The 80th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 80) – Day 1

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Consult UNGA AI agent

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Overall report from Day 1 at UNGA 80

The report is generated by DiploAI based on audiovisual recordings; the result is presented as-is and may include potential errors. Comments and corrections can be sent to reporting@diplomacy.edu.

What: Day 1 at the General Debate of the 80th session of the UN General Assembly.

Who: The UN Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly (acting as moderator), and high-level representatives from Brazil, the United States, Indonesia, Türkiye, Peru, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Qatar, Suriname, Lithuania, Portugal, Uruguay, Slovenia, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Chile, Tajikistan, Lebanon, France, Kyrgyzstan, Colombia, Poland, Mozambique, Vietnam, Angola, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Nauru, Japan, and Morocco.

Critical pillars: UN and Security Council reform, upholding international law and human rights, addressing the climate crisis, and ensuring technology serves humanity.

Key areas of prevailing agreement (not shared by all countries): The urgent need for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, UN reform (including the Security Council), and collective action on climate change.

Areas of divergence: The role of international sanctions, the specific approach to climate policy, and the root causes and solutions for global migration.

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Ten key points

Solidarity with the global south: The need for the voices of the Global South to be heard and for their development needs to be prioritized was a recurring point, stressing that global stability is impossible without addressing deep-seated inequalities.

1. Urgent call for peace and adherence to international law: There was a widespread call for an immediate end to ongoing conflicts, particularly in Gaza, and for a recommitment to the principles of the UN Charter and international law. Many speakers highlighted the failure of the international community to prevent and resolve these crises.
2. Gaza: The situation in Gaza was consistently described as a genocide by multiple speakers, who condemned the scale of civilian casualties, destruction of infrastructure, and use of starvation as a weapon. This was presented as a test of the international community’s moral conscience and a failure of the UN.
3. Support for a two-state solution: A two-state solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was emphasised as the only viable path to a just and lasting peace. Many nations called for the immediate recognition of a Palestinian state and the full implementation of relevant UN resolutions, with some acknowledging the need for a secure Israel.
4. Reform of the United Nations: The need to reform the UN was a central theme, with many leaders arguing that the current structure, particularly the Security Council, is outdated and ineffective. Proposals were made to expand both permanent and non-permanent membership, especially for African and Latin American countries.
5. Climate change as an existential threat: Climate change was recognised as an urgent, global crisis. Speakers highlighted its disproportionate impact on developing nations and called for increased ambition, concrete action, and predictable climate finance from the world’s largest emitters.
6. AI and digital governance: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and digital technologies was a key topic, with a focus on both their potential for progress and their risks, such as mass surveillance and misuse. Several leaders called for a new global governance framework, universal guardrails, and common standards to ensure technology serves humanity.
7. Concerns over unilateralism and sanctions: Many speakers expressed concern over the rise of unilateral actions, including military interventions and economic sanctions. These were seen as undermining multilateralism, violating state sovereignty, and causing suffering to civilian populations.
8. The power of dialogue and diplomacy: Dialogue, mediation, and diplomacy were consistently presented as the only effective means for resolving international disputes. This was in contrast to the use of military force, which was repeatedly characterised as leading to destruction and prolonged conflict.
9. The role of the global South: A strong theme was the growing influence and importance of the global South. Many leaders called for its voice to be amplified in international institutions and for a new, more equitable global order that addresses historical injustices and economic inequalities.
10. Human rights and justice: The importance of human rights as the bedrock of peace was stressed. This included calls for justice and accountability for war crimes, protection of women and children in conflict zones, and the need to defend democracy against ideologies of hatred and misinformation.

Summary report

The General Debate at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly was a significant event, bringing together high-level representatives from across the globe to discuss the most pressing issues of our time. The session took place against the backdrop of the UN’s 80th anniversary, serving as a moment for both reflection and a forward-looking assessment of the organisation’s role and relevance.

The primary context of the event was a world grappling with multiple, interconnected crises, including armed conflicts, climate change, and economic instability. The event was important as it provided a platform for member states to air grievances, propose solutions, and collectively reaffirm their commitment to the UN’s founding principles amidst what many described as a crisis of multilateralism.

A central theme of the discussion was the widespread concern over the state of global peace and security. The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and, particularly, in Gaza were at the forefront of the debate. Numerous speakers from diverse regions of the world, including Türkiye, Qatar, South Africa, and Slovenia, condemned the actions in Gaza as a “genocide,” highlighting the immense civilian suffering and the perceived failure of the international community to intervene effectively. A two-state solution for Israel and Palestine was overwhelmingly endorsed as the only viable path to lasting peace in the Middle East. Similarly, the war in Ukraine was condemned as a violation of international law, with calls for a ceasefire and a just, lasting peace.

Another major topic was the urgent need for UN reform. Many leaders argued that the organisation, and specifically the Security Council, is no longer fit for purpose. They pointed to the paralysis caused by the veto power of the permanent members and called for an expansion of the council to include greater representation from Africa, Latin America, and other major powers. The UN80 initiative, proposed by the Secretary-General, was widely supported as a blueprint for making the organisation more agile and effective.

Climate change was universally acknowledged as an existential threat. Speakers from countries like Indonesia, Suriname, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which are particularly vulnerable to its effects, called for greater ambition and concrete action. They stressed that the historical responsibility of major emitters must be met with predictable climate finance and technology transfers to developing nations. The economic dimensions of this issue were also discussed, with a focus on the reform of the international financial architecture to better support climate action and sustainable development.

AI and digital issues also featured prominently. Many speakers, including the UN Secretary-General and representatives from Brazil and Uzbekistan, highlighted both the transformative potential of these technologies and the risks they pose, such as mass surveillance, misinformation, and widening digital divides. There was a strong consensus on the need for global governance frameworks and ethical guardrails to ensure that AI serves humanity’s best interests.

A unique insight from the debate was the explicit and repeated condemnation of unilateral actions, including economic sanctions and military interventions. The President of Colombia, for example, delivered a powerful and unconventional critique of US foreign policy, framing it as a continuation of historical patterns of domination. The President of Poland, in contrast, defended the right of nations to defend themselves against “neo-imperial” powers. The President of Uruguay offered his country as a host for dialogue and mediation, while other leaders emphasised that international law must apply to all nations equally, regardless of their size or power.

In terms of follow-up actions, several concrete proposals were made. These included a call for a World Summit on Professional Education by Uzbekistan, a proposal for a “Global Forum for the Future” by Slovenia to support the Pact for the Future, and an initiative by Mongolia to launch a ten-year rangeland flagship initiative. Chile announced the nomination of former President Michelle Bachelet as a candidate for the next UN Secretary-General. The UN80 initiative and the Pact for the Future were repeatedly mentioned as the key next steps for revitalising the organisation and addressing global challenges. The overarching takeaway was a shared sense of urgency and a belief that, despite the fragmentation and divisions, a collective, multilateral approach is the only way forward.

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Key points by speakers

The UN Secretary-General

• UN’s role and global challenges: The UN was founded as a practical strategy for humanity’s survival, but its principles are now under siege. The world faces an age of disruption and suffering, and a choice must be made between a world of raw power and a world of laws.
• Multipolarity and multilateralism: The world is becoming multipolar, which is a positive development, but without effective multilateral institutions, it can lead to chaos. International cooperation is not naivete; it’s a hard-headed pragmatism.
• Five critical choices: The world must choose peace rooted in international law, human dignity and human rights, climate justice, technology at the service of humanity, and a strengthened UN for the 21st century.
• Conflict resolution: A full ceasefire and a just, lasting peace in Ukraine, in accordance with the UN Charter, is necessary. The ICJ’s provisional measures in Gaza must be implemented immediately, and a permanent ceasefire, the release of all hostages, and full humanitarian access are needed.
• AI governance: AI is a major new frontier that is largely ungoverned. It must be a servant of humanity, not a master, and requires universal guardrails and common standards. The UN’s recent establishment of an international scientific panel on AI and an annual dialogue on AI governance are welcome steps.

The President of the General Assembly

• UN’s role and accountability: The UN and its Charter are not failing; it is member states that are failing to uphold them. Failures in places like Gaza and Ukraine are not the fault of humanitarian law or the UN as an institution, but of the unwillingness of member states to hold violators accountable.
• The value of the UN: The UN is not a luxury but a necessity. Without institutions like UNICEF, WFP, and WHO, the world would be much worse off. The UN is a compass pointing toward peace, humanity, and justice, and it is the “life insurance for every country.”
• Challenges and cooperation: In a globalised, digitalised world, we must work together or suffer alone. The climate crisis, CO2 emissions, and uncontrolled AI are global problems that no country can solve on its own.
• UN reform as a necessity: The UN is at a “crossroads” and needs a “renovation.” The UN80 initiative and wider reform processes are necessities, not luxuries, and member states must give them their full support.
• Gender equality in leadership: In 80 years, a woman has never been chosen for the role of UN Secretary-General. The choice rests with member states, and it is time for them to show the same leadership as their predecessors by selecting a woman for the role.

Brazil

• Critique of multilateralism: The ideals of the UN are under threat, with multilateralism in a crisis marked by repeated concessions to power, sanctions, and unilateral interventions. This parallels a weakening of democracy globally.
• Democracy and inequality: Sound democracies must go beyond elections and reduce inequalities, guaranteeing basic rights like food, safety, and health. Poverty is as much an enemy of democracy as extremism.
• Digital platforms and regulation: Digital platforms are being used to sow intolerance and misinformation. The internet cannot be a land of lawlessness. Regulating these platforms is not about restraining freedom but protecting the most vulnerable and ensuring what is illegal in the real world is also illegal online.
• Ukraine and Palestine conflicts: There will be no military solution in Ukraine, and the conflict needs a realistic diplomatic solution. The conflict in Palestine is an “unacceptable genocide,” and nothing justifies the collective punishment of the Palestinian people. The only viable answer is an independent Palestinian state.
• Climate and economic justice: The international community must revise priorities by reducing military spending and increasing development aid. A new global financial system is needed with minimum global tax standards for the super-rich. Brazil has reduced deforestation by half in the last two years and will host COP30.

United States

• Domestic and economic achievements: The U.S. is the “hottest country in the world” with a booming economy, low inflation, and rising wages. In just eight months, the administration has secured over USD 17 trillion in new investment.
• Border security and migration: The southern U.S. border has been secured, and illegal entry has been stopped. The UN is criticised for funding an “assault on Western countries” by providing cash assistance, food, and debit cards to illegal migrants. Europe is warned that its “suicidal” energy and immigration policies will lead to its “death.”
• International diplomacy and wars: The U.S. is “respected again.” The administration claims to have ended seven “unendable” wars in just seven months, including those between Cambodia and Thailand, and Armenia and Azerbaijan. The UN is criticised for not helping in these peace efforts.
• Gaza and Iran conflicts: The U.S. has brokered an end to the twelve-day war between Israel and Iran after a military operation destroyed Iran’s nuclear facilities. In Gaza, Hamas is condemned for the October 7 attacks, and a ceasefire is urged, conditioned on the release of all hostages.
• Critique of climate policy: The “green energy agenda” and “carbon footprint” are called a “scam” and a “hoax.” It is argued that these policies lead to economic destruction and that Europe is on the brink of failure due to them. The U.S. withdrew from the Paris climate accord.

Indonesia

• UN’s foundational values and Indonesia’s history: The UN’s founding ideals of equality and unalienable rights to life and liberty inspired Indonesia’s own struggle for independence. The UN and its agencies provided vital assistance in the country’s early development.
• Global conflicts and injustice: The world is driven by conflict, injustice, and disregard for international law. Indonesia will not remain silent while Palestinians are denied justice and legitimacy. The country believes in multilateralism and will not give up on hopes and ideals.
• Commitment to peace and peacekeeping: Indonesia is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping forces and is prepared to deploy 20,000 or more troops to secure peace in Gaza or elsewhere, if decided by the Security Council.
• Sustainable development and climate change: Indonesia is close to meeting its SDGs, having achieved self-sufficiency in rice and starting to export it. The country is directly experiencing the effects of climate change and is shifting from fossil fuels to renewables. It is committed to its Paris Agreement obligations and aims for net-zero emissions earlier than 2060.
• Two-state solution: Indonesia reiterates its complete support for a two-state solution, which must include an independent Palestine and a guarantee of safety and security for Israel. This is presented as a path for the “two descendants of Abraham” to live in peace and harmony.

Türkiye

• Palestine and genocide: Türkiye expresses regret at the absence of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas from the assembly and thanks countries that have recognised the State of Palestine. The situation in Gaza is described as a genocide, with over 65,000 civilian casualties, including more than 20,000 children. It is stated that starvation is being used as a weapon of war.
• Critique of Israel and international community: The Israeli government’s actions are described as a policy of “occupation, deportation, exile, genocide, and life destruction.” The international community’s silence is seen as complicity. Türkiye calls for an immediate ceasefire, unhindered humanitarian aid, and accountability for the perpetrators of the genocide.
• Regional conflicts and diplomacy: Türkiye highlights its efforts in mediating conflicts, including between Russia and Ukraine, and Azerbaijan and Armenia. The country has also worked on the normalisation of relations with Armenia.
• UN and Security Council reform: Türkiye supports the UN80 initiative to make the organisation more effective. The current Security Council is criticised, and the statement “the world is bigger than five” is repeated, emphasising the need for a system where the “righteous are powerful, not the powerful are righteous.”
• AI and human values: AI technologies should be used for the benefit of humanity, not as a new tool of domination. The country has prepared a children’s rights convention for the digital world.

Peru

• Domestic challenges and resilience: Peru is a “mestizo nation” that has overcome political violence, a coup attempt, and economic recession. The government has regained stability and confidence, with a growing economy and low inflation.
• False narratives and hatred: Peru warns against the building of false narratives by anti-democratic forces to impose their will. Ideologies of hatred—class, racial, nationalist, religious, or ethnic—are the causes of the worst crimes in human history.
• International law and justice: It is unacceptable for one country to invade another using a false narrative to justify war, or to slaughter civilians and take hostages. The heroes who defended Peru’s democracy are being persecuted, while terrorists are compensated, which is described as a “world in reverse.”
• UN reform: Peru is convinced that the world needs “more and a better UN.” It supports the UN80 initiative and calls for a transformation in UN governance to prevent institutional stalemates and make it more effective.
• Next Secretary-General: Peru, as a founding member, believes it is time for the next UN Secretary-General to come from Latin America to ensure better representation.

Jordan

• Palestinian-Israeli conflict: The conflict is described as the longest-standing in the world, with Palestinians enduring a “cruel cycle of yet again.” It is an illegal occupation and a flagrant violation of UN resolutions. The war in Gaza is one of the darkest moments in the UN’s history.
• Critique of Israel’s government: The current Israeli government is not a willing partner for peace; its actions, including settler expansion and targeting of holy sites, are intentionally burying the idea of a Palestinian state. The provocative call for a “greater Israel” is a blatant violation of neighbours’ sovereignty.
• Call for a two-state solution: Force is no foundation for security. The only path is a two-state solution, with an independent and viable Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living alongside a secure Israel.
• Jordan’s role: As custodians of Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, Jordan safeguards them against actions that violate the status quo. Jordan is also serving as the main base for international humanitarian response in Gaza.
• Global inaction: The international community has met the conflict with “decades of inertia.” The UN must echo the call of ordinary people around the world who are demanding peace and justice.

Republic of Korea

• UN’s role and history: The history of the Republic of Korea, from colonial rule to a strong democracy with UN assistance, proves the value of the UN’s existence. The country is now a proud member and is ready to take on the role of a leading nation.
• UN reform: The Republic of Korea supports the UN80 initiative and hopes for a reform of the Security Council to increase the number of non-permanent members. The country is a member of the Security Council for 2024-2025.
• AI and global challenges: AI is a critical technology that can lead to either a dystopia of inequality or a foundation for innovation and prosperity. The country intends to share its vision for AI through the APEC AI initiative.
• Climate change and sustainable development: The Republic of Korea is pursuing a “great energy transition” and will submit a nationally determined contribution this year. It is also committed to sustainable development goals and will co-host the fourth UN Ocean Conference in 2028.
• Peace on the Korean Peninsula: A new journey towards peaceful coexistence and shared growth is proposed. The government reaffirms it will not pursue unification by absorption and has no intention of engaging in hostile acts. A pragmatic and phased solution for denuclearisation is sought.

Qatar

• Attack on Doha and state terrorism: The government of Israel is accused of committing “state terrorism” with a treacherous attack in Doha that targeted Hamas’s negotiating delegation, violating Qatar’s sovereignty and international law.
• Critique of Israel’s government: The Israeli leader believes in a “greater Israel” and wants to continue the war to destroy Gaza and expand settlements. This is presented as a rejection of peace with the Palestinians. It is difficult to cooperate with a mentality that negotiates with delegations while plotting to assassinate them.
• UN’s role and international law: The international community must restore collective security and the legitimacy of the international system. A firm position from the Security Council is needed to achieve peace.
• Support for a two-state solution: Peace can only be achieved through a two-state solution based on UN resolutions and the borders of 1967, with East Jerusalem as the capital of an independent Palestinian state. Qatar urges more states to recognise Palestine.
• Other regional conflicts: Qatar is continuing its diplomatic efforts to settle other crises, such as in Ukraine and in Africa. It supports a new phase for Syria, a comprehensive dialogue for Sudan, and stability in Lebanon.

Suriname

• UN’s achievements and failures: The UN has played an important role in decolonisation, human rights, and development. However, it has been unsuccessful in preventing wars and human rights violations, with the war returning to Europe and other parts of the world.
• Need for UN reform: The UN can only be successful if all nations adhere to its resolutions and if the power of a single veto is eliminated. The Security Council should be expanded to include all nations with major influence, including Brazil, India, and African countries.
• Climate change and natural resources: Suriname, a low-lying coastal country, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Over 90% of its land is rainforest, making it one of the three “carbon negative” countries on earth. It calls on major emitters to share the responsibility with action and finance.
• Diversity and solidarity: Suriname is a country of great diversity and an example of peaceful coexistence. It calls for the lifting of the unjust embargo against Cuba. International solidarity is described as a necessity for a prosperous future.
• Slavery and reparations: Suriname acknowledges the CARICOM 10-point plan for reparatory justice, stating that “slavery was a crime, is a crime against humanity,” and supports reparations.

Lithuania

• Erosion of the international order: The international order is being eroded by the irresponsible actions of those who should know better. The present day is compared to 1938, when appeasement emboldened aggressors and led to war.
• Ukraine conflict: Russia’s aggression is a test of whether the principles of the UN Charter will stand. It has sparked crises in energy, migration, and food security. Lithuania will never recognise the annexation of Ukrainian lands and calls for strong political, military, and economic support for Ukraine.
• Justice and accountability: Peace will never be sustainable without justice. Russia’s war crimes, including the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children, demand accountability. A special tribunal for the crime of aggression is supported.
• Middle East crisis: Lithuania watches the situation in the Middle East with deep concern and calls for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the release of all hostages, and unhindered humanitarian aid. The only alternative is a credible political process towards a two-state solution.
• UN reform: Lithuania supports the Secretary-General’s UN80 reform agenda. No permanent seat on the Security Council should grant a state permanent impunity. The call for a more inclusive, effective, and accountable UN deserves broad support.

Portugal

• Multilateralism and international law: Portugal is a deeply multilateralist country guided by the UN Charter. A world with more cooperation and respect for international law is safer and more predictable. The UN faces an existential moment without change and renewal.
• UN reform: Portugal supports the UN80 initiative and the Pact for the Future. The reform of the Security Council is a priority, with a focus on three pillars: prevention, partnership, and protection. It is unacceptable that the use of a veto continues to paralyse essential decisions.
• Global conflicts: There has been no ceasefire in Ukraine or the Middle East despite the intervention of the most powerful countries. This underscores the need for multilateral intervention. Portugal has declared its decision to recognise the State of Palestine and calls for an immediate ceasefire and the release of hostages.
• Role of women and youth: The world needs more women and youth as leaders in decision-making processes. The UN must prioritise the protection of women and youth as agents of change.
• Climate change: The need to address and combat climate change is a priority. Portugal has ratified the BBNJ treaty and is committed to protecting its marine surface area.

Uruguay

• National identity: Uruguay is a small country with a deep vocation for peace and respect. Its political system is based on consensus, and its institutions are robust. The country is a “fraternal and hospitable land” for migrants.
• Critique of modern warfare: Modern wars involve “new forms of cruelty and death,” and the main objective of current wars seems to be systematic extermination. The country condemns all forms of terrorism and barbarity against civilians.
• Palestinian-Israeli conflict: Uruguay has a consistent and steadfast position in favour of a two-state solution. It takes seriously the reports of the international community and urges an immediate suspension of military operations, the end of civilian deaths, and the release of hostages.
• Support for multilateralism: Uruguay’s international tradition includes staunch support for multilateralism, international law, and dialogue. The country has deployed battalions to UN peace operations for 35 years without interruption and is the leading country in Latin America for this.
• Role in global affairs: Uruguay, despite its small size, offers itself to the world as a host for negotiations and a promoter of dialogue and peace. Its strength lies in its intangible capacities, not its military or economic dominance.

Slovenia

• UN’s unfulfilled vision: The hopes for peace and cooperation following the end of the Cold War have not materialised. The Security Council is failing, progress on SDGs is lagging, and international law is under siege. The genocide convention risks becoming a relic of the past.
• Call for bold action: The international community must not accept a “new normal” where “might makes right.” The adoption of the Pact for the Future has charted a path forward, but bold action is needed.
• Security Council reform: Slovenia supports Security Council reform and proposes requesting an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on whether a permanent member can claim a legitimate veto right in cases of genocide and crimes against humanity.
• Gender equity and leadership: Progress on gender equity is too modest. A woman has never served as UN Secretary-General, and this must change. Electing a woman to the role would be historic but only the beginning of a deeper transformation.
• Call to stop the genocide in Gaza: Slovenia calls for an immediate end to the genocide in Gaza. The country’s leaders have a moral duty to act and cannot afford silence or passivity.

Kazakhstan

• Crisis of trust in multilateral institutions: The world has changed profoundly, and there is a real crisis of trust in multilateral institutions. Serious violations of international law have become a new normal.
• UN reform as a necessity: Comprehensive reform of the UN is a “strategic necessity,” not a subject for endless contemplation. The Security Council needs to be reformed, with major powers from Asia, Africa, and Latin America represented on a rotational basis.
• Global security and disarmament: Arms control treaties are collapsing, and military spending is at a record high. Kazakhstan is ready to host a new dialogue on nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation.
• Regional conflicts: Kazakhstan is concerned about the Ukrainian crisis and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. It reaffirms support for a two-state solution with the UN playing a central role. It also welcomes the normalisation of relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia.
• AI and digital transformation: AI is a “major breakthrough” but also poses risks of deepening technological and geopolitical divides. Kazakhstan welcomes the global dialogue on AI governance under the UN and aims to become a “fully digital power” within three years.

South Africa

• Advocacy for Africa and the global South: South Africa’s foreign policy is guided by the needs of its people and the continent of Africa. The country will preside over the g-20, the first time it will be held on the African continent.
• Economic and trade reform: The current international financial architecture is outdated and unjust. South Africa calls for urgent reform to ensure fair representation and to address the debt of developing countries. It is concerning that trade is being used as a weapon against nations.
• Gaza and genocide allegations: South Africa brought a case against Israel to the International Court of Justice, insisting that a ruling be made that genocide is being committed in Gaza. The UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry has found Israel responsible for the commission of genocide in Gaza.
• UN and Security Council reform: The Security Council has proven ineffective, and its credibility is being eroded. South Africa advocates for its reform, arguing that Africa and South America are not represented, which is “unjust” and “unacceptable.”
• Nuclear disarmament and women’s empowerment: South Africa will preside over the first review conference of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2026. The country reaffirms its commitment to gender equality and supports the election of a female Secretary-General.

Uzbekistan

• Global instability and need for UN reform: The world is in a complex and rapidly changing situation, with the role of international institutions weakening. Uzbekistan fully supports the UN80 initiative and the transformation of the Security Council to protect the interests of developing countries.
• Economic and social progress: Uzbekistan is building a “new Uzbekistan” aligned with SDGs. It has reduced poverty from 35% to 6.6% and increased higher education uptake from 9% to 42%. It proposes a World Summit on Professional Education and a high-level event to fight childhood cancer.
• Central Asia as a region of peace: The region of Central Asia has been transformed into a region of peace, good neighbourliness, and partnership. Uzbekistan proposes new projects and a UN resolution to deepen regional partnership and economic integration.
• Afghan support and global issues: It is of utmost importance to prevent Afghanistan’s isolation and to provide support to the Afghan people. Uzbekistan also expresses deep concern over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the situation around Ukraine.
• Climate change and digital issues: The consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation and water scarcity are a constant focus. Uzbekistan proposes a World Forum on Water Saving and a global pact for climate migration. It also calls for preventing digital inequalities and using AI for sustainable development.

Mongolia

• UN’s role and Mongolia’s history: The UN has been a beacon of hope for 80 years. Mongolia has consistently upheld the UN Charter and its principles. The country’s history and traditions of peaceful coexistence are an example to follow.
• Commitment to peacekeeping and disarmament: Mongolia has deployed over 23,000 peacekeepers to 16 UN missions over 23 years. The country has a nuclear-weapon-free status and is committed to disarmament and non-proliferation.
• Sustainable Development Goals: Global progress on SDGs is at a mere 17%, but Mongolia’s implementation is at 66.7%, ranking it 14th in the Multilateralism Index. The country has been a strong advocate for landlocked developing countries.
• Climate change and environment: Mongolia is a country with a long tradition of living in harmony with nature. It will host the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in 2026 and has launched a ten-year Rangeland Flagship Initiative.
• Gender equality and UN reform: Mongolia has prioritised gender equality, with women making up 25% of its parliament. It supports initiatives to nominate women for the UN Secretary-General and calls for Security Council reform to ensure equitable representation.

Turkmenistan

• Multilateralism and neutrality: The current global situation requires coordinated interaction among states. Turkmenistan, a permanently neutral state, views neutrality as an effective mechanism for peacebuilding. It has initiated the inclusion of a separate item on “neutrality for peace and security” on the UNGA agenda.
• Global trust and peace: Turkmenistan proposes a World Summit on a Culture of Peace and Trust and the development of a “Global Code of International Trust” to build relations based on respect for sovereignty.
• Regional cooperation: Central Asia is called upon to revive its historic mission as a bridge between civilisations. Turkmenistan will propose an international forum on “Central Asia, a space of peaceful coexistence.”
• Sustainable transport and energy: Turkmenistan will initiate the proclamation of a “UN Decade for Sustainable Transport” for 2026-2035 and advocate for a draft resolution on the “key role of reliable and stable energy connectivity.”
• Environmental issues: The country will continue its work on environmental and climate issues, seeking to establish a regional centre to combat desertification and an international day of multilingual diplomacy.

Chile

• Unfulfilled UN promise: The UN was created 80 years ago, but the goal of a world free from violence and war has not been achieved. In Gaza, thousands of innocent people have died simply for being Palestinian, which is a global crisis of humanity.
• Condemnation of violence and lies: Chile condemns the systematic extermination in wars and all forms of terrorism. It is stated that it is unacceptable to lie, and there is no room for denying facts like global warming or the Holocaust.
• Commitment to international law: International law is the best guarantee that reason will prevail over might. Chile calls for justice for those responsible for the genocide against the Palestinian people, and for the orders of the International Court of Justice to be implemented.
• UN reform and next Secretary-General: Chile believes the UN must be renewed and reformed. The country announces the nomination of former President Michelle Bachelet as a candidate for the post of UN Secretary-General, emphasising the need for regional balance and to remedy the historic gender imbalance in the organisation.
• Climate action: As a tricontinental country with strong ties to the ocean, Chile was the first country in America to ratify the BBNJ agreement. It is ready to host its secretariat in Valparaiso and calls on states to approve the marine protected area proposal for Dominion 1.

Tajikistan

• Global instability and the role of the UN: The contemporary world is experiencing instability, turbulence, and escalating conflicts, making the UN’s role more important than ever. Tajikistan supports the UN80 initiative and the expansion of the Security Council.
• Sustainable development challenges: Developing countries, particularly mountainous and landlocked ones, face multiple challenges in achieving the SDGs. The amount of funding for sustainable development is insufficient.
• Climate change and water scarcity: Tajikistan, with 93% of its land covered by mountains, is deeply concerned about the adverse effects of climate change, including the accelerated melting of glaciers and water scarcity. It will host a High-Level International Conference on Glacier Preservation.
• Call for international cooperation: Tajikistan plays a proactive role in “voter diplomacy” and proposes a resolution to proclaim a “decade of promotion of peace for future generations.” It also advocates for the adoption of an “International Year of Legal Literacy.”
• Palestinian issue and regional security: The country emphasises a principled position on the Palestinian issue, calling for an immediate cessation of hostility and a two-state solution. It also expresses concern over terrorism and illegal weapons smuggling.

Lebanon

• Lebanon’s role as a message of plurality: Lebanon, a country where Christians and Muslims coexist as equals, offers a unique and irreplaceable model of freedom and plurality in a region torn by religious and ethnic conflicts. The fall of this model would foster extremism and violence.
• Need to preserve Lebanon: There is a human obligation to preserve Lebanon. Its preservation requires a clear stand and action to liberate all its territory and restore its exclusive sovereignty, enforced solely by its legitimate armed forces.
• Global conflicts and justice: The Lebanese experience has shown that there is no development without peace and no peace without justice. Lebanon calls for an immediate end to the devastation in Gaza, the revival of a new political track for a two-state solution, and the complete implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1701.
• Economic and institutional reform: Lebanon is undertaking a program of financial and economic recovery, including the fight against corruption and the modernisation of its administration. It is also joining international conventions and promoting public freedom and youth participation.
• Call for international support: Lebanon, while shouldering the burden of displacement and reconstruction, does not seek special privileges. It calls on the international community to act with responsibility, fairness, and equality to help it reclaim its role as a land of freedom.

France

• The UN’s historical purpose and current challenges: The UN was founded 80 years ago to serve peace, development, and human rights. While the dream of cooperation was right, today’s world faces proliferating conflicts, climate change, and unregulated technology, which threaten the collective capacity to act.
• Critique of division and selfishness: The world is breaking down due to division and selfishness, which is a major risk. The idea of a “united West against a global South” is a vestige of a past era. The UN is not failing; it is being blocked by some, often the most powerful.
• Global conflicts and solutions: France calls for the immediate release of hostages in Gaza and a ceasefire. It supports a two-state solution and the demilitarisation of Hamas. In Ukraine, France, with a coalition of willing nations, is providing security guarantees to ensure a robust and just peace.
• Iran and nuclear proliferation: France, Germany, and the UK have triggered a process to restore international sanctions on Iran due to its breach of nuclear obligations. Iran must make a gesture and allow inspections or face sanctions.
• UN and financial reform: France unequivocally supports the expansion and reform of the Security Council, especially for the African continent. A new financial architecture is needed to address global economic imbalances and mobilise private and public financing for global challenges like climate change, health, and education.

Kyrgyzstan

• UN’s role and global conflicts: The UN, despite criticism, remains the only truly universal organisation that has a special role in preventing global conflicts. However, today, new conflicts are erupting in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, and the world community applies “double standards” to them.
• Ukraine conflict and sanctions: Kyrgyzstan is suffering from the consequences of the war in Ukraine and the unilateral sanctions imposed on Russia, which negatively affect its economy. The country criticises the hypocrisy of nations that cooperate with Russia while forbidding others from doing the same.
• Gaza and terrorism: Kyrgyzstan expresses empathy for the Palestinian people and demands an end to what it calls the “genocide against the Palestinians.” While condemning the 7 October terrorist attacks, it argues that the fight against terrorism must be proportionate and must not lead to the mass death of civilians.
• Afghanistan and frozen assets: It is wrong and unjust to isolate Afghanistan and deprive it of foreign assistance. The frozen assets of Afghanistan, amounting to USD 9 billion, must be returned to the Afghan people to help them overcome poverty and hunger.
• UN reform: Kyrgyzstan supports the UN80 initiative and calls for the reform of the Security Council. The country, which has never been a member of the council, believes that all countries should have the opportunity to serve and that the rights of African states should be expanded.

Colombia

• Critique of US foreign policy: The president criticises US foreign policy as a continuation of a “stone age” that uses missiles against unarmed young people in the Caribbean and is leading humanity to an abyss. He accuses President Trump of being an accomplice to a “genocide” in Gaza.
• Drug policy and sovereignty: The violent war on drugs is a failure and a policy of “domination” by the US. The president claims his government has successfully replaced it with an effective anti-trafficking policy based on the voluntary eradication of coca crops. He denounces being “decertified” by Trump despite his government’s success.
• Climate change and global economy: The president states that there is no more than 10 years to act on climate change, which he calls irreversible. The most powerful man in the world does not believe in science, which is “irrational.” He proposes a global financial policy to mobilise capital for decarbonization, with the debt of the poorest countries forgiven.
• Call for global democracy: The UN must become a “united humanity” and a “global democracy” with a new Security Council without a veto. He calls for a “revolution by the peoples of the world” to overcome the climate crisis and save life on the planet.
• Peacekeeping force for Palestine: The president suggests the UN General Assembly should vote to establish a powerful peacekeeping army of nations to defend Palestine and stop the genocide, as diplomacy has failed.

Poland

• Russian aggression and its consequences: The Russian invasion of Ukraine is the most serious conflict in Europe since World War II and a turning point in history. The existing international order is “crumbling before our eyes,” and state borders are no longer untouchable.
• Polish solidarity and defence: Poland has shown incredible solidarity with Ukraine, providing homes to a million Ukrainian refugees and offering military assistance. The country will always react adequately to provocations, such as the recent Russian drone attack that violated its borders.
• Imperialism and history: Russia’s aggression is seen as rooted in an imperial and colonial vision. Poland’s own history as a victim of colonial policies makes it a reliable partner for Asian and African countries and gives it a special understanding of neo-imperial ambitions.
• EU and Western policies: The president agrees with some of President Trump’s criticisms of Europe, calling its recent policies “ideological madness” that have led to bad decisions on migration and “green craziness” that is destroying economic and agricultural markets.
• Accountability and justice: The perpetrators of war crimes must be tried before competent courts. Poland supports the work of the ICC and the establishment of a special tribunal for aggression. There must be no room for relativising crimes, and “no war can be profitable for the aggressors.”

Mozambique

• UN’s legacy and reform: The UN’s legacy includes the independence of many nations, including Mozambique, which celebrates its 50th anniversary of independence. Despite its challenges, the UN remains at the forefront of global processes. Any reform effort must include the reform of the Security Council.
• Global conflicts and impunity: The ongoing conflicts and crises remind us that the UN’s founding promise remains unfulfilled. The world is witnessing a “delusion” and a growing sense of impunity. The climate crisis accelerates and intensifies other crises.
• Climate and technological diplomacy: Mozambique, which has no historical responsibility for climate change, is one of the hardest hit. It advocates for “technological and climate diplomacy” to regulate risks and democratize benefits.
• Democracy and national dialogue: Mozambique has a strong commitment to democracy, holding regular and transparent elections. The country is promoting an inclusive national dialogue to ensure that all sectors of society are heard.
• Call for a two-state solution: Mozambique supports a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine as the only “fair way” to achieve peace. It also firmly opposes unilateral measures and embargoes against countries like Cuba, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.

Viet Nam

• Multilateralism and global challenges: Despite a multitude of challenges, the UN has stood as the embodiment of humanity’s aspiration for peace and cooperation. However, the global system is fragmented, and multilateralism is under strain from strategic rivalry and a decline in political will.
• The value of peace and international law: Vietnam, as a nation that has endured immense pain from wars, treasures peace. The country calls for concrete actions to honour peace, reaffirming the primacy of international law and the UN Charter.
• Global governance and reform: Global governance institutions must undergo vigorous reforms to become more adaptive and equitable. Vietnam supports the UN80 initiative to build a “leaner, more coherent, effective, and efficient” UN.
• Sustainable development: Sustainable development models based on digital and green transitions are needed. Developed countries have a responsibility to transfer technology and mobilise green finance for developing nations.
• South China Sea: Vietnam will strive to maintain peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea in accordance with international law.

Angola

• Eighty years of the UN: The UN’s founding was a wise decision that has largely succeeded in maintaining global peace and stability. However, the UN is now in a complex situation, with major powers turning their backs on one another, and this is happening at a time when we are perhaps closest to a global conflict.
• Conflict in Africa and the Middle East: Conflicts in Africa, such as in the Sahel and Sudan, are the result of the passivity of UN member states. In the Middle East, the failure to comply with UN resolutions has perpetuated a conflict that is now a “policy of extermination” against the Palestinian people.
• Critique of unilateral actions: The conduct of a small group of countries that does not conform to minimum acceptable standards of global coexistence is the root of unilateral and subjective sanctions. The exclusion of Palestine’s president from the assembly is a “profoundly negative signal.”
• UN and Security Council reform: It is urgent to revitalise the UN and adapt it to contemporary realities through reforms. Angola advocates for two permanent seats and five non-permanent seats for Africa in an expanded Security Council.
• Climate justice: It is imperative that nations that benefited most from industrial development fully assume their historical responsibility for climate change by providing adequate financing, technology transfer, and support for developing countries.

Iraq

• Role in the international community: Iraq, which has a long history and has triumphed over terrorism, has regained its rightful place in the international community. The country is a founding member of many organisations, including the UN, and is ready to act as a bridge between East and West.
• Support for democracy and the UN: Iraq thanks the UN for its support in the defence of its democratic system. The country has responded positively to the UN80 initiative and is ready to discuss hosting UN regional headquarters.
• Terrorism and reconstruction: Terrorism, in all its forms, must be countered comprehensively. Iraq is seeking to return displaced persons and reconstruct liberated areas, which requires international support. The country is also working on a plan to repatriate and rehabilitate families of terrorist operatives.
• Climate change and water scarcity: Iraq is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Water scarcity in transboundary rivers is an “existential threat.” Iraq calls on Turkey and Iran to reach permanent agreements for the management of the Tigris and Euphrates river basins.
• Palestinian cause and regional conflicts: The killing and displacement of Palestinian civilians are “inhumane” and a “disgrace for humanity.” Iraq reiterates its call for a two-state solution and condemns attacks by the “Zionist entity” against Qatar, Syria, and Lebanon.

Nauru

• Commitment to peace and partnerships: Nauru, a small island nation, stands firmly against war and conflict, believing that dialogue must prevail. The country is committed to peaceful coexistence and multilateral solutions, and its strategy is to invest in its people, who are its greatest asset.
• Vulnerability and climate change: Small island developing states face a fundamental challenge of dependency and fragility. Nauru calls for the multidimensional vulnerability index to be a benchmark for development support. The country is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels and calls for concrete climate action.
• Deep seabed minerals: Nauru is a sponsoring state for deep seabed mineral exploration, which it sees as a pathway to resilience and a contribution to global solutions. It is advocating for the International Seabed Authority to work with renewed purpose to adopt exploitation regulations.
• UN and multilateralism: The UN must adapt to address the realities of today. Nauru urges that the special circumstances of SIDS be a guiding principle in ongoing reforms.
• Unilateral measures: Nauru calls on the international community to end unilateral economic measures, such as those affecting Cuba, that deepen vulnerabilities and limit development opportunities.

Japan

• UN’s purpose and effectiveness: Japan questions whether the UN is fulfilling its expected role 80 years after its founding. It is concerning that the Security Council is not functioning effectively due to the veto power of permanent members.
• Security Council reform: Japan calls for a decisive reform of the Security Council, with an expansion of both permanent and non-permanent memberships. It proposes freezing the veto power of new permanent members for 15 years.
• Palestinian-Israeli conflict: Japan states that the situation in Palestine threatens the foundation of a two-state solution. It condemns Israeli actions that aggravate the humanitarian crisis and calls for their immediate cessation. Japan’s position is not whether but “when” to recognize a Palestinian state.
• Nuclear weapons and disarmament: Japan is deeply concerned about nuclear threats and the lowering of the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons. It supports the NPT as the most effective framework for a world without nuclear weapons and calls on world leaders to visit Hiroshima and Nagasaki to understand the reality of atomic bombings.
• North Korea and abductions: North Korea’s nuclear and missile development is a grave threat. Japan seeks to normalise relations with North Korea through a comprehensive resolution of outstanding issues, including the abduction of Japanese citizens.

Morocco

• Multilateralism and UN reform: The world is in a transition from an old global system to a new one. The UN, despite its successes, must adapt to these changes. Morocco has always called for a multilateralism that is committed to equality, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.
• Palestinian territories: The situation in the Palestinian territories is deteriorating. Morocco calls for a ceasefire, humanitarian assistance, and the promotion of a two-state solution based on the 1967 lines with East Jerusalem as its capital.
• African development: Africa is no longer a prisoner of a stereotype but a space for innovation. Morocco has focused on Africa as a priority in its diplomacy and is working on strategic projects like the gas pipeline project with Nigeria to promote stability and security.
• Climate change and AI: Climate change is a major challenge. Morocco is facing structural drought and has adopted new strategies for water desalination and renewable energy. Artificial intelligence is seen as providing great opportunities but also poses challenges that need a responsible approach.
• Sahara dispute: The Moroccan autonomy initiative is presented as the only realistic solution to the regional dispute over the Sahara. The initiative has growing international support and is considered by two-thirds of UN member states as the sole pragmatic and credible basis to settle the dispute.

Colombia

• U.S. foreign policy and intervention: The president condemns what he describes as “missiles against 17 unarmed young people” in the Caribbean, accusing the US of using the “anti-drug policy” as an excuse for domination. He asserts that the US is influenced by Colombian politicians who are allies of the drug mafia.
• Genocide in Gaza: He accuses President Trump of being an “accomplice to genocide” in Gaza, which he calls a “disgrace for humanity.” He suggests that the UN General Assembly should establish a powerful army to protect Palestine, as diplomacy has failed.
• Climate change and global collapse: He warns that humanity has only 10 years to prevent an irreversible climate collapse. He criticises the most powerful man in the world for not believing in science and calls for a global financial policy to decarbonise the planet and forgive the debt of the poorest countries.
• Call for global democracy: He argues that the UN must be transformed from an alliance of states to a “united humanity.” A new Security Council without a veto is needed, and capital must be regulated to serve life rather than greed.
• Immigration: He states that immigration is a result of blockades, impoverishment due to debt and war, and the climate crisis. He criticises the building of “concentration camps” for migrants and the blaming of them for social ills, which he compares to the rhetoric of Hitler.

Poland

• Russian aggression and its historical context: The Russian invasion of Ukraine is seen as a turning point in history and a test of the UN’s founding principles. The president draws parallels between Russia’s current actions and its historical imperialism, noting that Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries have long been aware of this threat.
• Defense and solidarity: Poland has shown remarkable solidarity with Ukraine, opening its borders to a million refugees and providing military assistance. Following a recent drone attack, Poland is ready to defend its territory and will react adequately to any provocations.
• EU and Western policies: The president agrees with some of President Trump’s criticisms of Europe, calling its recent policies “ideological madness” regarding migration and “green craziness.”
• Accountability and justice: The perpetrators of war crimes in Ukraine must be tried in competent courts. Poland supports the work of the ICC and the establishment of a special tribunal for aggression.
• Human rights and family values: Poland sees human rights as a core pillar of the UN and emphasises the right to life “from conception to natural death.” The country is also a vocal defender of families and of persecuted Christians worldwide.

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List of speakers

Speaker	Affiliation	Word count
Donald Trump	President of the United States of America	4672
The UN Secretary-General	UN Secretary-General	2831
The President of the General Assembly	moderator, President of the General Assembly	2758
Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego	President of the Republic of Colombia	2603
Emmanuel Macron	President of the French Republic	2548
Recep Tayyip Erdogan	President of the Republic of Türkiye	2404
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev	President of the Republic of Kazakhstan	2276
Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo	President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	2154
Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa	President of the Republic of South Africa	2056
Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa	President of the Portuguese Republic	1993
Shavkat Mirziyoyev	President of the Republic of Uzbekistan	1918
Nataša Pirc Musar	President of the Republic of Slovenia	1859
Lương Cường	State President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam	1799
Lee Jae Myung	President of the Republic of Korea	1787
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra	President of the Republic of Peru	1650
Gitanas Nausėda	President of the Republic of Lithuania	1645
Joseph Nyuma Boakai	President of the Republic of Liberia	1639
Jennifer Geerlings-Simons	President of the Republic of Suriname	1629
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh	President of Mongolia	1572
Abdul Latif Rashid	President of the Republic of Iraq	1548
João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço	President of the Republic of Angola	1528
Serdar Berdimuhamedow	President of Turkmenistan	1515
Sadyr Japarov	President of the Kyrgyz Republic	1500
Gabriel Boric	President of the Republic of Chile	1499
Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva	President of the Federative Republic of Brazil	1485
Emomali Rahmon	President of the Republic of Tajikistan	1475
Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani	Emir of the State of Qatar	1361
Karol Nawrocki	President of the Republic of Poland	1344
Prabo Wohosubi Anh Tho	President of the Republic of Indonesia	1228
Joseph Aoun	President of the Lebanese Republic	1227
Aziz Akhannouch	Head of Government of the Kingdom of Morocco	1201
Ishiba Shigeru	Prime Minister of Japan	1195
King Abdullah the second Ibn al Hussein	King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	1109
David Ranibok Waiau Adeang	President and Head of State of the Republic of Nauru	1084
Daniel Francisco Chapo	President of the Republic of Mozambique	988

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(Dis)agreements survey

Agreements

• Need for UN and Security Council reform: A widespread agreement was noted on the necessity of reforming the United Nations, particularly the Security Council. This was seen as crucial for making the organisation more representative, effective, and accountable in the face of modern challenges.
  • The UN Secretary-General emphasised that the Security Council must be more representative, transparent, and effective.
  • The President of the General Assembly referred to the UN80 initiative and wider reform processes as “not luxuries but necessities” for the organisation to be agile and fit for purpose.
  • Kazakhstan stated that comprehensive UN reform is a “strategic necessity” and that major powers from Asia, Africa, and Latin America should be represented in the Security Council.
  • South Africa called the Security Council’s current form “ineffective” and its composition “unjust” and “unacceptable” because Africa and South America are not represented.
  • Slovenia highlighted that the Security Council is failing to meet expectations and that reform is “systemically necessary.”
  • France unequivocally supports the expansion of the Security Council, especially for the African continent.
• Urgency of a two-state solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: There was a strong agreement on the need for a two-state solution as the only viable path to a lasting peace in the Middle East. Many speakers called for the recognition of a Palestinian state and a secure Israel.
  • The UN Secretary-General stated that a two-state solution is the “only viable answer” to sustainable Middle East peace.
  • Brazil described the conflict as a “genocide” and argued that the Palestinian people will only survive with an independent state.
  • Türkiye called on all countries that have not yet done so to recognise the State of Palestine.
  • Indonesia stated its complete support for the two-state solution.
  • Jordan said security will only come when Palestine and Israel coexist and that statehood is an “indisputable right” for Palestinians.
  • Portugal declared its decision to recognise the State of Palestine and called for a ceasefire to create conditions for two sovereign states.
  • Iraq called for the establishment of an independent state of Palestine as the “only pathway to stability and security.”
• Climate change as a grave and urgent threat: A consensus emerged that climate change is a critical threat to the planet and humanity, requiring immediate and collective action. Several speakers from vulnerable countries emphasised the need for climate justice and support from major emitters.
  • The UN Secretary-General referred to the climate crisis as “accelerating” and a need to choose “climate justice.”
  • Indonesia said the country is already experiencing the direct consequences of climate change and is shifting decisively from fossil fuels to renewables.
  • Suriname stated that climate change is “a fact” and that countries with the least responsibility are being hit the hardest.
  • The Democratic Republic of the Congo presented the climate crisis as a key challenge and stated that ecocide must be established as a crime to punish illicit acts that cause severe environmental damage.
  • France noted that climate change is not under control and called for collective action.
  • Angola underscored the need for nations that derived the greatest benefits from industrial development to fully assume their historical responsibility.
• Role of dialogue and diplomacy: Multiple speakers highlighted the importance of dialogue and diplomacy as the most effective tools for conflict resolution, contrasting this approach with the destructive nature of military force.
  • The UN Secretary-General described the UN as a “forum for sovereign states to pursue dialogue and cooperation.”
  • Türkiye said, “There is no winner of war and no losers of a just peace.”
  • Uruguay stated that dialogue and agreement are the “historical key to coexistence” and that the country can be relied upon to promote dialogue and peace.
  • Angola noted that dialogue has proven to be the “only factor capable of bridging differences.”
  • Kazakhstan advocated for diplomacy over escalation and dialogue over force.

Disagreements

• Climate change policy: There was a clear divergence on the approach and even the reality of climate change. One speaker explicitly rejected the consensus, while others called for radical change.
  • United States: President Trump called climate change a “con job” and a “hoax.” He criticised Europe’s “green energy agenda” as “suicidal” and leading to “destruction,” and touted the U.S.’s increased energy production.
  • Colombia: President Petro called the most powerful man in the world’s denial of climate change “irrational.” He argued that the only solution is to stop consuming fossil fuels and that the financial system must prioritise decarbonization over greed, even if it means the end of capital.
  • Angola, Mozambique, and South Africa: These leaders, among others, called for the industrialised nations to assume their historical responsibility for climate change by providing adequate financing and technology transfer to developing countries, which are suffering the most despite contributing the least.
• The efficacy and ethics of economic sanctions: A notable disagreement was present regarding the use of economic sanctions and unilateral measures in international relations.
  • United States: President Trump justified the use of tariffs as a “defence mechanism” and announced that the U.S. was applying “major tariffs” on Brazil for what he described as unprecedented efforts to “interfere in the rights and freedoms of our American citizens.”
  • Brazil: President Lula da Silva condemned “unilateral and arbitrary measures” against his country’s institutions and economy as an “unacceptable” interference in domestic affairs.
  • South Africa and Angola: These leaders called for the lifting of unilateral trade practices and economic embargoes, specifically mentioning those against Cuba, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela, as they have a detrimental impact on nations and violate the UN Charter.
  • Kyrgyzstan: President Japarov criticised the “war of sanctions” and the “unjustified sanctions” imposed on his country, calling it “interference in our internal affairs.” He pointed out the hypocrisy of countries that impose sanctions on others while continuing to trade extensively with Russia themselves.
• Migration and border security: The debate included starkly different views on the global migration crisis, its causes, and the appropriate responses.
  • United States: President Trump framed migration as a “colossal invasion” and criticised the UN for funding an “assault on Western countries and their borders.” He celebrated his administration’s policy of detaining and deporting illegal migrants and warned that Europe is “in serious trouble” due to its “suicidal” immigration ideas.
  • Colombia: President Petro argued that migration is a consequence of blockades, debt, wars for oil, and the climate crisis. He criticised the use of “concentration camps” for migrants and compared the rhetoric against them to that used by Hitler against the Jews.
  • Uruguay: President Orsi, by contrast, presented his country as a “fraternal and hospitable land for migrants” and highlighted its long tradition of tolerance and dialogue as the key to coexistence.

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Follow-up actions

• The UN Secretary-General: Proposed voluntary financing options to build AI computing power, data, and skills in developing nations.
• Brazil: Launched a global alliance against hunger and poverty at the G20, with the support of 103 countries.
• The United States: Announced an international effort to enforce the Biological Weapons Convention by pioneering an AI verification system.
• Indonesia: Is prepared to deploy 20,000 or more troops to help secure peace in Gaza or elsewhere, if decided by the UN Security Council.
• Türkiye: Will continue to work hard for a ceasefire in Ukraine and will host the annual NATO summit next year in Ankara.
• Suriname: Endorsed the CARICOM 10-point plan for a reparatory justice and called for the lifting of the embargo against Cuba.
• Lithuania: Calls on the international community to maintain strong support for Ukraine and for Russia’s frozen assets to be used for Ukraine’s defense and rebuilding.
• Portugal: Declared its candidacy for the Security Council in 2027-2028 and supported the reform of the Security Council.
• Slovenia: Proposed the creation of a “Global Forum for the Future” to give the Pact for the Future unconditional political support.
• Kazakhstan: Is ready to host a new dialogue on nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation and will host a regional ecological summit in Astana in April next year.
• South Africa: Will preside over the first review conference of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2026.
• Uzbekistan: Proposed holding a World Summit on Professional Education and a high-level event dedicated to the fight against childhood cancer.
• Mongolia: Proposed a resolution to designate July 11 as World Horse Day and will host the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in 2026.
• Turkmenistan: Will host a major high-level international forum on the International Year of Peace and Trust in December and will submit a draft resolution on the “UN Decade for Sustainable Transport.”
• Chile: Announced its readiness to have the secretariat of the BBNJ agreement established in Valparaiso and nominated former President Michelle Bachelet as a candidate for the post of UN Secretary-General.
• Tajikistan: Will host a high-level international conference within the “Dushanbe water process” next year.
• Lebanon: Is seeking support for the reconstruction of Lebanon and the strengthening of its armed forces and is working with Saudi Arabia to organize support conferences.
• France: Announced that it will soon hold a support conference for the reconstruction of Lebanon and will also support the conference that Saudi Arabia will hold to support the Lebanese armed forces.
• Kyrgyzstan: Has put forward its candidacy for non-permanent membership in the UN Security Council for 2027-2028.
• Colombia: Calls on the UN General Assembly to vote to establish a powerful peacekeeping army to defend Palestine.
• Poland: Has submitted its candidacy for membership in the Human Rights Council for 2029-2031.
• Mozambique: Will keep defending a stronger African voice with two permanent seats on the Security Council and a greater weight in the decision of international financial institutions.
• Vietnam: Is actively preparing to assume the presidency of the 11th Review Conference of the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2026.
• Angola: Advocated for the reform of the Security Council in line with the common African position.
• Iraq: Is preparing to hold its seventh iteration of local and parliamentary elections in the coming weeks and has submitted its application to the UN to host regional and international headquarters.
• Nauru: Is pursuing the “higher ground initiative” to build climate-resilient communities on elevated land and is advancing the Pacific Resilience Facility.

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Statistics and data

• The President of the General Assembly: “Without UNICEF, 26,000,000 children would not have received an education. Without the World Food Programme, nearly 125,000,000 people would have lacked life-saving food assistance. Without the World Health Organization, over a billion vaccines would not have been supplied.”
• Brazil: “In the world, there are still 670,000,000 hungry people and about 2,300,000,000 face food insecurity.” and “Brazil has committed to reducing its emissions by 59% to and 67%.”
• United States: “In four years of president Biden, we had less than $1,000,000,000,000 of new investment into The United States. In just eight months since I took office, we have secured commitments and money already paid for $17,000,000,000,000.” and “The UN budgeted 372,000,000 in cash assistance to support an estimated 624,000 migrants journeying into The United States.” and “According to the Council of Europe in 2024, almost fifty percent of inmates in German prisons were foreign nationals or migrants. In Austria, the number was fifty three percent… In Greece, the number was 54%. And in Switzerland… 72% of the people in prisons are from outside of Switzerland.” and “At extreme cost and expense, Europe reduced its own carbon footprint by 37%. …it’s been totally wiped out and then some by a global increase of 54%.”
• Türkiye: “The number of civilian casualties in Gaza has surpassed 65,000.” and “Now I will show you a photo which is a picture from daily life in Gaza. The first photo, as you see, these are people. There are these are women with these cups that they are holding in their hands, cups and buckets. Just feel your conscience and answer the following question. Can we possibly have a reasonable reason for this brutality in 2025?”
• Peru: “the Peruvian economy managed to grow this year by 3.3%. And in the current year, 2025, is exceeding 3.5% growth, with forecasts that in 2026, the trend of economic growth will continue.” and “Inflation is below 2% annually. International reserves amount to more than $88,000,000,000 and our currency remains stable, and it’s getting stronger every day. Our external debt is less than 32.2% of GDP, one of the lowest in The Americas and in the world. And our fiscal deficit this year will be 2.2% annually.”
• Jordan: “More than 60,000 Palestinians killed, 50,000 children injured or killed.”
• Republic of Korea: “280,000,000 people are still in a state of extreme hunger.” and “The Republic of Korea, having grown, is now… going to be hosting in 2028 the fourth UN Ocean Conference.”
• Qatar: “Doha on the September 9 has suffered a treacherous attack… six martyrs have fallen… and 18 people have been injured.”
• Suriname: “My government views energy security as a strategic priority… With an investment of more than 10,000,000,000 US dollars for the development of our offshore oil and gas… ” and “we already source about 50% of our energy needs through hydropower…”
• Uruguay: “According to the 2025 Global Peace Index, in 2023, there were 59 interstate conflicts. This is the highest number since the end of the second World War. In 2024, global military expenditure rose by almost 10% in real terms when compared to 2023.” and “We’re talking about military expenditure of $2,700,000,000,000.”
• Slovenia: “Over the past eighty years, 13% of leaders in multilateral organizations have been women, and no woman has ever served as secretary general of the United Nations.”
• Kazakhstan: “global FDI fell to $1,500,000,000,000 last year.” and “More than $400,000,000,000 have been attracted to our economy within thirty years of independence.”
• South Africa: “My own continent Africa, home to 1,400,000,000 people, as well as South America, are not represented in the United Nations Security Council.” and “global military expenditure has his reached historic highs just as the world is falling behind on its core development promises.”
• Uzbekistan: “we have managed to reduce the poverty rate in Uzbekistan from 35% to 6.6%.” and “preschool education coverage has increased from 27% to 78%, while the higher education uptake among our youth has risen from 9% to 42%.”
• Mongolia: “Mongolia’s implementation of the SDGs has reached 66.7%, ranking it fourteenth in the United Nations Multilateralism Index.” and “the proportion of women peacekeepers from Mongolia has reached 14% in 2025.”
• Tajikistan: “Our country, with 93% of its land covered by mountains, is deeply concerned of an adverse effect of this situation.” and “Tajikistan’s 14,000 glaciers… more than 1,300 have completely melted.” and “We are planning to hold a world forum on water saving in our country. The outcomes of this conference are expected to recognize the water crisis as a serious threat to sustainable development.”
• Lebanon: “The percentage of women within the government has risen from 17% in 2019 to 32% in 2025.”
• France: “51 of us were at San Francisco, and now a 193 of us are gathered here in the general assembly.”
• Kyrgyzstan: “The sanctions imposed on Kyrgyzstan are based on false information… EU countries traded with Russia to the amount of $141,000,000,000 of which $36,000,000,000 was Russian imports. And The UK, which imposed sanctions on two of our banks, the same year traded with Russia for $2,200,000,000.”
• Colombia: “I extradited them, and and my government seized, confiscated the cocaine, and we didn’t shoot a single missile nor did we kill any youths. The years which where I was able to prove that it’s more effective to substitute coca crop crops, then, eradicate them, then forced eradication using using poison, forcing, peasants to use it.”
• Poland: “The Russian drones attacked the territory of a NATO member state and the territory of Poland. A dozen or so drones violated my country’s borders deliberately because I assure you, ladies and gentlemen, that this was not a coincidence. It happened on orders issued in the capital of a country which is a permanent member of the Security Council. As a result, for the first time since World War II, Poland was forced to open fire on hostile objects over our territory.”
• Mozambique: “We celebrate fifty years of our national independence, fifty years of our mission as full members of the UN and eighty years of these big organizations.”
• Vietnam: “Vietnam is now among the world’s 32 largest economies and top 20 trading nations.” and “The lives of over 100,000,000 Vietnamese citizens have vastly improved.”
• Angola: “I advocate for the reform of the secret council in line with common African position set forth in the Israel in consensus and in the third declaration adopted twenty years ago, which called for two permanent seats and five non permanent seats for the African Continent in an expanded security council.”
• Nauru: “The polymetallic nodules found in our sponsored areas are vital for renewable energy that support the green transition.” and “Nauru welcomes all nations growing recognition of seabed minerals importance, and this includes president Trump’s recent decision through the 2025 executive order to advance seabed mineral exploration and development.”
• Iraq: “We’ve had the first census in many decades, and it has revealed a population of 46,000,000, with an annual growth of 1,000,000.”
• Japan: “The five countries that played a leading role in the establishment of the UN were given special rights, a permanent seat on the council and veto power…” and “Japan calls on the international community to embrace the spirit of dialogue and cooperation, so that next year’s NPT Review Conference will be a success and so that the world will move one step closer to achieving a world without nuclear weapons.”

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Language analysis

Linguistic devices

• Metaphor:
  • “This General Assembly Hall is the heartbeat of that truce.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “The pillars of peace and progress are buckling under the weight of impunity.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “The UN is a moral compass, a force for peace and peacekeeping, a guardian of international law, a catalyst for sustainable development, a lifeline for people in crisis, a lighthouse for human rights.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “It’s not the charter which fails. It’s not the UN as an institution which fails. The Charter, our Charter, is only as strong as Member States’ willingness to uphold it and their willingness to hold to account those who violate it.” (The President of the General Assembly)
  • “The signing of the charter in 1945 gave hope to millions, gave us a north star that guided our path from the ashes of war.” (The President of the General Assembly)
  • “We are here today. Because at its best, the United Nations is more than a meeting place. It’s a moral compass, a force for peace and peacekeeping, a guardian of international law, a catalyst for sustainable development, a lifeline for people in crisis, a lighthouse for human rights, and the center that transforms your decisions…” (The UN Secretary-General)
• Analogy:
  • “multipole rity without effective multilateral institutions can court cows as Europe has learned the hard way resulting in World War one.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “The climate crisis does not stop at borders. CO two emissions anywhere affect people everywhere. Even the wealthiest cities in the world cannot shield themselves from wildfires.” (The President of the General Assembly)
  • “What kind of a human conscience can possibly bear this? Possibly. How can one stay silent vis a vis this? In a world where children are dying of starvation and lack of medication, can we possibly have calm and peace?” (Türkiye)
• Parallelism:
  • “A world of raw power or a world of laws? A world that is a scramble for self interest or a world where nations come together.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “Rising smoke from bombed out cities. Rising anger in fractured societies. Rising seas, swelling coastlines.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “That is not naivete. It is hard headed pragmatism.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “He says we should spend less on defense — so he wants us to be defenseless.” (The President of the General Assembly)
  • “We came, we saw, we conquered.” (The UN Secretary-General)
• Hyperbole:
  • “In my first term, I built the greatest economy in the history of the world.” (United States)
  • “I ended seven unendable wars.” (United States)
  • “I’ve told you a million times.” (The President of the General Assembly)
• Rhetorical question:
  • “What kind of world do we choose to build together?” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “Would a single person be better off without it?” (The President of the General Assembly)
  • “What is the purpose of the United Nations?” (United States)
  • “Who will save them? Who will save the innocent?” (Indonesia)
  • “How long before we hold all nations to the same standards?” (Jordan)
  • “Is this a dream? Maybe. But this is the beautiful dream that we must work together towards.” (Indonesia)
• Antithesis:
  • “Cooperation over chaos, law over lawlessness, peace over conflict.” (The UN Secretary-General)
  • “Lies turned into truth, and truth turned into lies.” (Peru)
  • “We are here today to discuss world peace and the world’s shared prosperity. We are not here for some other reason.” (Republic of Korea)
• Allusion:
  • “I believe that the root causes of Russian aggression are primarily ideological. Russia refers to an imperial vision that treats entire nations as a colonial property. It denies them subjectivity on a regular basis, claiming that they are artificial constructs, and it justifies the invasion as a historical correction.” (Poland)

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Thought-provoking comments

• “This General Assembly Hall is the heartbeat of that truce.” (The UN Secretary-General)
• “International cooperation is not naivete. It is hard headed pragmatism.” (The UN Secretary-General)
• “The Charter, our Charter, is only as strong as Member States’ willingness to uphold it and their willingness to hold to account those who violate it.” (The President of the General Assembly)
• “If we stop doing the right thing, evil would prevail.” (The President of the General Assembly)
• “The only war of which everyone can emerge victorious is the one we wage against hunger and poverty.” (Brazil)
• “I thought that was going to be the easiest one. But, you know, in war, you never know what’s gonna happen.” (United States)
• “The world’s population is growing. Our planet is under strain.” (Indonesia)
• “I’d like to thank all the countries who announced that they recognize the State Of Palestine, and I call on all the other countries who have not done so yet to do so to recognize the State Of Palestine as soon as possible.” (Türkiye)
• “All ideologies of hate, class hatred and its elevation as a principle and driver of history, racial hatred, nationalist hatred, religious hatred, ethnic hatred, hatred against women amongst others are the causes for the worst crimes committed in human history.” (Peru)
• “Repeated wars are teaching generations of Israelis and Palestinians that their only recourse is the gun.” (Jordan)
• “The most certain piece is a state where there is no need to fight.” (Republic of Korea)
• “The Israeli prime minister who takes pride in changing the face of the Middle East reveals and manifestation of Israel’s ability to intervene wherever, however it desires.” (Qatar)
• “Suriname does not have diversity. Suriname is diversity, and we keep working together to protect and grow our national unity for our own well-being and as an example of harmony in this often defied world.” (Suriname)
• “We did not stop the holocaust. We did not stop the genocide in Rwanda. We did not stop the genocide in Srebrenica. We must stop the genocide in Gaza. There are no excuses anymore. None.” (Slovenia)
• “We can begin this process already today by reaffirming our steadfast committed commitment to the charter of the United Nations. The founding principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful resolution of disputes must be upheld without exception.” (Kazakhstan)
• “We are fighting wars that cause death and destruction when we should be fighting poverty and developing the livelihoods of vulnerable people.” (South Africa)
• “The destiny and the prosperity of the world are in the hands of the younger generation.” (Uzbekistan)
• “If we do not take resolute action to preserve our mother earth now, she will inevitably find her own way to survive with or without us.” (Mongolia)
• “We need to create the conditions to fulfill our commitments. One way forward is to establish a permanent advocacy network to give the pact unconditional sustained political support.” (Slovenia)
• “A failure of the current generation of leaders to act is not an option because future generations will pay a much greater price.” (Kazakhstan)
• “The world needs more room and more youngest in as leaders in the procedures of decision.” (Portugal)
• “What is history if not a continued utopian voyage?” (Chile)
• “The world needs a true genuine dialogue… The other direction is lies and silence, and both will bring us into to the edge of an abyss, into deepest suffering.” (Chile)
• “Today, in Iraq, we are pursuing sustainable socioeconomic development by strengthening investments in our capacities so as to pave the way for a reduction of reliance on oil and the promotion of the diversification of our economy through the strengthening of agriculture, the industry and renewable energy.” (Iraq)
• “This is a real tool for cultural diplomacy and international openness. And this affects our social economic and human development.” (Morocco)

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