace and stability, but also accelerates progress towards achieving the SDGs and ensuring that the benefits are equally shared among all member states. On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations, I am confident that this offers an excellent opportunity for world leaders to discuss and explore all ways and means to safeguard peace and collectively address the challenges facing us today, as well as create a conducive environment in which all humanity can live in peace, security, justice, and prosperity. I thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [02:22:04] On behalf of the assembly, I wish thank the prime minister of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The assembly will hear an address by his excellency, Nikol Pashinyan, prime minister of the Republic Of Armenia. I request protocol to escort his excellency and invite him to address the assembly.

##Armenia: [02:22:49] Dear President, Excellencies, dear colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, the main substance of speeches of all leaders of the Republic Of Armenia from this rostrum has been dedicated to the conflict between the Republic Of Armenia and the Republic Of Azerbaijan. Such were also my speeches from 2018 to 2023. Last year, speaking at the seventy ninth session of the General Assembly, I tried for the first time to speak not about the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, but about peace. My narrative was very cautious, very uncertain. Although at that time already, more than 12 kilometers of the Armenia Azerbaijan interstate border had been demarcated for the first time, and the regulations on the joint activities of the demarcation commissions of the two countries had been signed by the two deputy prime ministers. After my speech, pivotal events have occurred in Armenia Azerbaijan relations. Firstly, the regulations on the joint activities of the demarcation commissions were ratified in both Armenia and Azerbaijan, receiving the highest legal force. This is the first bilateral international document signed and ratified between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In this document, the nineteen ninety one December ‘twenty one Alma Ata declaration is mentioned as the basic principle of border demarcation between the two countries. I’m referring to the demarcation of the interstate border. Thus, the optimistic processes of the preceding period continued over the past year. In March, Armenia and Azerbaijan were able to agree upon a draft agreement on establishing peace and interstate relations and to conclude the negotiations on the draft with such a positive outcome. In that document, too, the parties referring to the Almatta declaration confirmed their understanding that the borders between the former Soviet Socialist Republics Of The USSR have become the international borders of the respective independent states, and on this basis, they recognize and respect each other’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, inviolability of international borders and political independence. As you have now seen, the reference to the Alma Ata declaration means that both countries recognize that the territory of the Republic Of Armenia is identical with the territory of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the territory of the Republic Of Azerbaijan is identical with the territory of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, and the borders encompassing these territories are inviolable. The aforementioned agreement on the establishment of peace and interstate relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan was initialed on August 8 in The U. S. Capital, Washington, D. C, at the White House by the foreign ministers of the two countries in the presence of The U. S. President, the President of Azerbaijan and myself. The culmination of the meeting that took place at the White House on August 8 was the declaration that we adopted as a result of the meeting with the President of Azerbaijan and which was also signed as witness by The U. S. President, Donald Trump. That declaration stated that Armenia and Azerbaijan recognize the need to chart a course for a bright future not bound by the conflict of the past, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations and the nineteen ninety one Almaty declaration, and that after the conflict that brought immense human suffering, the conditions have finally been created for our nations to fully embark on building good neighborly relations on the basis of the inviolability of international borders and the inadmissibility of the use of force for the acquisition of territory. This reality, which is not and should never be subject to revision, paves the way for closing the chapter of enmity between our two nations. We resolutely reject and exclude any attempt of revenge now and in the future, reads the declaration. In the same documents, we, the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan, reaffirmed the importance of opening communications between our two countries for intrastate, bilateral and international transportation for the promotion of peace, stability and prosperity in the region and its neighborhood on the basis of respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and jurisdiction of the states. These efforts are to include unimpeded connectivity between the main parts of the Republic Of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic through the territory of the Republic Of Armenia, with reciprocal benefits for international and intrastate connectivity for the Republic Of Armenia. It was also noted that the Republic Of Armenia will work with The United States Of America and mutually determine third parties to set forth a framework for the Trump route for international peace and prosperity, the trip route connectivity project in the territory of the Republic Of Armenia. We confirmed our determination to pursue efforts in good faith to achieve this goal in the most expeditious manner.

##Armenia: [02:29:46] Distinguished President, ladies and gentlemen, what does all this mean? All this means, and I am happy to report to the entire international community, that peace has been established between The Republic Of Armenia and The Republic Of Azerbaijan, ladies and gentlemen. The role of United States President Donald Trump is decisive in this peace process, whose dedication, consistency and principledness make possible what seemed to be impossible. This is why we agreed with Azerbaijan’s President, Ilham Aliyev, on our joint decision to nominate President Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize because we have seen through our own example that President Trump is truly committed to the idea of peace. I would also like to emphasize the role of the peoples, governments and parliaments of Armenia and Azerbaijan, without whose support, of course, it would have been impossible to reach this point. Peace, thus, is established, but peace is not a vacation. It is work, everyday work. Peace requires daily care like a newborn baby to be protected from infections, the cold and the heat, the indifference and the pessimism. Conflict indeed poses far fewer questions before us, and the options for answers in the case of conflict are not many. While peace brings with it questions, new questions, more questions, questions continuously and peaceful life is about answering those questions with care and not with disdain. Thinking diligently about those questions and formulating the answers in good faith is the institutionalization of peace, which is a continuous necessity and something we ought to deal with every day. In this context, it is extremely important to clarify the fate of persons whose whereabouts are unknown and to address the issue of persons deprived of liberty as a result of the long standing conflict, which is also part of our daily work agenda. The Trip Route infrastructure project will operate in the territory of The Republic Of Armenia with a business model agreed upon in a bilateral U. S.-Armenia format. Consisting of several dozen kilometers of various infrastructures, the trip route will have both regional and global significance and impact. By the way, in the context of caring for and nurturing the established peace, it is very important to use a pro peace, legitimate and agreed upon narrative when speaking about this project as well. The President of Azerbaijan, with whom we adopted the Washington Declaration, has used the so called Zangezur Corridor expression several times since then, including from this rostrum. Such an expression does not exist in the documents agreed upon in Washington. It has never been in the Armenia Azerbaijan negotiations or documents. I think it makes sense for my Azerbaijani counterpart to clarify what he means by using that expression because in the Armenian reality, it is perceived as a territorial claim on Armenia and is associated with conflict narrative. In the documents of August 8, we agreed upon clear content and narrative, and it is not possible to understand casting doubt on commitment to those agreements in any way through the narratives I mentioned and or through other narratives expressed from this rostrum. Such narratives do not increase people’s faith in peace nor do they stem from the atmosphere of peace and the agreements reached at the highest level. At various rostrums, the President of Azerbaijan speaks about the alleged capitulation of Armenia. To be frank, I do not understand, in the presence of such a huge positive content achieved through joint hard efforts, why engage aggressive subtexts that are not connected with objective reality? Doesn’t peace bring enough joy and satisfaction? To me, for example, it does. What also brings me joy is the fact that The Republic Of Armenia is a democratic state that is developing at an impressive pace, independent, sovereign and building its own future today, a state that does not harbor or spread hatred towards its neighbors or towards anyone. I call on the international community to take note that the so called Zangezur Corridor and similar narratives do not stem from the agreements reached. They have no connection with the agreements. They have an irritating and negative impact and are perceived as a territorial claim against a sovereign country despite the agreements reached and declared. But this will not divert us one millimeter from the practice of celebrating the peace achieved and implementing the agreements declared. In my speech today, by the way, you will not find even one relevant provision or phrase, the justification for which I could not point to in the written agreements reached between Armenia and Azerbaijan in various formats or in the documents signed and published in Washington on August 8. I suggest that my Azerbaijani counterpart focus on the prompt and precise implementation of the agreements reached for which the use of legitimate narratives is essential. And so under the Trip Route project announced in Washington on August 8, a railway highway pipelines and electricity transmission lines will pass through the territory of Armenia, linking the East to the West. As a result of this agreement, the North will also be linked with the South. The mere geographic enumeration is enough to conclude that this is an accurate reflection of the Crossroads of Peace project, which I had the opportunity to present from this rostrum. The TRIP route infrastructure project stems from the Crossroads of Peace program about the capacity development of which we signed a bilateral memorandum with President Trump on August 8 in Washington. I consider it necessary to note that in accordance with the Washington declaration, the opening of communications between Armenia and Azerbaijan for intrastate bilateral and international transportation will take place on the basis of respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and jurisdiction of the states. And as I indicated earlier, these efforts will include unimpeded connectivity between the main part of The Republic Of Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic through the territory of the Republic Of Armenia with reciprocal benefits for international and intrastate connectivity for the Republic Of Armenia. These agreements are a good opportunity for the Republic Of Armenia to implement state of the art technologies for border customs and other controls, not only on the trip route, but also at other border crossings, which will comply with the most advanced modern standards.

##Armenia: [02:38:55] The opening of the ArmeniaTurkia border is important for the trip route infrastructure project, meaning the opening of the railway and the highways, with the prospect of developing pipelines, electricity transmission lines and cables. I am pleased to note that in recent years, an unprecedented positive dialogue has been established between Armenia and Turkey. My meetings with President Erdogan are regular with a continuously growing level of trust. This is an achievement that I highly value and I’m confident will bring positive results in the foreseeable future, namely the establishment of diplomatic relations between Armenia and Turkey and the full opening of the interstate border. Ladies and gentlemen, in recent years, the geography of diplomatic relations of The Republic Of Armenia has been visibly and pleasantly expanding. During the thirty years of independence, the Republic Of Armenia did not have diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. I am glad to note that now diplomatic relations have been established between our countries and a dialogue is taking place. And the traditional ties of the Republic Of Armenia are developing noticeably. Our dialogue and brotherhood with the Islamic Republic Of Iran and Georgia are becoming more visible. These relations, along with our relations with Turkey and Azerbaijan, are extremely important for seeing the South Caucasus region as a peaceful, stable and developing environment. In this sense, I also value the three plus three format, which is an important platform for us to engage in dialogue with the countries of our region and to develop our traditional dialogue with the Russian Federation, although we always have active contacts with Russia in a bilateral format. We have recently established a strategic partnership with China, and we have active political and trade economic ties with India. A balanced and balancing foreign policy opens up new horizons for us. We are intensifying our relations with Japan, Mongolia, The Middle East and Central Asian countries. Ladies and gentlemen, in March, the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia adopted the law on initiating the process of Armenia’s accession to the European Union, which is of great importance for our agenda. This law is not only the manifestation of our unprecedented high level of relations with the European Union, but also a direct testament to our commitment to democratic values. Many ask when Armenia will become a member of the European Union and how realistic it is. Firstly, two of our four neighbors are candidate countries for EU membership. And secondly, the law on starting the process of becoming a member of the European Union is above all an incentive for us to consistently continue the democratic reforms. We want to be institutionally and substantively compliant with the EU standards. Short of such compliance, it is impossible to become an EU member. Therefore, when Armenia objectively complies with the standards of the European Union, from that point on, we will have two paths: either we will be accepted into the EU or we will not be accepted. If they accept us, fine. If they do not, we will have accomplished a very important task set before us. Armenia will be a country that complies with the advanced modern standards. Our aspiration to comply with European Union standards is a matter of not geopolitical, but rather democratic choice because since the people’s nonviolent Velvet Revolution that took place in Armenia in 2018, we have adopted as a matter of strategy democracy, the rule of law, human rights and an independent judiciary. In order to make our achievements in the field of democracy more institutional and pro people, we intend to take the next step in the near future. After receiving the People’s Mandate once again in the twenty twenty six parliamentary elections, we will initiate a nationwide referendum to adopt a new constitution as a result of which all branches of government and the legal system established in the country will be organically linked to the constitution maker, that is with the people, making Armenia’s statehood long lasting and people centered. Ladies and gentlemen, the year 2026 will be unprecedented in terms of the international engagement of the Republic Of Armenia. In May, The Republic Of Armenia will host the eighth Summit of the European Political Community, and I cordially invite the heads of state and government of all the member states of the community to participate in this crucial event. This summit is a key platform for European political dialogue, the format of which enables us all to act as a large team connected by shared responsibility for Europe’s and global harmony. By the way, it was at the first summit of the European political community held in Prague on 10/06/2022, where Armenia and Azerbaijan, as a result of a meeting organized by France and the European Union, for the first time, agreed to recognize each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty on the basis of the Alma Ata declaration. As you see from my text, that agreement has had decisive importance. It is extremely important. And in the matter of reaching these agreements in Prague, I would like to emphasize the special role of French President Emmanuel Macron and his personal efforts. Dear President, Excellencies, dear colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, from October 2026, Armenia will host the seventeenth Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, and it is my honor to invite all heads of state and government to participate in that conference in Yerevan. I hope that by then, I will have reported at the eighty first session of the UN General Assembly that the agreement on peace and the establishment of interstate relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan has been at least signed. The border between Armenia and Turkey has been opened and a large part of the Trip Route investment project has been implemented. The Republic Of Armenia reaffirms her commitment to the peace agenda and the achieved peace. I am convinced that with close dialogue with Azerbaijan and the support of regional countries and the international community, we will never again deviate from the path of peace. Long live dialogue, long live diplomacy, long live peace. Thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:00:00] Sokhonn Prak, deputy prime minister, minister for foreign affairs, and international cooperation of Cambodia.

##Cambodia: [00:00:34] President, Your excellencies, distinguished delegates. First of all, I would like warmly to congratulate her excellency, Annalena Baerbock, upon her election to the presidency of the eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. I would also like to congratulate his excellency, Philemon Yang, for his stewardship of the seventy ninth session. The pact for the future that was adopted during his mandate is fully relevant given the topic for this year, Better Together, eighty Years and More for Peace, Development and Human Rights. This illustrates the spirit of continuity and cooperation that underpins this august global body to remain a source of hope for all of humanity. This year’s theme is not just a slogan. It solemnly reminds us that The us only Remains when we act united, when we work to achieve solidarity between nations and peoples, and when we measure success not just in national terms, but in line of the common well-being of citizens of the world. Eight decades ago, after a devastating global war, nations large and small gathered together behind a unique vision. Peace, development and human dignity can only be guaranteed through collective action. Nevertheless, as we gather here to mark this important stage, the ideals of multilateralism are being put to the test. Geopolitical divisions have only got worse. Rivalries between major powers all too often hamper the Security Council’s decisions. This leaves many crises throughout the world unresolved and puts millions of lives in danger. The world is now facing the harsh reality that might makes right, and that interdependence is no longer the cornerstone of peace, but rather a tool of threat and coercion. If we genuinely believe that we are better together, we must reinvigorate trust in multilateral institutions, invest in preventive diplomacy and ensure that the UN is equipped both politically and financially to respond decisively and effectively to old and emerging challenges.

##Cambodia: [00:03:34] President, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to speak about peace and to do so from lived experience. For decades, war and genocide traumatized our people and destroyed our country. Dialogue and not war between two true statement, our late king father, his majesty, and our former prime minister, both blessed with wisdom, willpower, and genuine patriotism, had enjured the peace process and national reconciliation. It is now well known that peace was finally achieved through the win win policy of Saint Dac de Chao Ensign that ended thirty years of conflict without a single bullet being fired. We remain forever grateful to the many countries and to the UN peacekeeping operation that have extended support to Cambodia throughout the peace process. Across our towns and village, the word, we thank peace are not mere decoration. They are a daily affirmation that peace in our nation’s most are is our nation’s most precious treasure. This peace allowed us to rebuild from complete ruin. Before the pandemic, our economy achieved an average annual growth of around 7%, positioning Cambodia to graduate from least developed country status by 2029. Through this development, million has been left out of poverty in the past decades. We are grateful for our partners who are supporting Cambodia towards smooth graduation through, among others, open and inclusive trade. Guided by our pentagonal strategy, Cambodia aligns its development agenda with the sustainable development goals. We officially launched last year the road map to achieve the universal health coverage in Cambodia by 02/1935, and expanding access to quality education, ensuring that our youth are equipped with equipped for a changing world. Our women now hold leadership position in government and private enterprises at unprecedented level, strengthening the fabric of our society. We are firmly committed to protecting and expanding the civic space and strengthening democratic governance, knowing that development and human right are inseparable pillars of lasting peace. On climate action, one of humanity’s greatest collective tests, Cambodia has submitted its third nationally determined contribution to the UN FCCC. Last June, we signed the agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction and already deposited our ratification instrument earlier this month. These steps reflect our belief that environmental stewardship is a global duty and a moral imperative. With complete peace at home, Cambodia has been able to offer our humble contribution to peace peace building and peacekeeping around the world. From a country once hosting UN peacekeeping mission, Cambodia has become a steadfast contributor to global security. Since 02/2006, we have deployed over 10,000 peacekeepers, more than 800 of them women, to 10 UN mission across the globe. We have protected civilian clear landmines and support rebuilding war torn communities. We are currently an active member of the UN Peace Building Commission, helping nations emerging from conflict to build institution and foster reconciliation. Madam President, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, Cambodia’s transformation embodies the UNGA 80 theme, namely, countries once once in need can now become providers of peace and stabilities for others. It is therefore deeply painful to inform this August assembly that the heartwarm peace that we so profoundly cherish and wholeheartedly share around the world is today threatened in our own home, not by internal division like in the past, but border conflict with our neighbor. We are grateful that a ceasefire brokered by US president Donald Trump effectively halted armed clashes that has caused death, injury, and distraction, and the displacement of hundreds of thousand innocent civilian. Like Armenia and Azerbaijan, Cambodia has nominated president Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for his crucial role in this important step to peace. However, the ceasefire remain very fragile despite expressed commitment from both country on the sincerity to strictly comply with the ceasefire terms to rebuild trust and restore normalcy and the positive outcome of following meetings hosted and coordinated by Malaysia, the ASEAN Chair. But sincerity is only credible, and trust can only flourish when respect with both the letter and the spirit of the agreement matches with real real action on the ground. Sadly, continued unilateral move to impose territorial sovereignty from our neighbor using forces instead of agreed mechanism, unilateral maps instead of internationally recognized ones that were produced in accordance with treaties that bind the two countries, and countless other action undermine this trust building and peace effort. Of great concern is the forced eviction of Cambodian civilian and threat to use national law against them and to evict hundreds more from the lands they have lived in for decades. Such way of territorial control on the segment of the border yet to be demarcated demonstrate a clear disregard, not only for the terms of the ceasefire, but also the mutual agreements on the settlement of border issues. In the process, Cambodia’s serenity and territorial integrity are violated and the rights and dignity of many Cambodians infringed. Cambodia has consistently and strictly observed the ceasefire, demonstrating good faith and full transparency in the implementation of its term. We have exercised the utmost restraint even in the face of repeated incident and provocation. As recently as this morning, there was an unprovocate provocate attack near a sensitive site following an allegation that our force has opened fire first. We firmly reject such accusation. Our troops have not fired first nor have they returned fire in retaliation to the provocation, underscoring our commitment to peace. Guided by the same spirit that ended our internal conflict near three decades ago, Cambodia reaffirms its call for dialogue and the peaceful settlement of all outstanding issues. We urge strict and sincere adherence to the agreed terms of the ceasefire, full respect for bilateral agreements, and observance of international law, including the charter of both the United Nations and ASEAN. We earnestly seek the continued support and good offices of the ASEAN chair and member state, the secretary general of the United Nation and relevant UN bodies, as well as leaders around the world to help deescalate tension, encourage a peaceful resolution, and prevent any further tragedy. Cambodia is a small nation focused on rebuilding our economy and improving the well-being of our people. We pose no threat to the sovereignty of any country. While we will always safeguard our independence, serenity, and territorial integrity, the use of force will only remain a last resort. Cambodia will continue every effort to restore trust and normalcy, to promote harmonious coexistence and good neighborly relations and to transform border areas into zone of peace, friendship, cooperation, and share prosperity. Madam president, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, to honor the founder’s vision and meet today’s realities, The United Nation itself must adapt. Cambodia support pragmatic, incremental reform, reform that strengthen the UN effectiveness without undermining the charter. We believe that key priorities include empowering preemptive diplomacy and mediation, giving the UN more tools to diffuse crisis before they erupt, Strengthening the General Assembly, which is the most representative body by giving its resolution greater follow-up capacity and moral weight. Expanding non permanent Security Council seat to better reflect today’s multipolar world and enhance legitimacy of the Council, enhancing peacekeeping and border monitoring missions, especially in disputes areas, so that small States have equal access to mediation and protection. Complimentary measures such as funding, technology and gradual legal adjustment can turn Broad’s reform principle into concrete progress. For countries like Cambodia, the UN greatest strength, it’s not is not coercive force, but its moral authority, legitimacy, and convening power, quality that can shield small nation and sustain peace. As we commemorate eighty years of the United Nation, let us honor the vision of its founders by choosing cooperation over confrontation, dialogue over division, and hope over despair. Cambodia stands ready to work to be better together with all member state, the UN system, and our partners worldwide to ensure that the decades ahead are defined by peace, sustainable development, and the unshakable dignity of every human being. I thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:16:43] I thank the deputy prime minister, minister for foreign affairs and international cooperation of Cambodia. I now give the floor to his excellency Sergei Lavrov, minister for Russian Federation.

##Russian Federation: [00:17:13] Madam president, ladies and gentlemen, eighty years ago, the most terrible war in human history came to an end. More than 70,000,000 people fell victim to the fighting, famine, and disease. In 1945, the course of world history changed forever. The triumph over German Nazism under whose banner most of Europe had rallied, and Japanese militarism paved the way for peace, recovery, and prosperity. This year, Moscow and Beijing held celebrations devoted to the May 9 and September 3 holidays to mark the victory in the great patriotic war and World War two. The world witnessed grand military parades commemorating the decisive contribution of the people of the Soviet Union to the defeat of Nazi Germany and the particular role of the people of China in defeating militaristic Japan. We sacredly honor the memory of our brotherhood in arms with all of our allies who stood on the side of truth in the fight against the forces of evil. One of the enduring outcomes of that war was the creation of the United Nations, The principles of its charter agreed upon by the founding fathers of our organization continue to serve as a shining beacon of international cooperation. They embody centuries of experience of the coexistence of states and remain fully relevant in the age of multipolarity. The only thing that remains is for all member states without exception to adhere to those principles in full in their entirety and as they are interconnected. In practice, however, things look different. Widespread gross violations of the principle of the sovereign equality of states are undermining faith in justice itself and leading to crises and conflicts. The root of the problem lies in the incessant attempts to defy the world into us and them, into democracy and autocracy, into a blooming garden and a jungle, those who are at the table and those who are on the menu, into the chosen ones who are allowed everything and the rest who, for some reason, are obliged to serve the interests of the golden billion. We advocate for unquestioning adherence to the principle of equality. It is the guarantee that all countries will be able to take their rightful place in the world order regardless of their military might, the size of their population, or the size of their territory and economy. The principle of the nonuse of force and threat of force has also been repeatedly by the West. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the invasion of Iraq by The US led coalition, and NATO’s military operation for regime change in Libya all ended in tragedy. Today, Israel’s illegal use of force against the Palestinians and aggressive actions against Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq threatened to blow up the entire Middle East. Russia firmly condemned the attack by Hamas militants on Israeli civilians on the 10/07/2023. However, there is no justification for the brutal killings of the civilian population of Palestine or for terrorist attacks. There is also no justification for the collective punishment of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip where Palestinian children are dying from bombing and starvation. Hospitals and schools are being destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people are being left without shelter. There is no justification for plans to annex the West Bank. We are essentially dealing with an attempt at a kind of coup d’etat aimed at burying UN decisions on the creation of a Palestinian state. Recently, a number of Western governments announced their recognition of the state of Palestine. Moreover, they announced their intention to do so several months ago. The question then arises, why did they wait so long? It seems that they had hoped that soon, by the time the general assembly session was convened, there would be nothing and no one left to recognize. The situation requires urgent action to prevent such a scenario, which was strongly advocated by the participants at the Higher Level International Conference on Palestine. The strikes on Iranian facilities under IAEA safeguards deserve condemnation as do the strikes on the capital of Qatar at a time when negotiations with Hamas were being held there with the participation of American mediators among others. Yesterday, in the Security Council, the West rejected a rational proposal by China and Russia to extend the 2015 agreement on Iran’s nuclear program in order to allow time for diplomacy. This has finally exposed the West’s policy of sabotaging the pursuit of constructive solutions in the UN Security Council and its desire to extract unilateral concessions from Tehran through blackmail and pressure.

##Russian Federation: [00:22:22] We consider such a policy to be unacceptable and consider all manipulations to restore anti Iranian UN sanctions, as well as the sanctions themselves, to be illegal. The West is not accustomed to observing the principle of non interference in internal affairs. The color revolutions have become a sad phenomenon of our time, and illegal unilateral sanctions have long since become the main tool of Western diplomacy. No matter what excuses are used to justify them, the essence of such sanctions is the same, to suppress and intimidate competitors in the global economy and politics. Russia, together with an absolute majority of UN members, calls for the immediate lifting without prior conditions of the trade blockade against Cuba, which has been in place for more than sixty years, and for it to be removed from the notorious list of state sponsors of terrorism. We express our solidarity with the people of Venezuela in the face of external sanctions pressure and threats. We advocate for Latin America and The Caribbean to remain a zone of peace and cooperation, A flagrant example of the undermining of sovereignty and gross interference in internal affairs is the actions of the West in the Balkans, where such a fundamental principle as the need for all UN members to comply with Security Council decisions is being violated. The unilateral recognition of Kosovo’s independence contrary to resolution twelve forty four was essentially an attack on Serbia’s state structure. Now the West has set a course for the collapse of the statehood of Bosnia And Herzegovina by sabotaging the Dayton peace agreement. In both Kosovo and Bosnia, an attack has been launched on the vital interests of the Serbian people, including the ancestral rights of Serbian orthodoxy. Similarly, the Kyiv regime, which seized power as a result of an anti constitutional coup organized by the West in 2014, has set a course for the elimination of the canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the legislative eradication of the Russian language in all spheres in education, culture, and the media. Ukraine is the only country in the world that has legislatively banned the use of the native language of almost half of its population. Arabic is not banned in Israel, and Hebrew is not banned in Arab countries and Iran, but Russian is banned in Ukraine. Let me remind you that article one of the UN Charter states the need for respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Europe remains silent on this issue obsessed as it is with the utopian goal of inflicting a strategic defeat in on Russia. To this end, the Ukrainian regime is permitted to do anything, including terrorist attacks against politicians and journalists, torture, extrajudicial executions, indiscriminate bombings of civilian targets, and reckless sabotage of nuclear power plants. As president Vladimir Putin has repeatedly emphasized, Russia has been and remains open to negotiations on eliminating the root causes of the conflict. Russia’s security and its vital interests must be reliably guaranteed. The rights of Russians and Russian speaking people in the territories that remain under the control of the Kyiv regime must be restored in full. On this basis, we are ready to discuss security guarantees for Ukraine. So far, neither Kyiv nor its European sponsors seem to, realize the gravity of the situation or to be willing to negotiate honestly. The North Atlantic alliance continues to expand right up to our borders, contrary to assurances given to Soviet leaders to advance not a single inch to the east, contrary to the commitments made by NATO members at the OSCE to respect the principles of the indivisibility of security and not to strengthen their own security at the expense of others and not to strive for dominance. We repeatedly propose that NATO capitals respect their commitments and agree on legally binding security guarantees. Our proposals in 2008 and the subsequent ones, including in December 2021, have been ignored and continue to be ignored to this day. Moreover, threats of the use of force against Russia are increasingly being made. Russia is being accused of of almost planning to attack the North Atlantic alliance and the European Union countries. President Putin has repeatedly debunked these provocations. Russia has never had and does not have any such intentions.

##Russian Federation: [00:27:06] However, any aggression against my country will be met with a decisive response. There should be no doubt about this among those in NATO and the EU who not only are telling their voters that war with Russia is inevitable and are forcing them to tighten their belts, but are also openly talking about preparations for an attack on our Kaliningrad oblast and other Russian territories. We have some hopes for the continuation of the Russian American dialogue, especially after the summit in Alaska. In the approaches of the current US administration, we see a desire not only to contribute to ways to realistic realistically resolve the Ukrainian crisis, but also a desire to develop pragmatic cooperation without adopting an ideological stance. Russia and The US bear a special responsibility for the state of affairs in the world and for avoiding risks that could plunge humanity into a new war. The maintenance of strategic stability is the aim of a new initiative by the Russian Federation that was put forward by president Putin on the September 22. It concerns Russia’s readiness to adhere to the central quantitative limits of the New START treaty for one year after its expiry on the 02/05/2026. This is upon the condition that The United States acts similarly and does not take steps that would violate the existing balance of deterrence capabilities. We believe that the implementation of our proposal would create the conditions necessary for avoiding a strategic arms race, to maintain an acceptable level of predictability in the nuclear missile sphere, and to improve the overall atmosphere in Russian and American relations. Colleagues, in December, we will mark the sixty fifth anniversary of the adoption by the general assembly of the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial peoples and countries. The decolonization process with a leading role played by the Soviet Union was a direct consequence of the realization of the right of nations to self determination. The peoples of Africa and Asia refused to live under the yoke of the colonizers just as after the coup d’etat in 2014 in Ukraine. Crimea, Donbas, and Novorossia refused to submit to the Kiev Neo Nazi regime that had illegally seized power. It not only does not represent the interests of the population, but has also unleashed a war against them. In both cases, the principle enshrined in the 1776 declaration of independence and subsequently reaffirmed by many American presidents was put into practice, the following principle. Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. Neither the colonizers nor the Kyiv regime had any consent from the peoples that they sought to rule. This principle was also unanimously reaffirmed in the UN 1970 declaration, which states explicitly that all must respect the territorial integrity of those countries whose governments represent the entire population living on the territory concerned. Today, Africa and the entire global South are experiencing a new awakening, striving for complete independence, and the UN must not be indifferent to that. Last December, the general assembly resolution entitled eradicating colonialism in all its forms and manifestations was adopted. We call for the next step to be a decision to declare the December 14 the international day for the elimination of colonialism. We welcome the role of the group of friends in defense of the UN charter in consolidating efforts to counter neocolonial and other discriminatory practices against the global majority, and we invite all independent states to join the membership of that initiative and that group. The current balance of power in the world is radically different from that established eighty years ago. The decolonization process and other major upheavals, upheavals have changed the political map of the planet. The global majority is loudly asserting its rights. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS play a special role as mechanisms for coordinating the interests of the countries of the global South and East. The influence of the African Union, CELAC, and other regional associations is growing. These new realities have not yet been adequately reflected in our organization’s institutional framework. The issue of Security Council reform is particularly important. Russia calls for its democratization exclusively through the expansion of the representation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. We support the application of Brazil and India for permanent seats on the council, while at the same time correcting the historical injustice towards Africa within the parameters that have been agreed by the countries of the continent themselves. Recently, secretary general Antonio Gucheres proposed a comprehensive reform of the UN. We are not opposed to an open discussion of this initiative. The guiding principle should be the UN’s return to the fundamental principles enshrined in its charter, which the West for many years has been seeking to replace with its rules based order. It’s important that the work be carried out transparent transparently with the participation and consideration of the interests of all member states. We call on the secretary general and all secretariat staff to strictly adhere to the principles of impartiality and equidistance in accordance with article 100 of the charter. Attempts at a palace coup in the secretariat, its privatization by a small group of countries must not be allowed. The composition of the secretariat should reflect the new realities and ensure the fair representation of the countries of the global majority. We look forward to a constructive discussion of the organization’s development at a special meeting of the Security Council, which Russia, as president, plans to organize on United Nations Day on the October 24. UN reform is only a part of the complex task of transforming the entire system of global governance, including the genuine democratization of the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO commensurate with the weight and role of the global South and East in the world economy, trade, and finance. Discussions of global reforms cannot ignore the fact that the international security situation today is deteriorating. I have already spoken about the reasons for this, and I’ll repeat that the main one is the desire to maintain hegemony through military force. More and more countries and regions are becoming involved in confrontational schemes. NATO is finding itself cramped in Europe and is penetrating into the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea, and the Taiwan Strait, undermining the universal mechanisms of ASEAN and creating threats not only for China and Russia, but also for other countries that are located in the region. This new stage of expansion is justified by NATO leadership with the slogan of the indivisibility of Euro Atlantic and Indo Pacific security, and they were trying to use this slogan to surround the whole of Eurasia with a military ring. Russia and its like minded partners are offering a constructive alternative to this dangerous course to build in Eurasia an architecture of equal and indivisible security, not just for NATO members and their allies, but for all countries and associations on the continent without exception, including the SCO, the CIS, ASEAN, the EAEU, CSTO, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and others. To this end, Belarus and Russia, as partners in the Union State, are proposing the development of a Eurasian charter of diversity and multipolarity in the twenty first century. A truly continent wide process is unavoidable after the West’s the West’s behavior has rendered the Euro Atlantic security model based on NATO, the EU, and the OSCE meaningless. We see no prospects for restoring this model in Europe in its former form as some European, capitals have suddenly started to contemplate. When talking about the future, we must not forget the lessons of the past, especially in a situation where Nazism Nazism is rearing its head again in Europe and militarization is gaining momentum under the same anti Russian slogans. This is all the more alarming given that a number of politicians in power in Brussels and in some capitals of EU and NATO countries are seriously beginning to talk about a third world war as a likely scenario. These figures are undermining any efforts to find a fair balance of interests among all of the members of the international community by trying to impose their unilateral approaches on everyone else in gross violation of the key charter requirement, which I have repeatedly mentioned already, that is the respect for the sovereign equality of states. It is this equality which is the foundation for the objectively emerging multipolarity. Russia is not agitating for revolution against anyone. Our country has suffered more than others from revolutions. We are simply calling on member states and the secretariat’s leadership to strictly adhere to all of the principles of the UN Charter without exception, without double standards. Only then will the legacy of the founding fathers of the UN not be squandered in vain. Thank you for your attention.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:36:52] Behalf of the thank the minister for foreign of the I now give the floor to his Bruno Eduardo Rodríguez Parrilla, minister for foreign affairs of Cuba.

##Cuba: [00:37:22] Madam President of the General Assembly, Secretary General, as we meet here, 2,200,000 human beings in Gaza are condemned to hunger by the genocidal extermination and ethnic cleansing actions of the Zionist regime, which enjoys the military and financial supplies and the impunity guaranteed by the government of the United States. On behalf of the government and people of Cuba, I reiterate our firmest solidarity with the Palestinian people and with their just cause for freedom, independence, and an end to the Zionist occupation. If the Security Council proves itself impotent because of the veto that the United States wields or threatens to wield and is incapable of adopting effective measures to halt the barbarity, then this general assembly has the duty and the capacity to put forward concrete measures without delay. At the very least, it must unequivocally declare Palestine’s right to be a UN member state within the pre 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital and with the right of refugees to return. 11,000,000 people, three million of them children, die every year from hunger and associated diseases. The climate crisis is destroying nations and lives, devastating communities and economies. A handful of countries and individuals have amassed more wealth than the vast majority of all other countries combined. Colossal inequalities stifle and prevent sustainable development. There has been no effective global response to today’s serious challenges. There could not be, because the current world order reflects a bygone era when most developing countries did not even exist as independent states. Eighty years ago, the United Nations was founded with only 51 member states. Today, we are 193. The most urgent priority is to create a new international order that guarantees peace, the right to development, sovereign equality, participation and representation of developing countries in global policy decisions that provides for the common good and prosperity in harmony with nature and ensures the exercise of all human rights for all people. Let us aspire to a new civilized coexistence in which solidarity, international cooperation, and the peaceful settlement of disputes prevail as alternatives to war, the use of force, aggression and occupation, opposed to unipolar domination and hegemonism. An order without blockades or universal coercive measures based on multilateralism and full respect for the United Nations Charter and international law. Even with its limitations, the United Nations continues to be the most representative body of the international community. We have the duty to protect and strengthen it in its intergovernmental essence, in its democratic foundations that cannot be diluted into generalized agendas subject to arbitrary priorities and rules imposed by the largest funders. What we must do is emphasize the central role of the general assembly as its most democratic and representative organ. The UN80 initiative, launched by the Secretary General, must have as its main objective the strengthening of the intergovernmental nature of the United Nations and its capacity to better confront the urgent challenges of the present. We must reject the threatening proposal of a new doctrine that they call peace through strength, which is equivalent to imposing the arbitrary will of U. S. Imperialism on everyone through threat, coercion, and aggression. This is a doctrine conceived to the ambitions of a unipolar power already in decline, which, by the way, serves the interests of big transnational corporations at the cost of sovereign nations and their peoples and to the cost of the values upon which this organization was founded. In The Caribbean, today, we’re seeing the looming threat of war with an extraordinary naval and air deployment of an offensive nature utterly unjustified, involving missiles, landing an assault craft and nuclear submarines. Test missiles with nuclear capacity are being launched. The United States brandishes the pretext of fighting crime and drug trafficking. This is a tale which no one in this chamber believes.

##Cuba: [00:44:09] The attack and destruction of unidentified boats, the assassination or extrajudicial execution of civilians, the interception of fishing vessels, and aggressive actions by The United States generate a dangerous situation that violates international law, threatens peace and regional security. We reaffirm our energetic rejection of threats of aggression against Venezuela and our full support for the Bolivarian and Chavista government of this sister Latin American and Caribbean nation and for the People’s Military Union led by the legitimate president Nicolas Maduro Moros. We repudiate the Monroe Doctrine and any attempt at militarization, intervention, or imperialist domination in Latin America and The Caribbean proclaimed as a zone of peace in 2014 in Havana with the signatures of the heads of state and government of the community of Latin American and Caribbean states. The accelerated arms race leads to competition in the field of death and destruction, employing extraordinary financial and material resources that could instead be dedicated to poverty alleviation, development, and cooperation. Meanwhile, most of the meager goals of the 2,030 agenda will not be met. Commitments of official development assistance are being ignored, and climate financing is decreasing. In 1960, before this very assembly, the historic leader of the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro, stated, and I quote, eliminate the philosophy of plunder and the philosophy of war will disappear. Madam president, climate change is advancing inexorably and quickly. The first six months of this year have been the hottest ever recorded. Last year was already the hottest. From this very podium, science and decades of collective work to protect the planet are now being questioned. If we don’t change the unsustainable production and consumption patterns of capitalism and address their root causes, then by 02/1930, we will surpass the fateful threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius. The external debt of developing countries, already paid several times over, continues to grow, accumulating astronomical interest as a new form of colonization. What we need to do is implement the commitments undertaken at the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development, with additional resources and a specific multilateral mechanism for debt negotiation. We’re suffering the consequences of powerful cultural domination in an era when digital technology increasingly impacts our lives across the board. A few transnationals, all of almost all of them from The US, impose their operating systems and control the content that is seen, read and heard, manipulating human behaviour. We are suffering from the dictatorship of the algorithm. What we need to do is establish at the UN as soon as possible common norms in order to unlock the transformative potential of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence, for the benefit of all, whilst at the same time mitigating the risks. Beyond the challenges that Cuba faces as a small island developing state, our country suffers from the devastating and accumulated impact of the policy of hostility and economic suffocation that has been imposed by The United States for more than six decades. The blockade against Cuba persists and is being tightened to the extreme. It is really a comprehensive and prolonged economic war aimed at depriving Cubans of their livelihoods and sustainability of their existence as a supportive, educated, and joyful people. Anyone who claims otherwise deliberately lies. The very promoters of this war boast of its destructive effect and its ability to strike anywhere in the world and affect the standard of living of an entire people. The aggression has escalated to unprecedented levels in the last eight years, including increasingly acts of persecution and economic pressure on third parties. The countries that you represent and that increasingly are elaborate, surgical, and extraterritorial in nature, They lead to they affect productive capacity and have commercial and financial effects affecting services and policies that guarantee social justice and life itself. Today, Cuba faces a grave scenario of prolonged and daily blackouts, difficulties in affording food, insufficient availability of medicines, reduced public transport, limited community services, and pronounced inflation, which is eroding real incomes. In 1960, The US undersecretary of state Lester Mallory drafted the, infamous Memorandum of Coercion and Blockade against Cuba, and it is this that has guided US policy ever since. And currently governs the policy of The US. He wrote, and I quote, all possible means must be promptly used to weaken the economic life of Cuba, a line of action that achieves the greatest progress in depriving Cuba of money and supplies to reduce its financial resources and real wages, provoke hunger, desperation, and the overthrow of the government, end of quote. The current secretary of state of The United States is the reincarnation of that macabre figure. Madam president, Cuba is a country that is a victim of terrorism. And for decades, we have, been subject to state terrorism from The US. For years and still today, terrorist acts against our country are organized and financed from US territory. And these people live here in total impunity, and they are recognized as perpetrators of horrendous acts of aggression against the Cuban people, causing thousands of deaths, mutilations, and significant material damage. In compliance with our counterterrorism responsibilities and with UN efforts against this scourge, the Cuban government has officially shared with the US government in recent years the names and information relating to 62 individuals and 20 organizations based in this country who have been responsible for violent and terrorist acts and who continue from US territory participating in such acts against Cuba. No response has been received nor is it known if The US authorities have taken any action against any of them. It is cynical that the US government, for purposes of political and economic coercion, labels Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism, a slander not shared by this organization nor by any other of its member states. Many national institutions, both banking and financial as well as commercial, of nearly all the countries represented here, are intimidated by this false designation, of the US government. And because of this, their banks very often avoid engaging with Cuban entities, offering us credit supporting our commercial activity or, channeling our transfers. Added to this is intimidation against citizens of more than 40 countries whom the US government threatens with reprisals if they decide by right to visit Cuba. The United States has unleashed a virulent campaign of discreditation and persecution against Cuban medical corporation and of harassment and coercion against the authorities of countries that receive it.

##Cuba: [00:55:42] This is a strategy directed by the state department directly. It seeks to disparage this cooperation, which has saved millions of lives and, in many cases, has been the only option for access to health care for large population groups. This altruistic and supportive cooperation rests on entirely legitimate bilateral agreements and aligns fully with international standards of this organization in the field of cooperation as it does with the standards of other organizations. I confirm once again that Cuba will maintain its commitments with all countries with which we have bilateral medical cooperation agreements and programs, and we will remain willing to expand them with all governments who are prepared to develop such cooperation, respecting international law, national legislation, and all of this for the well-being of their peoples. Since 1963, almost going back to that time of, mister Mallory’s declaration, 605,000 doctors from Cuba, doctors and specialists, have carried out in dozens of countries more than 17,000,000 surgeries and brought more than 5,000,000 children into the world. At this moment, over 24,000 health professionals provide services in 56 countries. The aggression against Cuba is reinforced by a powerful machinery of destabilization that from US territory and with funding from that country’s federal budget mounts an offensive aimed at disturbing public order, promoting acts of violence, disorienting the population, and discrediting our country. It is a strategy of unconventional warfare that combines emotional manipulation with informational intoxication in order to impose an atmosphere of despair and political demobilization. Faced with such an asymmetric onslaught, our people’s determination is strengthened. We are aware of the great challenges that we face and of the need to direct with creativity and with everyone’s contribution economic recovery and the strengthening of social policies. Last July, president Miguel Diaz Canel said, and I quote, we are not an accident of history. We are the logical consequence of a history of resistance and rebellion against abuse and injustice. End of quotation. We will not desist in our effort to build our dreams of a socialist country better and more prosperous for all based on the constitutional order chosen freely by our people, guaranteeing sovereignty, national and cultural identity, and reflecting the dream of Jose Marti summarized in his memorable aspirations, and I quote, the worship by Cubans of man’s full dignity and to conquer all justice. We have designed a realistic program of economic recovery, is adapted to the very particular and extraordinary conditions of our country, aware as we are that we must overcome the devastating impacts of the economic blockade, correct the deficiencies of the current economic structure, and I quote change everything that must be changed. We don’t have any illusions, but results are already beginning to be felt at the macroeconomic level, although they have not yet been reflected in daily life for for families. Cuba is a nation of peace. Despite all of the harm that The United States has and continues to inflict upon us, we have always been willing to engage in to engage in dialogue without preconditions and to attempt to move toward a respectful respectful and civilized relationship with that country without subordination or limits on our sovereign prerogatives. Both peoples would benefit from that opportunity. A considerable number of Cubans live here in The United States, many of whom today feel threatened. Having been, vilely betrayed by politicians, especially Miami, who have built careers and enrich themselves by supposedly representing them. With the constant sowing of hatred and political manipulation, these politicians are now opportunistically supporting xenophobic, racist, and repressive measures of intimidation and reprisals unjustly applied against against them. This is happening particularly in the state department. We must not forget that the vast majority of Cubans came to this country over more than sixty years ago. They were driven by the conditions created by the blockade, and they were attracted by politically motivated laws and practices of stimulus, reception, and protection regardless of whether they emigrated regularly or not. Madam president, we reaffirm our commitment as a partner of country of bricks. We reject the application of unilateral coercive measures, which are intended to subjugate the sovereign will of peoples. We express our support for Belarus, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, the Democratic People’s Republic Of Korea, Iran, Russia, and other nations victim victimized by them. We reaffirm our solidarity with the government of reconciliation and national unity of Nicaragua. We reiterate our support for the inalienable right of the people of Puerto Rico to self determination and independence. The cisternations of the Caribbean deserve fair and differentiated treatment as well as reparations for the horrors of colonialism and slavery. The international community bears great responsibility toward the Haitian people. We maintain our modest cooperation in health with this brotherly country, and Cuba will join any international effort to support it based on respect for its sovereignty without imposition or military intervention. We support Argentina’s legitimate and sovereign right over the Malvinas Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia Islands, and the surrounding maritime areas. Cuba remains committed to peace in Colombia, and we feel solidarity with, president Gustavo Petro today. Africa, the cradle of humanity, will always be able to count on Cuba and the solidarity of Cubans. We support its just claim for reparations for the damage of colonization. We reaffirm our solidarity with the Sarawi people and their right to self determination. We reaffirm our support for the one China principle. We oppose NATO’s aggressive military and nuclear doctrines. We firmly believe without utopia that a better world is possible. We believe it is our duty to struggle and work to achieve it. I reiterate the words of president Raul Castro Urus spoken from this podium in September 2015, and I quote, the international community will always be able to count on Cuba’s sincere voice against injustice, inequality, underdevelopment, discrimination, and manipulation, and for the establishment of a more just and equitable international order centered truly on the human being, their dignity and well-being. Thank you very much.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:06:06] I thank the minister for foreign affairs of Cuba. I now give the floor to his excellency,  Dato Erywan Pehin Yusof, second minister for foreign affairs of Brunei Darussalam.

## Brunei Darussalam: [01:06:45] Madam President, Mr Secretary General, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Peace be upon you all. At the outset, I bring the warm greetings of His Majesty, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Muizad Din Wadawla, Sultan, and Yang Di Perthuan of Brunei Darussalam to this esteemed assembly. Allow me also to extend heartfelt congratulations to you, excellency Analina Birbok, on assuming the presidency of this historic eightieth session of the General Assembly. We wish you a successful tenure. I also express appreciation to His Excellency, Philemon Young, for his leadership of the seventy ninth session, and I commend Secretary General Antonio Guterres for his tireless service in guiding our organization through turbulence and uncertainty. Madam President, the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations is more than a commemoration. It is a solemn opportunity for reflection and renewal. Before 1945, our world was fractured by war and colonial rule. From that devastation, the UN was born. Its Charter is not just a legal tax, but a moral covenant, a collective vow to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to stand against dehumanisation of people. For small States like Bunday and Roussalam, which regained full independence in 1984, membership in the UN affirmed not only sovereignty, but dignity, equality and belonging within the family of nations. This is why our commitment to this organisation remains unwavering. It is the only forum where every nation, large or small, developed or developing, can stand and speak as equals. Over the course of eight decades, the UN has delivered remarkable progress. It helped prevent escalation of conflicts, supervised elections, and restored stability to many parts of the world. It has eradicated smallpox, contained Ebola outbreaks, and delivered hope during the COVID nineteen pandemics. It feeds the hungry, educates the children, and protects cultural heritage. The UN has led global climate action forge development first through the Millennium Development Goals and later the Sustainable Development Goals. It has also helped to shape international law, from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the nineteen eighty two United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which remains to be the constitution of the oceans. These achievements have inspired Brunei’s own journey. We remain committed to nurturing peace and harmony, advancing sustainable development and pursuing environmental conservation and climate action. Regionally, we work through ASEAN to promote peace, prosperity and integration. We also engage beyond the region through our participation, among others, in APAC, FIALAB, the Belt and Road Initiatives and the CPTPP, to strengthen cooperation and enhance our development. Hosting the ASEAN Centre for Climate Change reflects our determination and commitment to turn our climate ambitions into actions. Guided by the principles of the United Nations, even a small country like Brunei Darussalam has found a place in the world, contributing to peace through humanitarian aid and peacekeeping. In the past, we supported relief and reconstruction efforts in Achek following the two thousand and four Indian Ocean tsunami, and participated in peace monitoring in Mindanao. Today, we continue this role through the Observer teams led by Malaysia, which were deployed to monitor the ceasefire between Cambodia and Thailand. Additionally, we maintain our long standing participation in the UN Interim Forces in Lebanon, where Bruneian women and men serve with dedication. Madam President, what the UN has achieved so far is not a minor feat. They are the very essence of our shared humanity. Yet, we would be dishonest to speak only of success. The Security Council, the guardian of peace, has too often been paralysed, restricted by veto, divided by interests, and mute in the face of grave injustice. Nowhere is this failure more glaring, more tragic than in Palestine. The inaction undermines not only the Council’s credibility, but the very foundation of the United Nations. It reminds us why reform is not an option, but an urgent necessity. Brunei supports efforts to make the Security Council more representative, transparent and accountable in its action, and to limit the use of veto towards its eventual elimination. Madam President, eighty years ago, after the horrors of the Second World War, humanity made a vow: Never again. Never again to genocide. Never again to killing with impunity. Never again to silence in the face of atrocity. Yet today, in Gaza, we see actions that betray that vow: indiscriminate bombings, forced displacements, collective punishments, and weaponization of food and medicine. Entire neighborhoods in Gaza has been reduced to rubble under the guise of security. Children are born under blockade, water is un drinkable, electricity is a luxury, freedom is a dream. We are told that this is about defense, but when bombs fall on schools, on hospitals, on houses of worships, when humanitarian aid workers, journalists and medics are killed with impunity, what are they really defending? The suffering inflicted upon the Palestinian people bears chilling resemblance to the last century’s darkest chapters, chapters marked by the Holocaust, by ethnic cleansing, and by the mass uprooting of entire populations during the Second World War. Today, to ignore such patterns of suffering is not neutrality, it’s complicity. It is humanity abandoning its conscience. It is profoundly troubling that the very phrase ‘Never again born from the ashes of the Holocaust’ finds itself contradicted by the actions of the occupying regime. Its relentless pursuit of expansionism through annexation, illegal settlements and the systematic erasure of Palestine echoes the ideologies of the past, such as the greater Germanic Reich, which once sought domination at the expense of justice and humanity. Both of these ideologies contradict international law and the collective vow of never again. Never again does not belong to one people alone. It is a universal promise for all mankind, and we should stop breaking that promise. Recognising the state of Palestine and supporting its full membership in the UN is not a reward. It is an inherent right of the Palestinian people. It is a matter of principle, justice, and humanity. Brunei stands in unwavering solidarity with the Palestinian people. And in this regard, we fully support the New York Declaration endorsed at the High Level Conference on the Question of Palestine, which was co chaired by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the French Republic. We believe it offers a path for a just and lasting peace. We say all this not out of hatred, but out of hope for a future where both Palestinians and Israelis live in peace, not with domination, but with dignity, not with revenge, but with reconciliation. Madam president, the theme of this year’s general assembly, Better Together, is more than a slogan it is a responsibility. It means renewing our faith in multilateralism. It means strengthening the United Nations’ three pillars: Peace and Security, Human Rights and Development. And it means embracing inclusivity, transparency and respect. For small States, Multilateralism is not an option, it is our lifeline. As we confront climate change, pandemics, inequality and conflict, no nation can stand alone. Only together can we secure a peaceful, just and sustainable world for generations that are yet to come. The United Nations at 80 is not only about history, it is about a promise a promise to be better together. A promise to ensure no voice is silenced and no nation, regardless of its size, is left behind. And so, I end the speech by quoting the words of His Majesty the Sultan and Young Ripartwan of Brunei Darussalam, spoken in this very hall last year during the Summit of the Future, I quote: Let us reaffirm our commitment to upholding the UN Charter and International Law without prejudice or discrimination, to unite our nations strongly. So let us reaffirm multilateralism, because the world is watching us, because the future is listening, and because together, only together, we will endure and keep the promise of never again. Thank you very much.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:18:48] I thank the second minister for foreign affairs of Brune. And I’ll give the floor to his excellency, Johann Wadephul, federal minister for foreign affairs of Germany.

##Germany: [01:19:09] Madam president, it’s a pleasure to see you and a pleasure to see you in this role. Excellencies, on 12/10/1932, a friend picked up Albert Einstein and his wife at their house near Berlin. Together, they traveled to the German port city of Bremen. Albert and Elsa Einstein boarded a ship to North America. He planned to accept a three months position as visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology. Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists of all time, would never return to Germany. Only weeks later, the Nazi party came to power. Excellencies, this year marks eighty years since the San Francisco conference and the founding of the United Nations, The Holocaust and the World War started by Germany taught us that the denial of human dignity destroys life’s nations’ cultures. The founders of the UN came together in the belief that the defense of freedom strengthens our shared humanity. It was a belief in a world order that gave my country the opportunity to be engaged for peace, prosperity, and security in the family of nations, the United Nations. As Germans, we are deeply grateful for this opportunity, but it also means we feel particularly responsible for thee, for our United Nations. As Albert Einstein wrote in 1947, quote, No International organization can be stronger than its component parts wanted to be. In other words, it is up to us, the member states. We are the United Nations. We want these United Nations to be strong. Today, my country is running again for a seat as a non permanent member of the Security Council for twenty twenty seven-twenty eight term. We do so at a time of unprecedented instability and upheaval. In Sudan and neighboring countries, we are witnessing the worst humanitarian catastrophe of our time. Over 30,000,000 people in need of humanitarian assistance. Over 12,000,000 forced to flee their homes. We all need to do more to end this tragedy. The security of the entire region is on the line. The terrible war in Gaza is raging on. Hell on earth. A humanitarian nightmare as we speak. This war must end. The hostages must be released. The existence and the security of Israel will always be part of our raison d’etat. There must be a future and peace and in dignity for all in The Middle East. As we have reaffirmed in this hall this week, two states for two peoples, the only solution. I commend all those who continue to work tirelessly to find a path to peace, notably The United States Of America. Excellencies, Iran has created and armed a network of malign proxy forces destabilizing the region. In addition, it has for many years been engaged in a nuclear program which goes far beyond any plausible civilian use. For us, it is imperative Iran must never acquire a nuclear weapon. Since Iran clearly does not comply with its obligations under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreed to in 2015, we had no choice but to trigger the snapback of sanctions. Following a clear vote by the Security Council yesterday, sanctions will be effective later today. But let me emphasize, we remain open to negotiations on a new agreement. Diplomacy can and should continue. And on my own continent in Europe, Russia is waging a war of aggression against its sovereign neighbor, Ukraine. A war that Ukraine did nothing to provoke. A war that demonstrates the disregard for the most fundamental of all rules of the UN Charter, that all member states shall refrain from use of force against territorial integrity of other state. A rule that permanent members of Security Council be a particular responsibility to uphold. And while our minds are focused on current security and humanitarian crisis, we are aware that they are aggravated by the planetary crisis of pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss, all of which threaten to bring more instability, more conflicts over resources, more lost lives and livelihoods. At eighty years, our cherished organization is challenged by a budgetary crisis, by a crisis of multilateralism, and by lack of respect for international law.

##Germany: [01:25:16] At this time of crisis, we have set ourselves three key objectives. These have been at the heart of Germany’s work at the United Nations for decades and summarize our Security Council bid today: Justice, Peace, Respect. Since joining the United Nations, we have been adamant justice means development. Where hunger persists, there can be no lasting peace, German Chancellor Willy Brandt said in his first address to the United Nations in 1973: Justice requires that every human being has access to food, to clean water, to education, and to health care. Germany is the second largest contributor to the UN system. We are one of the largest donors of humanitarian assistance together. We will continue to provide aid through well established partners operating in line with humanitarian principles, including the UN. This aid must get through to the people who need it most. We repeat our urgent call on Israel to enable safe humanitarian access. We support UNHCR’s work in refugee camps in Sudan and neighboring countries. UNHCR, we have supported countries in providing shelter, food, and medical services for refugees. And we are investing in giving people a long term perspective. I saw for myself how citizens from Mariupol have been able to find shelter in a hub created by the UNHCR in the city of Dipno, and how displaced people in Bikka Valley in Lebanon were able to return to their restored communities through the support of UNHCR. The concept of justice also means combating climate change. I must have come from a coastal region in the North Of Germany. I know firsthand the risks and the consequences of rising sea levels. And I can assure those whose safety and livelihoods are already endangered by climate change today. We are and we remain by your side. Climate justice means supporting those who are most affected, helping them adapt and address the losses they are already facing. It means significantly reducing emissions globally and keeping the 1.5 degree limit within reach. Germany will be a reliable partner in this. We stand by our target to be climate neutral by 02/1945. Excellencies, justice, peace, respect. Thirty five years ago, we made a promise that reunite Germany would work towards peace and stability. Our contributions to peacekeeping and peacebuilding are proof that we are keeping that promise. German troops, police officers and personnel have served in 14 peacekeeping missions over the last three and a half decades. As we speak, the German military is contributing the maritime component of UNIFIL off the shores of Lebanon, Germany military personnel supports ANNIS and Minoso, And we are contributing financially to the security of Haiti, where gangs are terrorizing the civilian population, a situation where the UN has an essential role to play for peace and security. We are proud that highly qualified German nationals are making the UN system work and involve in important positions. Germany will continue to provide skilled personnel to the UN system, working for peace development and human rights at all levels. We are the largest donor for UN peacebuilding. Germany is chairing the Peacebuilding Commission until January. This is in line with our long standing commitment to support national peacebuilding and conflict prevention efforts, because we are convinced that resilient civil societies and strong institutions are essential for addressing the root causes of conflict and for building peace in the long run. The Women’s Security and Peace Agenda provides an essential contribution in that regard. Justice, peace, respect respect for the charter of the United Nations, its fundamental goals and principles that we have all pledged to uphold. It is here in New York, in the halls of the United Nations, that all these nations come together to discuss peaceful solutions to conflicts around the world. This is where we unite. This is us. There’s no other plague place like the United Nations. Excellencies, it is out of respect for international law and human rights that Germany works towards the establishment of a special tribunal for the crimes of aggression against Ukraine. That’s why we support and defend international courts. That’s why we work to protect human rights defenders where they are at risk. We stand by international humanitarian law. Ladies and gentlemen, respect also means reform. After eighty years, we must make sure that our institutions represent the world as it is today. The Security Council needs additional seats, permanent and non permanent, in order to reflect the world’s actual realities. Realities. Germany is convinced that additional permanent seats must go to regions underrepresented today, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Now more than ever, we need our United Nations to be fit for purpose. Therefore, the UNAT process must succeed. Today, the United Nations needs our support. Excellencies, we all would only stand to lose in a world where might makes right, where international rules are obsolete, in a world where treaties are only biding for the weak, and where war is a continuation of diplomacy by other means. Such a world would ultimately be governed by force. Justice, peace, respect, that is Germany’s offer to each and every nation represented here in this great hall. It is an offer to listen, to cooperate, to find solutions. It is an offer rooted in our willingness to listen carefully to your concerns. And it is an offer which we are ready to back up. It is an offer you can always count on, now and in the future. Thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:33:06] I thank the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany. I now give the floor to her excellency Thorgerdur Katrín Gunnarsdóttir, minister for foreign affairs of Iceland.

##Iceland: [01:33:28] Madame President, Excellencies, at the heart of the UN Charter lies a simple but powerful principle: the dignity and worth of the human person. It is a reminder that the international cooperation is not about institutions for their own sake, but about people ordinary people whose lives are freer, safer, and more prosperous when nations choose cooperation over confrontation, dignity, if a domination rules over force. This vision, born in San Francisco eighty years ago, must remain our compass. Without it, our world would be less free, less just, and far less secure. For Iceland, a small state whose independence and prosperity depend on respect for international law, the rules based order has been nothing short of essential. And sadly, these very foundations are under siege. Fundamental principles of self determination and equal rights for all nations are increasingly being undermined and even deliberately abandoned. We see paralysis in the Security Council’s contempt for international law and a disturbing rise in isolationism and big power politics. This, in turn, contributes to a decline in the public’s trust in a system that has brought us so much, so much in the past eighty years. This erosion of the rules based international order is deeply, deeply dangerous. A world not governed by rules will be a world where the strong impose their will and the weaker they will pay the price. This may appeal to those who possess such power. There are clear indications that it does. But that is a world we cannot and should not accept. Madam President, Russia’s full scale invasion of Ukraine is not only a a blatant violation of the UN Charter, it is a direct assault on this organisation itself. And the fact that the aggressor sits on the Security Council and trusted with upholding peace is nothing short of obscene. Ukraine is not only bravely fighting for its independence and survival, but also defending the very, very values that the United Nations were founded upon. Sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the right of all nations to live in peace and to live in freedom. Unfortunately, despite Ukraine’s clear willingness and commitment, committed efforts by The United States and Europe, the path to peace has not advanced. As the past few weeks have shown, Russia does not want peace. Instead, the Kremlin accelerates brutal attacks on civilians and critical infrastructure in Ukraine. Meanwhile, Russia’s provocations over Estonia, Poland and Romania should be of concern to all nations. And let us be clear: Russia has no intention of ending this war. It escalates, It terrorizes. It tears children from their homes. Tens of thousands of Ukrainian children have been abducted. A heinous crime, an attack on Ukraine’s very, very future. If the dignity and worth of the human person mean anything, it is that these children are returned immediately. To the people of Ukraine, I say: Iceland stands with you, not only out of solitary, but also because you are on the frontlines, defending a rules based order where law prevails over brute force. You must, dear friends, have a just and lasting peace. Dear colleagues, we must speak with equal clarity about Gaza. We are witnessing now crimes against humanity and war crimes in broad daylight what appears before us is systematic ethnic cleansing. This needs to end. We need an immediate ceasefire, full humanitarian access and the unconditional release of all hostages. We need peace for all innocent people. Iceland unequivocally condemned Hamas’ gruesome terrorist attack on Israel October 7. There is no justification for such brutality nor the taking of hostages. But nothing, and I mean nothing, can justify the collective punishment of millions of Palestinians. Starvation, bombardment, forced displacement, these acts are cruel, they are inhumane, and they are illegal. There are children dying every day in Palestine. For the past two years, at least one child one child has been killed every hour in Garsa. Every single hour. Iceland recognised Israel in 1948 and Palestine in 2011. Our position remains clear: both peoples have equal rights to self determination. Lasting peace depends on it. A two state solution where Israelis and Palestinians live side by side in peace and mutual recognition remains the only viable path to peace, even if many doubt its feasibility today. If we abandon it, we abandon hope itself. Extremists and spoilers on both sides have long stood in the way of peace. Hamas has no place in the future of Palestine. And when Israeli officials call for annexation or the expulsion of Palestinians, they are not defending Israel’s security. They are not defending Israel’s security. They are calling for violations of international law. And we call it what it is, hateful, illegal, and a direct obstacle to peace. President Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, Israelis military operations in Gaza, as well as the horrific war in Sudan, are the starkest demonstrations of deeply troubling global trends, growing disregard for international law and multilateral commitments. We are seeing this when it comes to international courts. The opinions of the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court have been defied and targeted with punitive measures. At a time when more accountability is most needed, the very institutions that were set up to exert that accountability, they are now being eroded. And it pains me to see friends partake in this. This is especially alarming for small States, like my own, whose very existence depends on the functioning system of international law and commitments. When the powerful abandon the rules, all nations are at risk. The same applies to arms control, disarmament and non proliferation with troubling erosion of long standing commitments and the weaponisation of emerging disruptive technologies. We must also recognise new challenges, global corporations that transcend borders, shaping economies, technology and also daily life without sufficient accountability. This is a reality without precedent, and one that demands also international responses. I implore all of you, not least those representing major powers, to think about this, to ponder what kind of world we actually want to live in. I, for one, know my mind in this respect. Madam President, human rights optional. Are universal, indivisible, and fundamental to peace and prosperity. It is a matter of pride for us that Iceland is seen as a global trailblazer in terms of gender equality. Fifty years ago, next month, the women of Iceland set out to strike against the systematic inequality in the so called women’s strike. This set us on a path. But no country is perfect, however, and none has achieved full equality. My government, which is led by three women for the first time, is committed to pushing this progress further. And on that topic, Iceland expects nothing less than to see the United Nations finally led by a woman when the next Secretary General takes office. Dear colleagues, I must speak plainly. Those who rely on democracy, human rights and free trade, we are under pressure. Populist movements are gaining ground. And we see how disinformation and conspiracy theories spread online, corroding, corroding trust in facts in institutions in one another. The result is predictable: rising intolerance, especially towards marginalised groups, women, LGBTQI plus groups and persons minorities People whose only crime is being who they are. And let us be clear: Women are not a problem. LGBTQI plus people are not a problem. Minorities are not the problem. The problem lies with those who spread fear and division. This trend is deeply dangerous for democracy, and it is why Iceland, as a member of the Human Rights Council, will continue to speak loudly and very clearly. Equality is not negotiable. Human dignity cannot be parted away. Freedom of expression is the cornerstone of democracy. It is also the foundation of innovation, of culture, of progress. But freedom comes with responsibility To distort free speech into the mass production of lies, propaganda or AI driven disinformation is not the exercise of freedom. It is its betrayal. Twisting facts into fake news, science into lies and upending reality is an attack on truth itself. Iceland will continue to defend freedom of expression, but also to insist that it be used responsibly, not as a weapon to harm or to divide. President, as global needs are at an all time high, we are seeing large scale reductions in development purchased by several major donors with profound consequences for the poorest countries and the most vulnerable. Iceland will not follow that path. Ultimately, development cooperation is an investment in our common rights and freedom, bringing us towards a more stable, just and a peaceful world. The climate crisis that we are certainly facing knows no borders. In the High North, where Iceland lies, temperatures are rising more than twice the global average. Glaciers retreat, permafrost thaws, oceans warm. And it is the poorest, those least responsible, who suffer them the most. Us, Icelanders’ renewable energy is the backbone of our security and also of our independence. And the ocean. The ocean is our lifeblood, our history, our livelihood, our identity. Its health is inseparable from the fight against climate change and from the protection of biodiversity. The Ocean gives, but it also takes. That shared understanding deepens our solidarity with small island states and others who are now on the frontlines of sea level rise. Their reality must be faced by the entire UN membership together, as a global family. Colleagues, the United Nations is not only about states and structures, it is about people, the people who work tirelessly for these organisations, often under immense pressure and even risking their own lives to uphold its ideals. To them, Iceland extends its deepest gratitude. Your dedication reminds us that the United Nations, imperfect as it is, we know that, still has a beating heart. But it is also about us. About us here, the leaders gathered here. These are serious times that demands serious leaders as well. We cannot afford we cannot afford cynicism, short termism, or the comfort of slogans. We must act with love for our people, with respect for our neighbors, and with wisdom for future generation. This is not naive. This is not naive. It is the essence of responsible leadership, and it is what the world needs from us. President, the undermining undermining the very institutions that have advanced peace, prosperity and human rights over the past eighty years will only deepen the challenges we face. At this critical moment, it is crucial we reverse course so that we can pass on to the future generations that we may have at times taken for granted. The world needs the United Nations, and we have to be the strongest we can be. And yes, we face daunting challenges, but our story as a global community is not only of crisis, not at all. It is also one of progress. Apartheid was abolished. Extreme poverty was cut in half. Treaties were created to protect our skies and to protect our seas. These achievements remind us of what is possible when we act together. For Iceland, the choice is very clear. We all we will always stand for equality, for respect, for international law, and for peace. Even when the tide turns against us, even when other wish these values silenced, we will not be silenced. We will keep these values alive, because they are the essence of the United Nations and they are grounded in the dignity and worth of a human person. And letters revive the ideals that inspired the founders in San Francisco eighty years ago and draw on that same spirit today. Not for their sake, but for our children’s sake. They deserve a world where peace, where justice, dignity, and freedom are not just words on paper, but lived realities. And that is the legacy we must leave them. Thank you so much.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:51:53] I thank the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland. I now give the floor to his excellency, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, minister for external affairs of India.

##India: [01:52:25] Madam president, president, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, Namaskar from the people of Bharat. We are gathered here eight decades since the founding of this unique body. The UN Charter calls on us not just to prevent war, but to build peace. Not just to defend rights, but to uphold the dignity of every human being. It challenges us to stand as good neighbors, uniting our strength so that generations to come inherit a world of justice, of progress, and of lasting freedom. Madam president, forces unleashed by history since the founding of the UN propelled this body forward. As decolonization advanced, the world began to return to its natural diversity. The membership of the United Nations quadrupled, and the organization’s role and remit grew significantly. In the era of globalization, its agenda evolved even further. Development goals took center stage even as climate change emerged as a shared priority. Trade acquired greater prominence, while food and health access were recognized as essential to global well-being. Where security was concerned, the UN undertook peacekeeping operations and promoted disarmament discussions. As a result, the UN became a natural platform to debate key global issues. Madam president, we must ask ourselves today, how has the UN lived up to expectations? And just look at the state of the world. There are two significant conflicts underway, one in Ukraine and the other in The Middle East, West Asia. Innumerable other hotspots don’t even make the news. The slow progress of the SDG agenda 2030 presents a sorry picture. On climate change, the reality is of recirculated commitments and creative accounting. Accounting. If climate action itself is questioned, what hope is there for climate justice? When a once in a century pandemic hits us, we saw open discrimination in access to vaccines and to travel. Energy and food security have been the first casualties of conflict and disruption, especially since 2022. Better off societies insulated themselves by having the first call. The resource stressed ones scrambled to survive only to hear sanctimonious lectures thereafter. When it came to trade, nonmarket practices gained rules and regimes. The resulting concentration exposed the world to leveraging. On top of that, we now see tariff volatility and uncertain market access. As a result, derisking is a growing compulsion, whether from limited sources of supply or overdependence on a particular market. Economic concerns have other dimensions as well. High time technology control is one. The grip on supply chains and critical minerals is another. The shaping of connectivity is no less sensitive. Protection of key sea lanes has become a challenge. Restricting the evolution of a global workplace is an issue. Each each makes a compelling case for more international cooperation, not less. But are we really headed in that direction? And where has the UN actually made a difference? Madam president, as members of the UN, we meet here as sovereign equals. That is not a formalism, but a recognition of the inherent diversity of our world. Understandably, we have different history, traditions, heritage, and culture. For them to coexist, for them to enrich each other, it is imperative that we foster understanding and respect. This will only happen when we resist political interference and economic pressures, when narratives are free of prejudice, when double standards are abjured, and when pluralism is truly appreciated. Madam president, excellencies, while asserting our rights, we must also firmly face up to threats. Countering terrorism is a particular priority because it synthesizes bigotry, violence, intolerance, and fear. India has confronted this challenge since independence, having a neighbor that is an epicenter of global terrorism. For decades now for decades now, major international terrorist attacks are traced back to that one country. UN’s designated list of terrorists are replete with its nationals. The most recent example of cross border barbarism was the murder of innocent tourists in Pahalgan in April. India exercised its right to defend its people against terrorism and brought its organizers and perpetrators to justice. Because terrorism is a shared threat, madam president, it is essential that there is much deeper international cooperation. When nations openly declare terrorism a state policy, when terror hubs operate on an industrial scale, when terrorists are publicly glorified, then such actions must be unequivocally condemned. The financing of terrorism must be choked even as prominent terrorists are sanctioned. Relentless pressure must be applied on the entire terrorism ecosystem. Those who condone nations that sponsor terror will find that it comes back to bite them. Madam president, an objective report card will show that the UN is in a state of crisis. When peace is under threat from conflicts, when development is derailed by lack of resources, when human rights are violated by terrorism, the UN remains gridlocked. As its ability to forge common ground diminishes, belief in multilateralism also recedes. Central to the erosion of the UN’s credibility has been resistance to reform. Most members strongly desire change, but the process is being made an obstacle to the outcome. It is imperative that we see through the cynicism and purposefully address the reform agenda. The historical injustice done to Africa should be redressed. Both permanent and nonpermanent membership of the council must be expanded. A reformed council must be truly representative, and India stands ready to assume greater responsibilities. Madam president, today, the predicament of the global South is especially acute. Bharat, under the leadership of prime minister Narendra Modi, believes that it has both a duty to contribute and an obligation to motivate. That is why we have undertaken more than 600 major development projects in 78 countries, as well as innumerable community based initiatives. They range from large infrastructure to small livelihoods, from capacity building to people’s welfare, from concrete assets to education and training. Turbulent times require that we step forward during moments crisis. India has been forthcoming in that regard, especially in its immediate vicinity. Whether it is finance, food, fertilizer, or fuel, we have responded to the urgent requirements of our neighbors. Madam president, climate events and conflicts have created a demand for HADR assistance. Reflecting our growing capabilities, Bharat has endeavored to be a first responder. Be it essential medicines or relief supplies, the operations of a field hospital or limb fitment camps, these efforts covered 19 nations last year. The people of Afghanistan and those of Myanmar saw India extend its hand during recent earthquakes. Our efforts at ensuring safe commerce, combating piracy, and preventing attacks on shipping in the Northern Arabian Sea also bear mention. And the Indian tradition of peace of UN peacekeeping operations continues in the Democratic Republic Of Congo, in Western Sahara, Central African Republic, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Lebanon, Abbe, South Sudan, and Somalia. To put it clearly, our soldiers ensure peacekeeping, our sailors protect maritime shipping, Our security counters terrorism. Our doctors and teachers facilitate human development the world over. Our industry produces affordable products. Our techies promote digitization, and our training facilities are open to the world. These remain the core of our foreign policy. Madam president, each one of us has the opportunity of contributing to peace and prosperity. In the case of conflicts, Ukraine and Gaza, even those not directly involved have felt its impact. Nations who can engage all sides must step up in the search for solutions. India calls for an end to hostilities and will support any initiative that will help restore peace. The last decade in Bharat has also seen transformative changes due to the vision of prime minister Modi. Our digital public infrastructure has redefined governance and enabled delivery of public services on an unprecedented scale. Our startup ecosystem, innovation culture, and microfinance are changing the face of society. Our rapidly growing infrastructure facilitates both ease of doing business and ease of living for citizens. India remains committed to sharing its experiences and tools with others on their journey of development. Artificial intelligence as a horizontal and cross cutting technology has a particular promise for development. India’s approach is to harness it responsibly for human welfare. Inclusion and impact will be the watch words for the summit that India will host in 2026. Madam president, Bharat approaches the contemporary world guided by three key concepts. One, or self reliance. That means developing our own capabilities, building our own strengths, and nurturing our own talent. We see its results already, be it in manufacturing, in space programs, in pharma production, or in digital applications. Make, innovate, and design in India also benefit the world. Two, or securing one’s self. We remain determined to protect our people and secure their interests at home and abroad. That means zero tolerance for terrorism, robust defense of our borders, forging partnerships beyond, and assisting our community abroad. And three, Atma Vishwas or self confidence. As the most populous nation, as a civilizational state, as a rapidly growing major economy, we are confident about who we are and what we will be. Bharat will always maintain its freedom of choice and will always be a voice of the global South. Madam president, these are certainly challenging times for the international community. Many of our assumptions and expectations no longer hold. In such circumstances, it is imperative to stay strong, to hold firm, and to deepen friendships. International cooperation must prevail because islands of prosperity cannot flourish in an ocean of turbulence. A world order requires common purpose as it does empathy for others. That is where we look to the United Nations. Madam president, every member who can make this world a better place must have the opportunity to do their utmost. And for that to happen, reform multilateralism is the obvious way. The ninth decade of the UN must be one of leadership and hope. Bharat will do its fair share and more. I thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:00:00] I now give the floor to his excellency Badr Ahmed Mohamed Abdelatty, minister for foreign affairs, immigration, and Egyptian expatriates of Egypt.

##Egypt: [00:00:09] In the name of God, the merciful and compassionate, your excellency, Annalena Baerbock, President of the General Assembly, Your Excellency Antonio Guterres, Secretary General of the United Nations. Our celebration today of the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations was supposed to be an occasion, an opportunity to reflect on the journey of this organization, an opportunity to think of the achievements of the organization in maintaining international peace and security and ensuring prosperity and development for all and establishing an international order based on international law that are applied by all that apply to all to preserve the dignity and rights of all. However, the reality of these international organizations today, eighty years after its establishment, has nothing to do with these noble goals. The multilateral international system is facing challenges. Its pillars are being eroded. It’s fluid as a result of crimes being committed in full view of the international community. The international community is standing idly by as a spectator before the systemic violations of international law that undermines the international system. We’re seeing double standards across the board, but especially in The Middle East. The Middle East is at a point of implosion. The basis of stability, peace and security are absent. There is no noteworthy respect of international legitimacy. Our Palestinian brethren is falling victim to the most heinous Israeli actions. It’s a war, a wanton, unjust war waged against defenseless civilians for a sin they did not commit, driven by an extremist ideology that only says sees destruction, killing and systematic starvation, a toxic narrative, an incitement to hatred and violence. The aggression is transpiring without accountability, and it has affected one country of the region after the other. The most latest what we’ve seen is the wanton aggression against brotherly Qatar. Egypt is one of the first to anchor the pillar of peace in the region. When president Sadat visited Jerusalem in historic visit in 1979, Egypt feels concerned and feels responsible at the same time. Two years following this wanton aggression against Gaza, following the daily violations in the West Bank, the foundations of peace that we have been laying for seventy five years are now being threatened. In light of these difficult circumstances, Egypt presents its vision to deal with the situation in The Middle East and the international system as follows. First, we express our appreciation and gratitude to President Donald Trump, which announced his full commitment and his willingness to work with the leaders of the region to end this unjust war against Gaza according to an integrated comprehensive vision that stops the bloodshed, that ensures security for all, that restores the foundation to bring back lost trust. Egypt is willing, is fully willing and is fully committed to building on the vision by president Trump to restore stability, to end the war, to open a political horizon that paves the way towards the establishment of the Palestinian state, to also release hostages and detainees and to heal all wounds, the wounds of the orphans, the wounds of the injured, the wounds of the hungry in the Gaza Strip and put an end to the arrogance of might and to put it aside and to restore hope for tomorrow. Egypt, since the outbreak of this crisis, have done its utmost to reach a ceasefire, a ceasefire that is sustainable in Gaza in partnership with brotherly Qatar and The United States Of America. We worked on resuming the entry of humanitarian aid without obstacles to address the starvation that is made by Israel, created by Israel. We must restore the basic necessities of life. The entry of humanitarian aid must be priority for the international community together. We all must ensure the provision of humanitarian aid as soon as possible and adds scale, and we also must work together to protect civilians. We reiterate that we categorically reject any scenarios to forcibly displace the Palestinian people. Would be a crime of ethnic cleansing. We say this very clearly. Egypt is not and will not be a gate to liquidate the Palestinian cause. We will continue to support the resilience of the defined Palestinian people that is holding on to its national territories. We will never, never be a partner in a new Nakba. Bringing humanitarian tragedies, even more humanitarian tragedies. Egypt also presented a plan for reconstruction and recovery that was accepted at the Arab Islamic and international level. We commend the invaluable role of ONROA, the indispensable role of ONRWA.

##Egypt: [00:07:45] It is providing valuable support to millions of Palestinian refugees. We also commend the role of United Nations and its specialized agency. We call upon the countries of the world to provide the necessary and sustainable support to ONROA. The continued of Israeli occupation, the genocide transpiring today in the Gaza Strip, depriving the Palestinian people of their legitimate rights, most notably the right to establish its independent state along the lines of the 06/04/1967 with East Jerusalem as its capital. This hollows out any narrative of peace and security in the region. In this regard, we express our full support to the conference on the two state solution led by the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia and France. We commend the courageous decisions by states that have recently announced that they do recognize the independent free state of Palestine. Israel cannot be secure when others are not secure. The region cannot see stability without an independent state of Palestine. International resolutions contain the parameters necessary to settle the conflicts of the region. What we need is insight, wisdom, political will, and understanding the lessons of the past. We need foresight. In this context, we warn of the continuation of oppressive policies and irresponsible Israeli practices to close the door on peaceful coexistence and regional cooperation. In light of these challenges, Egypt and Saudi Arabia presented a joint vision for security and cooperation in the region adopted by the League of Arab States. This would be the foundation for a new vision, a new vision of a region where all countries enjoy balanced security, comprehensive security. We extend the hand of peace. Don’t fail children that look to a bright future. Young people that wish to build and restore don’t fail the elderly that want to live in dignity and peace. I quote president Abdul Fattah Sisi. Peace is Egypt’s strategic choice to ensure a secure and stable future for the peoples of the region, end of quote. Second, Egypt looks at the conflicts in the region from a perspective of international law, from a perspective that give precedence to the sovereignty of states and settling disputes by peaceful means and maintaining national states and national institutions. Also, counterterrorism, these are all bases for stability. In this context, Egypt stresses the importance of supporting brotherly Sudan that is going through a delicate juncture in its history. All efforts must be made. We strongly support maintaining and preserving the institutions of the Sudanese state, including the Sudanese National Army. We’re working in cooperation with the sovereignty council and international partners as part of the international quartet to restore stability, peace and security in The Sudan based on national Sudanese ownership to fulfill the aspirations of the brotherly Sudanese people. We also firmly support brotherly Libya and its national institutions. Presidential elections, parliamentary elections must be held simultaneously as soon as possible. It is important for all foreign forces and mercenaries and foreign fighters to leave Libya. If we are serious about peace and security in Libya, this would consolidate stability and security and would unite, Libyan institutions and allow it to extend its authority over all Libyan territory. The Yemeni crisis must be settled based on international parameters. We must maintain the security of navigation routes along the Red Sea. It is the lifeline of international trade. Egypt is one of the most affected parties from this escalation. We lost more than $9,000,000,000 revenues of the Suez Canal as a result of disruptions in international trade going through the Red Sea. The stability, security, and territorial integrity of Somalia is part and parcel of the security of the region. We call for making concerted efforts and mobilizing the necessary funding in order to activate the AU mission in Ossom in Somalia. Egypt intends to contribute to this force with a military and police component. I also must strongly condemn repeated Israeli violations of the sovereignty of Lebanon and Syria. We condemn continued violations of Lebanese and Syrian territories. It is of utmost importance to respect the territorial integrity of Syria and Lebanon. Against this background, in light of these complex regional challenges, Egypt is playing a prominent humanitarian role. We are hosting more than 10,000,000 refugees and displaced persons on our territory. We are providing an environment that respects their dignity, that respects their rights, and that ensures that they receive basic services without discrimination. Despite increasing burdens that go beyond our capacity, and I don’t think that there is any other country in the world that is hosting such number of refugees providing this kind of services and treating them as Egyptians. As I said, these burdens go beyond our capacity, especially in light of regional international economic crises. Nevertheless, Egypt continues to fulfill its moral and humanitarian responsibility. We believe it is important to share responsibility. The principle of, shared responsibilities is contained in the the International Convention on Refugees. President Abduh Abdul Fattah Sisi is leading the way to settle disputes. Our region has seen targeting nuclear facilities that are subject to the AIIA safe grade agreement, which is inconsistent with international law. Fourth, we believe that cooperation according to international law is the pillar of mutual respect and the only way to ensure joint benefits. Experience has shown that unilateral measures deepen crises and increase gaps. Ethiopia saw that imposing a fete accompli and violating international law as part of its destabilizing policy in the Horn Of Africa and the Eastern Nile Basin declared that the dam has been completed, and what’s happened just has happened. It is delusional as it believes that Egypt will forget its rights when it comes to the Nile. There’s those who pay lip service to international law, but we are ready to resort to justice, to resort to international arbitration. If intentions to actually abide by these mechanisms turn out to be true, if they turn to stalling, if they turn to threatening the fate of people in downstream countries, we will get back our rights, and we will not be lax in that journey. International law allows us to protect our existential interests in the Nile Basin. Fifth, believe that restoring the United Nations and international financial institution is no longer a matter of choice. It’s a necessity to ensure a balanced representation in the decision making bodies at international level. Egypt is committed to the Zulwini consensus and the search declaration to lift the historic injustice that has inflicted the African countries African, continent. We also believe it’s important to provide concessional financing and address the debt crisis. In conclusion, once again, I stress that we look forward to building upon the outcomes of the four financing for development conference hosted by Spain in July to take effective step to finance development. We also look forward to enhancing efforts for developing countries to have access to AI and digital technologies. At COP twenty at the COP, conference hosted by Egypt, we made efforts to ensure we have a loss and damage fund, especially in light to in light of of crisis in climate financing. It’s important to provide financing to developing countries without increasing the debt burdens on these countries. Ladies and gentlemen, the international landscape is critical and precarious at the moment. In light of our role regionally, internationally, and in light of our historic role, we had to warn of the upcoming danger and present a road map to address this critical phase. We are at a critical juncture. We are at a critical juncture. Either The Middle East would go back to a reason to go back to international law, or we rush towards a state of chaos that might some might think would be able to control by force, by the efforts of force, however, experience and history has shown that using force would inevitably lead to a disaster, and the first to be affected by that are those who have used force. I stress that Egypt, as a founding member of the United Nations, remains after twenty after eighty years of the existence of this United Nations, we remain committed committed to international law. We come we remain committed to enhancing multilateral action as we recognize that absence of international governance will affect us all. We have a negative impact on f on us all. There is no alternative to committing to international law and to enhance the implementation of international law. There is no alternative to holding violators of international law accountable. There is no country above the law. There is no country, whatever it is, that cannot be held to account. All this to maintain international peace and security, to achieve sustainable development, and to promote human rights. In conclusion, I quote president Abdul Fattah al Sisi. Peace is not born out of force and bombardment. It’s not forced it’s not born out of normalization that peoples reject. Peace is only built on understanding equity and justice. I thank you very much. I thank his excellency, minister for foreign affairs, immigration, and Egyptian expatriates of Egypt. I

##The president of the general assembly: [00:21:26] Now give the floor to his excellency, Maxim Ryzhenkov, minister of for foreign affairs of Belarus.

##Belarus: [00:21:46] Distinguished mister president, ladies and gentlemen, the theme of this year’s general debate is better together, eighty years and more for peace, development, and human rights. An excellent theme. The keyword here is together. So together, let’s remember everything and reflect. And I’m confident that we will find the true root causes of the challenges and threats facing the planet today. First, the eightieth anniversary of the great victory in the second World War. Eight decades ago, a bloody and merciless war ended, which was a great tragedy for all of humanity. And only at the cost of millions of lost and broken lives did we overcome this challenge. The contribution of The United States and Great Britain to great victory is obvious as is that of the Chinese people who threw off the yoke of Japanese militarism. However, the decisive factor was the feet of the Soviet people, a multinational people who fought down to the last drop of blood for their freedom and the freedom of oppressed peoples. Note that they did not hand over the keys to their cities to the conquerors. They did not hide behind pro Nazi collaborationist regimes. They did not supply the Nazi regime with equipment and soldiers. Back then, eighty years ago, this was obvious. The liberators were greeted with flowers and rejoicing in the capitals of Europe. Monuments and memorials were erected in their honor, and streets and cities were named after them. Only eighty years of life have gone by since then, a life of prosperity and peace in Europe and how everything has changed. The West has developed its own version of the truth about the events of those years. Memories are being erased, monuments demolished, history textbooks rewritten. Once again, we hear Nazi slogans and chants in in, city streets. This is how the twenty first century generation is being raised, the generation that did not see the horrors of that poor. They did not even hear about it from their parents, and so they are fueled by the false heroism of their ancestors who, in the past, had joined Hitler’s coalition of nations dreaming of world domination. If history is being rewritten, then its conclusions are also being rewritten. This calls into question the legitimacy of the postwar world order based on the universal principles of the United Nations. That seems clear. And it seems that they were forced into doing so. The west was forced into doing so for a certain period of time. The collective West was, at that time, forced to share the burden of responsibility for the fate of the planet with the so called Soviet bloc to set aside their thoughts of world domination for a while and to wait, of course, to wait for for events to come to pass that would allow everything to be turned on its head. From this rostrum, in the past few days, we have already heard people say that the Holocaust is our shared shame. Why is it our shared shame? Everyone is answerable themselves before history. We, Belarusians, for example, fought Nazism down to the last drop of blood and laid down our lives to do so. We saved Jews at the cost of our own lives. We cannot remain silent about this today. We remember the hundreds of villages burned by the Nazis together with their inhabitants, the millions of Belarusians torn apart and mutilated, the hundreds of thousands of children and women taken into European slavery. And therefore, we understand that preserving memory is important so that history does not repeat itself so that there are no more national ideologies of racial superiority, where there is no place for entire peoples, so that there is no there are no concentration camps, that terrible invention of the West, and also to make sure that there is no genocide against any people. The Belarusian people have been living in peace now for eighty years. And if you look at our history, that is an incredibly long time to live in peace. Never have Belarusians lived so well with such dignity and under such peaceful skies as in the last thirty years when under the leadership of our president, we have been successfully building a socially oriented state in the interests of ordinary people. At the same time, we sacredly preserve the memory of the terrible tragedy of the second World War, and we pass this memory on to younger generations. Why don’t many others around us, especially to the west of our border, want to live like this? Well, the answer is simple.

##Belarus: [00:25:58] The politicians there are blinded by their personal ambitions. They cannot see ordinary people behind those ambitions even in their own countries. And so it is no surprise that they treat human life with such contempt, as well as that of other peoples, for example, calling on Ukraine to fight down to the last Ukrainian. This year is also significant for the UN, which celebrating its eightieth anniversary. The organization was created by the victors of that bloody war. We remember that Belarus was among the first founders as well. Belarus, a country where one in three people were killed, tortured, or burned. And throughout all these years, the Belarusian delegation has been one of the most reliable supporters of strengthening the foundations of the UN, initiating the most bold, peace loving, and historically hard won initiatives. Therefore, we have the right to speak directly today about what our organization has achieved by the time of its anniversary, and I would like to talk about three key, elements. First, it is indisputable that the UN remains a central element of international life. This has been made possible by its indisputable legitimacy, its universal membership, and its comprehensive agenda. However, we can see that the principle of universality has been seriously undermined, especially in the last decade, and that has been done by those that are constantly trying to turn the UN into a tool for advancing their own interests, in addition to doing so contrary to the aspirations of humanity. Secondly, the UN is indeed preserving the planet from another world war. Its key mechanism, the Security Council, allows the great powers to discuss matters of war and peace at the table rather than on the battlefield. However, unfortunately, this body is being used less and less. Its influence on world affairs is no longer what it used to be. And let’s be honest, the UN has proved incapable of preventing many of the bloody regional conflicts of our time. And the further thing go goes on, the more this is true. Thirdly, a huge network of international structures has been created under the UN, and a multitude of legal documents have been developed. This infrastructure provides an opportunity for effective interaction across the entire spectrum of human activity. But if you look closely, only some of the UN structures remain truly effective and are actually fulfilling their functions. Why is this happening? Well, it’s obvious. The organization has to keep up with the times. That requires reform, which our secretary general, Antonio Guteres, has been talking about, and first and foremost, that of the UN Security Council. And here, I’m talking in Talia about expanding the category of permanent members to include developing countries from Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Over the past eight decades, the membership of the organization has grown exponentially, and many states that were not even on the world map when the UN was founded want their opinions and voices to be heard, and they have a right to do so as now they are important political and economic actors. They rightly expect the UN will work in the interest of all of its members and to strengthen cooperation between them rather than being a tool for manipulation by individual countries, and this includes settling scores with other states. Fourth, we also see a problem in the fact that the UN is being used for certain purposes. The actions of The United States Of America to reduce its support to the UN, which has already caused plans to cut staff in our organization, are a very unpleasant wake up call. But you’ll have to agree that if the UN is able to be an impartial forum and move with the times, it will be in demand by everyone, the weak and the strong, the developed and the developing. Otherwise, it will suffer the same fate as the League of Nations. And Belarus does not want that to happen because, for the time being, we do not see any alternative to the UN. And that is why talking about these institutional problems, sincerely today is important to understand their nature and to correct them. The fiftieth anniversary of the Helsinki final act is is being marked this year as well. This document, initiated instantly by the leadership of the Soviet Union, consolidated the realities that had developed in Europe after the second World War. The act also predetermined the stable nature of relations between The Soviet Union and The United States, which was reflected in all regions of the world and helped to make the Cold War slightly more manageable. It also introduced the principle of indivisible security, adherence to which prevented the Cold War from escalating into a hot one. The Helsinki agreements provided an opportunity to build a united, indivisible, and prosperous Europe during and after the Cold War. However, history took a different path. Today, the so called victors of the Cold War have completely forgotten this principle and adopted a logic of superiority and confrontation. Incidentally, it was precisely this logic that was behind NATO’s eastward expansion. As a result, the balance of power in Europe was undermined, and security threats arose for many states. The Yugoslav crisis, the bloodshed in a number of post Soviet republics, and the conflict in Ukraine are the most striking examples of such consequences. Today, it is clear that the way to end the bloodshed in Ukraine lies in all parties in Europe returning to an understanding of the importance of respecting the principle of indivisible security. And it’s important that one of the main global centers of power, The United States, has finally started to understand the importance of this. Unfortunately, the EU countries aren’t doing the same thing. They continue to stoke regional conflict with the firewood of Ukraine. Joint efforts are particularly needed to increase the level of trust between countries, although there are no ready made solutions at present. But action must be taken, and we, in Belarus, which is at the heart of Europe, understand this perhaps better than anyone else.

##Belarus: [00:31:53] After all, it was through us that the most tragic wars of modern times have swept through our country every fifty years or so, leaving nothing but memories in their wake, and that is why we cannot delay. Just look at what our European neighbors are doing on the EU’s border with Belarus and Russia. They are laying mines, building walls, moats and trenches, defensive lines, and barbed wire. They are trying to create a sense among their population of an impending threat from the barbarians to the East, and they have actually already been victims, albeit among NATO countries who are either drowning in bogs or being blown up by their own mines. Incidentally, I saw here on the North lawn near the UN building, a piece of the Berlin Wall has been set up as a monument to the human to human rights. And the inscription says, a 155 kilometers and 200 victims during its existence or something to that effect. Today, a much larger wall, thousands of kilometers long, is being erected on the border between the EU and Russia and Belarus from Finland down to Poland, and there have already been hundreds of victims along this wall since its construction began. Today, hundreds of innocent migrants from countries of the South who, in search of a better life, are striving to reach the EU, which has destroyed the normal way of life, their countries are dying. So if we are not able to prevent the construction of this wall together, then let us at least reserve a place on the North Lawn where we can put up a piece of that wall when the countries in question come to their senses and decide that such a wall is no longer necessary. We could say how long it was and how many people died as a result. And we can say that this is a monument to the right of freedom of movement. Belarus is speaking out and proposing concrete solutions. In particular, the president of the Republic Of Belarus has put forward an initiative to develop an a a Eurasian charter of multipolarity and diversity in the twenty first century to launch a new paradigm for a Eurasian architecture of equal and indivisible security. I won’t talk about this in detail. The minister of foreign affairs with the Russian Federation already spoke about this very well. We then call upon all Eurasian states to join in this process and to show the same responsibility that our predecessors demonstrated half a century ago. There is no alternative to this dialogue. We need to rid ourselves of prejudices and sit down at the negotiating table. Our appeal, of course, also is addressed to the countries of the European Union, which have traditionally been skeptical of any initiatives coming from the East. But I would like to remind them that this East is far from what it was even a decade ago. It is in in essence the global South or even the global majority, you could call it, and that is what must be wreck must be reckoned with. It’s time to finally understand that the days of the dictates of the collective West are a thing of the past. And therefore, I would like to advise European countries to reflect on their place in the world in light of the transformations that are underway, which as we can all see are not clearly in their favor. The decline in economic competitiveness is undermining the traditional European model of the welfare state, leading also to a fall in living standards and rising inequality as we can see. The crazed militarization of the region is driving Europe, especially the new EU and NATO member states, into a deep financial abyss. The foundations of European society are being rapidly destroyed as a result of the virtually uncontrolled mass migration that’s taking place and the failed policy of false multiculturalism, as a response to this challenge. And all of this is happening against the backdrop of evermore fences that are being hastily erected in the East. These are not just concrete fences, but political, ideological, interpersonal ones, and in a sense in essence, civilizational fences. What then do you think lies beyond these fences in the East? It’s not just Belarus and Russia anymore. There’s also the Indian Ocean, and as our Chinese friends say, a community of of shared destiny and shared responsibility for the future of humanity that is stretching all the way to the Pacific horizon that that exists there. With the weakening of customs and physical borders, the strengthening of cooperation across the entire spectrum of pressing issues, the development of interpersonal contacts, and multifaceted interaction. This is a community where despite numerous cultural and and national differences, people respect each other at the very least and do not impose ideological dogmas and rules of behavior on one another. Billions of people, millions of kilometers of territory, a powerful rapidly growing economy, and the most advanced technologies, ones that are now our own. We have everything and our own modern mechanisms for cooperation as well, the BRICS, the SCO, ASEAN, the African Union, the League of Arab States. Therefore, in essence, all of these political and militaristic shenanigans by the EU on its eastern border and economic sanctions against us, these are all measures of harsh self isolation that are driving EU countries even deeper into domestic economic and political crisis. And allow me to say again, this is self isolation. If European elites intend to continue in the same vein, it will become even worse for the peoples of Europe. However, all of these problems can be solved if instead of self isolation, Europe accepts the concept of Eurasian cooperation and security on our vast continent. And another thing, this year, we are marking the quarter century that has passed since from the rostom of the general assembly, one of the the greatest hopes and promises in the history of the United Nations were voiced. A full twenty five years now separate us from the Millennium Summit at which the Millennium Development Goals were adopted. At that time, it seemed that with the dawn of a new millennium, we were also entering a new era, one of beneficial globalization and universal prosperity. Where do we find ourselves a quarter of a century later? On the one hand, we have become even more interconnected and interdependent, and this is thanks to technological development, which is constantly changing the concepts of time and space. But on the other hand, multiple fault lines have emerged that completely negate all of the positives. Consider the following figures. In February, there were around 50,000,000 displaced persons in the world. Today, there are more than a 120,000,000. More than a billion people on the planet still live in multidimensional poverty. Conflicts in Ukraine, Palestine, Syria, postwar syndrome in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and a number of other countries that is preventing the peoples of those countries embarking embarking on the path of recovery, large scale military action against sovereign countries outside of an illegal framework, trillions of dollars spent on mindless militarization. This is where we’ve ended up twenty five years on instead of those hopes. Just consider the six and a half decades of the economic blockade of Cuba, which has also been completely unjustifiably declared a sponsor of terrorism. And in the same vein is the story about some kind of drug threat from Venezuela, which is completely unfounded and unacceptable. Is this really the result that the UN system was striving for twenty five years ago? So why did the expectations and hopes of the beginning of the millennium not come true? In this regard, the words of the president of Belarus spoken at that millennium summit proved prophetic. For many centuries, a small group of states has determined the fate of the world, viewing other nations as peoples as a disenfranchised mass. The past quarter century has shown that many in the West have been unable to abandon their centuries old mentality. As a result, the West has not become a leader in the process of change, but rather a source of threats and losses. Certain Western elites that are accustomed to to living for centuries at the expense of others continue to exhibit a colonial mindset, albeit a modernized one. It’s no surprise that even today, they continue to display arrogance and and power that they exert over developing countries, which was characteristic of colonial times. Our African friends can speak very eloquently about, colonial times, and, incidentally, they’re calling for reparations as well from the harm caused by the West. Over the past quarter of a century then, we have seen the West not working together to solve development problems, but rather imposing democracy and the weaponization of the economy. This policy has spawned many wars, chaos, millions of refugees, created barriers to international trade, undermined global food security, entrenched poverty, hunger, and inequality, and the international organizations, chief among them the UN and the WTO, have been sidelined. That is why in response to these negative trends, the idea of regionalization is becoming popular and cooperation mechanisms that aren’t linked to Western countries such as well, as I already mentioned, the BRICS, SCO, ASEAN, CIS, the League of Arab States, and the African Union, they’re growing and strengthening. They reflect the interest of the global majority countries. They work on the basis of mutual respect, equality, and consensus rather than domination and plunder. They are essentially are forming a fair multipolar economic architecture for development. And it’s only natural then that the Chinese president Xi Jinping has put forward a very timely initiative on global governance, Belarus fully supports. Mister president, the words of the great Italian thinker of the past century, Antonio Gramsci, who wrote from a fascist prison are more relevant today than ever. The old world is dying, and the new world is struggling to be born. It is indeed paradoxical that even today, the new world is being born in agony because the old world does not want to quietly leave the stage. We’re not the ones destroying the old world. The West itself is doing a perfectly fine job of that. But we, the global majority, are trying to build a new one, and I would like to underscore that particularly. It’s together. It is the key word from the theme of this general assembly. We’re doing this together with our like minded partners. Thank you for your attention.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:42:30] I thank the minister for further phase of Belarus. I Speaker4: Give the floor to His Excellency, Mohamed Salem Ould Merzoug, Minister for Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Mauritanians Abroad of Mauritania.

##Mauritania: [00:42:45] In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate, Your Excellency Mr. President, Your Majesties, Excellencies and Highnesses, His Excellency Antonio Guterres, Secretary General of the UN, Your Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen. May God’s peace, mercy and blessings be upon you. I would like at the outset to extend my warmest congratulations to Her Excellency, Ms. Annalena Baerbock, on her assumption of the presidency of the eightieth session of the General Assembly. I am confident that her rich experience and her high competence will contribute to her successful leadership of this session. I would like to also extend my sincere thanks to His Excellency, Philemon Young, for the highly competent leadership of the seventy ninth session. I also extend my thanks to His Excellency, Mr. Antonio Guterres, the Secretary General of the UN, for his tireless efforts to develop and enhance the role of the UN. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, I’m pleased to convey to you the greetings of His Excellency, Mr. Mohammad Wiltshey Grazwani, President of the Islamic Republic Of Mauritania, and his wishes for the success of the eightieth session of the GA. His Excellency honored me by allowing me to deliver on his behalf the address of the Islamic Republic Of Mauritania. This session, of course and naturally, represents an opportunity to celebrate eighty years of achievements by our organization in the service of humanity as a whole and in various fields. But it is also an opportunity to objectively diagnose the major shortcomings and deficiencies that have characterized this or that aspect of the UN’s journey over the past eight decades. In this context, it is clear that our world today consists of two contrasting realms, two contrasting worlds. One is rapidly advancing toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution and artificial intelligence, while the other remains hostage to poverty and marginalization. This gap, this ever widening gap, particularly in view of the current context of growing conflicts and wars, this gap presents a difficult test to humanity. It requires us to unite our efforts to devise solutions that are capable of narrowing this gap by achieving just and comprehensive human centered development and the right of every human to a dignified life. The theme of our session today reflects and accurately captures this noble goal: Better Together eighty Years and More for Peace, Development and Human Rights. Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, the session is convened amidst a global context that is extremely complex and challenging. We see tensions, wars, conflicts that are escalating in various regions. We see also the exacerbating effects of terrorist threats and natural disasters resulting from climate change. Human suffering is increasing, and the humanitarian burdens on entire populations are multiplying. This exposes international peace and stability to increasing risks and reinforces the need for a more effective role of the UN. Amidst all of this, the genocidal war being waged against our people in Gaza is a true litmus test to the human conscience and the credibility of the international system. We in the Islamic Republic Of Mauritania condemn this aggression and this genocidal war and reiterate our support for the Palestinian people. And we stress that violence cannot bring lasting peace and security and that stability in The Middle East as a whole depends inevitably on enabling the brotherly Palestinian people to realize their right to establish an independent state with East Jerusalem as its capital, in line with relevant international resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative. In this context, we are pleased to have seen the momentum and the efforts to recognize the state of Palestine. That was powerfully demonstrated by the overwhelming vote in the UN General Assembly in favor of the New York declaration on the implementation of the two state solution, which was the outcome of the high level international conference that was held in July 2025 at the initiative of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic Of France. I have here to thank on behalf of my country the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic Of France, for organizing the aforementioned conference despite all the challenges and the obstacles. I commend the positions of those countries that have recognized the state of Palestine, and I hope that other countries will follow suit in upholding the principles of truth and justice until Palestine becomes a full member of the United Nations.

##Mauritania: [00:50:46] In the same vein, my country reiterates its strong condemnation of the recent Israeli aggression against the brotherly state of Qatar, which constitutes a flagrant violation of this country’s sovereignty and of all international norms and conventions. We also affirm our support for peaceful solutions in Libya, Sudan, Yemen and Syria. We support all international efforts regarding Western Sahara, and we call for a negotiated end to the Russia Ukraine war to spare the world further tragedies. At the same time, we commend the peace agreements between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic Of Congo on the one hand and between Pakistan and India on the other. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, in a world where conflicts, poverty, disease, climate change are burdening humanity, the need is more urgent for more just and effective international and global political, economic and health governance that places and prioritizes human life and dignity. This can only be achieved through a balanced reform that restores confidence in the United Nations and renders the organization more capable of fulfilling its noble purposes and goals of safeguarding peace and security and building a more equitable world. Accordingly, my country renews its commitment to the legitimate demands of our African continent as set out in the Azulhini consensus for equitable representation in global governance structures. We call the international community to support developing countries in addressing challenges of food security, climate change, the problem of debt and to support their efforts towards achieving the sustainable development goals. President, ladies and gentlemen, the Islamic Republic Of Mauritania places a high priority on the strengthening of the rule of law and good governance, the consolidation of values of justice and equality as its top priority. Therefore, we have implemented a range of strategies and reforms aiming at promoting transparency in the management of public affairs, reforming and enhancing the independence of judiciary, supporting the role of the parliament in oversight and accountability. This will ensure fighting against corruption and the protection of rights and freedoms as well as strengthening the trust among the different national components. In the same context, and in an attempt to reinforce our status and image as a land of stability and consensus and the state of law, His Excellency President Muhammad al Ghazwani has chosen to make dialogue a constant approach in managing all public affairs, making sure to engage all Mauritanians and colleagues, consolidate good governance. In terms of social cohesion, protection of social cohesion, that is my country is placing development at the service of citizens everywhere through structured programmes that embody spatial justice. It is building dams, constructing schools, establishing health centers, providing the foundations for a decent life for thousands of families in villages and cities and rural areas, strengthening national solidarity in full harmony with a process and in parallel with the process of consolidating the rule of law and the foundations of good governance. We have a comprehensive health coverage program that has provided insurance for vulnerable families. The number of beneficiaries increased by 147% between 2019 and 2024, with universal health coverage reaching approximately twenty one percent of the total population. As for human rights, my country has strengthened its human rights frameworks and systems by combating the effects of slavery in all its forms and confronting human trafficking through well established legal and institutional mechanisms. Mauritania hosts approximately 250,000 refugees from Mali. And we have completed conciliation of the legal status of more than 150,000 migrants in conditions that fully respect their rights and preserve their dignity. As part of its priority to human development, our country has launched a comprehensive educational reform process with the participation of educational stakeholders. The process aims at developing educational programmes, teaching methods, promoting the values of citizenship in addition to developing vocational training programs to better equip young people for the labor market. Women’s role in the public and political life has also been strengthened, improving their access to health services. In the field of combating terrorism and extremism, my country adopts an integrated strategy that combines security measures on the one hand, intellectual and educational approaches on the other and promotes the values of justice nationally and also in the framework of regional and international cooperation. On the economic front, the country continues to diversify its economy to enhance the ability to create job opportunities and confront crises. We recorded a growth rate of 5% in 2024, while inflation rates are expected to not exceed 2.5%. In terms of energy transition and sustainable development, the country has witnessed the launch of major projects, including a €300,000,000 hybrid renewable energy plant and the adoption of a green hydrogen law and the signing of major international agreements in addition to the launch of the World Bank supported DREAM project. Our efforts continue also to combat desertification and preserve biodiversity, and we look forward to actively participate in the COP thirty climate summit in Brazil and to advance the fulfillment of international commitments to reduce emissions and finance climate change adaptation. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, the Islamic Republic Of Mauritania is committed to work on strengthening multilateral cooperation and reform the international political and financial governance system in a manner that strengthens our collective ability to achieve sustainable development. Mauritania will remain faithful to its approach to contribute to the promotion of regional and international peace and security, to diversify and consolidate its partnerships to address the various challenges facing our country, our continent and the world as a whole on a path to achieving a safe and dignified life for all. Thank you for your attention. May peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you. 

##The president of the general assembly: [01:00:37] I thank His Excellency, Minister for Foreign Affairs, African Corporation and Mauritanians abroad of Mauritania.I now give the floor to her excellency, Oana-Silvia Ţoiu, minister for foreign affairs of Romania.

##Romania: [01:00:58] Excellencies, our very presence here today representing our countries together in the same room, part of the same conversation, is in itself a deep expression of our commitment to multilateralism. What is also now important is that this is a place for our hopes and our trust in the framework provided by the United Nations. Romania stands firmly by the United Nations as we mark eighty years since its creation and seventy years since we joined. And, yes, we do celebrate, and we are proud of both our membership and the history, the mission, and the work of this organization. But we also have a duty to see what works, to see also what does not work, and to act accordingly. We are living in troubled times without precedent in history. People say that we want to prevent war, but war is very near to us. People say that we want to live under the reign of international law, but the world assists impassively to its repeated violation. I have heard similar statements many times in the interventions here of world leaders in the United Nations plenary that we live and we face unprecedented times. However, the phrase that I just mentioned does not belong to me, and it is not about 2025. It was said by another Romanian minister of foreign affairs almost a century ago by the Romanian diplomat, Nicolaiti Tulescu, twice president of the General Assembly of the League of Nations. He was himself an advocate of collective security, speaking to the world in an attempt to prevent the escalation towards war, in an attempt to ensure that multilateralism has the power to fulfil a vision for peace. We all know here what is the history of the League of Nations, but we also know here that we must not repeat it. The United Nations must not share the same faith. Today, the world does not assist impassively. The world is here, present, involved, committed to peace efforts. We are here to ensure that aggressors can no longer replace the rule of law with the rule of the mighty. Romania remains a staunch supporter of international law. We lead in promoting the universal jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. This is particularly so after the International Court of Justice rendered its advisory opinion on the obligation of states in respect of climate change this July. We call on the states here today to join the declaration of promoting the universal jurisdiction of the ICG launched by Romania. Looking at the international peace and security, our aspirations remain the same as those of Titulescu, remain the same as those that were eighty years ago, seventy years ago. For almost four years, we have been witnessing a fully fledged war of aggression against Ukraine started by Russia, uninvited and unprovoked, a war that has unleashed the greatest security crisis in Europe in recent history history and challenged the rule based international order. We must respond to that challenge. The latest violations of the sovereign airspace of Poland, Estonia, Denmark, and of my country, Romania, by reckless actions aimed to provoke or condemned by many other countries here in New York at the UN Security Council, and we are grateful for that. We once again proved together that provocations meant to destabilize our alliances and to put pressure on our unity have achieved the exact opposite. Opposite. Any common challenge unites us more. We know and reaffirm that we are stronger together, that the prosperity of any of us is based on the security of all of us. The war in Ukraine, which is carried out both conventionally and hybrid by Russia and its allies, potentially might affect the maritime security in the Black Sea area, and it challenges already the resilience of the neighboring states. We, the United Nations, must act with the conviction that the just and lasting peace in Ukraine is in everybody’s interest. We welcome The ongoing US and European leaders’ efforts in that respect, and we urge for an immediate, complete, and unconditional ceasefire. We also consider that the recent statements of president Donald Trump and that of European leaders are also an acceleration needed towards peace. In the meantime, Ukraine continues to need our support and our solidarity. In full accordance with the UN Charter, Ukraine has the right to protect its sovereignty, its independence, and territorial integrity, and has the support of its people to do so. So. Romania’s support has been substantial and multifaceted, and we will continue to stand with Ukraine for as long as it is needed because their security piece there is also connected directly to our own security and prosperity. The government of Romania supports the pursuit of justice and accountability on the brutal war of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.

##Romania: [01:06:16] Looking at the global map, we are also concerned about the escalation of tensions and conflicts in The Middle East, An immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the unconditional release of all hostages, as well as adequate humanitarian assistance are merely the first steps towards a permanent end to hostilities. We fully support mediation efforts towards these goals. We also need to maintain a political horizon for the implementation of the two state solution. Romania supports this approach for over three decades as the only viable basis towards a just, comprehensive, and lasting peace in The Middle East. We also remain concerned about developments on the African continent, and we do reiterate our commitment to the stability of the region. A continent with such a large young population needs to give them the right to hope, to plan, and build their future in peace. But there is a decrease of the UN peace and security footprint around the world in the exact time while conflicts sometimes have no end in sight. This is not only because of the expected effects of the reform triggered by the UN 80 initiative. The reviewing process of the UN peace operations must respond better to current realities. Adaptability, local ownership, partnerships, including with regional organizations, are key attributes for such success. At the same time, conflict prevention and mediation should always come first, while the separation between the special political mission and peacekeeping operations should be eliminated to fully exploit synergies and capabilities. We need to rebuild trust in the mandates of the UN peacekeeping and UN political special missions, and that means action. From our perspective, there are already various instruments within the established UN framework to help maintain and restore the international peace and security, as it is our common mission. For example, the global nuclear non proliferation regime is one such key instrument, and the constructive cooperation of the member states with the International Atomic Energy Agency is essential. That is why Romania has also resumed our role in its leadership. The Security Council reform should make further progress in terms of transparency, working methods, and representativity in order to become more effective and consolidate its credibility beyond our small diplomatic circle. Successful steps have already been taken, such as the veto initiative, but more needs to be done. And let me be clear here what am I referring to when I say more needs to be done. We need to act together and make sure that the aggressor doesn’t have the power to veto anymore on the words that it has started unprovoked and uninvited. The general assembly has its own role in the area of peace and security according to the UN Charter. Its complementarity, its synergy with the Security Council must be put to good use. We welcome the recent consensus on the revitalization process, including with regard to the secretary general selection and appointment, one that we proudly co facilitated. Closely linked is also the peace and security for ensuring international humanitarian response to emergencies. Romania supports the central coordinating role of the UN and the more consistent humanitarian diplomacy. We must ensure a fully effective, nondiscriminatory, and unhindered response to the needs of those affected, to the needs of those that are vulnerable now. At the same time, an integrated approach to humanitarian development and peace actions is key to leverage investments on the long run. Distinguished audience, we now come to another fundamental pillar of the UN, to fulfill a legitimate aspiration towards prosperous, sustainable, and inclusive societies. We have shown political will, but will is not enough. Our actions do not suffice. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without peace and security, protection of human rights as enshrined in all 17 SDGs and adequate capacities and financial resources. Romania supports the effective official development assistance, as it is reflected in alignment to best standards in the field OECD recommendations, as we also plan to join OECD next year. As we approach COP thirty, we must urgently address environmental degradation, including pollution and biodiversity loss. We are also committed to achieve climate neutrality by mid century, and we join efforts to keep the 1.5 degrees Celsius target alive. Some consider this effort to be expensive, but it is way more expensive not to do it. We must accelerate the just energy transition and emission reduction while ensuring energy security. Romania already does so. And since climate change is a threat multiplier, Romania supports an integrated approach to the climate and security nexus within the UN system. We remain firmly committed to support sustainable development globally. We believe that investing in human capital, advancing green and digital transitions, and reinforcing institutional resilience are key pillars for long term prosperity. We live in a digital age. Human rights must be upheld also online, especially because that is where we currently have the attention of most of the young people living in our countries and globally. The implementation of Global Digital Compact should ensure a human centric, human rights based approach to the digital future. We cannot leave it with no rules. Moreover, it should harness the achievements of DSDGs. Thirdly, let us look at the human rights pillar, starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, also a spectacular example of women leadership in the United Nations. We have progressively built a complex system to ensure that the fundamental rights and freedoms are protected, respected, and fulfilled. Our shared values and goals are still not met, but we have the necessary means at our disposals. Romania believes we can succeed if we continue to uphold the universal universality, indivisibility, and interdependence of all human rights. We cannot dilute existing commitments. We cannot afford to accept pushbacks. We must ensure adequate, predictable, and sustainable funding for human rights. That is the only way. Each of us has the ability, but also the responsibility to act since human rights, democracy, and the rule of law come hand in hand. Furthermore, the civic space is a vital component of resilient and democratic societies. Have witnessed this firsthand in Romania as well. It is essential that we rely on civil society. Romania advocates for the meaningful participation of civil society actors and human rights defenders in all UN human rights processes.

##Romania: [01:13:23] The voices of youth must be heard. Gender equality in law, but also in practice, must remain a priority and is a priority for my country. We are imperfect in following that priority, but we are doing our best. We celebrate now forty years since the adoption of the Beijing declaration and its platform for action, and we must show real progress in terms of gender parity, combating discrimination and harmful stereotypes, eliminating pay gaps as well as violence and abuse. We look forward for the upcoming session of the Commission of the Status of Women to deliver results on the implementation of the Beijing agenda further. Romania welcomes the adoption of UN Convention Against Cybercrime which will contribute to preventing and combating the misuse of technology besides safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms. We have actively actively contributed to its negotiation, and we believe that many international and regional instruments should be used in its implementation. For example, cybercrime program office of the Council of Europe from Bucharest has achieved major impact worldwide. It has benefited more than a 140 countries since its creation a decade ago. The Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre, also hosted by my country, has brought an important contribution in the fight against transnational crime in all its forms, in the region and beyond. We should also bear in mind that disinformation with malign intent has dire consequences for democracies. They have tried to influence our democracy at home in Romania, and they have failed. They will try again, and we must ensure they will fail again. In neighboring Republic Of Moldova, in about twelve hours from now, the polls open. It is perhaps the most consequential legislative election since the country’s independence. In the run up to these elections, we have seen reports from Moldova that witnessed malign foreign interference and disinformation on an unprecedented scale directed by Russia through proxies inside and outside Moldova. The intent, as we see it, is clear to deny the Moldovan voters the legitimate right to freely decide the future of their own country. Our neighbors are a young and vibrant democracy. Democracy. They have proved courage, resilience, and vision. But now they are challenged with the powerful tools of an authoritarian state. Ladies and gentlemen, we must ensure a swift implementation of the PACT for the future, our building block for action on the whole range of UN activities. And we must be responsible and ambitious with the UN reform process, particularly with regards to the UN 80 initiative. Romania supports efforts towards more efficiency and effectiveness in mandate delivery, as well as a system wide approach to harness synergies and eliminate duplications. We simply cannot afford not to do so. At the same time, the UN can function properly only if it is adequately funded. In conclusion, I would like to renew our support to the UN system for a better world and a prosperous future. You can count on Romania, and Romania counts on the United Nations. Thank you for your attention.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:17:04] I thank her excellency, the minister for foreign affairs of Romania.I now give the floor to his excellency, Sihasak Phuangketkeow, minister for foreign affairs of Thailand.

##Thailand: [01:17:32] Mister president, excellencies, distinguished delegates, at the outset, I would like to congratulate you, mad mister president madam president, on your assumption to the presidency of the eightieth session of the General Assembly. Though I assumed office only a few days ago, my government made it a priority for me to be here today because we believe this moment matters. This eightieth anniversary of the United Nations comes at a time when the UN is at a crossroad facing critical challenges. Let me begin by reaffirming Thailand’s steadfast commitment to multilateralism. There is no doubt that the world still needs the UN, and the UN needs all of us. For the UN to fulfill its purpose, it must evolve with the changing times. Thailand too stands at an important crossroads, facing pressing challenges at home with no time to lose. Our vision reaches beyond our borders to the world at large, for we, like all nations, aspire for a peaceful, just, and inclusive world. It is in this spirit that Thailand stands ready to play a constructive role in shaping a United Nations that is truly fit for purpose, delivering peace, development, and human rights for all. Madam President, this year’s general debate theme, better together, reminds us that the United Nations is strongest when we act together as one. First, we must unite as one community. Eighty years ago, our community of nations adopted the UN Charter with hope for peace. Yet today, we face a world increasingly divided by protectionism, fragmentation, conflicts, and climate change that spares no nation. The war in Ukraine, now in its third year, continues to bring immense suffering and destruction. Likewise, the horrendous suffering in Gaza, where innocent civilians, especially children, are paying the heaviest price weighs heavily on our collective conscience. It is a stark reminder that when peace is broken, the human cause is born not only by nations, but by ordinary people whose lives are torn apart. As one community, every nation shares the responsibility to promote global peace and security, And this responsibility must be inclusive. Multilateralism is more effective when women participate fully, whether in peacekeeping, conflict prevention, or humanitarian response. Their voices, leadership strengthen our community and make peace more durable. I’m confident that madam president election to lead this assembly will inspire us all to advance UN’s woman agenda with greater resolve. Thailand intends to do our part. Our keepers our peacekeepers continue to serve around the world, helping to rebuild lives torn apart by conflicts. At home, we have cleared over 99% of mine contaminated areas under the Anti Personnel Mine Ban Convention. This is not just about treaty obligations. It is about giving communities back safe land they can live and grow on. It is about fulfilling our duty to our people. Protecting people at home is only part of the task. We must also respond to transnational challenges like migration driven by conflict and disasters, a shared test no nation can solve alone. This is a real task for Thailand. For over decades, we have hosted displaced persons from Myanmar. Today, we are giving them greater opportunity to work outside of their temporary shelters so they can live with dignity and contribute to society to mark our commitment to humanitarian assistance and practical solutions. In the same spirit, Thailand is stepping up our efforts to combat transnational crime, including online scams, as their impacts ripple far and wide. Crimes Without Borders demands cooperation without borders. The vision of one community must begin close to home. Regions are the building blocks of the global community. In our region, peace and stability also lies at the heart of ASEAN’s community building efforts. Yet challenges exist even in our own neighborhood. The situation in Myanmar remains a grave concern. Thailand has provided humanitarian aid along our borders, and we continue to urge all parties towards dialogue and a viable peace process. This is the foundation for lasting peace in Myanmar. And even among closest neighbors, disputes can arise. Admit admittedly, the current situation with Cambodia is neither desirable or in the interest of either side. Our peace, stability, prosperity are closely intertwined. We cannot move away from one another. We are part of the same ASEAN family. This morning, I intended to say something different and positive, reflecting hope for the future. But I had to rewrite the speech because of the most regrettable remarks by my Cambodian colleague. To my dismay, Cambodia continues to present itself as the victim. Time and time again, it has portrayed its own versions of the facts, which does not hold up to scrutiny because it is simply a distortion of the truth. We know that who are the real victims. They are Thai soldiers who have lost their legs from land mines, children whose schools were shelled, and innocent civilians who were shopping that day at the grocery store that came under attack from Cambodian rocket fire. Yesterday, I met my Cambodian colleague in the very hall of the United Nations. We talked about peace, dialogue, mutual trust, and confidence. This was emphasized later at the informal four party consultations organized by The United States. We appreciate president Trump’s dedication to peace. But unfortunately, what was said today by the Cambodian side was completely opposite to what was said yesterday at the meeting. It reveals the true intention of Cambodia. These allegations were so far fetched that they make a mockery of the truth. From the beginning, Cambodia initiated the conflict with the intention to expand a border dispute into a national conflict and to further international internationalize it, as was the case again this morning. The villages referred to by my Cambodian colleague earlier are in Thai terror, full stop. In fact, they exist because Thailand made the humanitarian decision to open up our borders in the late nineteen seventies for hundreds of thousands of Cambodians fleeing the civil war in their country to seek shelter in Thailand. We made this decision out of compassion and humanitarian principle. And and as a young diplomat, I witnessed the scene myself. Although the civil war has ended and the shelters were closed, the Cambodian villages have expanded over the decades. And despite Thailand’s repeated protests, Cambodia has ignored those requests to address this encroachment. And when reached peace returned to Cambodia after the nineteen ninety one Paris Peace Agreement, we were there to rebuild and to rehabilitate the Cambodian nation to sustain peace. We built homes, roads, hospital, because peace in Cambodia is in Thailand’s interest. This is what neighbor should do for one another. Mister president, the ceasefire is still fragile. We must make it work. This demands commitment and sincere actions from both sides. Regrettably, Cambodia’s continued provocation, including mobilization of civilians into Thai territory, and recent firings toward outside undermine peace and stability along the border. I am referring to a series of incidents since September 23 of Cambodia’s troop firing at Thai troops stationed along the border. The most recent incident happened just today. Thai troops have also continued to detect surveillance drones intruding into Thai terror Thai territory on a daily basis across the border areas. These actions constitute a violation of Thai sovereignty and territorial integrity and the ceasefire agreement reached at the special meeting in Punta Jaya, Malaysia, and reaffirmed at the bilateral border committee meeting. Now let there be no doubt that Thailand has always and will always stand for peace, and we will do everything we can to find a peaceful solution to the current problem with Cambodia. At the same time, Thailand will always stand firm and resolute in the defense of our sovereignty and territorial integrity. We urge we urge Cambodia to work with us in resolving the differences to peaceful dialogue and existing mechanism. Today, our two countries face a defining choice. As a close neighbor and as a friend, we must ask Cambodia which path they wish to take, the path of continued confrontation or the path of peace and cooperation. Thailand chooses the path of peace because we believe that the people of both countries deserve no less. But we really question whether it is the intention of Cambodia to join us in this pursuit of hope for peace. For Thailand, dialogue, trust, and good faith are not just words. They are the way forward. We will continue to uphold these principles in our engagement with partners in ASEAN and beyond, including major powers, in pursuit of sustainable peace and shared prosperity. To speak of one community, mister president, is to reaffirm that we are bound by shared principles that everyone is born free and equal in dignity and rights. As a member of the Human Rights Council for twenty twenty five, twenty twenty seven, and chair of the third committee of the general assembly, Thailand is committed to promote and protect human rights for all. For us, it is not just about holding a seat at the table. It is about making a real difference in people’s lives, the lives of those caught in conflict, those living with disabilities, and those who are often left behind. Advancing the rights of women and girls is also central to this effort. Equal participation and freedom from violence and discrimination are not just human rights, they are the foundation of just and resilient societies. Health is another fundamental right that cannot be overstated. Ensuring access to care is not only about saving lives, it is about giving every person the chance to live with dignity and security. This is why Thailand champions the right to health at home and globally. Our universal health coverage and village health volunteers put people first so that no one is left behind, and every community is given the tools to thrive. Thailand is also contributing to global efforts on noncommunicable diseases and pandemic preparedness, including through the WHO pandemic agreement. We do not know when the next panic pandemic will strike, and only by working together can we be prepared and ready. Mister president, peace and human rights cannot stand without sustainable development. Yet today, development is under threat from rising protectionism, tariffs, and trade barriers may serve long short term interests, but they hurt us all in the long run and divide us when we need the most solidarity. Thailand believes that true prosper true prosperity is built not on walls of tariff, but on bridges of trust.

##Thailand: [01:33:27] Our path forward is open and fair trade, rooted in people centered and inclusive development. But sustainable development is not just growth. It is about values and balance between progress and preservation. That’s why Thailand’s sufficiency economy philosophy built on balance, resilience, moderation has guided our development journey. It reminds us that true progress must empower people while protecting the planet. With only five years left to achieve the SDGs, we must strengthen partnership at all levels and confront the inequalities and financing gap that still hold back our common future. At the same time, we must never forget that the planet lies at the core of sustainable development. Climate change, the overarching threat of our time, is widening the gap between the haves and have nots. Without stronger support for those most affected, we will fail both our people and our planet. As the UN turns 80, our task is simple but profound, to come together under one dedication. We are all bound by ideals, norms, and principles of the UN Charter. But the world has changed dramatically. Renewing our dedication to multilateralism is no longer optional. But the truth is the history of the UN is filled with promises made but not kept. Each unfulfilled pledge erodes the credibility and weakened global trust. If the UN is to remain at the heart of multilateralism, we cannot afford to repeat this cycle. That is why the pact for the future adopted last year must become a blueprint for action. To deliver meaningful progress, our national actions must match our collective pledges. But for the UN to affect effectively deliver on its task, it must be equipped with the resources it needs. We must ensure that UN has the means to achieve the ends it has been mandated to undertake so that the UN can remain a driving force for it has been mandated to undertake so that the UN can remain a driving force for peace and development. Mister president, as we seek to rebuild, reinvigorate, and reform the UN, we must be guided by the vision of one future. For the UN to guide us into the future, comprehensive reform, including the Security Council, are imperative. The UN must be more representative, transparent, accountable, and also fit for the future, coherent in action, relatable to people, and adaptive to change. That is why Thailand strongly supports the UN 80 initiative. It is not just about closing financial gaps, but a once in a lifetime chance to make the UN reconnect with the people it serves. But as we strengthen the UN, we must recognize its limit. The UN cannot do everything, and multilateralism is bigger than the UN alone. It thrives when rooted in strong regionalism. Regional institutions are the first responder to crisis, build of trust among neighbors, and the bridge between global commit commitments and local realities. For Thailand, is our home and our center. The upcoming 15 will show how shared principles become practical cooperation. Thailand is fully committed to advancing this partnership so that regional voices are fully heard in shaping global solutions. Building a strong global community goes beyond our generation. That is why we must embrace the power of youth, making the thirtieth anniversary of the world program marking the thirtieth anniversary of the world program for action for youth, Thailand reaffirms its commitment to invest and empower young people and give them real opportunities to drive change. With this in mind, Thailand is proud to have youth delegates joining our national delegation to the UNGA so they can actively participate in shaping the future they envision. For in the end, the future belongs to them. It should therefore be built by them. Mister president, excellency’s distinguished guests, in its eightieth year, the United Nations must live up to its very name, nations that stand united. We gather here not only in celebration of what has been achieved, but to look ahead to what more we can accomplish together. The lessons of eighty years is clear. We are strongest when we stand as one community, bound by one dedication, and united in shaping one future for all. This is the true meaning of better together as one. Thailand pledges to do our part, and more than that, we challenge ourselves and all our friends here today to turn words into deed. That is how we will make the next eighty years better than the last. Thank you very much.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:39:49] I thank his excellency, foreign minister of Thailand. We have thus heard the last speaker during the general debate of this session. The following session will be resumed after adjourning this session. Session adjourned.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:00:00] I call to order the thirteenth plenary meeting of the General Assembly. The Assembly will continue its consideration of agenda item eight entitled General Debate. I now give the floor to his excellency, Luca Beccari, minister for foreign affairs, political affairs, international economic cooperation, and a digital transition of San Marino.

##San Marino: [00:00:40] Madam president, mister secretary general, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the government of the Republic of San Marino, would like to congratulate the excellencies Annalena Baerbock on her election as a president of the 80 section of the United General Assembly and to wish her a fruitful work. The Republic Of San Marino support the priority of your program and ensure you, madam president, full cooperation in all works of the general assembly. I would also like to extend my special thanks to secretary general Antonio Gutierrez for his energy and determination in leading the United Nation in these difficult and challenging times. Madam president, we are meeting at a moment of profound global transformation. The global order is undergoing fundamental shift impacting trade, technology, and international cooperation. In such time, the enduring value of a rule based multilateral system become even more critical. The eighth anniversary of our organization provide an opportunity for the United Nation membership to reflect on the enduring significance and relevance of the charter of the United Nation. As geopolitical dynamics change and new global challenges emerge, this year’s general debate must train our collective reaffirmation of the spirit of San Francisco and the founding principle of the United Nation enshrined in the charter. Our meeting in the general assembly not only honored the legacy of the United Nation, but also regenerate the continued cooperation in the pursuit of a more peaceful, just, and sustainable world. Madam president, unfortunately, the search of a peace remain as huge in today as it was in 1945, emphasizing the need for renewed commitment, collective action, and stronger multilateral effort. Conflict continue to rise in different part of the world, inflicting immense human suffering and devastation. If we want that the United Nation remain a light of hope for those who are experiencing the despair of the war, we must advance our strategy for prevention, mediation, and resolution conflict. We know we acknowledge the essential role of the UN in delivering life saving assistance and protection to million of people in country and area that are enduring conflict, such as the Horn Of Africa, the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, The Sudan, Ukraine, Yemen, and beyond. But this is not enough. We, member state, must do more in advancing international peace and security guided by the charter and the mandate of the general assembly and security council. The war of aggression against Ukraine broke dramatic consequences for the civilian population, including civilian death, destruction of vital infrastructure, and massive displacement. San Marino condemned the Russia aggression against Ukraine and support Ukraine independence, sovereign, and territorial integrity within its international recognized border. We remain committed to ensure that Russia is held fully accountable for its war of aggression against Ukraine. At the same time, San Marino welcome all international effort for a comprehensive, just, and lasting peace in Ukraine in line with the UN the resolution of the general assembly, and the international law. Madam president, the humanitarian catastrophe unfolding in Gaza and the West Bank is unbearable and remain one of the most painful and long standing tragedy of our time. San Marino condemned in a unequivocally the horrific terror attack perpetrated by AMAS on July, and call once again for the immediate and unconditional release of all hostage. At the same time, we reiterate our call for an immediate and permanent ceasefire and for full, safe, and humanitarian access to the effect civilian population. Nothing can justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people through indiscriminate bombing, starvation, and displacement. The continued expansion of settlement, including highly sensitive projects such as e one, together with the devastation in Gaza, treatment the raise of a concrete possibility of peace. Unless we act with unity and determination, the vision of two people living side by side in dignity and security will be lost. It is in this dark hour that responsibility become urgent. On fifteen May, our parliament with unanimity mandate government to recognize the state of Palestine within this year. Today, before this assembly, we announce the fulfillment of that mandate. San Marino officially recognize the state of Palestine. As a sovereign and independent state within secure international recognized border in line with the resolution of the United Nation. Having a state is the right of the Palestinian people. It is not and can never be a reward for Hamas. This decision is consistent with the message delivered last July at the high level conference co chaired by France and Saudi Arabia and with the New York declaration, which call on state to take concrete and reversible step.

##San Marino: [00:07:08] By joining today the group of country that moved from war to action, San Marino intend to send a strong political and diplomatic signal. Recognition of Palestine is essential to reaffirm that peace must be built on justice and equality. San Marino will also continue to support Palestine admission as a full member of the United Nation. Madam president, civilian continued to bear the brunt of armed conflict worldwide. The death toll of civilians, including children and women trapped in conflict, has reached a shocking number. We cannot remain silent in front of such tragedy. They have been targeted, killed, kidnapped, and tortured. The number of civilian that have been displaced has reached new records. Civilians have been deprived of water, food, and humanitarian assistance. Houses, critical infrastructure, school, and hospital have been targeted and destroyed or damaged, leaving civilians in despair, leaving children without education, patients without health care. Excess extensive use of explosive weapon in populated area have caused the majority of civilian casualty in different conflict. Marino condemned such attack and called on all state to support the implement the political declaration on explosive weapon in populated area. Is deeply concerned about violence against children, particularly children in a situation of conflict. As we celebrate the twentieth anniversary of Security Council resolution sixteen twelve, San San Marino renew its commitment to the CAAC agenda and support the role of the special representative for children and armed conflict. We’re particularly worried about the high number of grave violation against children that have been reported, the denial of humanitarian access, killing, and maiming of children, and the recruitment and use of children, abduction, rape, and other form of sexual violence. Samarino call on all armed force and armed group to constructively engage with the United Nation for reaching and implementing action plans to end and prevent grave violation against children in accordance with their obligation under the international law. San Marino also firmly condemn attack on school and hospitals as well as their use for military purpose. We reiterate all support for the safe school declaration. Educational facility should be a safe place for all children, student, and teacher. We call on all member state to ratify the optional protocol to the convention on the right of the child on the involvement of child children in armed conflict. We also encourage all parties to support other important tools such as the Paris principle and commitment and the Vancouver principle. Samarino reiterate the importance of accountability for all violation against children, impunity for the perpetrator of grave violation is not acceptable. The international community has the duty not only to stop and prevent this violation, but also to assist child victim and to work for their reintegration. Regrettably, violence has increased also also against the humanitarian actor and journalist. Humanitarian personnel and aid worker are being killed in unprecedented numbers. Attack against humanitarian personnel, aid worker and journalist must end, and they are illegal and acceptable. Marino firmly condemns such attack and cannot remain silent against the fact that impunity is becoming the new normal. Attack on humanitarian personnel cannot be tolerated. San Marino has recently endorsed the declaration for the protection of humanitarian personnel developed by Australia with a group of country. This declaration demonstrate a strong political will to protect humanitarian personnel and to upload compliance with international law. The urgency and uncertainty underpinning the current international context are jeopardizing progress towards sustainable development. San Marino is concerned about the crisis that are precluding progress on the SDG, particularly where terrorism, regional conflict, act of aggression are unraveling year of achievement. Sustainable development must remain high on our agenda. The pact for the future adopted last year is a crucial opportunity to reinvigorate multilateralism and turbocharge the SDG and the 2030 agenda. We believe that monitoring and evaluating the pact is a decisive part of the implementation as it not only enable to access progress, identify gaps and make the necessary adjustment, but also help ensure that our collective commitment lead to tangible result. With the 2030 agenda as our collective road map, we must act to reverse the current back leading in the implementation of the SDG. This includes enhanced mobilization of financial resources from all sources in order to contribute to eradication of poverty, social inclusion, stronger partnership and a collective commitment to leave no one behind.

##San Marino: [00:12:54] Financing for sustainable development remain an essential priority. San Marino welcomed the Seville commitment adopted at the fourth International Conference on financing for development concluded in Spain, which promote investment in sustainable development, address the debt crisis afflicting many of the world poorest country, and give developing country a stronger voice in the international financing architecture. We need to strain a rule based and equitable financial system that ensure a more effective and inclusive global economic governance. We are concerned by the multiple interlinked crisis that are punishing our world over the brink, especially developing country. The triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution must remain at the center of the UN agenda. Climate change and environmental degradation lead to increased instability and conflict, as well as to human suffering, lack of sufficient appreciable fresh water, food insecurity, internal displacement, and forced migration. An urgent collective action is required to fully implement the Paris Agreement and keep the 1.5 degree temperature goal within reach, we must accelerate the transition away from fossil fuel and ensure a global, just and inclusive green energy transition. Halting and reversing biodiversity loss and reducing pollution must remain solid priority of the UN as healthy ecosystem are vital for achieving the SDG. Malnutrition, unhealthy diets, unsustainable agriculture, and most alarming, the threat of famine caused primary primarily on by ongoing conflict and negative consequences of climate change take a terrible toll on the human suffering addressing food security must also be at the core of the work of the UN. In this context, San Marino firmly believe that the fight against food loss and waste will contribute to promote food security and welcome all the initiative aiming at developing awareness in such responsible behaviors. Madam president, since the foundation of the UN, significant progress has has been made in advancing the promotion and protection of human right, but in inequality and backsliding persist. The world continued to witness persistent violation of human right. In 2025, thirty years after the adoption of the Beijing declaration and platform for action, gender equality remain one of the world’s greatest challenge and most transformative opportunities. It is extremely important to address the root of gender inequality alongside the effort to combat gender based violence in all its form. Samarino support women, youth, and vulnerable groups equal, full, effective, and meaningful participation in all sphere of public and political life. We support the declaration of future generation adopted last year at the Summit of the Future, which aimed to unleashing future generation full potential through the all and inclusive and equal access to quality education. San Marino believes it is essential to safeguard the human right and digital age. In this respect, the global digital compact is an important tool that underscore our collective commitment to branding the digital divide and promoting digital inclusion, creating a more equitable and sustainable future, and finally, ensuring that digital technology are used for the benefit of all humanity. Moreover, the establishment of an independent international science panel on AI and on the global dialogue on artificial intelligence governance are fundamental to promote scientific understanding of AI and to ensure inclusive multi stakeholder discussion on this matter that it will contribute to building the UN membership capacity by fostering shared knowledge, common understanding and pooled experience equally benefiting the stakeholders, from developing countries. We are worried about the risk related to new technology in the military domain. The rapid advance of in artificial intelligence have lead to concerning level of autonomy in conflict. Artificial intelligence has been used in conflict to select target and make decision over life or death. San Marino believe that meaningful human control must be retained over such a decision guided by international law and ethical principle. Submarino is also worried about the enlargement and upgrading of nuclear arsenal aimed at escalating global tension. The threat of nuclear weapon use continue to pose an existential risk to humanity. Furthermore, we are witnessing an unprecedented rise in global military expenditure. We are working on a dangerous and unpredictable path. We need to redirect our effort on multilateral system, renewing our commitment to peace through diplomacy. Madam president, multilateralism and our international order stand on the principle of justice international law. However, in this recent year, we have witnessed a progressive erosion of international law and the rule of law. San Marino believed in the principle that the true rightness is based on fairness and ethics, not on brute force. The rule of law exists for this region to ensure that all state, regardless of their power, are held accountable, that a rule based international order with the charter at its center is our best guarantee against cows and war. Thanks to its unique role at the center for setting goals, the United Nations serve the collective interest of all nation and people transcending any individual state. San Marino reaffirms its commitment to multilateralism with the United Nation at its center and in particular in the framework of the general assembly as the most representative body of the United Nation on account of its deeply democratic nature, universal participation, and undisputed legitimacy. Accountability is an integral and essential part of the multilateral system. System. It play an important role in addressing global challenging, fostering trust and legitimacy in international institution. We are deeply worried about the disgraded and violation of international law. The Republic Of San Marino reaffirmed its full commitment to the obligation under the human and humanitarian law, such as the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, the Rome Statue, and the Geneva Convention. Madam president, we need to revitalize the United Nation by reinvigorating the multilateralism if we want to pursue credible solution to the global challenges. The SDG, the twenty thirty agenda, the pact for the future, and the Sevilla commitment, a recent testimonial to our joint commitment and to what world multilateralism can deliver, but it’s not enough. It is essential to rebuild trust in the potential of the organization in its leadership and, most of all, trust between its member and all the stakeholder. Reform must remain the center of our action because they are crucial to future world stability and maintenance of international peace and security. The UN eight initiative, launched last March by Secretary General, must be an inclusive reform process capable to deliver innovative solution. Its purpose is to make the UN more efficient, integrated, effective in tackling complex global challenges and adjusted to the financial reality. We believe this reform effort should preserve the integrity and balance of the three UN pillar on an equal basis and continue to primarily support those most in need as well as those affected by crisis, disaster, and armed conflict. In conclusion, member state must assume their responsibility, including that of making our organization able to fulfill its mandate, which is the protect the citizen of the world. It is essential to find new way of working together and to ensure that multilateral institution will be able to address the rapid change taking place. I would like to reiterate the strong support of the Republic Of San Marino to all initiative aimed at implementing the principle enshrined in this the charter of the United Nation. Thank you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:22:37] I thank his excellency, minister for foreign affairs, political affairs, international corporate and economic cooperation in San Marino. I get I now give the floor to his highness, prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, minister for foreign affairs of Saudi Arabia.

##Saudi Arabia: [00:23:15] In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful, your excellency, the President of the United Nations General Assembly, Mr. Secretary General of the United Nations, honored attendees, peace and God’s blessings be upon you. We begin by congratulating Her Excellency, Annalena Baerbock, on her election as President of the eightieth Session of the United Nations General Assembly. We thank His Excellency, Philémon Yang, for the work that he did during his presidency of the previous session. We also express our deep appreciation to His Excellency, Mr. Antonio Guterres, Secretary General of the United Nations. We thank him for his tireless efforts in upholding the principles and goals of the United Nations Charter. Mr. President, the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia is proud to be a founding member of this organization. It strives to translate the principles of the Charter into a tangible reality by promoting respect for international law, enhancing international peace and security and supporting multilateral cooperation. This position stems from our deep belief in the importance purposes of the United Nations Charter and has responded to humanitarian calls. In doing so, the kingdom has spared no effort in extending aid and doing so generously. Our country has provided over $141,000,000,000 in aid and assistance, benefiting 174 countries. Mr. President, as the organization marks its eightieth year, we emphasize the urgent need for it to become more capable and more efficient in keeping pace with developments and finding the necessary approaches to resolve crises and put an end to conflicts without deviating from its founding objectives, especially in the maintenance of international peace and security without double standards or selectivity. The suffering of the Palestinian people and the unprecedented humanitarian crisis in Gaza that has officially been classified as a famine by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Report This runs counter to the principles of the Charter and International Law and International Humanitarian Law in light of the brutal and unchecked practices of the occupying forces, including starvation, forced displacement and systematic killing. This is done in complete disregard of the historic and legal rights of the Palestinian people with an aim to erase their legitimate rights. This crisis makes it imperative upon us all to take serious action and put an end to the aggression and ensure sustainable humanitarian access. Mister president, it is time to find a just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue. Military escalation will not achieve peace or security. The continued handling of the question of Palestine outside the frameworks of law and international legitimacy is what prolonged the violence and deepened the suffering. Here, Saudi Arabia stresses the need for the international community to shoulder its responsibilities to put an end to this tragedy and achieve sustainable peace through the two state solution as the only path that would guarantee the security of all countries in the region. The failure of the international community to take firm action to end the Israeli aggression and violation will only cause further instability and insecurity regionally and globally. Such an action will leave grief consequences and will have great consequences and will escalate war crimes and acts of genocide. Saudi Arabia, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Norway and the European Union, launched the International Coalition to Implement the Two State Solution and co chaired along with France a high level conference for the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and the implementation of the two state solution. This conference aims to provide a clear practical path towards the implementation of the two state solution and an end to occupation and conflict. The Kingdom will continue to exert intensive efforts to establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with Jerusalem as its capital in accordance with international resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the two state solution here. The Kingdom commenced the international support given to the Higher Level International Conference for the Peaceful Settlement of the question of Palestine and the implementation of the two state solution. We welcome the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption by an overwhelming majority of the New York declaration on the peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the two state solution and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. We welcome the growing number of countries recognizing the state of Palestine, including France, The UK, Canada, Australia, Portugal, Malta, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and San Marino. Such recognition is an important step towards achieving the two state solution and bolstering the path towards a just and lasting peace.

##Saudi Arabia: [00:27:53] We call on all states to recognize the state of Palestine and to support the implementation of the two state solution. This will be in line with international law and will entrench peace and security in the region and the world. Saudi Arabia appreciates the Palestinian Authority’s efforts to conduct important reforms. Such efforts require more support from the international community. Mr. President, we affirm our commitment to joint action based on mutual respect and the principles of international law, which boosts mutual confidence and lays the foundations for security, stability and sustainable development. The kingdom continues to strengthen ties of good neighborliness, respect for the sovereignty of states and de escalation and contributes to achieve a calm as a means to bolster security and stability in the region and the world. In this context, Saudi Arabia strongly condemns the Iranian attack on Sicily Qatar, which runs counter to our work to build ties of good neighborliness. Saudi Arabia condemns in the strongest of terms the continued Israeli aggressions in the region, including the recent blatant attack on Sicily Qatar. We called for international action to stop these violations. We called for international measures to put a stop to Israel’s actions and to deter it from such criminal behavior that threatens region security and stability. Based on our firm conviction of the importance of regional security and stability and preventing a nuclear arms race in our region, the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia stresses the need to adhere to the nonproliferation regime to achieve a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East. With respect to the right of states to the peaceful use of nuclear energies in accordance with international regulations, the Kingdom affirmed that a diplomatic track is the way to address the issue of Iran’s nuclear program and calls for positive engagement in negotiations and cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Kingdom stresses the importance of protecting the security of freedom of navigation in the Red Sea, the Gulf Of Aden and the Strait, as they represent great importance to the global economy and regional international security. The kingdom calls for strengthening international cooperation to combat terrorism by exchanging information, drying up its sources of financing and limiting its propaganda campaigns that threaten the security assimilate of societies. The kingdom also warns of the dangers of military of the military uses of artificial intelligence applications and autonomous weapons and the need to enact international laws regulating them. The kingdom commends the positive steps taken by the Syrian Arab Republic to consolidate security and stability. And we welcome the lifting of sanctions off of Syria, which contributes to supporting its government to reconstruct and to promote steps of recovery and integration regionally and internationally. This would also open new horizons for economic cooperation between Syria and the world. This would reflect positively on achieving stability, prosperity and development for the brotherly Syrian people. The kingdom stresses the need to stop the repeated Israeli aggressions on Syrian territory, and we support everything that would contribute to the consolidation of Syria’s security and stability, respecting its sovereignty and territorial integrity and non interfering in its internal affairs. The Kingdom reiterates its keenness to restore the security and stability of the Republic Of Yemen, such as the importance of reaching a comprehensive political solution and its support for the United Nations efforts and relevant international resolutions. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia continued its efforts to support the Yemeni economy and alleviate the human suffering there. The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest donors to the Republic Of Yemen. The volume of Saudi relief and development into Yemen exceeds $27,000,000 The Kingdom recently provided economic support to the Central Bank of Yemen in the amount of $500,000,000 to address the budget deficit. Moreover, on the twentieth of the current month, the Kingdom provided new economic development aid to the Republic Of Yemen valued at $368,000,000 The Kingdom affirms the importance of Sudan’s stability and territorial integrity as well as the safety of its national institutions. We call for intensifying efforts to alleviate humanitarian suffering and end the war as well as put an end to foreign interference that only feeds and prolongs the conflict. The kingdom stresses the importance of continuing dialogue through the Jeddah platform leading platform leading to a ceasefire and facilitating access of humanitarian aid. We reject any steps outside the framework of state institutions that may harm the unity of Sudan and do not reflect the will of its brotherly people.

##Saudi Arabia: [00:32:12] The kingdom stands by Lebanon supports everything that enhances its security and stability and appreciates the efforts of the Lebanese state to implement the Ta’if agreement and extend the sovereignty of the state and limit weapons to the Lebanese state and its legitimate institutions, with the need for the withdrawal of the Israeli occupation from all Lebanese territories in implementation of relevant international resolutions. The Kingdom also supports a Libyan Libyan solution. Recall for a commitment to the implementation of the ceasefire, which would consolidate Libya’s unity and its national institutions and would support its counterterrorism efforts. As for the Russia Ukraine crisis, we call for the peaceful settlement through dialogue in the interest of all parties. We affirm our readiness to continue our mediation efforts based on our balanced position and reliable relations with the various parties to the crisis. In this context, the Kingdom hosted Russian, Ukrainian, American peace talks as part of our efforts to reach a political solution to this crisis. And in a manner that would enhance international peace and security, the kingdom commands a response of Pakistan and India to diplomatic efforts and the wisdom of reaching an agreement that ends the tension between the two countries. We affirm our support to resolving differences through dialogue and peaceful means based on the principles of good neighborliness and in a manner that would achieve peace and prosperity for the two countries and their peoples. Mr. President, a decade has since passed since the launch of the Kingdom’s Vision 02/1930, which charted a long term development path for the Kingdom, during which it established broad structural transformations at the level of the economy, society and the government, through which we worked to empower youth and women, promote the values of tolerance, embrace innovation and expand the horizons of international communication and cooperation. By the end of the year 2024, this plan has achieved 93% of its performance indicators in terms of programs, strategies and interim targets and has even exceeded them. The rate of unemployment among Saudis has decreased to 6.3% today compared to 12% in 2016. The participation of women in the labor market increased to over 36 and the value of the public investment funds assets have reached $913,000,000,000 by the 2024, while the contribution of non oil activities to the real GDP reached 56%. Within the framework of its Vision 02/1930, The Kingdom continues to complete the March of Progress to develop its human capabilities and strengthen its international partnerships to represent a leading development model in national transformation and to build a more prosperous and inclusive future. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia stresses the importance of strengthening international cooperation to reduce the effects of climate change within the framework of relevant international agreements by adopting a balanced and comprehensive approach to energy transition paths. This takes into account the three main pillars required to achieve sustainable development, namely maintaining energy security, providing it at an affordable cost and maintaining environmental stability sustainability. In this context, The Kingdom has launched a number of pioneering initiatives based on the circular and balanced carbon economy approach, most notably the Saudi Green Initiative at the national level and the Middle East Green Initiative at the regional and international levels. This reflects The Kingdom’s commitment to climate action from a comprehensive perspective that takes into account development and the environment. The Kingdom also emphasizes the importance of not excluding any energy sources and calls for realistic and comprehensive transition paths. In addition to having advanced technologies that have enabled it to be one of the countries with the lowest carbon and methane emissions in oil and gas production, The Kingdom is playing a leading role in investing in hydrocarbon emissions management technologies, especially technologies for carbon capture, utilization and storage, CCUS, which allows for the efficient use of resources while reducing the environmental impact, thus contributing to the protection of the global climate system. In the same context, The Kingdom is investing in all innovative technologies that contribute to reducing and addressing greenhouse gas emissions, including the expansion of renewable energy projects, increasing energy efficiency and the production of clean hydrogen, including green hydrogen, along with nature based solutions such as large scale afforestation and the protection of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, confirming the kingdom’s commitment to sustainable development and achieving a balance between development and the climate. Mister president, as part of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s commitment to ensuring the sustainability of water resources and making them available to all his royal highness, prince Mohammed bin Salman, bin Abdulaziz al Saud, crown prince and prime minister, announced the the establishment of a global water organization based in Riyadh with the aim of developing international cooperation to address water challenges in an integrated manner through the exchange of experiences and the promotion of empowerment, innovation, and research and development. This would contribute to putting water issues at the top of the international agenda. The Kingdom has provided more than US6 billion dollars of funding to countries of four continents to support their water projects. The Kingdom looks forward to contributing to the achievement of the sustainable development goals aimed at ensuring water availability and achieving a comprehensive impact that paves the way for a safe and sustainable water future for all. Mr. President, within the framework of environmental protection and combating the certification and drought, The Kingdom has more than quadrupled the area of protected areas so that it currently exceeds 80% of the Kingdom’s area, and we aim to reach the 30% mark by 02/1930. The Kingdom has also adopted a new waste management system to exclude 90% of this waste through recycling and the utilization of waste, which would contribute to the protection of terrestrial and marine environments and the reduction of plastic pollution. The kingdom has also launched a Saudi Green Initiative to rehabilitate 40,000,000 hectares of degraded land and the Middle East Green Initiative, which was joined by 30 Arab, Asian and African countries to strengthen joint efforts to rehabilitate 200,000,000 hectares of degraded lands. The Kingdom hosted the sixteenth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat the Certification COP16 with the participation of more than 170 countries and about 90,000 participants from representatives of international organizations, scientific institutions, civil society associations and the private sector. The conference witnessed the launch of dozens of initiatives, the most important of which are the Early Warning of Dust Storms initiative and the Business Sector for Earth initiative to enhance the role of the private sector in land conservation and the Riyadh Global Partnership Initiative to Enhance Drought Preparedness in 74 Countries Around the World, which is the first global initiative of its kind concerned with proactive preparedness for drought before it occurs. During the conference, regional financial institutions announced an allocation of USD 12,500,000,000.0 to reduce land degradation and the effects of drought. In conclusion, Mr. President, the kingdom believes that we have no choice but to work hard and responsibly with our partners in the international community to consolidate the principles of mutual respect and strengthen the rules of international law in a way that contributes to building trust between countries and would avoid discourage of conflict for future generations. We believe that the path to a more stable and prosperous world passes through sincere cooperation and constructive dialogue and joint action for the security and sustainable peace for all. May God peace and blessings be upon you.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:39:50] I thank His highness, prince Faisal bin Farhan al Saud, minister for foreign affairs of the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia. I now give the floor to His Excellency, Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore.

##Singapore: [00:40:24] Madam president, your excellencies, the eighty years since the end of the Second World War has in fact been a unique period in history. The first half of the twentieth century was amongst the bloodiest periods known to mankind. However, the victors of World War two were most unusual. Instead of collecting the spoils and imposing their wills on on the vanquished, they decided that it was in their own enlightened self interest to build and underwrite a system where sovereign equality, territorial integrity, and political independence of each nation, big or small, would be protected, where the interactions of States in security, trade, development were founded on a set of commonly agreed rules, international law, and trust. The ultimate goals were peace and prosperity and progress for all. And the centerpiece of this was the United Nations and the UN Charter, the UN Charter that provided the framework to govern interactions between sovereign states. The International Court of Justice stood as the principal judicial organ of the UN, offering states a forum to settle disputes under the rule of law peacefully. For small states, it was a world that operated on principles and international law, where might did not make right. The stability and predictability offered by this system allowed all countries to develop their economies, to leverage on one another’s strengths, and to accelerate development. There was unparalleled dissemination of technology, of ideas, and intellectual property. Trade grew significantly, and companies built global supply chains based on the principle of comparative advantage and efficiency. And Singapore is a tiny city state in the heart of Southeast Asia, a small and open economy. We wrote on these megatrends, and that’s why in sixty years, a hardworking and disciplined people have built our per capita GDP from 500 in 1965 to around US $85,000 today. This multilateral system founded on international law also helped us to manage the global commons. For instance, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out. It grants freedom of navigation and overflight as a universal right crucial for an island city state like Singapore, which depends on trade. It also provides the foundation for coordinating global efforts on sea level rise, pollution, and the loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity. Meanwhile, specialized UN agencies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Maritime Organization, set common rules and standards to enhance safety and efficiency of all these essential arteries. Of course, the system was not perfect. The rules were not always applied equally, and international law was not always respected. But nevertheless, there was a clear framework, and people and states knew what was right and what was wrong. The first few decades after 1945 were marked by decolonization and the expansion of the membership of the UN. The Cold War spawned several proxy wars around the world, including some in our region. But thankfully, as a world, we avoided another world war between superpowers, and mutually assured destruction deterred the use of nuclear weapons, although we all know there were a few close shifts. For small, newly independent states, and especially for those of us who are able to achieve national cohesion and effective governance, in fact, the last eight years, on the whole, was a favorable period of peace, prosperity, and progress. Madam president excellencies, however, the post World War order that I’ve just described has come to an end. The current distribution of economic weight of technological sophistication and military strength today is very different from the world of 1945, and it is obvious that the UN and the other international organizations have not evolved to keep up with the times. Add another factor, the primary underwriters of the old world order have now decided to take a more transactional, a narrower view of their national interest, and are less willing to provide public goods. And the sharper strategic contest between superpowers has also made them less able to cooperate, less able to underwrite, less able to manage the global commons. Consequently, today the world has become more turbulent, more uncertain, and in some places, violent. The erosion of respect for the principles of the UN Charter, the egregious violations of international law and of international humanitarian law, have unfortunately become more common, as have violations of sovereignty and territorial integrity. The current wars which we all witness in The Middle East, in Ukraine, and parts of Africa reflect this tragedy.

##Singapore: [00:47:00] In all conflict zones, too many innocent lives are lost, preventable famines occur, and impunity abounds. The humanitarian situation in Gaza is dire and shocking. Singapore hopes there will be an immediate ceasefire, an immediate and unconditional release of all hostages, and for immediate access to humanitarian aid, food, and medical care for the civilians in Gaza. Singapore will recognize the state of Palestine when it has an effective government that accepts Israel’s right to exist and categorically renounces terrorism. Singapore cannot recognize any unilateral annexation of occupied territory because this would be a flagrant breach of international law. And if the situation continues to deteriorate, or if Israel takes further steps to extinguish a two state solution, we will then have to reconsider our position on when to recognize a Palestinian state. In the Ukraine, a permanent member of the Security Council has to comply with the UN Charter, and we must not forget the victims in Sudan and other conflict zones throughout the world. Madam president, excellencies, these geopolitical shifts have also disrupted the multilateral trading and economic system. Decades of progressive trade liberalization and investments expanded opportunities and prosper prosperity all over the globe. But today those are at risk. The tariffs, the export controls are being used as levers to secure unilateral advantage, including sometimes to address non trade related issues. Repudiation of the principle of most favored nation, this is a principle which is a cornerstone of the WTO and GATT systems, erodes a transparent rules based multilateral system and giving way to a system where trade agreements approximate bilateral arm wrestling matches, and it’s obvious that this will be to the detriment of small and trade dependent states everywhere. In such a fragmented world, we risk compounding the tragedy of the commons because collective action for long term good becomes even more elusive, and climate change and pandemics are existential problems that no single country can resolve on its own. And if I may add, all of us need to base our decisions on scientific evidence and a commitment to fairness, both to current and future generations. Notwithstanding this prevailing pessimism, Singapore believes that the multilateral system and international law underpinned by the UN still remains the best way to uphold global peace and prosperity in a fair and inclusive way. As a small state, we cannot afford to be passive or fatalistic and pessimistic. In fact, we’re here to call on all of us to double down on multilateralism founded on international law. Even small states and middle powers have agency, and we have strategic autonomy to collectively protect our long term national interests and the global commons, and Singapore will support the UNAT process to strengthen these this institution and the multilateral system. The good news is that actually the multilateral system still works, and let me cite a few success stories.The BB and J treaty agreement entered will enter into force on the 01/17/2026. Earlier this week, we exceeded the 60 ratifications necessary to bring it into force. It is a legally binding treaty to conserve and to sustainably use marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, And we congratulate Ambassador for International Law, Rena Lee from Singapore, who presided over these very difficult negotiations that led ultimately to a consensus and I emphasize the word consensus adoption, of the historic BB and J agreement in June 2023. In July, to cite another example, we achieved consensus on the final report of the open ended working group on cybersecurity, which strengthened the normative framework for responsible state behavior in cybersecurity. We also agreed to establish the Global Mechanism on Cybersecurity as a permanent home for this work at the UN. Mr Berhan Gafford, our PR of Singapore to the UN, had the honour and the burden of chairing this open ended working group over the past five years. To give you a third example, in 2024, two World Intellectual Property Organization treaties on IP and the Genetic Resources and the Associated Traditional Knowledge and the Riyadh Design Law Treaty were concluded under the leadership of Mr Darren Tang. These three examples demonstrate that even in these fractured, fractious times, times, it is possible to come together to manage our global commons and to achieve agreement and consensus. Now this does not mean that we will always reach agreement on every issue, but it is vital that the UN remains an arena for continued dialogue and discussions so that compromises can be reached, solutions can be found for even the most hotly contested issues. The key to the multilateral system for small states is international law. And on this note, I’m proud to share that Singapore will nominate ambassador Rina Lee as a candidate for the International Court of Justice, which is the principal judicial organ of the UN. Our nomination underscores Singapore’s deep commitment to upholding international law and support for the ICJ. If elected, ambassador Lee will be the sec only the second person, and in fact, the first woman from Southeast Asia to serve on this call. Madam president, excellencies, just as the world has changed dramatically in the last eighty years, it is also clear that the UN needs to reform to be fit for purpose for the next stretch. We need a more representative and a more inclusive UN that reflects current realities. The UN Charter confers on the UN Security Council the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It clearly needs reform to better fulfill this mandate. The increasing, and if I may add, cynical use of vetoes by the p five must be constrained, and the wider UN membership must reach agreement on how this veto is to be exercised in the future. We commend the role played by the elected members of the Council, which gives the wider membership of the UN greater agency in addressing the pressing issues of today. We also believe it is important to strengthen the relationship between the Security Council and the General Assembly. We need a UN that delivers for real people on the ground. Clean water, education, pandemic preparedness, social mobility, jobs, education, and an international financial architecture that delivers stability and prospects progress for all. These are the building blocks for sustainable development and human dignity. The commitments made at the Summit of the Future last year signaled our collective resolve to implement DSDGs. The UN needs to be future ready and to harness the potential of emerging technologies like AI as a force for good for all. Early and constructive and inclusive multilateral engagement is essential, and AI’s transformative force can aid conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian options. But you all know there are also downsides and dangers, and it requires guardrails so that it can be harnessed responsibly. Madam president, excellencies, the first foreign minister of Singapore said it best sixty years ago in 1965. Quote, despite cynics who focus attention on its many shortcomings, Singapore has faith in the future of the United Nations simply because without it, there is no worthwhile future for humanity, unquote. These words still ring true today. So together, let’s ensure that this institution continues to serve as humanity’s best hope for peace and prosperity for all of us. Thank you, excellencies.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:57:23] I thank the minister for foreign affairs of Singapore. I ##Oman: now give the floor to his excellency, Sayyid Badr bin Hamad bin Hamood Albusaidi, foreign minister of Oman.

##Oman: [00:57:38] Your excellency, president of the eightieth session of the general assembly, distinguished heads and members of delegations, esteemed participants. The international community is today confronted with a broad spectrum of critical issues that weigh heavily on the human conscience. They require genuine cooperation and collective responsibility to be addressed effectively. The Sultanate of Oman has repeatedly expressed its vision and clear positions on these matters, foremost among them, the climate crisis and the imperative of transitioning to clean energy sources in addition to the call for seizing emerging opportunities in trade and sustainable development. However, there remains another human and political issue, deeply painful and enduring, that must take precedence in our deliberations and decisions. And that is the Palestinian question. For too long, this conflict has persisted. The suffering has grown unbearable, and the time has come to end the occupation, to undo the injustice, and to restore the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people through the implementation of the two state solution, which is the only just and viable path toward a lasting and comprehensive peace that ends decades of conflict and deprivation. The Sultanate of Oman is convinced that just peace is a fundamental pillar for sustainable security, stability and development. From this perspective, the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital must be at the forefront of strategic priorities to bring about a just and lasting peace in The Middle East. Therefore, the recognition of the state of Palestine is the most crucial step in this critical phase of the history of the Palestinian cause. The sultanate of Oman expresses its deep appreciation to the governments that have taken this step, a step that reinforces respect for international law and aligns with the charter of the United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recognizing Palestine also reflects the international community’s commitment to this two state solution as outlined in UN resolutions and the outcomes of the two state solution conference and the New York declaration under the auspices of the United Nations. Distinguished heads and members of delegations, esteemed delegates, the Sultanate Of Oman remains fairly committed to its consistent policy of working toward peace and security in the region. It has a record of notable initiatives and achievements in this regard. It continues to engage constructively with all parties and partners in pursuit of this noble goal for the benefit of all. Today, we celebrate eighty years since the establishment of the United Nations, this global institution that embodies our collective commitment to working together for peace and to settle conflicts through dialogue and peaceful and legal means. Yet, Israel continues to disregard international appeals, refusing to engage in a serious dialogue that would lead to a just and comprehensive solution. Its continued use of force and disregard for reason threaten the credibility of the international system. Therefore, it is our shared responsibility to intensify our efforts and to apply effective pressure to bring Israel to the negotiating table and to make it clear that the path to peace cannot be forged through dictation or the imposition of a fete accompli, a but rather through mutual understanding and respect for international law and the rights of peoples. My country, the Sultanate of Oman, calls upon the international community to adopt measures that limit the Israeli government’s ability to continue its policies of genocide, destruction and illegal occupation of the Palestinian territories and its ongoing policies of starvation and blockade against the Palestinian people and the obstruction of humanitarian assistance. From this very podium, we call for a global peaceful campaign to lift the blockade and undo the injustice imposed on the Palestinian people and to secure their freedom through the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state. Esteemed delegates, drawing on its principled stances and principles of supporting peace and regional stability and on its categorical rejection of any violation of state sovereignty, the sultanate of Oman reaffirms its solidarity with the sisterly state of Qatar, supporting its right to take the dissuasive measures to protect its security and full sovereignty over all its territories. We renew our condemnation of the Israeli aggression against Qatar on the September 9. We also renew our condemnation of Israeli aggressions against Iran, Yemen, Syria, and Lebanon. We call for imposing sanctions on Israel in response to its blatant violations of international law and its unlawful encroachments on the sovereignty of states. Distinguished delegates, the international community, particularly the permanent members of the Security Council, must empower the secretary general to fulfill his mandate in line with the purposes of the UN charter, particularly in the areas of international peace and security. We must also cooperate with him to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, especially those related to inclusive economic growth, job creation, encouraging innovation and reinvigorating global partnerships for development as well as the eradication of poverty and disease and ensuring food, health and energy security. The Sultanate Of Oman attaches the highest priority to education and health. We recognize them as fundamental rights for all and key pillars of development. We also place high importance on digital transformation, artificial intelligence applications, innovation, industrial development and strengthening social protection, justice and job security. Moreover, Oman remains steadfast in its commitment to youth empowerment through education and knowledge. We acknowledge youth as the driving force behind development and innovation and the knowledge based economy. We continue to work on creating and diversifying opportunities to allow youth to harness their skills and actively contribute to building a future. Esteemed participants. The world today is undergoing one of the most complex and difficult periods in modern history, marked by unprecedented convergence of global political, economic and humanitarian crisis. Amidst these critical circumstances, the international community is clearly unable to make decisive and effective decisions that could help de escalate conflicts, alleviate human suffering, or address crises from a just and comprehensive perspective. However, and despite these challenges, we believe that the current moment represents a real opportunity to correct course and to renew the foundations of collective international action toward the future of justice and fairness. Let us, in this general assembly, reaffirm our collective and genuine commitment to international law, international humanitarian law and the enduring principles of the United Nations Charter. Let us strengthen the role of this international organization and all its subsidiary organs so it may play a more robust role in maintaining international peace and security, in promoting sustainable development and fostering a culture of justice, tolerance and mutual respect. This is the path toward realizing the aspirations of peoples for freedom, prosperity, and adjust, stable, and prosperous future. Thank you for your attention. Peace, mercy and God’s blessings be upon you.

##Malaysia: [01:10:43] Madam president, your excellencies, may I begin by congratulating president Annalena Baerbock on being elected as president of the eightieth session of the general assembly. I also wish to thank his excellency, Philemon Yang, for his leadership throughout the seventy ninth session of the General Assembly. Madam president, it is now the eightieth session of the General Assembly. Yes. Eighty years since our dreams of bright future gave birth to the United Nations. Humanity has imagined the future in many ways. Among other things, we imagined that in some of its darkest version, information overload would numb critical thought while apathy take over. I feel that this has come to pass. Eighty years after the end of second World War, we are watching in high definition as genocide unfolds around the world. Eighty years after all after the fall of the empires, colonialism is still alive, armed, funded, and justified by some of the supposedly most liberal powers in the world. They have defended and supported the only party who has any real power in a conflict as it makes a fair a face out of international law. As we approach the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations, madam president, I suppose I should say congratulations, but today that word rings hollow. Should we congratulate ourselves on our inability to bring an end to the occupation of Palestine, Or should we congratulate ourselves for allowing a rock state to undermine our charter and our efforts? In Gaza, the clock is ticking, the bombs are falling, and the light is fading. We have filled at least 70,000 people. Israel can no longer hide behind its pretense of victimhoods. From London to Dhaka, from Paris to Sydney, from Montreal to Kuala Lumpur, populations have spoken out in grief and outrage. More and more people are standing up for the truth that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. Remember, the eyes of the world are upon us. We must take action now, miss madam president, now. Sanction Israel. The metastasis of Israel’s brutality in Middle East cannot go on. Their latest assault on Doha was not merely an attack on a few representative of Hamas. It was an attack conducted on another state’s soil and an insult to the efforts of all who have attempted to mediate, and it is a signal that Israel violence will continue to destabilize the region. The effect of this will spill over to the rest of the world. The atrocities may have begun in with Palestine, but they certainly will not end with Palestine. As the Middle East grows ever more dangerous for its residents, we will feel the reverberations all over the world. And this is why simply advocating for a two state solution is not enough, madam president. Malaysia will agree to any measures of the support for the Palestinian people, including the New York declaration. But let us be clear. Let us be clear. There are only three real answers to this conflict. Number one, to take concrete action against the occupying force. Two, to lend our long term support to the development of a self governing Palestinian state. And number three, to reform to to reform the United Nations and ensure that such a travesty of justice never happen again. Madam president, repeated failures of the Security Council to fulfill the will of General Assembly must be met with strong resistance. We must continue to demand accountability from the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council through Resolution 76 of Lake two seventy two or, popularly known as the VETO Initiative, and we must pursue results through Resolution 377a, yet that is Uniting for Peace. No more shall we quietly accept the dismissal of our collective voice. We must we must question and challenge the veto. We must free the Security Council from this humiliating paralysis, and we must keep the United Nations, a relevant and effective international organization and global guardian of peace. Madam President, over the course of our chairmanship of ASEAN this year, Malaysia too has learned of the colossal efforts that peace requires. As a unique example of an inclusive forms of multilateralism, ASEAN has embraced change, expanded our membership, and engaged with the world over the past fifty eight years. And this is why it has been Malaysia’s honor and our greatest task yet to take on such a serious challenge this year.

##Malaysia: [01:17:11] When conflict threatened to spiral between our neighbors, ASEAN did not stand idle. We stepped in, convened both sides in Malaysia, and implemented a ceasefire, one that ASEAN now is now ensuring takes root through active monitoring on the ground. Yes. Challenges remain, but our message is clear. ASEAN will stay at the table urging both states to honor their commitments for there is no conflict whether interstate or intrastate that is worth risking the stability of our home. This is why our efforts to cultivate security and stability in Myanmar and to restore credibility to Five Point consensus must continue. ASEAN is deeply disappointed that the agreed upon ceasefires in Myanmar have been broken in some areas and that violence continues to endanger civilians. Those in power have a responsibility to remember that Myanmar is a part of region is a part of a region, not an isolated country. There is a bright and safe future for all of our peoples if we work together in good faith towards a Myanmar owned, Myanmar led resolution to the crisis in the country. Madam president, as ASEAN’s focus deepen on bolstering security, strengthening economic resilience, and advancing sustainability goals across the region, we will address not only our internal crisis, but also from beyond. The South China Sea must not be used as leverage in strategic competition. Southeast Asia and its waters become a theater for rivalry between superpowers. We, therefore, urge all parties to fully comply with UNCLOS and to avoid actions that could provoke miscalculation or conflict in the waters we share. We will also continue to champion the rights and the needs of the global South at large. Madam president, for far too long, the global South has borne the brunt of unequal economic policies that marginalize and prevent developing nations from participating fairly in the global economy. And today, the Global South faces a staggering financing gap for sustainable development despite being home to the world’s most vulnerable populations. The irony is painful, madam president. We constitute the world’s majority yet remain unrepresented in decision making, underserved in development financing, and sidelined in global governance. These imbalances must be corrected. The voices, needs, and aspirations of the Global South are not secondary. Remember this, we cannot build a fairer international order without the Global South at its center. Malaysia will continue to advocate for dignity, equity, and opportunity for all developing nations. Madam presidents, excellencies, the UN has served for UN serve u the UN has served the world for eighty years, but the world we live is in shifting beyond any recognition from what it was back then. The test that we now face is an exaggerated one, for the question of Palestinian has haunted the UN for nearly its entire life, eighty years of the United Nations, and seventy seven years of the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian. I cannot emphasize this enough, madam president. If we cannot resolve this, the citizens of the world will lose faith in us and the international order. Because there is no longer any way to deny that this is modern day colonization. Only the formerly colonized have been able to see to see it for what it is since the start. It is and it is a genocide, and it is a genocide dressed in the cape of Western tolerance. For us to remain relevant, we cannot move forward on the habits of the past. We must summon the same courage that built this organization from the ruins of war. To conclude, madam president, Malaysia believes that three urgent reforms are key to our survival. First, we must limit, if not abolish, the veto. We must challenge it each and every time that is wielded, particularly in cases of crimes against humanity. Second, authority must flow back to the general assembly, and the most inclusive body as the most inclusive body of this House, it should be allowed to serve as the conscience and voice of the world, unimpeded. And third, we must redesign global financing mechanisms to ensure transparency and fairness for the global South. Reform is no longer a choice. It is our imperative. Madam president, to be better together, we must change together. Billions of lives depend on whether we succeed. Madam president, I thank you. I thank

##The president of the general assembly: [00:00:00] I thank the minister for inter affairs of Malaysia. Now I give the floor to his excellency, Mohamed Ali Nafti, minister for inter affairs migration and Tunisians abroad of Tunisia.

##Tunisia: [00:00:38] In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate. Mr. President, your excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, at the outset, allow me to convey to you the greetings of the President of The Republic Of Tunisia, Mr. Kay Saeed. He expresses his deep appreciation to Mr. Antonio Guterres, the Secretary General of the United Nations, for his tireless efforts for rights, justice, and rebuilding trust in multilateral work. We reaffirm our support to his initiative, UN80, to reform and develop the work of the organization at this critical time for our world, a time of instability and unprecedented frequency of violations of the rules of international law and the principles of the Charter. I would also like to deeply congratulate Ms. Annalena Baerbock on assuming the presidency of the General Assembly during its eightieth session. We wish her luck in managing its work. We would also like to express our thanks and appreciation to Mr. Philémon Yang for successfully presiding over the seventy ninth session of the General Assembly. Mr. President, during this session, we are proud to celebrate the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations. On this occasion, we recall the number of principles and noble purposes for which it was established, notably human solidarity and the unity of our destiny, which inspired those who came before us in their diplomatic steadfastness and struggle. Our United Nations was established following the most brutal and vicious of wars in our history so that it is the voice of collective conscience for our people, so that it is the bulwark that protects humanity from the scourges of conflicts and wars. Today, we truly need to strengthen this common home so that it can be the light that guides us towards security, peace, and human dignity so that it remains a home for international legitimacy and a platform for dialogue, negotiations and reconciliation so that we can build a more secure, just and stable peace and stable and peaceful world, a world that is committed to our global values. Let us learn from the lessons of the past. We must learn from the wars and conflicts that caused humanitarian suffering and grave violations. We must learn that the logic of might, no matter its justifications, cannot break the will of people and their belief in their right to self determination. Today, we stand on the steps of a new era that requires us to be determined and to work tirelessly to renew our trust in multilateral work and the ability of The United Nations to achieve the global goals for which it was established to continue the path of reform and to adopt a comprehensive roadmap that is well defined in order to implement the UN80 initiative to restore international legitimacy and to strengthen the former theme the theme of our former session to leave no one behind. We renew our commitment to multilateral work and our common responsibility to confront the accelerating changes and the economic, social, security, environmental and climate challenges confronting our world today. We trust the vital role of the United Nations to find suitable solutions for these challenges. The President of The Republic Of Tunisia, on the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations, decided to consider 2025 as the year to strengthen multilateral work and enhance cooperation with the United Nations. This is the theme that is guiding Tunisian diplomacy. We have organized a number of events at the International Diplomatic Academy in Tunis in coordination with specialized UN agencies on a number of topics in line with the outcomes of the Summit for the Future for twenty twenty four, and these topics include security, development, science, technology and culture. Mr. President, we believe in the ability of our organization and its agencies to remain steadfast before the deep changes confronting our world. We believe that it can give hope and optimism for future generations for a better future. However, we feel disappointed today as the Security Council is still unable to put an end to the terrible humanitarian tragedy and the genocidal war and starvation against the steadfast Palestinian people as the brutal occupying entity continues to worsen the suffering of the Palestinian people before the very before the entire world without accountability and with full impunity. It is evident today that the crimes of the occupation aims to liquidate the Palestinian question and prevent the Palestinian people from enjoying their right to resistance and maintaining their entire territory. Tunisia deplores from this rostrum the announcement of the occupying entity that it intends to reoccupy the Gaza Strip fully and to force the Palestinian people to abandon their land, how can we strengthen the rule of law and give precedence to the UN Charter and its principles at a time when the state of Palestine still has not acquired full membership, although UN resolutions have ratified decades ago Palestine’s right to independence and full sovereignty and self determination without any foreign interference at a time when the occupying entity maintains its membership at the United Nations despite its systemic, continuous and uninterrupted violations of the rules of international law and despite its attacks against the work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and immunities in the occupied Palestinian territory, we value the wave of international recognition of the State Of Palestine with 150 states recognizing the State Of Palestine.

##Tunisia: [00:07:50] We do hope that this will support its full membership at the United Nations without delay or hesitation. We recall that the State Of Palestine is a state pursuant to international law. When state recognized the State Of Palestine, this does not create this right. It only supports and highlights this right. The truth is clear as they, and what is right is evident. This right was reaffirmed by the ICJ in its advisory opinion on the 07/19/2024 when it ratified that the occupying power is obligated to end its illegal presence in the occupied Palestinian territory as soon as possible, and all member states at the United Nations are obligated to not recognize the legitimacy of the situation resulting from this illegal presence and not to provide any aid or assistance to maintain this situation. The United Nations and its main bodies must look at ways and procedures to guarantee that. From this rostrum, we call on the international communities to shoulder its responsibility immediately to lift the blockade on Gaza Strip and all the Palestinian territory and to put an end to the starvation and to guarantee an effective delivery of assistance and to secure those requiring assistance. We also call on the Security Council to immediately interfere to put an end to the repeated violations against a number of countries in the region, Syria, Lebanon, Iran and lately, Qatar. My country has called for that recently during the emergency Islamic Arab Summit in Doha because we believe that the Islamic Arab security is indivisible. In this regard, we reaffirm that the process of reforming the United Nations and paving the way for a new phase for multilateral work and international relations, this cannot be achieved and this cannot be tangible for all countries unless we strengthen the value of equality among people away from discrimination, selectivity and double standards. Tunisia will remain committed with an unshakable will to support the Palestinian people in their struggle to reclaim their legitimate, inalienable and imprescriptable rights, notably their right to self determination and to establish an independent state, a sovereign state all over Palestine territory with Al Quds Al Sharif as its capital. Mr. President, achieving the objectives of the Summit for the Future continues to guide our approach. However, these objectives continue to be difficult unless the international community truly wishes to make a change and reach a consensus on diagnosing the deep rooted issues that led to the failure of the current international system, we cannot confront the current and emerging global challenges if we do not rebuild international relations based on solidarity, constructive cooperation, justice, mutual respect and the non interference in the affairs of others and respect for national sovereignty. This is the difficult formula that the Secretary General mentioned in his opening statement. Therefore, Tunisia renews its call for a comprehensive and deep reform of the international financing system and its institutions to guarantee justice and access to financial resources to strengthen its effectiveness to serve comprehensive development by putting in place innovative mechanisms to finance development similar to the ESQA initiative to swap debts for climate action, which we have joined, which aims to transforming obligations of external debt service to investment in climate work and the SDGs. Tunisia reaffirms the importance of making every possible effort to recover stolen and smuggled funds and assets to strengthen international justice and guarantee people’s right to development and good governance. My country believes that this is a sovereign, imprescriptable right. Mr. President, we believe that there are close links between development and peace. Therefore, my country reaffirms that investing in people, especially when it comes to education, health, infrastructure, environment, this is the main guarantee to prevent conflicts and to address the causes of irregular migration.

##Tunisia: [00:12:58] Our approach when it comes to dealing with the flows of irregular migration is based on respecting human rights and rejecting all forms of racial discrimination and hate speech. Tunisian authorities continue to make every possible effort to save the lives of irregular migrants on land and at sea, to provide them with care and enable them to voluntarily return to their countries of origin in cooperation with the IOM. We renew our call to adopt a comprehensive approach to migration that takes into account the human and historic dimensions and not just the narrow security dimension. And we should not place on countries of the South a burden that exceeds their capacity. We need to support efforts of development in countries of origin and strengthen the integration of young people at the economic and social level and facilitate regular movement. We refuse to be a country of transit for irregular migrants that are victims of networks of human smuggling and human trafficking. Migration must be a choice and not a necessity. If it’s regular, it allows us to create wealth and new job opportunities. And maintaining human dignity, it is a lever for development and cultural rapprochement between countries. In this regard, we recall the International Conference on Migration that was held in Rome in 2023. We recall the initiative of the President of The Republic Of Tunisia of reaching comprehensive and permanent development solutions and to mobilize financial resources to implement them. Tunisia reaffirms the need to separate between financing climate and financing development. We consider that climate financing is a historic responsibility and a right in terms of reparation despite the limited contribution of a number of developing countries to global emissions. However, they are the ones facing worsening climate challenges: water scarcity, agricultural land degradation, rising sea levels and other extreme weather phenomena. Therefore, Tunisia calls on meeting the international pledge to mobilize $300,000,000,000 annually and to allocate a percentage of this amount to programs of adaptation while providing mechanisms to access these resources by facilitating technical and financial conditions and to activate the loss and damage fund as an effective and fair compensation mechanism, my country reaffirms that the right to development is an indivisible essential right based on the principles of justice, equality and social and international solidarity. We reaffirm that achieving this right requires an international environment that allows the transfer of technology and facilitates access to concessionary financing and strengthening partnerships between the North and the South. Tunisia is on the path of reform. This was launched in 2021 to strengthen a genuine democracy that guarantees rights and freedoms for all our citizens and meets the aspirations of the Tunisian people to address economic and social challenges. We are relying first on our own ability and our human capital by diversifying partnerships on the basis of mutual benefits in order to serve the interests of the Tunisian people and maintain the independence of the Tunisian decision. We reaffirm our commitment to the values of human rights and public and individual freedoms pursuant to the constitution of 07/25/2022, and based on our international obligations and the respect of our national sovereignty and independence of our decision and the choices of our people, we reaffirm the importance of strengthening the comprehensive nature of human rights, including economic, climate, social, science and cultural rights, notably the natural right to development. We also believe that the social dimension is important in order to achieve development, to build a coherent and cohesive society. We support the participation of young people in our policies and in solutions because we believe that we must listen to young people. We must take full advantage of their capacity for they are able to change our reality towards the better. Tunisia will also continue to support the legislative and strategic frameworks for an economic integration of women to make sure that women participate in the public sphere and guarantee that they have access to equal opportunities, and we are combating all forms of violence and discrimination against women. Tunisia reaffirms its commitment to the agenda of women peace and security and the agenda of young people peace and security because we believe that the participation of women and young people in conflict prevention, in addressing crises and building peace is a necessary condition to achieve a just and permanent peace and a comprehensive development. Mr. President, we also believe that there are close ties between the Tunisian and Libyan peoples. We reaffirm our firm and principled position that supports the free choices of the Libyan people. We believe that the situation within Libya is a purely internal affair and not an international affair. The solution can only be Libyan led without any interference. The Libyan people is a sovereign people and is the only one entitled to put in place solutions with the support of the United Nations. In this regard, we also call for maintaining the sovereignty, independence and unity of Syria. We reject any violations to its territorial integrity. Furthermore, we believe that we need concerted UN and international efforts to find a political settlement for the situation in Yemen to end the suffering of the Yemeni people and achieve peace and security in Yemen. We also call on Sudanese parties to choose dialogue and a peaceful resolution of this crisis to restore security and stability and put an end to the suffering of the Sudanese people from the scourges of war and division. When it comes to the situation on the African Continent, we are proud that we are a part of the African Continent. Beneja reaffirms the need to address the vulnerabilities confronting a number of countries in the continent. We call for more concerted UN and international efforts to assist Africa to confront the different challenges and to get rid of crises and advance the efforts to achieve stability, security, peace and development. We also support the partnership between the United Nations and the African Union, especially by supporting financial resources to prevent conflicts, to address conflicts and to guarantee the sustainability of peace and security and development all over the African continent. My country believes that we need African solutions for African problems. This should be our approach to achieve our goal of silencing the guns by 02/1930. We also renew our call for financial and logistic support from the United Nations to peacekeeping operations, and we also need continued cooperation and coordination between UN and regional entities within a participatory approach that prioritizes the security and stability of Africa, the Africa we want. Mr. President, Tunisia renews its commitment to the culture of peace as a strategic choice and a firm principle in our foreign policy. We also reaffirm the need to intensify international efforts to combat hate speech and incitement of violence. We need to support the role of the United Nations in terms of conflict prevention and conflict resolution through peaceful means. Without selectivity, we also need to strengthen dialogue between civilizations and cultures as a cornerstone for peaceful coexistence between nations. Tunisia participates in peacekeeping functions based on our diplomatic and security doctrine that places people at the heart of our concerns. We believe that protecting civilians is a moral obligation and not just an international obligation since the first years of our independence. And although our national army was newly formed, Tunisia was one of the first countries that contributed to peacekeeping operations. Today, it is participating in four peacekeeping operations. This reflects the trust of the international community and the qualifications and discipline of Tunisian troops and their commitment to the principles of the United Nations. Based on our historic experience and our early engagement in these humanitarian operations, we believe that protecting civilians is not just a temporary response. It is a continuous action based on prevention and anticipation. Based on our experience, we have organized the International Conference on the Role of Armed Forces in Protecting Civilians in peacekeeping operations on the July 2025 in cooperation with the UN Peacekeeping Operations Department, which resulted in a number of initiatives and proposals to strengthen the protection of civilians and to achieve the desired outcomes from peacekeeping operations and to renew the trust of countries and peoples in these operations. In conclusion, I reaffirm, Mr. President, excellencies, that Tunisia, which engaged in the work of the United Nations even before our independence and following our liberation to complete the components of our sovereignty. We are proud of what we have achieved since we have joined the UN on 11/12/1956 in order to defend the UN Charter and reinforce the principles of international peace and security in words and in deeds and our contribution in the efforts of peacekeeping. With the same determination, Tunisia will continue to actively engage in all genuine initiatives to achieve security and stability for all people of the region and the world. We remain hopeful that we will be able to build together a future that carries opportunities that meet the aspirations and the hopes of our people and future generations. May the peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you. I thank you for your attention.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:25:34] I thank the minister of affairs, migration, and Tunisians abroad of Tunisia. Now I give the floor to his excellency Abdulla Khaleel, minister for of The Maldives.

##Maldives: [00:26:08] Mister Rahman Rahim. Madam president, mister secretary general, excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, on the twenty first of this month, we mark the sixtieth anniversary of the Maldives joining the United Nations. Over the last sixty years, we have placed our confidence in this institution and in the multilateral system it represents. A promise that sovereignty matters, borders are respected, and every country, small or large, has an equal voice in shaping shared our shared future. That confidence was never naive. It rested on the conviction that laws restrain might and rules hold firm against coercion. But assurances endure only when the rules based order is upheld. When it is breached without accountability, we lose more than order. We lose faith in the system itself. And when faith collapses, it is not peace that fills the void. It is unrestrained might, power that redraws boundaries, silences voices, and tramples norms. This is the erosion we confront, three fault lines in the global order. First, the table against conquest. For many decades, the rule that borders cannot be changed by force underwrote peace. That foundation is cracking. Every breach once allowed becomes precedent, and precedent invites repetition. Second, sovereignty respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. These are not slogans, but the ground rules for peace, development, and dignity. But today, powerful aggressors treat them as optional. Third, multilateralism. The doctrine that shared challenges require shared solutions. That doctrine is under siege. When institutions are bypassed, when vetoes paralyzed, when laws are applied selectively, confident confidence unravels, and with it, the system itself. We see erosion everywhere. In Palestine, especially Gaza, Israel’s ongoing genocide has killed more than 66,000 civilians, more than half of them women and children. In the West Bank, settler violence intensifies, trying to force more Palestinians out and annex more land. Israel has willfully, shamelessly, and repeatedly violated international law. It has defied hundreds of resolutions of the Security Council and this very assembly. It has rejected the decisions of the International Court of Justice and sanctioned the International Criminal Court. People killed while begging for food, mothers holding lifeless babies, Children staring blankly at the ruins of their homes and their future. These are the images that you simply cannot forget and move past. And the here and the sheer hypocrisy is this genocide is sustained by weapons and money from the very countries that claim to defend human rights. The same countries that helped define the very norms and laws being broken. By their actions, they refused to see Palestinians as equal human beings deserving of life, dignity, and freedom. This complicity is the shame is the shame of this century. Once again, this complicity is the shame of this century. Let me be clear. Famine can never be a weapon of war. Innocence must not be mercilessly maimed, arbitrary jailed, and ruthlessly killed. The assault on sever sovereignty is equally clear in Israel’s illegal attacks against Qatar, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Tunisia, and Iran. Each strike is a reminder that borders are trampled when power speaks louder than low. In each case, where laws and norms give way to leverage, where responsibility gives way to the to convenience, the pattern is the same. This if this erosion continues, the question will no longer be whether it will happen again, but who will be the next victim? UN eighty must be the repair moment, the turning point. Reform is no longer optional. It is the only pathway forward. Any serious reform must tackle the Security Council, the council’s paralysis. We need an expanded and more representative council. A rotator seat for SIDS is where we must start. We need a council that is transparent in its deliberations and accountable in its decisions to the membership and to itself. We need a council that does not hide under the threat of veto. The secretary general’s three track reform should be member state led, member state driven, and implementation focused. It should enhance the UN’s presence, especially in seats. It should align mandates and secure predictable development finance. It should ensure sufficient program delivery staff. Realign must not means less, but better service and better support. We must also confront another imbalance. The United Nations should exemplify equally, but the shameful reality is that it has never had a female secretary general until today. The time has come to correct that. Reform is not only about structures, it is about credibility. And credibility lives or dies with trust in multilateral multilateralism. That trust is eroding. And unless we act, the institutions built to uphold our systems will weaken further. If the UN cannot act to prevent, to protect, and to provide, trust in multilateralism will continue to erode. UN eighty must repair the guardrail before they fail beyond repair. Repair also begins with the global commons, the ultimate test of whether law and multilateralism still matter. A decade ago, this assembly adopted three foundational documents. But today, the 2030 agenda is off track. The promise of Paris is broken, and the Addis Ababa action agenda lies unfulfilled. The climate emergency deepens. Its major emitters evade their responsibility to cut emissions and to pay for loss and damage inflicted on countries like mine, The Maldives. Similarly, under the crushing weight of external debt, creditors and institutions tightened the vice, stripping developing economies of the fiscal space needed for resilience, health, and education. There are promises worth keeping. The BB and J agreement entering into force next January must be universally ratified and fully implemented with benefits sharing, technology transfer, and capacity building that are real, predictable, and accessible to SIDS. Common comments from the UN Ocean Conference commitments from the UN Ocean Conference and the financing for development conference must translate into tangible gains for our islands and above all, deliver debt relief. The global financial architecture must deliver deeper, faster, fairer structure structuring, scaling up concessional financing for seats, and ensure that climate finance is additional, predictable, and aligned with adaptation needs. We do not need to look far for solutions. The Antigua And Barbuda agenda provides the road map for SIDS to achieve resilient prosperity. But it requires building economic resilience, scaling up climate action and support, accelerating biodiversity protection, conserving and sustainably using the ocean, and mainstream in disaster risk reduction.The upcoming World Social Summit in Doha must renew the social contract. A clean, healthy, and sustainable environment, decent work, universal social protection, and inclusion are not privileges. They are rights. Human rights must never be wielded as tools for political or diplomatic leverage. They must be a means to relieve suffering and support communities. The Maldives will continue to champion core human rights values, including climate justice, gender equality, and the voice of youth. We will continue to be a voice for small island developing states too often excluded, unheard, and ignored. We advocate for reform abroad by taking responsibility at home. Maldives two point o is our blueprint for change. It is reshaping governance, digitalizing digitalizing services, and building an inclusive future ready economy. So every child on every island has the same chance to thrive. Health is central. We have banned vaping devices, e cigarettes, and tobacco for the next generation. We are bringing NCD treatment into communities, expanding mental health care, and preparing for the realities of an aging population. Young people are at the heart of our choices. We are broadening access to skills and vocational training, opening new pathways to work, and creating space for them to build the future they imagine. Sustainability anchors our development. Ocean accounts now guide how we protect biodiversity, while our third NDC commits us to generating one third of our electricity from renewable sources. Innovation drives resilience. President doctor Morgis has positioned The Maldives as a hub for investment and ideas. The Maldives International Financial Center will be the cornerstone supported by competitive tax and regulatory incentives under our special economic zone framework. Geography is an asset we are determined to use. By investing in maritime logistics and trade gateways, we are placing the motives at the crossroad of global exchange. And inclusion remains our promise. Content creators, entrepreneurs, and MSMEs, especially those led by women and persons with disabilities, will have the support they need to succeed. In doing so, we are not only building resilience at home, but also contributing to a fairer and stronger global community. The choice before us is stark. Either we build we either we rebuild the foundations of law and norms or reconcile ourselves to a world where might makes right. Small states will be the first casualty of a lawless world, but we will not be the only ones who will suffer. No state, small or large, will be safe. In such a world, borders become bargaining chips. Human rights become selective, and the global commons become a free for all. We refuse to accept that fact. At UN eighty, let us restore the table against conquest. Let us renew respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. Let us revitalize multilateralism, not as a talk shop, but as a system that acts with courage, clarity, and conviction. If the rules stand, the small can stand. And if the small can stand, all of us will stand taller. I thank you all.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:43:34] I thank the minister of foreign affairs of The Maldives. Now I give the floor to minister for affairs, minister of state, and secretary general of presidency of Guinea, his excellency Amara Camara.

##Guinea: [00:44:10] Good evening, Joel. Madam President, Mr. Secretary General, ladies and gentlemen, heads of delegations. It is an honor and a privilege for me to speak at this universal platform and to do so on behalf of His Excellency President Mahmadi Doumbouya, president of The Republic Of Guinea and head of state. On this solemn occasion, he has entrusted me with conveying his warm con congratulations to miss Annalena Bairbok. Congratulations on her brilliant election as president of the eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly and to assure her of The Republic Of Guinea’s full support during her mandate. We also salute the ongoing efforts of Mr. Antonio Guterres for global peace, and we pay tribute to Mr. Philemon Young. We thank him for his remarkable work accomplished during the seventy ninth session. Guinea, whose voice it is an honor for us to express here fully identifies with the theme of this eightieth session, which is Better Together, eighty Years and More for Peace, Development and Human Rights. In our national context, this theme resonates particularly deeply, better together through refounding. After more than sixty six years of independence, peace, coexistence, development, and, human rights are becoming a reality in Guinea. And I am asking you, ladies and gentlemen, to receive the congratulations and greeting of the people, the president, and the government of Guinea. Two years ago, president Ndumboya stated, my country continues to place hope in the United Nations to find appropriate solutions to the challenges facing our world. But the founding principles of our organization must adapt to the profound changes in our society. This hope, unfortunately, is increasingly giving way to concern. It is becoming increasingly clear that the world is in turmoil and no continent is spared the following, the fact that peace is becoming a luxury, that wars and conflicts are becoming normalized, international and regional organizations are weakening, and alliances depend far too often on the will of current leaders. At this pace, we must have the courage to acknowledge that the best years of our shared organization may be behind us. Ladies and gentlemen, there is an inseparable link between peace, development and human rights. And we pay tribute to the men and women who fight for peace worldwide. But we must acknowledge that a mere denunciation of atrocities is far too often the ultimate level of international action. Furthermore, nature, which was once assaulted by human beings, now inflicts dramatic consequences in the form of the scarcity of arable lands, worsening droughts, increasing floods and increasingly unbearable heat. These realities must prompt deep reflection on our part. Ladies and gentlemen, the well-being of the people and people peacefully living together are true synonyms of peace. President Dumboya made this a guiding principle of his leadership. And it is through his rigor and consistency here, Guinea has been able to reconcile with itself and is now boldly advancing towards development. In acknowledging the end to an imbalance and unjust era where Africa had no voice, President Dumbuya chose to fully embrace our national sovereignty. First, our mining sovereignty, And this was done by revoking several permits, which were not in compliance with our laws, in particular with Guinea’s mining code. And then our intellectual property, and this was done by transforming the education system we have and by promoting excellence. This led to the creation of Simandou Academy, which offers top performing students of the country a chance to study in the world’s best schools under the best conditions, thus providing our country with the human capital we need for development. Ladies and gentlemen, we know better than anyone the price of peace and the cost of underdevelopment. This justified the recent intervention of our defense and security forces to prevent national collapse in the country. And now with a methodical approach, which is a forward looking one, President Njumbuya has launched Simandou 2,040 program, which is built on the basis of five strategic pillars. The first one is agriculture, food industry and trade, which is the engine of our growth. The second one is education and culture, and it is the foundation of our future. The third pillar, infrastructure, transport and new technologies to better connect our country. The fourth one is economy, finance and insurance to ensure our financial sovereignty. And finally, the health and well-being pillar, which is a national priority. The Simandou project, which is home to the world’s largest iron deposit, will significantly contribute to global decarbonization due to its exceptionally high ore quality, about 65%. And to ensure the sustainability of the program, a sovereign fund will be established, financed essentially by Simandou revenues as well as other conventional mechanisms. Ladies and gentlemen, let me recall yet once again the words of a great African leader who spoke from this very podium and said, I quote, very clearly, without being hypocritical or pretending otherwise, looking at each other face to face, we all recognize that the democratic model imposed on us after the Labourne Summit in France almost religiously, this model does not work. Various economic and social indicators show it clearly. And this is not a value judgment on democracy itself. It’s a statement of fact, a conclusion from decades of chaotic experiment of this model in our environment, a time which was focused, only on political jousting at the expense of the essential, which is the economy. I quoted the President, Dumbuya. And in this regard, I am pleased to announce that The Republic Of Guinea has achieved a historic milestone. It’s achieved its first sovereign credit rating, which was classified as B plus with stable outlook by Standard and Poor. Thanks to the vision and leadership of the president of the republic, General Dumbuya, Guinea has reached today a major milestone with this international recognition. This rating now places The Republic Of Guinea as the second largest economy in French speaking West Africa and opening access to more favorable and competitive international capital markets. For Guinea, respect for human rights means recognizing the inherent dignity of every person and applying the principles and standards that protect these rights as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately, its application throughout the world remains inconsistent according to regions, actors, context, and interests. Ladies and gentlemen, president Dumbuya has asked us to reaffirm here his sincere commitment to the theme of this session. He places highest importance to peace, development, and human rights. Madam president, we wanted to provide our country with a constitution that reflects and unites us, and we thus initiated a process of consultation and inclusivity. It took a long time, but it was necessary given our history. And we are proud to announce from this podium that the constitutional draft submitted to the people of Guinea by referendum has been adopted by a large majority. This is an opportunity for me to, on behalf of the head of state, to applaud the maturity of the people of Guinea and also applaud our commitment to the future of our country. As of yesterday, twenty six September twenty twenty five, following its promulgation by the head of state, Guinea now has a constitution marking its long awaited return to the constitutional order, much awaited by our people and the international community. I thank you for your kind attention.

##The president of the general assembly: [00:57:47] I thank Minister of State and Secretary General of the President of Presidency of Guinea. Now I give the floor now I give the floor to her excellency, Maria Theresa Lazaro, secretary for foreign affairs of The Philippines.

##Philippines: [00:58:28] Mr President, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, at the closing of the San Francisco conference in 1945, Filipino general Carlos Romolo declared the UN Charter as an achievement for all humanity. It is accomplishment, he said, that will embrace and protect us at the same time that it liberates the human spirit. Our faith in the United Nations Charter endures as the international community celebrates the eightieth anniversary of the United Nations. United in purpose, we, the 193 member states of the United Nations, are stewards of this office, of this edifice. It counts on our courage to be equal to the task it bestows on us. The United Nations was born in the rubble of war. We embarked on a peace that works not only for the powers of that day, but also for all of humanity, for all time. We forge through the Charter a a covenant of just and equitable peace. Yet today, we ponder on the triumphs of the shared journey amidst the jolting clamor for peace and humanity under the very circumstances for which the United Nations was conceived. We must end the suffering of millions who live in starvation and fear in Gaza. Seasfires must hold. Humanitarian access must be restored without restrictions. Children, women, and innocent civilians must be saved from further violence. Healing must begin. The two state solution is the only viable diplomatic solution for sustainable peace. We must end the conflict in Ukraine. A just peace is only possible with respect for Ukraine’s sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial integrity. We must double down to address humanitarian crisis around the world, looking at their roots and investing in durable solutions. We must protect and assist displaced populations in Sudan, Syria, Afghanistan, The Democratic Republic Of The Congo, the Sahel region, of the Rohingyas, and in many other parts of the world. This June, the secretary general reported over 40,000 cases of violations against children in armed conflict, the highest recorded in thirty years. This is unconscionable. We owe our children peace. Excellencies, distinguished delegates, as UN founders recognized that peace was the antidote to fragility and uncertainty after the war, this time’s call on the United Nations, particularly the Security Council to make bold decisions. We must forge new pathways for international peace and security. This is a challenge that The Philippines is ready to rise up to as we seek a nonpermanent seat in the Security Council for the term twenty twenty seven, twenty twenty eight. We look ahead to the solemn honor of serving this body. The Philippines is committed to contribute to the Security Council in a manner that takes into account the views and concerns of the general UN membership and other principal organs of the United Nations. We recognize the weight of the responsibility of the Security Council. When it acts for the interest of humanity, it is a fulcrum of change, a force for good, and a bastion of hope for populations trapped in hopeless situations. We seek to be part of it to help advance the cause of global peace with the depth of experience earned from our struggles for peace. In The Philippines, we know that beyond stepping hostilities or stopping hostilities, peace is a just order with individuals flourishing in dignity at its center. The success story of the Bangsamoro autonomous region in Mosuli Mindanao or BARM tells us that peacebuilding, though sometimes arduous and long endows communities their rightful future. Our vision for global peace finds its home in the 1982 Manila declaration and the peaceful settlement of disputes. Excellencies, distinguished delegates, the UN Charter binds nations in promoting peace and progress in larger freedom. This drives our quest for global solutions to the transcendent challenges that affect nations. New models are needed to achieve equitable, sustainable, and inclusive development. For decades, the UN development system has aided transformation in many nations, including The Philippines. Amidst current funding shortfalls, we must support reforms to help it deliver value to UN member states in tight accord with national priorities with less bureaucracy and fragmentation. It is regrettable that politics and the demands of war have cut development financing globally just as we embarked in the last mile of the SDG agenda. This has shifted the focus to the roles of developing and middle income countries as shapers of development solutions. And why not? Together, we are the fastest growing economies, the largest consumer markets, and the top sources of human capital. Even as we manage our share of economic vulnerabilities within our borders, developing nations are assuming greater responsibility as agents of transformative and inclusive cooperation. We are actively reshaping the global development agenda in the twenty first century. In the Financing for Development Conference in Seville, we faced the sobering truth that the current financial system is untenable. It is one that has fostered debt burdens and perpetrated power imbalance, a system that mires the poor and favors the wealthy. Structural asymmetries undermine the ability of developing countries, particularly climate vulnerable ones, to mobilize the scale and quality of finance required for resilient development. Access to finance remains skewed. Climate vulnerable developing countries face borrowing costs that exceed their projected growth rates. The eligibility criteria for concessional finance is tied to outdated income classifications with no account for risks and vulnerabilities faced by many countries that need such lifelines for sustaining their growth. Reforms are long overdue. Multilateral processes must confront the widening gap between climate ambition and the means of implementation, whether in terms of financial resources, technology transfer or capacity building. Developed countries must fulfill their financial obligations. Multilateral development banks must do their part. Climate finance is a binding commitment as affirmed by the International Court of Justice in its unanimous advisory opinion last July. We need to rebalance decision making power in global financing institutions. Developing countries must be co architects of systems that determine allocation, eligibility and accountability. As a maritime country known for its mega biodiversity, The Philippines considers the sustainability of our environmental ecosystem as key to our climate and economic resilience. I am pleased to announce The Philippines’ ratification of the BB and J agreement, and this is in line with our commitment to the rules based international order and the 1982 UNCLOS. We are determined to advance the just governance of the oceans and the conservation of maritime biodiversity. In our reflection on evolving multilateralism to be more fit for purpose, we must consider progress in the way we account for our stewardship of resources. Our economic models must account for the health of our planet. We must measure our success in promoting development in larger freedom in our accountability to every nation and every person of the community. Society strive in diversity and inclusion. Ladies and gentlemen, we stand in the midst of a global revolution of people, of economies, and of and of technologies. Migration straddles these changes. The movement of people across borders sustain sustains growth in countries of origin, transit, and destination alike. Every day, Filipino migrants across the world are a testament to this. They support health systems, advance education, and boost creative economies. The 1,900,000 seafarers are the backbone of maritime trade that accounts for 90% of global commerce. The The International Conference on Seafighters, Human Rights, Safety and Well-being held in Manila early this month affirmed that states and stare stakeholders are ready to do more for them. As migrants link our nations, their rights and dignity should be a gathering point, not a fault line for governments. Technology is the other defining force of our age, a connector, an enabler, an equalizer. Artificial intelligence offers promise but carries profound risks. We must help build digital societies that bridges development divides rather than widen them, conforming with safeguards against misuse. Over the last eighty years, the United Nations Charter has served as a wellspring of purpose and action for those who rise equal to the task of delivering its promise. There is no alternative to the United Nations. There is no good global order other than one based on international law in the principle of the sovereign equality of states. A rules based order is indispensable. To maritime nations such as The Philippines, international law, particularly the 1982 Law of the Sea, is fundamental to our future. While our government vessels and fisher folk continue to be harassed in our own waters, and as we remain the receiving end of illegal, coercive, aggressive and dangerous actions in the South China Sea, we abide by the Own Clause as reinforced by the binding 2016 arbitral award on the South China Sea. We are committed to diplomacy and other peaceful means to settle disputes. At the birth of the UN, The Philippines actively helped in framing the foundational principle of the universal declaration of human rights, which states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The early decades of the UN saw dispirited engagement of Filipino diplomats against colonization and apartheid and economic inequality. We have steadfastly strived for justice. For its cause, we have helped manage the front lines of climate diplomacy from the drafting of the climate change convention itself to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. We have engaged with the fire of a nation familiar with the brunt of devastation of disasters and extreme weather events, we know the urgency of global action. Justice and equity was our guidepost during the crafting of the WHO pandemic agreement. The adoption of this treaty last May was a sweet spot in The Philippines presidency of the World Health Assembly. Our pledge to peace is unwavering. The Philippines was among the first to respond to the UN call for assistance in the Korean War. A decade later, Philippine troops flew halfway across the globe to aid in peacekeeping operations in The Congo. Since then, we have sent nearly 15,000 troops to 21 peacekeeping missions in Africa, Middle East, and Asia Pacific. This experience has taught us that peacekeeping is about empowering communities. It must carve exit strategies with focused nonpoliticized mandates from the Security Council. New models must be tailored to context and needs on the ground. Then as now, we embrace our role as a bridge builder. As general Carlos P. Romolo put it in 1946, a bridge between two worlds, among the first of many that must be erected to make them one. Then as now, we offer steady hands in New York, Geneva, Vienna, Bangkok, Nairobi, Rome, and the cradles of joint action as a partner, pathfinder, and peacemaker. Excellencies, distinguished delegates, our world is far different from the world inhabited by the founders of the UN. Our new realities test the durability of the charter at its eightieth year. The measure of credibility for the UN is whether it can hold its sovereign promise in today’s world where nations shape the future on equal terms. As I conclude, I recall again general Romulus words at the first UN General Assembly in 1946 that the Filipino state stake in the United Nations is one of an identical destiny of shared anxiety of hope and endeavor. The journey of the entire family of the United Nations has been one of hope and endeavor. In the strength of our diversity, the UN is the common vessel steering humanity through the onslaught of challenge and change. We count on each other for the courage to hope and courage to act. Let us persevere in purpose, in action as the United Nations, so we can claim before those who came before us and those coming after that we have risen to the challenges of our time and have far exceeded our calling. Thank you, and Muguhay.

##The president of the general assembly: [01:13:42] I thank the secretary for Foreign Affairs of The Philippines. I now give the floor to her excellency, Lana Nusseibeh, minister of state for Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates.

##United Arab Emirates: [01:14:25] Mister president, when the world stood amidst the ruins of war eighty years ago, it faced a watershed moment, one that required a transition to a new order with the previous international systems having failed to maintain international peace and security, the world was faced with a choice. It chose peace and embraced a new era of international cooperation and solidarity embodied by the establishment of this organization. Today, we once again face a pivotal movement. Today, the world is marked by turmoil, conflict, and humanitarian crises. Threats to state sovereignty, proliferation risks, and extremist ideologies persist, undermining the foundations of stability and development. Amidst these challenges, my country has chosen the path of prudence and de escalation, leveraging its capabilities to build bridges, prevent conflicts, and place the interests of humanity above all. We have sought to strengthen the mechanisms for international cooperation and multilateralism, as well as the norms and principles of the UN Charter and international law. In doing so, The UAE promotes the principles of good neighborliness and respect for sovereignty of states to create opportunities and advance progress in every field. My country has also championed genuine humanitarian diplomacy aimed at preserving the dignity of individuals in the most difficult circumstances. We have sought to bridge divides facilitating the exchange of thousands of prisoners between Russia and Ukraine, hosting peace talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and undertaking efforts to deescalate tensions in South Asia and beyond. In the face of these global challenges, The United Arab Emirates remains committed to diplomacy, peaceful solutions, and dialogue. Our aim is not simply to manage conflicts, but to resolve them sustainably. The urgent need for this approach is clear around the world, whether in the Gaza Strip, Ukraine, Sudan, Yemen, Libya, or the Sahel. Many of the crises around us have been exacerbated by extremist ideologies, hate speech, and incitement. That is why we are leading efforts to advance the tolerance, peace and security agenda to uphold the values enshrined in the UN Charter and to break cycles of conflict. There is no doubt that what we are witnessing today in the Palestinian Israeli conflicts is not only a result of but serves extremists and warmongers efforts who seek to undermine the path to a peaceful resolution, nothing can justify targeting tens of thousands of civilians or besieging them or starving them and forcibly displacing them, nor can anything excuse the pursuit of unacceptable expansionist ambitions, including the threat of annexing the West Bank. Similarly, there is no justification for the taking of hostages or the targeting of civilians in conflict. We emphasize the need to protect the hostages as per international humanitarian law. This situation also cannot serve as an excuse to attack countries in the region. Israel’s treacherous and reprehensible attack against the state of Qatar constituted a flagrant violation of its territorial integrity and of the security of the Arabian Gulf region as well as a breach of the most fundamental principles of international law. Aggression will not bring stability to the region. My country has always believed in the centrality of the two state solution and the realization of an independent sovereign Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital living side by side with the state of Israel In security, peace, and prosperity, this is the fundamental requirement for achieving a permanent, just, and comprehensive solution to the issue with a Palestinian state capable of fulfilling the aspiration of the Palestinian people, restricting the use of weapons and ensuring security, stability and the rule of law with no place for terrorists and extremist groups. My country also welcomes the growing recognition of the state of Palestine. We invite others to follow this approach as an investment in a better future for the region. Our first and most urgent demands remain an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza, ending the siege on Gaza, releasing the hostages and detainees, and urgent unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid at scale. The UAE continues its role as the largest donor of aid to Gaza, mobilizing all its relations, resources, and capabilities to this end. We will continue to deliver aid to the most in need despite the restrictions and obstacles.

##United Arab Emirates: [01:20:41] As part of our commitment to prioritizing diplomatic solutions and justice in the international system, my country continues to place the dispute of the three occupied Emirati islands in the Arabian Gulf, Greater Tumb, Lesser Tumb and Abu Musa, at the forefront of our national priorities. We continue to call on Iran to end its occupation of these islands, which are an integral part of UAE territory, as well as to respond to our repeated calls to resolve this dispute through direct negotiations or by resorting to the International Court of Justice. We also reiterate here our full support for Moroccan sovereignty over the Moroccan Sahara and endorse the autonomy initiative within the framework of Moroccan territorial integrity. Mr. President, the brutal scene unfolding in Gaza is not the only crisis engulfing our region. In Sudan, people are experiencing immense human suffering and famine. My country stands with the Sudanese people supporting their aspirations to end the civil war and its profound humanitarian consequences. We underscore the importance of the statement by the Quad on Sudan and the call for a humanitarian truce. We stress the importance of reaching an immediate ceasefire and ensuring unhindered access for humanitarian aid throughout the country. Sustainable peace cannot be achieved through military means. A transitional process must be pursued in Sudan leading to an independent civilian government, one that is not controlled by any of the warring parties and which denies space to extremism and terrorism. Mister president, my country is committed to supporting the role of international organizations and multilateral institutions. There is an urgent need to develop and reform the existing institutions for collective action, the UN and Security Council. In particular, The UAE views the UNAT initiative as an opportunity to both strengthen the organization’s capabilities and ensure a clear vision for its work in the decades ahead. This vision of UN reform is consistent with The UAE’s ambitious national approach. Under the wise leadership of his highness, sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed al Nahyan, president of The UAE. May God protect him. It is a vision for an effective and equitable international system capable of serving humanity and working collectively to achieve comprehensive and sustainable prosperity. This is reflected across The UAE’s policies. Regarding the economy and development, we have doubled our foreign investments in various projects. We have expanded the scope of our partnerships delivering shared prosperity, particularly with the global South. This includes in Africa, where our investments have extended across various sectors, reflecting our belief in the importance of openness and engagement to achieve shared development prosperity and stability. In the fields of science, technology, and artificial intelligence, my country has sought to harness these tools to advance sustainable development around the world. We support countries to build their technological capacities while respecting their national values and priorities and ensuring the responsible and ethical use of these technologies in accordance with international law. As for our ongoing efforts to protect the planet, The UAE is accelerating its investments in international climate action, supporting innovative solutions to achieve an orderly and responsible transition and to promote clean energy. My country affirms its full commitment to implementing the outcomes of The UAE consensus from COP28 held in Dubai in 2023. My country is also investing heavily in addressing the challenges of water scarcity, including through the Mohammed bin Zayed Water Initiative, which supports the development and application of pioneering technology to promote sustainable access to this important resource. And as we prepare to host the UN Water Conference next year with The Republic Of Senegal, we will seek to strengthen international cooperation on this issue and stimulate investment in innovation. And in all our projects and initiatives, we seek to promote the full, equal and meaningful participation of women as essential partners in society. In conclusion, Mr. President, at a time when our international institutions are weakened and the principles of international law are undermined, we must live up to our shared responsibility to ensure the continuity of our international system, to restore its credibility and to secure a better future for generations to come. Thank you, Mr. President.