(Day 3) General Debate – General Assembly, 79th session: morning session

Summary

This transcript covers speeches from various world leaders at the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly. The overarching theme was “Unity and Diversity for the Advancement of Peace, Sustainable Development and Human Dignity for Everyone, Everywhere.” Leaders addressed a range of global challenges, including climate change, conflicts, economic inequality, and the need for UN reform.

Many speakers emphasized the importance of multilateralism and international cooperation to address these issues. There were calls for reform of the UN Security Council to make it more representative, particularly by including African nations as permanent members. Climate change was a major focus, with small island nations highlighting their particular vulnerability and calling for more ambitious global action.

The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, and Sudan were frequently mentioned, with leaders urging peaceful resolutions and adherence to international law. Economic challenges were also discussed, including the debt burdens of developing countries and the need for a more equitable global financial system.

Several leaders advocated for the rights of marginalized groups, including women, youth, and indigenous peoples. The importance of sustainable development and achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals was stressed by many speakers. There were also discussions about emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and the need to ensure they benefit humanity.

Overall, the speeches reflected a shared recognition of the complex global challenges facing the international community and the need for collective action through a strengthened and reformed United Nations system.

Keypoints

Major discussion points:

– Calls for reform of the UN Security Council to make it more representative and effective

– Concerns about climate change impacts, especially for small island developing states

– Emphasis on the importance of multilateralism and international cooperation to address global challenges

– Discussion of regional conflicts and humanitarian crises, particularly in the Middle East and Africa

– Focus on sustainable development and implementing the 2030 Agenda/SDGs

The overall purpose of this discussion was for world leaders to address the UN General Assembly, highlighting their countries’ priorities and perspectives on major global issues. Leaders used the platform to call for collective action on shared challenges.

The tone was generally formal and diplomatic, as is typical for UN proceedings. Many speakers expressed concern about global crises and conflicts, but also conveyed hope and determination to work together through multilateral cooperation. Some speakers used more forceful language when discussing issues directly affecting their countries or regions.

Speakers

– President: President of the General Assembly

– Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera: President of the Republic of Malawi and Commander-in-Chief of the Malawi Defense Force

– William Samoei Ruto: President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Forces

– Rashad Mohammed Al-Alimi: President of the Presidential Leadership Council of the Republic of Yemen

– Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema: President of the Transition and Head of State of the Gabonese Republic

– Faustin Archange Touadera: Head of State of the Central African Republic

– Mahmoud Abbas: President of the State of Palestine

– Adama Barrow: President of the Republic of the Gambia

– Edgar Leblanc Fils: President of the Presidential Council of the Transition of the Republic of Haiti

– Abdel-Fattah Al-Burhan Abdelrahman Al-Burhan: President of the Transitional Sovereign Council of the Republic of the Sudan

– Carlos Manuel Vila Nova: President of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

– Letsie III: King of the Kingdom of Lesotho

– Gordana Siljanovska Davkova: President of the Republic of North Macedonia

– Luis Lacalle Pou: President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay

– Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere: President of the Republic of Fiji

– Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue: Vice President in Charge of National Defense and State Security of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea

– Uduch Sengebau Senior: Vice President and Minister of Justice of Palau

– Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah: Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait

– Luis Montenegro: Prime Minister of the Portuguese Republic

Additional speakers:

– Antonio Guterres: Secretary General of the United Nations

Expanded Summary of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly

The 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly convened under the theme “Unity and Diversity for the Advancement of Peace, Sustainable Development and Human Dignity for Everyone, Everywhere”. World leaders from diverse nations addressed a range of pressing global challenges, emphasising the critical importance of multilateralism and international cooperation in tackling these issues.

UN Reform and Multilateralism

A dominant theme throughout the discussions was the urgent need for reform within the United Nations, particularly concerning the Security Council. Leaders from various nations, including Kenya, Gabon, Lesotho, North Macedonia, and Portugal, stressed the importance of making the Security Council more representative, inclusive, and effective. President William Samoei Ruto of Kenya articulated this sentiment forcefully, stating, “We must urgently seek to make the Security Council representative, inclusive, transparent, democratic, effective, and accountable.”

Specific calls were made for African representation on the Security Council, reflecting the continent’s significant population and role in global affairs. Several leaders also emphasized the need to reform the veto power and ensure the UN better represents current global realities. While there was broad consensus on the need for reform, nuances emerged in the specific approaches advocated by different leaders, suggesting potential challenges in implementing agreed-upon solutions.

Climate Change and Environmental Issues

Climate change emerged as a critical concern, with particular emphasis on its disproportionate impact on small island developing states. Leaders from Fiji, Palau, and Portugal highlighted the existential threat posed by climate change and called for urgent action. Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere of Fiji and Uduch Sengebau Senior of Palau stressed the need for increased climate financing for developing countries and more ambitious global action.

Several speakers emphasized the importance of upcoming climate conferences, particularly COP29 in Baku, as crucial opportunities to advance climate action. The importance of sustainable ocean management and the blue economy was underscored by Carlos Manuel Vila Nova of Sao Tome and Principe. Palau announced its intention to sign the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, demonstrating leadership from a small island nation on global environmental issues.

Conflicts and Peace Efforts

Ongoing conflicts, particularly in Gaza, Sudan, and other parts of Africa, were a significant focus of discussion. Mahmoud Abbas, President of the State of Palestine, called for an immediate ceasefire and humanitarian access in Gaza. This sentiment was echoed by Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah of Kuwait, who expressed deep concern over the situation in the Middle East and urged restraint.

Adama Barrow of Gambia emphasised the need for peaceful resolution to conflicts in Africa, while Abdel-Fattah Al-Burhan Abdelrahman Al-Burhan of Sudan condemned the violence in his country and called for a ceasefire. Other regional issues discussed included the situation in Venezuela (mentioned by Uruguay), the Western Sahara conflict (mentioned by Lesotho), and the situation in Lebanon (mentioned by Kuwait). Several leaders also called for increased support for UN peacekeeping operations and conflict prevention efforts.

Development Challenges and Economic Issues

Many leaders, particularly those from developing nations, highlighted pressing economic challenges facing their countries. Edgar Leblanc Fils of Haiti emphasised the need for debt relief and increased financing for developing countries. This sentiment was echoed by other speakers who stressed the importance of addressing economic inequality and food insecurity.

Calls were made for reforming the international financial architecture to better support developing nations. The importance of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was emphasized by multiple speakers as crucial for global progress. Uduch Sengebau Senior of Palau highlighted the importance of food security and local food production, while Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue of Equatorial Guinea and others called for the lifting of economic embargoes, specifically mentioning Cuba.

Human Rights and Dignity

The protection of human rights and human dignity was emphasised as a key priority by multiple speakers. Faustin Archange Touadera of the Central African Republic stressed the importance of protecting the rights of women and marginalised groups. Luis Lacalle Pou of Uruguay called for an end to discrimination and the protection of human rights globally.

Luis Montenegro of Portugal highlighted the need to safeguard human rights in the face of emerging technologies, introducing an important consideration for the future of human rights in an increasingly digital world. The importance of youth empowerment and participation in global decision-making processes was also noted by several speakers.

Situation in Haiti

The crisis in Haiti received significant attention during the session. Multiple speakers addressed the multinational security support mission authorized by the UN Security Council to assist in stabilizing the country. Haiti’s representative proposed a plan for the “day after” the end of the war in Gaza, demonstrating the country’s engagement with global issues despite its domestic challenges. There were widespread calls for international support and solidarity with Haiti to address its complex security, political, and humanitarian challenges.

Additional Themes

Several other important themes emerged during the discussions:

– The importance of multilingualism, with Portugal calling for Portuguese to become an official UN language.

– The significance of regional cooperation and initiatives, particularly in Africa and the Pacific.

– The impact of emerging technologies on global governance and human rights.

The 79th session of the UN General Assembly highlighted the complex and interconnected nature of global challenges facing the international community. While there was broad agreement on the need for UN reform, urgent climate action, peaceful conflict resolution, and support for developing nations, the specific approaches to these issues varied. This suggests both opportunities for collaboration and potential hurdles in implementing concrete solutions. The discussions set the stage for continued dialogue and action on these critical issues in the coming years.

President: The 11th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly is called to order. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera, President of the Republic of Malawi and Commander-in-Chief of the Malawi Defense Force. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera – Malawi: Your Excellency Philemon Yang, President of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. Your Excellency Antonio Guterres, Secretary General of the United Nations. Your Excellency’s Heads of State and Government and Leaders of Delegations, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen. Every Member State of the United Nations relates to other nations in the world in three dimensions. Cooperation, competition and conflict. And how we manage our relationships on these dimensions will ultimately determine the kind of world we will create for the children of tomorrow. So when we sit in this chamber to deliberate on the cooperation or competition or conflict between Member States, we are actually designing and deciding our future. I am therefore glad that the theme of our meeting today is cooperation. Our debate this year touches on all three of these dimensions because the bottom line is that in all three we can and must do better. This year’s theme calls on us to act together to advance peace, sustainable development and dignity. This is a call to stronger multilateral cooperation. But if we are serious about cooperation, then we must act with urgency in fixing and reforming the United Nations and other multilateral institutions. And one fix that we from Africa demand is for the United Nations to embrace democracy in the Security Council by giving two permanent seats to Africa with veto power. When I first made this call in my inaugural address in this chamber, I was delighted to hear President Biden also announce that the United States is in favor of this reform. Similarly, when I met President Xi Jinping of China three weeks ago, I was delighted to hear that he too is in favor of stronger representation of the interests of developing countries in the Security Council. So Mr. President, the time to fix this is now. We need this fix to strengthen our voice on the issues that matter to us in Africa. In the four years that I have been president, I have declared a state of national disaster every year because of climate change impacts that we cannot solve without multilateral cooperation. And for one of those years, I was chair of two development communities, namely the Southern Africa Development Community, SADC, and the least developed countries, LDCs. And I learned firsthand that no In this country, our nation can survive a global crisis or develop in the face of shocks without strong multilateral cooperation to sustain it. Even this year, I see how challenging it has been for my country and for Malawians. Coming off the back of the state of national disaster that I declared last year to secure international cooperation in response to the devastation caused by Cyclone Freddie, I had to declare another state of natural disaster this year to secure international cooperation in response to El Nino weather conditions that have destroyed crops in three quarters of the country’s districts, leaving a fifth of the Malawian population without enough food to last the year. And this is happening in the face of devastating trauma we have suffered as a nation for the past three months, from the tragic death of our Vice President, Right Honorable Dr. Silas Klaus Schirrima, in a plane crash whose cause is yet to be established by the German experts we have asked to investigate the accident, yet another example of the necessity of international cooperation. Even the great strides of development we have made over the past four years have been facilitated by strong international cooperation, whether it be the four road corridors and hundreds of secondary schools we are constructing through our cooperation with the United States, or the M1 road we are rehabilitating and expanding through our cooperation with the European Union, or the rail line system we have revived for the first time in 40 years through our cooperation with China, or the orthopedic and neurosurgery hospital we have developed through the cooperation with Norway, or the Mackenzie Road we are… are ready to develop through our cooperation with Saudi Arabia, or the investments we are making to strengthen education and governance institutions through our cooperation with the United Kingdom, or the solar power plants that we have developed through our cooperation with Japan, or the extended credit facility from the International Monetary Fund that has unlocked access to the World Bank’s and idea support through cooperation with developing partners, or the life-saving food assistance we mobilized for the people of Mangochi following the impact of Tropical Storm Anna through the cooperation with Iceland, or implementation of social protection programs to help rural women enjoy economic empowerment through our cooperation with Ireland, or the procurement of emergency food, fertilizers, and climate-resilient seeds for climate-ravaged Malawian communities through our cooperation with Tanzania, Ukraine, Egypt, Iceland, Russia, Morocco, and many others. Malawi is a testament to the power of cooperation to move a nation’s development forward into an inclusively wealthy and sustainable future that is brighter than the past. It is, in fact, this foundation of international cooperation that we have built on to actively engage in intergovernmental negotiations for the pact of the future, for the future that we have fully endorsed at this 79th session of the General Assembly. It is also this foundation of international cooperation that we have built on to host 80 international organizations and institutions for our second annual Malawi Partners Conference right here in New York to get investor alignment to our ATM strategy of boosting productivity and value addition in the sectors of agriculture, tourism, and mining that hold the greatest promise for Malawi’s economic transformation. If the future belongs to nations that know how to leverage the power of international cooperation, then the future belongs to Malawi. If the future belongs to nations with an apologetic commitment to multilateral collaboration, then the future belongs to Malawi. If the future belongs to nations that are driven by moral conviction to uphold the values of servant leadership, shared prosperity, ending corruption, and the rule of law, then the future belongs to Malawi. If the future belongs to nations that have adopted a no-retreat and no-surrender attitude towards the achievement of SDGs by 2030, then the future belongs to Malawi. If the future belongs to nations that put children first, then the way that Malawi has done by resolving to end child marriages and poisoning of children with lead products by 2030, that future belongs to Malawi. Mr. President, our efforts to move in the fifth gear toward these goals are being significantly slowed down by a global system of multilateral agencies and financial institutions that are too slow, too inefficient, too monolithic, and too undemocratic for the kind of speedy and tailor-made interventions that we need. As a result of our refusal to practice the democracy of equal representation here in the UN, our calls for Member States to practice Democrats in their jurisdictions are beginning to fall on deaf ears as a result of our refusal to honor climate financing pledges or link them to debt relief. The debt-to-GDP ratios in developing countries like Malawi are growing at alarming rates, posing a significant threat to global financial stability. If this is not fixed, those who keep us in a state of perpetual debt, when they have the resources to cancel those debts, should make no mistake, the spreading debt crisis in the developing world is a cancer that will make your own economies unsafe. So the time to fix this is now. Mr. President, I said that the second dimension of international relations is competition. And again, in this area, we all can and must do better. There is nothing wrong with healthy competition between nations, because competition fuels innovation, improves quality, and multiplies options for citizens, which is the essence of freedom. However, as we have done in global sports, we must make competition between nations fair by regularly reviewing and revising the rules on which our international system is based to ensure that the way nations compete and what they compete for is not rigged to disenfranchise some countries as we compete for natural resources, international markets, financial support, and the new technologies, which are currently skewed against the global south. Even with the era of artificial intelligence being fully upon us, I worry that the rules for regulating this arena are already being written to empower some nations and give them unfair advantages over others. We need more than a rules-based system. system, we also need the rules themselves to foster fair competition. Of course, what this means is that we need stronger governance institutions that can enforce fair rules for accessing education, markets, technology, financing, and natural resources. It is therefore my central contention, Mr. President, that the one place we must have strong governance is here. If governance is weak here, there will be no one to regulate the collaboration and competition between nations in an equitable manner. And it is this absence of equity that is at the root of unwinnable conflicts in Eastern Europe, in Palestine, in Eastern DRC, and counting. We need governance reform to make United Nations stronger because the world needs a strong U.N. that can be good and peaceful, not a weak U.N. that can only be harmless. And we need it now. Thank you for your attention.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Republic of Malawi and Commander-in-Chief of the Malawi Defence Force. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency William Samoei Ruto, President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Forces, I request protocol to escort His Excellency.

William Samoei Ruto – Kenya: Your Excellency, President of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, Ambassador Philemon Yang, United Nations Secretary General, Mr. Antonio Guterres, Excellencies, Heads of State and Government, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen. I congratulate you, Ambassador Philemon Yang, on your well-deserved election as President of this session of the General Assembly. Mr. President, I welcome the choice of your theme, Unity and Diversity for the Advancement of Peace, Sustainable Development, and Human Dignity for Everyone, Everywhere, which resonates with the core principles of the 2030 Agenda and aligns closely with the core values and mission of the United Nations. Excellencies, the world is at a challenging moment and in a most precarious international security dispensation. The promise of the United Nations Charter to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war has been profoundly shaken. From land to sea and from air to the outer space, global peace, security, and stability are increasingly under threat. Conflicts and tensions pervade every frontier, undermining the collective security that international cooperation seeks to uphold. Polarizing narratives, factionalism, social upheavals, organized crime, war, and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction are at an all-time high. Great power rivalry is intensifying, provoking regional competition and inducing geopolitical and geoeconomic realignments and tensions. The subtle nuances of them versus us has produced negative coalitions, wars, tensions, as well as eroded trust and confidence in global multilateral systems. From Gaza to Darfur, Ukraine, Yemen, Eastern DRC, the Sudan, the Sahel, and the criminality in Haiti, conflict is inflicting a trail of destruction of life and livelihoods in historic proportions. These conflicts have become battlegrounds for armed factions, external interventions, and proxy wars, resulting in unprecedented anarchic situations and long-lasting negative repercussions on global stability and economic development. The world cannot realize durable peace, security, and shared prosperity when emphasis is being put on what divides rather than what brings us together. We must therefore promote approaches that support positive competition for all. The perilous security landscape is further complicated by emerging threats stemming from human advancement. Cyber security threats and sophisticated cyber attacks on critical infrastructure pose significant risks. to national security and global stability. Furthermore, the proliferation of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence in the military domain and autonomous weapons systems, has introduced new challenges for arms control and international regulation. Regrettably, the world’s most powerful states have increasingly chosen unilateralism and militarization over dialogue and diplomacy. As a consequence, the capacity of our multilateral institutions to maintain and enforce peace, even in national crises with significant regional impacts, is severely undermined. Even worse, a resurgence of nuclear arms race, buoyed by the intensifying geopolitical rivalries and tensions, has made the possibility of a catastrophic nuclear warfare a real possibility. Our vision of a world free from nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction is dying incrementally. We must not sit back and leave the future of upcoming generations to fate. We must intentionally rise to the occasion to meet the challenges of our time by reaffirming the core values of the UN Charter. We need to master the political will and collectively reinforce our diplomatic efforts to confront the security threats through comprehensive, multi-pronged and context-specific approaches. Excellencies, Kenya’s commitment to international peace and security is unwavering. We continue investing in efforts that promote stability and harmony both within our region and beyond. We are committed to continuing to mediate, facilitate and support peace initiatives and processes in our region, contributing to regional peace operations and the UN peacekeeping missions. Through our participation in the Africa Union Transition Mission in Somalia, we have stood side by side with our sisterly neighbor Somalia in their fight against Al-Shabaab. We are proud that Somalia will soon take up a seat as a non-permanent member of the Security Council, underscoring the tremendous progress achieved in consolidating peace and stability in that country. The UN must, however, continue to support Somalia in forging an agreement on the post-2024 security support. Kenya welcomes the adoption of the Security Council Resolution 2719, establishing a framework for financing Africa Union peace support operations through UN-assessed contributions, thereby enhancing our collective peacekeeping efforts. A well-funded AU peace operation is not only an African priority, but a global good, considering the complexity and interconnected nature of emerging threats to international peace and security. Earlier this year, under the request of the leadership of South Sudan, I launched the All-Inclusive Tumaini Initiative, bringing together the warring parties and the political leadership of South Sudan to address the root causes of the protracted conflict in that country. I commend. I thank the leadership of South Sudan and all the participating parties for their commitment to the peace process. I also thank all regional and international partners for their unwavering support, both political and financial, to the South Sudan Tumaini Initiative. Ladies and gentlemen, at the last General Assembly, I announced Kenya’s readiness to lead a multinational security support mission to Haiti at the Haitian government’s request. Following the Security Council’s authorization under Resolution 2699, Kenya has deployed 382 specially trained police officers to Haiti. Just a few days ago, I had the opportunity to visit Haiti, witness the work of our officers in the field, and observe remarkable progress on the ground. Our support for the Haitian National Police has significantly advanced the pacification of cities and towns, protected critical infrastructure, and relieved many communities previously held captive by criminal gangs. I also commend Haiti’s political leadership for forging an agreement and a promising road map towards free, fair, and democratic elections. We are deeply grateful for the financial and logistical support from the United States, Canada, and other member states that are shouldering this heavy burden. This has been critical to the MSS’s deployment thus far. However, Kenya and other Caribbean and African countries are ready to deploy, but are hindered by U.S. sanctions. I appeal to all Member States to stand in solidarity with the people of Haiti by providing necessary support, either directly to MSS-contributing countries or through the UN Trust Fund. I must emphasize, however, that Kenya will deploy the additional contingent towards attaining the target of all the 2,500 police officers by January next year. The progress so far in Haiti demonstrates that what was once deemed mission impossible is indeed a present and undeniable possibility. We must candidly acknowledge that international cooperation in its current form has clear limitations. It is constrained by entrenched systems and structures that prevent effective action and meaningful progress. Since the last General Assembly, the global situation has deteriorated across multiple fronts. Conflicts have deepened, economic disparities have widened, and the climate crisis has intensified. To address these challenges, we must rethink and reform global collaboration mechanisms, making them much more responsive, adaptable, and impactful. The existing international security architecture, represented by the UN Security Council, continues to hamper efforts to maintain international peace and security. The Council is by all intents and purposes dysfunctional, undemocratic, non-inclusive. An institution that excludes 54 African countries with 1.4 billion people while allowing one nation to veto decisions of the remaining 193 member states in the 21st century is simply unacceptable. We must urgently seek to make the Security Council representative, inclusive, transparent, democratic, effective, and accountable. In Africa, we are not advocating for reform and collective action solely at the UN. In fact, we are also in the process of comprehensively reforming the African Union to become a fit-for-purpose institution that can effectively represent African nations globally and deliver prosperity. Excellencies, peace and development are inseparable pillars. One cannot flourish without the other. Yet, the 2024 Sustainable Development Goals Report paints a bleak picture. Only 17% of targets are on track, nearly half show minimal or moderate progress, and over one-third have stalled or regressed. The COVID-19 pandemic, escalating conflicts, geopolitical tensions, and climate change have severely impacted progress towards the SDGs and the Paris Agreement goals. Inadequate and unsustainable means of implementation, particularly in financing, technical support, and capacity building, continue to obstruct our efforts. to realize the 2030 Agenda. Biased methodologies employed by credit rating agencies further disadvantage African countries, making it more difficult to access affordable financing from international capital markets. Additionally, unilateral economic, financial, and trade measures not only impede the full achievement of economic and social development, but also undermine the principles of international cooperation, mutual respect, and sovereignty. Let us pause and reflect on the true significance of this predicament. Many countries in the Global South are forced to choose between buying medicine and hospital equipment or paying their debt obligations, and between buying textbooks for school-going children or paying their debt obligations. They are forced to choose between hiring teachers and making sure that there is equipment in schools or paying their debt. I can go on and on. This is not an abstract illustration detached from daily reality, but the normal experience of millions of ordinary people. One must wonder what goes on in the minds of those who prioritize economic returns over people. Ladies and gentlemen, what really happened to humanity? Addressing these deep-rooted challenges requires transformative changes to build a more equitable and resilient global framework. We have outlined many of these solutions in the This is a fact of the future, demonstrating our clear understanding of what needs to be done. However, we have yet to master the political will necessary to turn these commitments into action. It is a fundamental principle of development that no nation can achieve lasting prosperity if its neighbors remain impoverished. Our economies are interconnected, and the well-being of one directly impacts the other. We must ensure that developing countries have the necessary foundations to claim their rightful place in the 21st century global economy. This is not just a moral and fair imperative. It is a strategic necessity to address systemic challenges such as migration, labor market disparities, climate change, and global security. Strengthening these foundations requires reforming the international financial architecture. Facilitating debt relief, concessional long-term at-scale financing, grants, and de-risking lending instruments is essential to increasing investment to develop vital infrastructure and expand critical sectors. Consider Africa’s immense untapped potential in clean energy resources. Harnessing this potential is critical not only for the continent’s economic growth and social resilience, but also for global priorities like accelerating the energy transition, combating climate change, and diversifying supply chains. Energy-hungry industries such as data centers, mineral processing, and manufacturing are seeking clean and affordable sources which Africa can provide in abundance. Yet, out of the 500 gigawatts of renewable energy added to the global mix in 2023, Africa accounted for less than 3 gigawatts. How is this possible, given the continent’s vast natural resources, skilled workforce and massive energy needs? We cannot allow Africa to be left behind this time round. Global financing is essential, but so are transformative policies and inclusive fair trade practices, market access, inclusive international tax cooperation, technology transfer and capacity building. This is why, at COP28, we launched the Africa Green Industrialization Initiative, aimed at unlocking investments for the continent’s immense opportunities. This Pan-African initiative promotes large-scale, high-impact and bankable green industrial and infrastructure projects. Next month, in Nairobi, we will host an investment forum for the Accelerated Partnership for Renewables in Energy to attract investments for the untapped potential in solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower. Globally, we also need to improve the tools we already have. The SDG Stimulus Fund, initiated by the Secretary-General in 2023, requires our joint support to succeed, including from multilateral development banks. Similarly, replenishing the International Development Association, IDA, is essential to provide concessional loans to the world’s poorest nations. Earlier this year, I hosted the IDA 21 Replenishment Summit in Nairobi, where African leadership reaffirmed the critical importance of IDA for developing countries and called for an ambitious replenishment of U.S. I want to welcome you all to the Africa Club, the Alliance of African Multilateral Financial Institutions to strengthen and support Africa’s position in the global financial architecture. This body will serve as a powerful negotiator on behalf of the continent, coordinate with global financial institutions, and leverage African countries’ balance sheets to increase investment and create jobs in Africa. We believe that African institutions such as the AfriExim Bank, Trade and Development Bank, the Africa Finance Corporation, among others, understand the continent even better. As part of the reform of the international financial architecture, we must not only reform the multilateral institutions, but also support and stop bias against these African institutions. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, climate change remains one of the greatest challenges of our time. Poverty loss and pollution have created environmental crises that upend lives, reverse progress in poverty reduction, and strain ecosystems to their breaking point. Extreme weather conditions continue to hinder the development aspirations of many countries, especially in Africa, where severe climate-related hazards are becoming more frequent and more intense. In 2022, over 110 million people in Africa were directly affected by climate-related disasters, resulting in more than 8.3 billion deaths. We are at a crossroads, and the path to correcting the climate course is clear. COP 29, to be held this November in Baku, Azerbaijan, presents a critical milestone in ensuring that the solutions we implement are rooted in fairness and opportunity for everybody. However, the new climate financing goal expected at COP 29 faces significant hurdles as deep disagreements persist over who should contribute and how much funding is needed. Without swift resolution, these divisions risk derailing our collective progress on climate action just as the global situation becomes increasingly urgent. Let me be clear. Political posturing and inaction will neither protect the vulnerable from the consequences of a runaway climate crisis, nor save our civilization from ecosystem collapse. It is therefore critical that all nations step forward to meet this moment with ambition and responsibility. As we confront the escalating impacts of climate change, we must also recognize the interconnected environmental challenges we face, such as plastic pollution, which continues to wreak havoc on ecosystems and threatens global sustainability. It is imperative that we adopt a robust global plastics treaty during the fifth round of negotiations in Busan in the Republic of Korea this November. Kenya fully supports an ambitious outcome. It is indeed unfortunate and regrettable, ladies and gentlemen, that UNEP is the only body where secretariats of conventions created under it are increasingly being carved out and located elsewhere. UNEP, being one of only two UN headquarters in the Global South, must not be cannibalized for whatever purpose or reason, let alone excuse. Mr. President, as the host country of UNEP and UNHCAPIDAT, I take this opportunity to thank the Assembly for approving the upgrade of the infrastructure at the United Nations Office in Nairobi, the largest UN campus in the world. This project includes the construction of new office space and the design of ultramodern conference facilities. These developments mark a significant milestone towards enhancing the quality and accessibility of secretariat services to member states. Not only will they serve current needs, but they will also strengthen the future success of multilateralism. We look forward to the Assembly’s continued support as contractions begin in 2025. It will be critical to ensure that UNON receives sustainable and predictable resources to ensure the timely completion of this upgrade. Kenya will continue to play its part in ensuring that UNON fulfills its mandate. Accordingly, the Government of Kenya has undertaken extensive improvements and expansion of physical infrastructure around the complex and will continue working towards making Nairobi a regional and humanitarian hub for the United Nations. Mr. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, as we reflect On the theme of this session, the call for unity in diversity in the pursuit of peace, development and human dignity, it is evident that we must reimagine international cooperation to align with the complex realities of the 21st century. Our actions must reflect our ambition and commitment to a world where progress is measured not just by economic growth but by the well-being, rights and dignity of every person. The challenges we face, from climate crisis to economic inequality, demand a bold rethinking of how we work together, grounded in mutual respect and shared responsibility. The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals cannot be reserved for the privileged few. It must be a shared success that uplifts all nations, transcending borders and disparities. Our collective efforts to combat climate change must be rooted in fairness and equity, ensuring that no nation or community bears a disproportionate burden. This is our shared journey. We must have a say in the choices we make. We must move beyond outdated paradigms of power and influence to create a system of international cooperation that reflects the aspirations and dignity of every human being. We must embrace a new vision of global solidarity, one that upholds the principles of equity and inclusivity. It is within our power to build a world that embodies the true spirit of the United Nations, a world where every voice is heard, every life is valued, and global progress is shared by all. This is the cooperation our people We all expect our future demands and it is the commitment we must deliver. I thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Republic of Kenya and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Rashad Mohammed Al-Alimi, President of the Presidential Leadership Council of the Republic of Yemen. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Rashad Mohammed Al-Alimi – Yemen: In the name of God, Your Majesties, Excellencies, Your Excellency President of the General Assembly, Your Excellency Secretary General António Guterres, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a good omen that I am addressing you today while we celebrate a glorious national occasion for the Yemeni people, which is the 26th of September, when our Yemeni people made history 62 years ago by overthrowing the Imamite racist regime and proclaiming the Republic. This is an opportunity to reiterate our congratulations to the people of Yemen. The people of Yemen everywhere, and to express our pride and appreciation of the courage of those young men and women and opinion leaders who challenge every year on this day, this glorious day, the Houthi oppression machine supported by the Iranian regime. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, the government of Yemen remains committed to just and comprehensive peace in line with national, regional, and international terms of reference. It is, however, necessary to strengthen its position to face any other choices in light of the ongoing Houthi militia’s escalation on the local and regional levels and their threat to international navigation. To prevent the expansion and prolongation of this escalation, there’s an urgent need for a collective approach to support the government of Yemen and to reinforce its institutional capabilities to protect its territorial waters and to secure all of its national territory. Without addressing these needs and without implementing the relevant international resolutions prohibiting the flow of Iranian weapons and drying up the funding sources, these militias will not engage in any efforts to achieve just and comprehensive peace, and they will not refrain from blackmailing the regional and international communities. History teaches us that leniency with the enemies of peace leads to the most heinous wars, to the most complex and costly ones. Despite the truce approved by the government of Yemen in April 2022, these militias persisted in their military breaches and in their grave violations of human rights and of national and international laws. In October 2022, Houthi militias bombarded the oil exportation ports and the governorates of Hadhramaut and Shabwah, thus depriving the Yemeni people from the needed revenues to pay salaries and basic services, which exacerbated the humanitarian plight and led to an unprecedented devaluation of our national currency. Recently, the government suspended its decision to transfer the headquarters of banks from Sanaa, which is under the control of the militias, to the temporary capital, Aden, heeding the call of the UN and international community to de-escalate, provided that the Houthis engage in serious talks to address the economic crisis and to revive the peace efforts in line with the roadmap mediated by our brethren in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman. Despite all the above, the militias hijacked three planes owned by Yemeni airlines. They attacked the oil facility – the Safer Oil Facility and the governorate of Ma’rib with drones. They issued racist orders and laws to nominate their affiliates in specific public function positions, especially in the judiciary. This suggests that they will be taking more oppressive measures against public freedoms and civic work. This ongoing pattern of reckless escalation in response to de-escalation initiatives requires the international community to take firm policies and push these militias towards the choice of peace in line with international resolutions, particularly Resolution 2216, instead of their senseless escalation. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, four months ago, terrorist Houthi militias arrested dozens of UN personnel, to be added to the thousands of innocent men, women, children, elderly, who disappeared in their prisons years ago, particularly activist Mohammed Qahtan, included in a Security Council resolution. There is a widespread belief that the United Nations is responsible for giving these militias the opportunity to kidnap this unprecedented number of relief workers and NGO staff, as well as activists and civil society leaders by not heeding the call of the Yemeni government to transfer their headquarters from Sana’a to the temporary capital, Aden. By not taking seriously these militias and by keeping their headquarters in Sana’a, the United Nations unintentionally enabled these terrorists to take their personnel and assets as hostages and to use them as a bargaining chip to blackmail the international community and to achieve negotiation concessions that cannot be accepted under any circumstances. This ongoing situation cannot be defended nor justified. The presence of UN headquarters in Sana’a emboldens these militias that are designated on terrorist lists, and it endangers relief workers and human rights defenders, hence the need to reconsider these policies and measures immediately. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, Houthi militias, with their ongoing terrorist attacks on international maritime navigation in the Red Sea and the surrounding waterways, prove that they represent a growing threat not only to Yemen, as some used to believe, but also to the stability of the region as a whole and to the secure flow of international trade, which exceeds trillions of dollars. Today, they are reinforcing their position. This is the first rebel group in history having used ballistic missiles and drones against civilian commercial vessels. Late last month, Houthi militias hit the Sonyan tanker which was carrying one million barrels of crude oil, causing fires which could have led to one of the worst oil spills in history before the vessel was salvaged by the international coalition. This is not the first such incident caused by these militias. These militias boasted having sinked two vessels previously. They also hindered for years the efforts to save the decaying Safar tanker which was carrying similar amounts of crude oil. It proves that their terrorist activities will remain an ongoing threat to maritime navigation. Ladies and gentlemen, for years, the Yemeni economy has been facing complex challenges. But the terrorist Houthi attacks on the oil facilities deepened the funding crisis and deprived the people and government of Yemen from necessary revenues to pay salaries and provide services. The economic war waged by these militias are part of a larger, hostile strategy aiming at weakening the ability of the government to provide basic services and to pay public service salaries, thus aggravating the humanitarian crisis for more than 14 million Yemenis. Therefore, the international community should seriously consider the devastating effects of these terrorist acts and to provide the vital infrastructure to defend maritime transportation vessels in Yemeni ports, to support the right of the Yemenis and of the Yemeni government to benefit from their resources and improve their living conditions. Protecting the arteries of the Yemeni economy is necessary not only to recover and rebuild our future, but it is important also for for the stability of the region and for the security of energy on the long term. Therefore, we reiterate our call to the international community to provide immediate comprehensive support to address the devastating humanitarian conditions and to lay the foundations for a long-term economic recovery. This should include not only immediate humanitarian assistance to alleviate sufferings, but it should also include accountability mechanisms, especially in the regions under Houthi control. It also requires greater investments in infrastructure, healthcare, education, and sustainable development. It requires building the national capacities to curb the impact of climate change, which has left hundreds of victims and displaced thousands within the last two months. Yemen’s recovery is not only a national matter. It is a regional and international need. The stability of Yemen is decisive to safeguard peace and stability in the region and trade routes in the Arabian and Red Seas, as well as surrounding waterways, including the Suez Canal. We have appreciated international support in the past, and we will keep thanking you for shouldering your moral responsibilities. We also thank the Coalition to Restore Legitimacy, led by the KSA and the UAE, to meet the aspirations of the Yemeni people to stability, peace, and prosperity, and provide the resources we need to rebuild our institutions and our social fabric. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, the Arab region is facing today a challenging test in building the state and in joining the civilizational progress. However, every time the countries of the region achieve a true transformation towards development, peace, and prosperity, and towards empowering their people to exercise their political, economic, and social rights, they are met with evil forces which intervene with their destructive agendas emboldened by the international community. The outcome of this battle between the forces of peace and the axis of evil will determine who will survive, develop, and develop on this part of the world. It will determine whether the region will be dragged into more chaos, civil wars, hegemony, weapons, oppression, and underdevelopment. The road to peace goes through the forces of moderation in the region led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has been defending the international resolutions and which extended a helping hand by hosting millions of those fleeing wars and armed conflicts. Therefore, we are grateful for these countries, and the world should depend on them to lay the foundations of peace and stability and to maximize our benefits from their economic and social development. Ladies and gentlemen, we should end the false rhetorics concerning the issue of Yemen, especially those minimizing the role of Iran and of their weapons and proxies in destabilizing Yemen, the region, and the world. Ladies and gentlemen, the brutal Israeli war on the Palestinian people should cease immediately. This is the first step to achieve peace and to eliminate Iran’s proxies, which are escalating the situation in the region. Iran has been manipulating the just Palestinian cause, and this did not come from a vacuum. It stems from a history of blackmailing and of propaganda only leading to undermining the peace process and reversing the gains of the Palestinian people and their right to establish a fully sovereign and independent state. The same holds true for Yemen, ending the plight. And as is the case for Yemen, ending the plight of the Palestinian people should be based on implementing the international agreement. And as is the case for both Yemen and Palestine, the only way to deter the wanton Israeli aggression on Lebanon will be through a firm stance from the international community and through the unity of all the Lebanese and their independent decision and the non-interference in their internal affairs so that the Lebanese state can recover the choice of peace and war. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, it is important to recall that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights quotes, I quote, the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all the members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, end of quotation. Today these values are undermined and as are the ethics and national and international norms with the grave violations perpetrated by leaders of Al-Qaeda and Daesh and by the Houthi militias promising the world more devastation. Thank you and may the peace of God be upon you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Presidential Leadership Council of the Republic of Yemen. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, President of the Transition and Head of State of the Gabonese Republic. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema – Gabon: President of the General Assembly, Heads of State and Government, Secretary General of the United Nations, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of the Gabonese people, I am happy to take part in the work of this General Assembly of the United Nations. President Philemon Young, in taking the floor for the first time before this august Assembly, I would like at the outset to address to you my warm congratulations on your outstanding election to preside the 79th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, and I wish you all the best. I express my compliments, too, to the seasoned interpreter that you are, representative of a brotherly country, Cameroon, linked to Gabon by geography, history and culture. Please be assured of the full support of my country throughout your mandate. And finally, I would like to pay tribute, well-deserved tribute, to Mr. Antonio Guterres, Secretary General of our organization, for his tireless devotion and commitment to servicing the ideals of the United Nations. Mr. President, I’d like to take this opportunity to bring to your attention that the current debate is taking place at a moment where my country, Gabon, has just celebrated the first anniversary of the liberation coup. Indeed, our path towards the The construction of a new Gabon to date has been able to keep its promises that we announced here at the last General Debate, namely the establishment of transitional institutions, the release of prisoners of conscience, permanent inclusivity, the holding of an inclusive national dialogue, the drafting of a new constitution. The next step is to organize the referendum in the coming months and the adoption of an electoral code and a revision of the electoral register in accordance with the timetable adopted during the inclusive national dialogue. All of this progress, supported by the people of Gabon, contributes to a progressive return to our constitutional order through free, transparent and peaceful elections as soon as possible. Apart from these points that I have just outlined, significant reforms have been undertaken in sectors that directly affect human development, such as roads, health care centres, schools, a return to school grants, the opening up of competitions for our major universities, the lifting of the recruitment freeze and the payment of pension arrears, all of this respecting our international commitments at the same time. This is the opportunity for me to thank all of our partners, friendly countries and donors of national and international funds that have accompanied us in this transition process, despite the difficulties of the process. Ladies and gentlemen, the current General Assembly is focusing on the subject. We need unity and diversity for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity everywhere and for everyone. This is part of our building of a planetary community that is in harmony with the principles mentioned in the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. Gabon, faithful as we are to our tradition of peace, unreservedly supports this project aiming at a more just and inclusive interactive world. On the day after the liberation coup of the 30th of August 2023 that was carried out without bloodshed, we advocated for the preservation of peace and for national unity by appealing to all stakeholders of the nation whatever their origins, their beliefs or their social status in an effort to build a fairer and more prosperous Gabon. Ladies and gentlemen, respect for life, territorial integrity, the sovereignty of states to freely choose their partners and rejection of violence, all of these things favour peace building. With regard to sustainable development, my country maintains a firm and coherent position in favour of protecting the environment. I would like to recall that for several years now, Gabon has dedicated 13 national parks to the service of humanity, thus contributing to the absorption of more than 100 million net tons of CO2 per year and the preservation of threatened species. Nevertheless, this does not mean in any way that we are bypassing the expectations of our people. Thank you very much, Mr. President. With regard to security, as many of us would believe, I feel that it is an urgent matter to provide appropriate responses to the numerous conflicts that we see in the world, and particularly in Africa. I would like to once again welcome the adoption by the Security Council on the 21st of December 2023 of Resolution 2719 on the financing of peace support operations led by the African Union. In accordance with the new agenda for peace of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, this resolution, presented jointly by Gabon, Ghana and Mozambique, today is a crucial part of the architecture for international peace and security. Its implementation is an absolute imperative. And I would like to take this opportunity to support the efforts of the Secretary-General, aimed at providing a realistic, pragmatic and sustainable political solution for the Moroccan Sahara. I would also like to welcome the official announcement made by the United States of America that they support the admission of two African states as permanent members of the Security Council. However, Africa is expecting broader support from other permanent members of the Security Council for this initiative. And at the same time, we expect access for African members to the right to veto. The right to veto, this would simply be justice for our continent. Over and above the African continent, I would invite you to not avert your gaze from Gaza. It’s time more than ever before for lasting peace with a view to the harmonious existence of two states, Palestinian and Israeli. And I would also like to reiterate the position of Gabon for the lifting of the economic, trade and financial embargo imposed on Cuba because of its negative impact on the well-being of the population. President, ladies and gentlemen, as President Félix Houppoué-Boigny said, peace is not just a word, it’s a behavior, it’s a genuine state of mind. This legitimate aspiration of peoples is an ideal. It recommends that developed countries that have experience in resolving conflicts share with other states their know-how to build a more just and more balanced world. Unity in diversity for making progress in peace, sustainable development and human dignity everywhere and for everyone is, in my view, a genuine society of dialogue, tolerance and respect for others. This should help us to build a world where development will be adapted to everyone’s needs, to the needs of all peoples. Mr. President, with regard to economic and financial matters, the 2024 report of the United Nations on Sustainable Development underscores once again the urgency for mobilizing massive funding in order to plug the financing gap in the economy, aimed at several billion dollars. This is a reality. The international financial system, as it is at the moment, does not enable us to steer investment towards development and thus to ensure the dignity of our populations, which we are addressing in our debate this year. I also share with you the willingness of my peers to reform international financial institutions. This is crucial in order to produce financing for developing countries. Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ladies and Gentlemen, Heads of State and Government, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, My country, Gabon, is resolutely committed to restoring happiness and we plan to fully play our role to ensure that we build a human community that is working together and which everyone desires. Together, let us pool our efforts in the hope of a better future by acting in a different way in order to preserve the human race. I thank you. Thank you very much.

President: I wish to thank the President of the Transition and Head of State of the Gabonese Republic. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Faustin Archange Touadera, Head of State of the Central African Republic. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Faustin Archange Touadera – Central African Republic: President of the General Assembly, Excellencies, Heads of State and Government, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is a renewed honour for me to be taking the floor here before the entire world, speaking on behalf of my dear, my beautiful country, the Central African Republic. I am speaking with a view to contributing to the general debate on the theme of this 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly. Through its participation in the General Assembly, the Central African Republic is reaffirming its commitment to contributing to our joint pursuit of trust, peace, security, international solidarity and mutual understanding. All of which are indispensable if we are to build a peaceful world that’s conducive to sustainable development and the respect for human dignity, the human dignity of generations past and present and future. Before I proceed, I’d like to extend to His Excellency, Mr. Philemon Yang, our heartfelt congratulations. Congratulations on his shining and historic election to preside over the proceedings of the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly. Your election is the symbol of an honor and well-deserved tribute that’s been granted to our continent, Africa. Your election is also a source of great pride and inspiration for 51 million citizens, citizens of SEMAC, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa, which I’m currently presiding over, steering the work of the Conference of the SEMAC Heads of State. It is also a source of pride and inspiration for your beautiful country, the sister republic of Cameroon. Your consummate knowledge of international affairs, as well as your far-ranging personal qualities, are a great advantage and a guarantee that our proceedings will be met with success. I stand convinced that you will do your best to serve the interests of the United Nations and all its member states, implementing the UN’s vast reform program so that the organization becomes more effective, more inclusive, more representative, and better suited to our changing world, as well as to the resolution of the serious and pressing problems shaking all of humanity. Rest assured, you have the full support of the Central African Republic in your task. I’d also like to commend the high caliber of the work done and the accomplishments of President Dennis Francis throughout the 78th session of the General Assembly. We extend to Mr. Dennis Francis our gratitude and our satisfaction. United Nations Secretary General, His Excellency Antonio Guterres, I’d like to reiterate to you the gratitude of the Central African Republic and my country’s full support as well as the support of the government. We support your various initiatives which seek to make the United Nations a place where the efforts of nations come together. As you know, on the 30th of July of this year, the United Nations Security Council decided to lift in its entirety the unjust, illegitimate and iniquitous arms embargo that had been imposed on the Central African Armed Forces for a decade, an embargo which caused us irreparable harm over those 10 years. Speaking from this rostrum, I’d like to extend to you the gratitude of the Central African people. We’re grateful to the UN Security Council for its wise decision, a decision which, although belated, will allow my country to continue to act so as to rebuild international peace and security and to work together with other states in the pursuit of peace, sustainable development and the human dignity of present and future generations. I’d like to seize this opportunity to reiterate to all of you, all those who held the Central African Republic in their hearts and supported our noble fight, you have the gratitude of our people. The Central African Republic has vast mining potential. Therefore, I’m convinced that we’ll continue to receive your support for the lifting of the embargo on diamonds imposed by the Kimberley Process, an embargo which has circumscribed our ability to work for peace, sustainable development and the human dignity of present and future generations. The theme of this 79th General Assembly session is leaving no one behind, acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity for present and future generations. The theme is tied up with particularly important significant recommendations which will be of import in our discussions on the reform of the global peace and security architecture as well as our discussions geared towards achieving the SDGs. As we know, peace is inextricably linked to sustainable development. Regrettably, as we meet here at this Great World Forum year in, year out, as we meet at other fora for that matter, the world continues grappling with serious existential threats becoming more unstable and more vulnerable. This 79th session is taking place at a very turbulent time, a time marked by mounting geopolitical crises, the war between Russia and Ukraine, the war between Israel and Hamas, the war in Sudan and in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, terrorism, deteriorating economic conditions which are strangling growth in Africa as well as rising fuel prices. We stand convinced that only dialogue can help us to put an end to conflict in a lasting way. The Central African Republic implores the parties to these various conflicts to opt for dialogue and diplomacy to find a solution to the various disagreements at the root of these conflicts and to save millions of human lives. The Central African Republic would like to note that the security situation has been stable for the most part in 2024. We are preparing to deepen our democratic roots by holding municipal and regional elections in the very near future, something that will be a first over the last four decades. With this in mind, special measures have been taken to apprehend remaining armed groups. These groups can no longer control various portions of our country’s territory. As a result, they are engaging in organized crime, illegal exploitation and fraudulent trafficking of natural resources, and they’re doing this so as to be able to acquire military material and equipment. The tense session of the Strategic Committee for Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Rehabilitation, as well as the commemoration in Bangui of African Amnesty Month by the African Union’s Peace and Security Council, this happened just a few days ago, were an opportunity for us to fully appreciate the significant headway that’s been made and which has been possible thanks to the fact that stakeholders have taken ownership and participated in the global peace and security process underpinned by the Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation, as well as the Rwanda Joint Roadmap. Despite all of the progress that’s been made, the Central African Republic continues to grapple with various challenges, specifically as regards the building of barracks, so we can station units in defense areas close to the places from which threats are emanating, as well as the acquisition of military material and equipment for our defense and security forces. Mr. President, climate change is having very serious repercussions, deadly flooding, drought and large-scale fires, which we’ve witnessed all over the world. These give rise to various risks, from food insecurity to water stress to competition for natural resources, as well as losses of livelihoods and displacement. These interdependent cascading risks can have very serious knock-on effects on peace, security and development across continents. In sub-Saharan Africa, which is the epicenter of humanitarian crises, environmental disasters have resulted. This year alone, in over 1,000 deaths and 4 million climate refugees, not to mention invaluable material damage, specifically in our neighboring country, Chad, where the number of victims continues to grow following heavy rain, which prompted large-scale flooding and compelled people to evacuate. Seeking from this high rostrum the United Nations, a symbol par excellence of human solidarity to express the solidarity of the Central African people to people all over the world who have been hard hit by natural disasters. Our world is being rattled by bloody conflicts. It’s also threatened from time to time by deadly weather events, devastating weather events. And in this world, developing countries, which have been impoverished by centuries of slavery, colonialism, and neocolonialism characterized by multifaceted meddling in their domestic affairs, unjust raw materials prices, onerous conditionalities imposed through the international financial architecture, these developing countries are looking on powerlessly as new security, financial, economic, food-related, and environmental challenges mount. Funding promises for vulnerable countries are taking time to come to fruition. Adaptation measures promised at various COPs and rising temperatures, all of these are changing as often as the weather does, beholden to the political, geopolitical, and geostrategic whims of the great powers. We’re well aware of just how dangerous climate phenomena are. Thus, my country has crafted sector-specific policies. However, their effectiveness depends on climate funding, which is still unreliable. The world is teetering dangerously close to the brink. The UN peace and security architecture is being subjected to enormous pressure. The reasons Africa put forward in support of its request for legitimate Security Council reform and reform to the veto system are very compelling. A step forward has been taken by the United States of America. The U.S. has endorsed the establishment of two permanent seats for Africa on the Security Council, as well as a rotating seat for small island developing states. This proposal is praiseworthy, of course, but given changes afoot in our world, Africa, which has for a long time remained on the sidelines, cannot be fully satisfied with this proposal, which can only be viewed from the vantage point of a perpetual denial of the veto to Africa. It is time to speed up the reform of the international financial architecture so as to remedy inequality, to mobilize adequate funding for the achievement of the SDGs, to meet the financing needs of developing countries, to be able to reform the implementation of and compliance with multilateral environmental agreements, which will help us to make our common ambition of protecting the planet a reality. Mr. President, Demographic estimates indicate that in 2050, half of the world’s global youth will live in Africa. Also, half of Africa’s 54 countries These are the names of the speakers who are going to be speaking at the Summit of the Future. It is high time that we speed up the implementation of the SDGs in the following areas, science, technology, innovation and digital cooperation. We should do this whilst stressing equity, rights and universality. Young people today are key agents of positive change. They can make an important contribution to sustainable development, respect for human rights as well as global peace and security. And yet young people are vulnerable for a number of reasons. This is preventing young people from realizing their full potential and exercising their fundamental rights. It therefore behooves us to pledge to transform investment in young people, in women, girls and persons with disability so as to guarantee a better future for us all. As for the Central African Republic, our ambitious 2024-2028 National Development Plan strikes a better balance between the needs and interests of present and future generations. It does this by making human capital development one of the plan’s strategic pillars. To conclude, I hope that the spirit that prompted the establishment of the United Nations will tirelessly prevail, thereby helping to create a fertile atmosphere for resolving the problems plaguing international peace and security, sustainable development and this for the benefit of all humanity. I thank you.

President: Thank you very much. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Mahmoud Abbas, President of the State of Palestine. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Mahmoud Abbas – Palestine: Thank you. We will not leave. We will not leave. We will not leave. Palestine is our homeland. It is the land of our fathers, our grandfathers. It will remain ours. And if anyone were to leave, it would be the occupying usurpers. In the name of God, most gracious, most merciful. Mr. Philemon Yang, President of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Mr. António Guterres, Secretary General of the United Nations, ladies and gentlemen, heads and members of delegations, esteemed guests, peace and God’s blessings be upon you all. I come to you today as my people, and for almost a year now, are subjected to one of the most heinous crimes of our era. It is a crime of a full-scale war, of genocide. Israel is perpetrating, Israel, the occupying state, a crime that so far has killed more than 40,000 martyrs in Gaza alone, and thousands remain under the rubble, a crime that has injured more than 100,000 others to this day, and matters are getting worse. Hundreds, hundreds of Palestinian families have been annihilated. Entire family names have been wiped out of the civil record. More than 100 families have been completely been wiped out of the civil record. They no longer exist. Thousands have died because of the spread of disease and epidemics and the shortages in medicine and water. Moreover, more than 2 million Palestinians in Gaza have left their homes multiple times in search of safety and fleeing the systemic operations that the Israeli occupying army is perpetrating. And as this war of aggression continues, dozens are being killed every day, and double that amount is being injured amongst our bereft people in the Gaza Strip and in the West Bank and in Jerusalem. I’m not here to respond to the lies of the Israeli prime minister, lies that he said in his speech before the U.S. Congress in July, where he claimed that his army does not kill innocent civilians in Gaza. I ask you, by God, who is it then that killed more than 15,000 children of the 40,000? And an equal number of women and elderly persons from our people. And who is it then that is continuing to kill them? I ask you to answer me by God. Stop this crime. Stop it now. Stop killing children and women. Stop the genocide. Stop sending weapons to Israel. This madness cannot continue. The entire world is responsible for what is happening to our people in Gaza and the West Bank. The West Bank that is under a daily and continuous Israeli aggression. It is under a vicious settlement activity. The building everywhere in Palestine, as if all of Palestine is theirs, is subjected to the terrorism of gangs of settlers under the patronage and support of the Israeli government and the occupying army, which destroys hundreds of houses in the lands of Palestine, not to mention what our eternal capital, Al-Quds, is being subjected to in terms of campaigns to change its nature, to Judaize it and to aggress it and its holy sites and landmarks to change its historic and legal status. We have recently heard a terrorist Israeli minister calling for building a temple in Gaza. We must condemn and stop this reckless minister and those like him who want to set fire, a fire of religious conflict and strife. This will burn everything in its way. The Aqsa Mosque and its surroundings, ladies and gentlemen, is the exclusive property of Muslims. This has been endorsed by a resolution taken by the League of Nations in 1930. This was a resolution by the League of Nations, and we will accept nothing else regardless of the circumstances. Ladies and gentlemen, we have repeatedly warned here in the General Assembly that the situation in the occupied land of the State of Palestine warns of an explosion, and this explosion has happened. It happened on October 7th of last year and afterwards. It started from the very first day. I stressed the need to immediately stop the war. I condemned the killing of civilians regardless of who they are and regardless of what side they were on or any people they were from. I demanded the release of prisoners and those detained by both sides. There is no need to detain women, children, and the elderly. We’ve said this repeatedly. To anyone who has those people detained, I called for immediately going to the negotiations table to implement a two-state solution based on international resolutions. But instead of heeding the voice of reason, the Israeli government took advantage of what happened to launch an all-out war of genocide against Gaza. It committed and continues to commit war crimes as acknowledged by the international community. They’re called war crimes. Israel today is now launching a new aggression on the brotherly Lebanese people. The Lebanese people are now being subjected to a war of Genocide. And Israel must stop the war in Lebanon and in Palestine. We condemn this aggression and we demand that it stops immediately. Israel has reoccupied the Gaza Strip in its entirety and it has destroyed it almost entirely so that Gaza is no longer fit for life. Most homes have been destroyed. The same applies to most buildings, health facilities, educational facilities, economic buildings, roads, churches, mosques, water plants, electric plants and sanitation plants. Anybody who goes to Gaza who’d known it before would not recognize it anymore. It’s no longer there. 75% of everything in Gaza has been fully destroyed. If Israel thinks that it would get away from being held accountable and punished for these crimes, then it is delusional. The international community must immediately impose sanctions on Israel. The massacres, the crimes, the genocide that Israel has been perpetrating against our people since its inception in 1948 to this very day will not go unpunished. There is no statute of limitations. Rights will never be lost as long as there are those who demand them. And despite our repeated calls and demands, the world has not succeeded in obliging Israel, this transient state, to stop this war of genocide and its war crimes against innocent civilian residents. We regret that the U.S. administration, the democracy of the world, the largest democracy in the world, obstructed three times draft resolutions of the Security Council demanding Israel to observe a ceasefire. The U.S. alone stood and said, no, the fighting is going to continue. It did this by using the veto. And added to that, it furnished Israel with the deadly weapons that it used to kill thousands of innocent civilians, children and women. And this further encouraged Israel to continue with aggression. As long as the U.S. is supporting it, then why not keep going since it’s already an aggressing state? This is the United States, the very country that was the only member in the Security Council that voted against granting the state of Palestine full membership in the U.N. We don’t deserve membership in the eyes of America. So they use the veto against it. I don’t understand how the United States could insist on opposing our people, insist on depriving us of our legitimate rights to freedom and independence, as is the right of the rest of the countries, 194 countries. And we are no less than them. Ladies and gentlemen, Israel, which refuses to implement United Nations resolutions, does not deserve to be a member in this international organization. Israel, whose permanent representative in this organization says that the very building of the United Nations — and he said this — he said that this building must be removed. This building that we are sitting in right now, it must be wiped off the face of the earth. This country does not deserve to be a member in this organization. It is from the very beginning, it has from the very beginning not fulfilled the conditions for membership. Because in 1949, when it submitted its membership application to the UN, the UN imposed two conditions. First, to accept and implement Resolution 181 and Resolution 194. Without implementing these two conditions, you will not be granted membership in the United Nations. Moshe Sharet, the foreign minister at the time, wrote a pledge. You will see it. A written pledge that he and Israel are committed to the implementation of those resolutions. And since 1949, to this very day, nothing has happened. We are going to submit a request, an application to the General Assembly on this matter. And as I said, if you return, then we will return. If they do not step back, then we will do more. I take this opportunity to commend the member states of the United Nations that voted with more than a two-thirds majority in favor of the draft resolution submitted by the state of Palestine, supported by a large number of friendly and sisterly countries. To adopt the ICJ’s historic advisory opinion, issued on the 19th of July, 2024. To end the Israeli, the illegal Israeli. This is the Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine in a period of 12 months. For the very first time, there is a specific time frame. We demand the implementation of this particular requirement, including an immediate cessation of annexation and settlement activities, the removal of existing settlements, and evacuating settlers from Palestinian territories. There are 600,000 settlers living on our land. Why don’t they go back to their homes? We must give reparations to Palestinians for damages that were a result of the unlawful policies and practices of the occupation and many other such issues that were mentioned in the ICJ’s advisory opinion. We want what the ICJ stated and what the entire world accepted in the General Assembly with a vast majority that far exceeds a two-thirds majority. And Israel must be made to implement it. We rely on this resolution, which is the embodiment of international will and the principles of international law and the mechanisms that were adopted in this regard to guarantee implementation. We hope that this resolution would be implemented. Of the 1,000 resolutions taken on the Palestinian people since 1948 until this very day, not a single one has been implemented yet. Ladies and gentlemen, today I feel very grateful as well. As I see this large, great shift in the positions of member states in the United Nations as they support Palestinians’ rights to an independent state that is recognized and that deserves full membership in this organization, as is the case with the rest of the countries in the world that love freedom and peace. In the name of the Palestinian people, I thank you for this support. I thank you for your support of what is right, of justice, to achieve peace in our region. I call upon you to apply the laws of the United Nations. of international law according to responsibilities and sovereignty. We don’t ask you for more than you can do. We ask every state to give us our support within the realm of its responsibility and sovereignty. I also express our gratitude and appreciation for the demonstrations that spoke against the genocide in Gaza and that supported Palestinian rights that have been taking place throughout the world, including the American people. And I acknowledge the American people are marching in the streets in these demonstrations and we are grateful to them. We appreciate what is happening in European countries and the noble supporters that come to Palestine risking their lives as Israelis attack them. And here I would like to make special mention of the Turkish-American martyr Aisha Noor killed by the occupation army in cold blood. I say to those, the Palestinian people will not forget your honorable stand. We will remember you proudly when the occupation is eliminated and when our people enjoy freedom and independence. Ladies and gentlemen, recently, there was much talk about the next day, the day after. What shall we do on the day after? What is our policy for the day after? And I say to you, the day after the end of the war in the Gaza Strip, I take this opportunity today to give you our view of what is needed immediately and on the day after the war ends. This is our proposal. We propose it to you. You can accept it. You can change it. You can amend it. We are ready for all that, first of all. A comprehensive and permanent ceasefire in Gaza and an end to the military aggressions and attacks by terrorist settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Second, humanitarian aid must be delivered urgently in an organized manner and in sufficient quantities because there’s nothing in Gaza and they need everything. This humanitarian aid must be delivered throughout Gaza. Third, a full, full Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. We refuse the establishment of buffer zones or taking any part from Gaza. Gaza is only seven kilometers by 40 and Israel wants to cut it up. It wants a piece here and a piece there and we will not allow a single centimeter of Gaza to be taken. We demand that we stop the forced displacement inside the Gaza Strip or outside the Gaza Strip. We demand the return of those displaced to their homes and to have housing provided to them. Netanyahu wants the West Bank and the Gaza Strip people to be displaced, to be evacuated to Egypt and to Jordan. We refused. The Jordanian and Egyptian governments, and I thank them for this, said we will not allow the displacement of any Palestinians and eviction of the Palestinians from their lands. Fourth, we demand the protection of UNRWA and humanitarian organizations from Israel’s actions and to provide political and financial support to these organizations so that they can perform their role and offer their services to the Palestinian refugees until they return home. UNRWA was established to do its job until the refugees return and every day Israel finds an excuse to convince others that UNRWA’s work must be ended. Fifth. We demand the protection of UNRWA and humanitarian organizations from Israel so that they can We demand international protection for the Palestinians on the lands of their occupied land. We want protection. We are not fighting Israel. We cannot fight Israel. And we don’t want to fight, but we want protection. We want our children, our women, our families to be protected internationally. Sixth, Palestine, the state of Palestine, must shoulder its responsibilities in the Gaza Strip and impose its full mandate on it and jurisdiction on it, including the border checkpoints, especially the Rafah International Border between Egypt and Palestine as part of a comprehensive plan. This has existed before, and it must return to the way it was. Seventh, and within the context of a comprehensive national reform process, this is a process that we’re undertaking, and most countries have reviewed it, supported it, confirmed it, and thanked the Palestinian government for it. And hopefully, we will continue with this process to the very end. In terms of this process, we will reconstruct our infrastructure and the state institutions destroyed by Israel. We will revive the economy and establish sustainable development and rebuild the Gaza Strip. We will hold the state of Israel fully responsible. Eighth, the authority of the state of Palestine and the Palestinian government and the PLO, the legitimate and sole representative of the Palestinian people, will have authority on all Palestinian territories in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and Eastern Jerusalem, as has been stipulated for us by international law. We are not asking for more, but we will not accept any less. The West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Eastern Jerusalem, we will not ask for more, but we will not accept any less. We will hold general elections. We’re ready to hold the elections. We’ve been ready in the past, but Israel refused to allow us to hold these elections in Jerusalem. But if this were to happen, we’re ready to hold these elections and to form a Palestinian government in accordance with the results of these elections. Ninth, we will continue to mobilize the largest possible international support so that the state of Palestine can achieve full membership in the United Nations as soon as possible. What do we lack to be sitting amongst you? What do we lack to be on the same We are footing as 194 official member states in the United Nations. We have the land, we have the authority, we have the people, we have the culture, we have the knowledge, we have everything that we need. We ask you to help us. Tenth, the full implementation of the General Assembly resolution on the advisory opinion that we mentioned, issued by the International Court of Justice in a manner that would lead to the end of the occupation in 12 months, as stipulated by the resolution, as set by the advisory opinion. Number 11, hold an international peace conference under the auspices of the United Nations within a year to apply the two-state solution. So we hold this international conference so that we would resolve all the problems that remain between us and Israel. By the way, we recognize the state of Israel, but Israel doesn’t recognize us. We want a solution that would protect both countries, the state of Palestine and the state of Israel, so that they can coexist in peace, stability, and security. Number 12, to adopt international peacekeeping forces by virtue of a Security Council resolution between the states of Palestine and Israel to guarantee the security of both countries. We call for guaranteeing the security of both countries. These are the elements of our vision for the day after – for today and for the day after the war ends in the state of Palestine in general. And I call upon you to adopt this plan and to provide all the necessary means to guarantee its success, ladies and gentlemen. A few weeks ago, I declared that I have decided to lead a Palestinian delegation to the Gaza Strip so that we can stand by our people who have been exhausted by the Israeli genocide war. I call upon you to support this decision by issuing a United Nations decision resolution by the United Nations here by pressure. I salute our heroic people that are sacrificing all that is precious for Palestine and the Gaza of sacrifice, in the West Bank of solidarity, of Al-Quds, which is our crown jewel, and our capital. We salute our people in the diaspora, in the refugee camps, to our brave prisoners in Israeli prisons. Six thousand prisoners. Israel arrests whoever it wants. Those prisoners whose dignity is being violated every day, Palestine will be free. It will be free despite anyone who objects to that. Our people will live on the land of their fathers and grandfathers as they have done for more than six thousand years. They will continue their legitimate struggle for independence. The occupation, the occupation will end, will end, will end. God’s and peace blessings be upon you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the State of Palestine. The Assembly will hear an address. Address by His Excellency Mr. Adama Barrow, President of the Republic of the Gambia. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Adama Barrow – Gambia: President of the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly, Secretary General Mr. Antonio Guterres, Your Majesties and Excellencies, Heads of State and Government, Heads of Delegation, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is an honor for the Gambia to participate in the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly and to engage in meaningful dialogue with global leaders and partners on the vision of shaping a more prosperous future for humankind. Your Excellency, Mr. President, allow me to express my heartfelt congratulations to you on your assuming the role of President for the 79th Session. I similarly wish to register sincere gratitude to His Excellency, Ambassador Dennis Francis, for his exemplary leadership and accomplishments during the 78th Session. Mr. President, as we undertake to chart the future we envision, we welcome the initiative This is an initiative presented by Secretary-General Guterres at the Summit of the Future under the theme Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow. My delegation firmly believes that the path to a better tomorrow lies in multilateralism and closer international cooperation. Through our collective responsibility and inclusive participation, we can decisively confront and overcome our challenges and bottlenecks. The High-Level Summit of the Future has determined that human actions are largely responsible for the challenges we face today. Therefore, it is within our power to ably address the disasters that continuously trouble our nations. To succeed, however, the international community must commit to implementing the resolutions of the Summit of the Future to tackle such critical global challenges as climate change, poverty, transitional crimes, and conflict. These incidents underscore the urgent need for comprehensive reforms within the United Nations system, particularly the UN Security Council and the international financial institutions. We must equally strive for a more representative world. They are representative, just and inclusive United Nations to save the world we so dearly want. Mr. President, the Gambia’s perspective on the team leaving no one behind, working together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity for present and future generations, aligns closely with the principles and aspirations of Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. In accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, the team serves as a crucial reminder to the international community of the need for solidarity and renewed commitment. With specific reference to the Gambia, the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, is central to our national agenda. And we are committed to ensuring that our development efforts are both sustainable and impactful. Like many least developed countries, LDCs, the Gambia faces huge challenges that pose serious threats to our survival as a nation, hence requiring collective international efforts to resolve. Consequently, the global community needs to assist the least developed countries, especially to address the burden of inequality, build more robust economies and create policy space for economic growth. To tackle the debt burden and internal state weaknesses, we need to increase investment in capacity building. Also, we must jointly endeavour to bridge the digital divide and support technology transfer to advance development. Mr President, we live in a world with widening inequalities. Those suppressing the weak and making the conditions of the poor worse grossly violates the express ideals and spirit of the Summit of the Future. The Gambia is fully committed to the global call for gender equality and recognizes the indispensable role women play in socio-economic development. We firmly believe that empowering women translates into community empowerment and ultimately inclusive development. For these reasons, my government places great emphasis on women’s rights, and we are dedicated to protecting and empowering women. As President, I will continue to ensure that women and girls are protected and given the necessary space to contribute meaningfully to our national development agenda. On youth matters, at the recent consultative summit, stakeholders recommended a sharper focus on innovation and climate change, gender equity, bridging the digital divide, and global governance that promotes youth empowerment through employment, education, and health. The summit’s recommendations will inform endeavors to fill policy gaps and expand funding opportunities for better youth engagement. Furthermore, my government commits to aligning our national priorities with global benchmarks and in partnership with youth-led organizations and other stakeholders. We also resolve to use transformative solutions to create greater opportunities for all. Mr. President, the Gambia believes in collective international efforts to combat global challenges. Based on this, last year, the Gambia joined the International Community. I would like to start this meeting by co-sponsoring the U.N. General Assembly Consensus Resolution 77-276, which sought to engage the International Court of Justice, ICJ, on the obligations of states regarding climate change. Last August, the Gambia submitted its written statement to the ICJ, and we look forward to participating in the oral hearings later this year in the Hague. At the national level, the Gambia remains steadfast in its commitment to promoting human rights and establishing a vibrant democratic environment. The establishment of a National Human Rights Commission and entrenchment of a free, independent and impartial judiciary provide a solid framework and a sense of security for our citizens, thus ensuring they have a place to seek redress for injustice. I am happy to report that since 2017, the Gambia has neither recorded a single political prisoner, nor has any journalist or human rights activist been jailed in the Gambia. Proudly, too, in August 2024, the Gambia was recognized as one of Africa’s leading defenders of freedom of expression and ranked third in Article 19’s Global Expression Report 2024. We will continue striving to better our situation. Mr. President, as committed advocates of peace and security, respect for basic rights and freedom. and the application of international law. We stand firmly against injustice, no matter where it occurs. No doubt, as a nation of peace, guided by democratic principles, we have learned valuable lessons to act upon and share. With the help of the international community, we are steadily taking steps to bring closure to the saga of the victims of dictatorship in our country. So far, we have successfully managed the transitional justice and reform processes. Moving forward, we count on your support in the next critical stages of ensuring justice, reconciliation and reparation where necessary. The Gambia will continue advocating preventive approaches to peacebuilding to avoid future conflicts. Once again, I take this opportunity to express our appreciation of all the support the UN Peacebuilding Commission has been extending to us. Mr. President, the ongoing conflicts in Palestine, Sudan, the Sahel, Ukraine and Russia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Libya and other conflict zones demand the international community’s immediate intervention. We must explore all diplomatic means to restore lasting peace worldwide and free all innocent people, particularly women and children, from the calamities of war. We call on the international community to prioritize support for the post-conflict reconstruction of Gaza and the improvement of economic conditions in the West Bank. Even though the situation in that region is extremely serious, the intense destruction of lives and property continues. The Israeli occupation, expansion of settlements, blockade of Gaza and restrictions in the West Bank continue. in the West Bank together with the threat of intensifying the war to a regional conflict continue to worsen the ongoing tensions in the Middle East. Accordingly, I call on the United Nations, the international community, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OIC, member states to join forces and urgently bring about permanent peace in Palestine. Through recognized structures, I am, as chair of the OIC, committed to stepping up efforts and exploring every possible diplomatic and peaceful channel to resolve the Middle East crisis. The OIC has been very active and, under my leadership, will continue to promote and pursue peace in that region. Our common objective is to create a situation wherein Israel and Palestine co-exist in peace and security under a two-state arrangement and within the recognized pre-1967 borders. With the sustained support of the OIC, the Gambia has stood as a beacon of hope for the oppressed Rohingya Muslims of Maine. Despite relentless efforts over the past five years, the oppressive regions of Myanmar have intensified its oppressive campaign through forced exile and unspeakable acts of violence. During my current three-year tenure as OIC chairman, my office will be available also for dialogue to bring lasting peaceful relations between Iran, its immediate neighbors, and our Western partners. Globally, we have the collective responsibility of acting speedily to peacefully address the situation in Palestine, Sudan, Ukraine, and the Sahel region. We commend the efforts of the Kingdom of Morocco and the viability of the Moroccan Autonomy Initiative. This initiative aligns with the principles of the UN Charter and it provides a platform for all parties involved in the Moroccan-Sahara conflict to engage in a UN-led dialogue for a permanent, mutually agreed political solution. With regard to recognition and respect for the One China principle, we continue to stand with China. The People’s Republic of China represents renewed hope for global rebalancing towards justice, peace and development. China’s generous support to its southern neighbors through its numerous development cooperation initiatives has proven useful, impactful and strategic. Migration has ever been a fundamental aspect of human development and it significantly contributes to the growth of both home and host countries. The international community should address migration in a regulated manner and decriminalize it. Indeed, human beings should not risk losing their lives in pursuit of a better future. In this regard, the Gambia is collaborating with relevant countries to improve the plight of migrants, although we must discourage irregular migration. We are duty-bound to respect the rights of migrants and ensure they are treated with dignity. We recognize that dictatorship, conflict, climate change, poverty and lack of opportunities are part of the root causes of migration. Economic sanctions imposed on states also contribute to forced migration. The long-standing U.S. embargo against Cuba is an example. My view is that this embargo should give way to renewed good neighborliness and cooperative relations between the two nations. and compassion, and fulfill the commitment to the Official Development Assistance Pledge made by donor countries. As regards the original countries of migrants, we must uphold the ideals and principles of democracy, good governance, and wise resource management approaches, Mr. President. In conclusion, the international community must prioritize diplomacy, dialogue, and mutual understanding as we confront challenges of global concern. I also urge the private sector to collaborate with our governments in taking concrete actions towards our common goals. Simple yet impactful steps such as supporting local initiatives, promoting inclusive policies, and engaging in global partnerships can make a significant difference in the world order. Despite the challenges we face, there is immense potential for positive change through collective endeavors. Let us embrace a message of hope, resilience, and optimism for the future. Together we can create a world where peace, sustainable development, and human dignity are not mere dreams, but a reality for all. I thank you for your kind attention.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Republic of the Gambia. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Edgar Leblanc-Fils, President of the Presidential Council of the Transition of the Republic of Haiti. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to the podium. To address the Assembly.

Edgar Leblanc Fils – Haiti: Excellencies President of the General Assembly, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Excellencies Heads of State and Government, Heads of Delegation, Distinguished Delegates, Dear Compatriots, I have the immense honor to represent here at the General Assembly of the United Nations the Haitian people at a particular crossroads in our history. We are a proud people. Despite all the difficulties, we have always been able to lift ourselves up. The first black republic in the world, Haiti is proud of its heroic fight for freedom and human dignity. Today we find ourselves at a decisive crossroads. It is with the weight of this history on our shoulders that we have hope for a better future. This is how I address you today, calling for solidarity on the part of the international community. Allow me, firstly, to address my warm congratulations to you, Excellency Philemon Yang, former Prime Minister of Cameroon, and congratulate you on your election as President of the 79th Session of the General Assembly. Haiti stands firmly by your side and we assure you of our full support throughout your mandate in order to ensure that this session will be a success for the entire international community. I would also like to indicate the exceptional quality of the work of your predecessor at the 78th session, His Excellency Mr. Dennis Francis of Trinidad and Tobago, who conducted work with dexterity, leadership and wisdom. I would also like to take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Haitian people, our gratitude to you, Secretary General Antonio Guterres, for your visit to Haiti, your presence on our soil and your unfailing support for our request to the Security Council, in particular with regard to reinforcement of the national police in Haiti, and for all your interventions in favour of Haiti. I would like to express my extreme gratitude to the international community for the support given to my country during these times of crisis. This solidarity, which can be seen through the security initiatives, also those of humanitarian aid and support for development, is very much appreciated. It is through this ongoing cooperation, and adapted to our situation, that Haiti is becoming stronger, more resilient, and will continue towards development and progress. I would like to greet here all Haitian compatriots throughout the world who, while being attached to their country of birth, are forced to seek out more favourable skies in order to make a living. Everyone recognises that they are very hard workers, and I want to tell them, wherever they are, that the Presidential Council of Transition, and the government is thinking of them whilst we await an improvement of conditions so that they can come back into the fold. I would also like to take this opportunity to greet Amnesty International and other organizations closely following up on the defense of human rights of Haitians and violations of these rights throughout the world. On behalf of the entire Haitian people, I would like to extend a brotherly greeting to all friends of Haiti that have shown solidarity towards the migrants from our country, and in particular those living in Springfield, Ohio, in the United States. The long history of friendship and reciprocal solidarity between our two nations since our participation in the Battle of Savannah of 1779 have enabled us to say with confidence that the American people reject any incitement to hate against our community. The active participation of Haitian immigrants at various levels of life in the United States is tangible and significant. In this regard, the passions that naturally arise during an election campaign should never serve as a pretext for xenophobia or racism in a country such as the United States, a country forged by immigrants from all countries and which has become a model of democracy for the world. Mr. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, The theme of this 79th General Assembly is Leaving No One Behind, acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity for present and future generations. This very much resounds with the major challenges that we are facing today. This theme is an urgent call for unity. Decision-making process. This theme is also of capital importance when it comes to the context of the crisis in Haiti. It speaks to our fight to restore peace and stability, ensuring that every Haitian citizen is able to enjoy their fundamental rights. Acting together as underscored by the theme is essential for Haiti because our recovery can only happen with this international solidarity. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, today our world is facing unprecedented challenges, challenges that are of deep concern to the entire international community. The United Nations, in its historic mission to promote peace, security and sustainable development, is in the front lines of the crises that are not only threatening isolated nations, but the entirety of humanity. Climate change undoubtedly is one of the great perils of our time. According to recent data of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global temperatures have already increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius since the pre-industrial era. This increase has led to an increase in intensification of climate phenomena such as hurricanes. countries that emit the least greenhouse gases but which experiences the most devastating impacts of this uh… this global crisis is making even more difficult for us to guarantee food security access to drinking water and economic stability armed conflicts also continued to sow destruction and to ravage human lives according to the high commissioner of the united nations for refugees the number of people forcibly displaced was a hundred and ten million in twenty twenty three that’s the highest figure that we’ve ever seen whether it be in syria in ukraine or in the sahel region these prolonged conflicts are exacerbating poverty destroying vital infrastructure and leading to massive flows of refugees the world cannot remain inactive when millions of men women and children are fleeing violence in search of security and dignity the commitment of the international community is more necessary than ever before in order to find diplomatic solutions and to promote peace initiatives another major challenge relates to economic inequality which continues to get worse according to the human development report of twenty twenty three of the unit p almost one point two billion people are still living in multidimensional poverty namely that they lack Make access to essential services such as health, education, and conditions for a decent life. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened these inequalities, pushing millions of additional people into poverty. For nations such as Haiti, this impact has been devastating. With a high level of poverty, the country is facing profound structural challenges. But these inequalities are not just a Haitian problem, they are a global problem which requires global economic reform. Moreover, the challenges linked to food insecurity have become worse in recent years. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO, more than 735 million people in the world suffered from famine in 2022, an alarming increase that reflects the disruptions caused by conflicts, economic crises, and climate change. Haiti, unfortunately, is no exception to this. The World Food Programme recently underscored that almost half of the Haitian population is in a situation of acute food insecurity. This situation is not just a humanitarian emergency, but it is a threat to the stability of our nation. We must work together to strengthen our farming systems, guarantee fair access to food resources, and fight against hunger in a concerted and sustainable manner. Finally, technological progress provides new opportunities, but also new threats. The acceleration in the development of artificial intelligence, the proliferation of cyber attacks, and disinformation are endangering the stability of democracies throughout the world. The report of the International Telecommunications Union demonstrates that the digital divide remains a major challenge, with almost 2.7 billion people still not having access to the internet in 2023. Haiti is one of the least connected countries, and we urgently need support in order to fill in this digital divide so that we can fully participate in the global economy of the 21st century. This year, Haiti reaffirms its commitment in favour of the preservation of our common heritage, the oceans. That’s why today I announced proudly that Haiti will sign the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, adopted on 19 June 2023 and open for ratification since 20 September 2023. This agreement is a crucial tool to guarantee the protection of marine biodiversity, to promote sustainable use of marine resources and strengthen the resilience of island states such as our own in the face of climate challenges. Haiti has decided to cooperate with the international community to ensure that this agreement is a benefit to all of humanity while making our contribution to the protection of marine ecosystems on which we all depend. These global challenges can only be addressed through a renewed commitment to multilateralism, through solidarity and collective action. Haiti, despite our difficulties, is ready to cooperate with the international community to overcome these crises and build a future where peace, justice and human dignity are triumphant. But we can’t do this alone. It’s only together that we can act to guarantee that no one is left behind. Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, In proclaiming the independence of Haiti in January 1804, General Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the founding father of our homeland, gave human rights a universal character. He began the dismantling of the colonial and slave order, and then human rights ceased to be just white men’s human rights and became human rights for all men and all women, namely the rights of all humankind. In this regard, and as representative of the Republic of Haiti and as an official spokesperson for the Haitian people, I must draw the attention of the leaders of the major powers to the danger of a nuclear war threatening the existence of peoples on all continents. In this regard, on behalf of the Republic of Haiti, I launch an urgent call to all heads of state of the United Nations to prevent humanity experiencing this peril of the end of civilization on Earth. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am speaking today with the experience of several years dedicated in the service of my country. My political career is very much anchored in the history of Haiti and it’s led me through various trials, always with the same goal in mind, the progress of my country, the pride, the restored dignity and the well-being of the Haitian people that are so downtrodden. Having presided the Senate of the Republic from 1995 to 2000 and having been a witness to critical moments in our political history, I have seen the challenges that our country has been facing. My political commitment goes back to a time when the fight for stability and democracy were everywhere. Today, as President of the United Nations, President Obama, I am delighted to be here today at the Presidential Council of Transition. I find myself once again at a key point in the history of Haiti. My career has shown me that resilience and collective willingness are the only ways to guarantee a stable and prosperous future. It is with this vision, this devotion, and this strength given to me by this rich political history that I have the privilege of hosting the National Conference on the Renewal of Politicians through Free, Credible and Transparent Elections. The Haitian people, despite the challenges we face, refuse to be overcome by despair. The challenges are unprecedented, devastating violence, political instability that is persistent, a precarious situation virtually everywhere, and a humiliating level of poverty that challenge the Haitian people’s capacity for action and their intelligence. In the middle of this storm, we understood that we had to take a brave decision, that of coming together, becoming unified despite deep differences, in order to rise up again in full confidence towards an exit to the multidimensional crisis that has been afflicting us now for far too long. The creation of the Presidential Council of the Transition is how we put this decision into force. It’s a tangible example of this willingness to become reconciled with ourselves. This Council, which brings together organisations of civil society and the entire political spectrum, is the fruit of long negotiations. It is the embodiment of the plurality of Haitian society. Its roadmap is clear, to restore public order, to hold free and transparent elections at the end of 2020. to restore trust in the institutions of the state. In order to do this, we, those that bear responsibility at the highest levels of the state, know that we will need the support of the international community. But first and foremost, we have to be able to count on ourselves, on our resilience, our capacity to overcome differences and internal divisions. It is important to stress that the resolution of Haiti’s problems lies above all on the shoulders of the Haitian people. It is our duty as a sovereign nation to take our destiny in our hands and to overcome divisions and together build a future of peace and prosperity. However, this responsibility is not just our own. The international community, the United Nations, the foreign powers that very often played a decisive role in the history of Haiti, have also got their essential part to play in this restoration of peace, economic recovery and institutional development and the establishment of the rule of law. In this sense, the failure of Haiti to recover is not that of just one nation. It is a collective failure, a global inability to fully respect the principles of solidarity, justice and international cooperation. It is together with a shared sense of responsibility and renewed commitment that we will be able to transform this crisis into an opportunity to embark upon a sustainable path to peace. Today, Haiti is facing an unprecedented security crisis. The increase of armed gangs, generalized violence and political instability have plunged the nation into a state of extreme vulnerability. Citizens live in fear, unable to move around. They serve as cannon fodder during operations against the police. They are subject to serious violations, of all kinds, including sexual violence. This abuse and violence exercised against children and young people must be considered as a crime against humanity. Given the consequences that this has on future generations, the restoration of national security is an absolute priority for the Haitian authorities. They are fully committed to putting an end to this spiral of violence and to restoring order in order to guarantee every citizen the fundamental right that they have to security. They are aware that peace and stability are the indispensable foundations that will enable Haiti to rebuild and restore trust in its institutions and to ensure the socio-economic development of its people. With this in mind, the decision of the Security Council to authorize the deployment of the Multinational Security Support Mission through Resolution 2699 was a direct response to the calls of the Haitian people. This mission, although it is not a classic UN force, embodies the commitment of the international community to support Haiti. I would like on behalf of the Haitian people to express my profound thanks to the contributing countries, particularly Kenya, for having accepted to take on the leadership of the mission, as well as to all countries that have provided their support. The national security forces, with the support of the mission, have already demonstrated tangible results on the ground, making it possible for the population, little by little, to see normal life restored. But a lot still remains to be done. Haiti has welcomed, hosted several United Nations missions over the last three decades, particularly MINUSTAH. Although some of these missions have helped to temporarily stabilize the country, they have also left behind a heavy heritage of consequences. Allegations of serious violations of human rights have eroded the trust of the Haitian people. The lack of prosecutions and reparations for the victims have reinforced a sentiment of impunity, undermining the efforts at rebuilding. Nevertheless, it is never too late to act and to learn lessons from the past. By rethinking the approach, we have the opportunity to boost the reputation of international missions in Haiti and to build a future that is better for the Haitian people. It is in this spirit that we would like to see a thought being given to transforming the security support mission into a peacekeeping mission under the mandate of the United Nations. This transformation would make it possible not only to secure more stable funding and to extend the capacity of the mission, but also it would make it possible to strengthen the commitment of member states to security in Haiti. I am convinced that this change of status, whilst recognising that the errors of the past cannot be repeated, would guarantee the full success of the mission in Haiti. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, today I stand before this Assembly as the voice of the Republic of Haiti, a country whose history is inextricably linked to the ideals of freedom and justice that we all celebrate here. But Haiti, the first independent black nation of the world, today is the greatest victim of a historical injustice, which has not only delayed our development, but has also saddled our people with a burden, the repercussions of which we still feel today. In 1825, just 21 years after having won its freedom at the cost of a heroic fight, Haiti was forced to pay a colossal debt to France, the colonising country, in exchange for recognising its independence. This ransom, imposed under threat, siphoned off resources of the young nation, plunging it into an infernal cycle of impoverishment, which it still struggles to overcome. This debt was a form of punishment for our audacity in throwing off the chains of slavery and raising up Haitians to claim their human dignity. It was an unjust penalty which asphyxiated the economic and social potential of the black people of Haiti for generations. In today’s context, where more than ever, attention is being paid to efforts to restore, without delay, security and respond to the immense humanitarian needs in Haiti, I think it is important to draw the attention of this Assembly to the aftereffects of our colonial past and the ransom paid to certain powers that have largely mortgaged the development of Haiti. It is worth recalling that Haiti was the only country to have paid for its independence. I am pleased to announce that on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of this unprecedented event in history, the time has not yet come for these amounts to be returned. In this regard, my country welcomes the proposals made by a number of governments and also some agencies of the United Nations for specific action with regard to recognition, reparation and restitution for the wrongs of the past. Haiti has absolute confidence in the United Nations Organization, the pillars of which are the fight against inequality between peoples and the maintenance of peace between nations, and it will play its role in facilitating dialogue between the victim countries of colonization and the former colonial powers. Here at the 79th session of the General Assembly, Haiti is not only here to request reparations, but also to ask a question of principle, that of imminent justice. My approach is resolutely committed, structured and well documented. The National Committee for Restitution and Reparation, in cooperation with CARICOM’s Restorations Commission, has already undertaken exhaustive work on this subject. We demand recognition of the moral and historic debt and the implementation of just and appropriate reparations which will make it possible for our people to free themselves from the invisible chains of this oppression. Ladies and gentlemen, history teaches us that nations do not rise up in isolation but by unifying forces in resolute commitment to build a better future. Haiti, this land that has offered the world a symbol of unshakable freedom and which has helped several nations to throw off their yoke of barbaric colonialism, is not looking for charity but justice. Respect. Respect for its dignity and its right to a dignified and prosperous existence. The challenges that we face today are certainly huge, but they are not insurmountable. They require of us all a shared vision, a profound sense of our common humanity and determination to turn crises into opportunities for renewal. Each nation, be they small or large, rich or vulnerable, has part of our collective future in their hands. It is in this interdependence that resides the genuine strength of multilateralism. May this general debate be the moment where we reaffirm our unfailing commitment towards peace, human dignity and sustainable development. Because what we do today will resound for centuries to come. History will judge the way that we have been able to respond to the challenges of our times. Together, in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation, we can and we must build a future where no people, no nation is left behind. Long live Haiti. Long live international cooperation. Tomorrow another country. Tomorrow another world. I thank you for your attention.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Presidential Council of the Transition of the Republic of Haiti. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Abdel-Fattah Al-Burhan Abdelrahman Al-Burhan, President of the Transitional Sovereign Council of the Republic of the Sudan. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Abdel-Fattah Al-Burhan Abdelrahman Al-Burhan – Sudan: Thank you very much, everyone, for joining us today for the 79th Session, Unity and Diversity for the Advancement of Peace, Sustainable Development and Human Dignity. We welcome the priorities set by the President of this 79th Session. Furthermore, it’s important to implement the outcomes of the Summit of the Future, especially as regards United Nations reform and Security Council reform, so that these bodies can put an end to the protracted crises that are threatening international peace, as well as to achieve consensus and harmony in the relations between states and peoples. Unilateral measures taken outside the United Nations framework in complete violation of the UN Charter and international law, political and economic restrictions, these are the main drivers of instability, especially as regards security, the economy and also on the political front. All of this fuels war. However, I must also add that double standards and selectiveness are currently prevailing in international affairs. There can be no doubt about it. Sudan is facing very serious challenges. And in fact, a war is being waged. There’s a conspiracy. A war has been waged by a group that has rebelled against the state for many years. It’s receiving political and logistical support at the local and regional levels. You’ve all witnessed the crimes, the violations and the atrocities. All of this has been committed by the Rapid Support Forces, the RSF, which should be considered a terrorist group. This militia is continuing to perpetrate crimes and it is most unfortunate that it is receiving the support of some states in the region, states which are providing funding and mercenaries for their own political and economic benefit in flagrant violation of law and international will. Mr. President, these terrorist groups have also hit diplomatic missions, other organisations and property. They have not spared the UN and, in fact, UN headquarters, the UN office in Sudan has been targeted. The Daghla family has been violating all laws and all international obligations with impunity. The family refuses to comply with the Jeddah declaration and rejects UN Security Council resolutions regarding the arms embargo imposed on Darfur. Thus, ethnic cleansing crimes are continuing. Most recently, we also recorded a violation of the resolution on al-Fasha, the capital of north Darfur state. This begs the question, why has the international system not taken any firm or dissuasive measures vis-à-vis this group and those who support it? Despite everything that’s been done, all the crimes, we’ve witnessed crimes again. And mercenaries, as well as weapons to the RSF, have resulted in deaths of dozens of thousands of Sudanese and the displacement of many, many millions more. Sudanese people have been forced to leave their lands, their motherland, to evade these armed groups. They’ve taken refuge in various regions. Millions more Sudanese are living in peace today in other parts of the country. Systematic attacks committed by the militia are contributing to the suffering of our compatriots. As a result, we’ve been seeking a peaceful solution to the situation, and the Jeddah Declaration, dated May 2023, should have been enough to put an end to this war. And yet, the regional political players who are in favor of the war have a different take on the situation. This has resulted in the situation we have on our hands today. As a result, and so as to alleviate the suffering of our fellow Sudanese and to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance, we’ve opened our borders and airports. We’ve lifted all impediments to this aid being delivered. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, the Sudanese government is steadfastly committed to facilitating humanitarian assistance, protecting humanitarian convoys and personnel, as well as medical personnel. We fully uphold international humanitarian law and measures geared towards the protection of Sudan. Thank you. The first utopia, a society free from insight into the violence and oppression of civilians. The protection of civilians is our responsibility. Especially when women and children are being hit the hardest by violations committed in the areas controlled by the militias. Some women and children have even been sold in marketplaces. The humanitarian crisis affecting a large majority of our population, owing to the aggression being waged by the Daghla militia, require us to act in concert with one another. It’s necessary to provide assistance to millions of displaced persons and refugees. On our side, we’re doing everything within our power so as to ensure that aid is delivered to those who need it most. We would like to thank all neighboring states who’ve welcomed displaced persons and refugees. We thank organizations providing assistance to the Sudanese people as well. President, we face a very tall challenge. This organization must shoulder its responsibility, specifically so as to protect developing countries in the face of the avarice of some other states who would like to control our people’s riches through the use of force, and specifically through the use of money. We hope that the will of our people will prevail. Numerous crises, including the one underway in Sudan, are the product of a policy of double standards as well as political approaches based on exerting power, economic blackmail, and the fact that the organization has not managed to deter those who defy the will of their people and of nations, threatening international peace and security. Mr. President, today we have a marketplace of initiatives. Some of these initiatives serve narrow interests, and the corrosive effects of this are patently obvious. In our country’s artificial conflict… This is to guarantee the dignity of the Sudanese people and the sovereignty of our state. We are hoping to ensure that the conflict will not be resumed and the conflict will end. The path towards an end to this conflict is clear in our view. First and foremost, we need to put an end to the hostilities. The militias must withdraw from all of the areas they currently occupy, and from which people have been displaced. They must lay down their weapons so that people can go back to their homes and so that assistance can be delivered. This will also facilitate the reopening of roads, airports, and the resumption of production. Second, this end to hostilities must be accompanied with a comprehensive political process so that we can see through the political transition, avoiding the resumption of war and potential coup d’etats. Mr. President, the Sudanese Armed Forces, the SAF, is one of the state’s oldest institutions. It’s non-politicized. It’s very much in favor of a democratic transition, and it’s committed to the right of the Sudanese people to pick its leadership. This is why the SAF is upholding the commitments undertaken as part of the glorious 2019 revolution, so that a consensus government, an elected government, can accede to power. We will never accept a return to the previous regime, which was rejected by the Sudanese people. Thus, we are very much committed to facilitating the transition process moving towards a civilian government. We will continue pursuing peace, working with all groups who have laid down their weapons. As well as with groups who still carry weapons, but who are willing to respect the Juba Peace Agreement signed in 2020. Throughout this war, the Sudanese Armed Forces have done everything they possibly could. Continuing to uphold international humanitarian law as well as the Geneva Conventions and Protocols thereto. Working to protect civilians and to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance. We stand ready to partake in all initiatives that can help to put an end to this war. As soon as we have an initiative that would respect the principle of national ownership. And will put an end to the control and occupation of our territory by this rebel militia. We are also in favor of all initiatives which will protect civilians and guarantee the dignity of our people. These are the prerequisites for a return to democracy. It’s unacceptable for a government as well as for the Sudanese people to partake in these. To see organizations who have supported the war, states who have supported the war and massacres of Sudanese partaking in such initiatives. Some of these organizations and states have allowed weapons to be funneled through their territory to the militias. And they’ve also provided political support to these rebel groups. We must therefore continue acting to convince the aggressors that they shouldn’t be receiving this assistance. Mr. President, I’d like to thank all of the states as well as the organizations and various human rights defense groups as well as civil society organizations. All those who’ve tried to paint a true accurate picture of what is happening in Sudan. I welcome the outcome of the Great Lakes Summit in Rwanda and the meeting that took place in Yaoundé. There, at all of these meetings, the RSF were described as a rebel group working against the state. We’ve managed to circumscribe the activities of this group and deter them. Hopefully we’ll be able to deter them from acting in a similar fashion in other countries. The RSF should be called out for what they are. They’ve rebelled against the state, they’re committing terrorist crimes and should be considered as such here at the United Nations. Mr. President, before I conclude, I’d like to reassert our position vis-à-vis the issue of Palestine and the right of the Palestinian people to establish an independent state with the 1967 borders. It’s necessary to put an immediate end to the aggression being waged in Gaza and in Lebanon. We also call for Palestine to become a fully-fledged member of the United Nations. By way of conclusion, we’d like to extend our gratitude to all those who’ve supported us through these testing times. Millions of Sudanese still need your help. Thank you very much, Mr. President. I’d like to reiterate that the will of the Sudanese people will prevail. May the peace and blessings of God be upon you all. I thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Transitional Sovereign Council of the Republic of the Sudan. The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Carlos Manuel Vila Nova, President of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. I request protocol to escort His Excellency, and I invite him to address the Assembly.

Carlos Manuel Vila Nova – Sao Tome and Principe : Mr. President of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Distinguished Head of State and Government, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is with great honor that I address this Honorable Assembly representing Sao Tome and Principe, a small island state. What stands out in relation to international issues is the uncertainty and insecurity that marks both the present and the future. As a small island state, my country is on the front line of the consequences of climate change, and the climate crisis represents the greatest existential threat to our populations. Although we are responsible for a tiny fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions, we are among those who suffer most from its impacts. Sea level rise, more frequent and intense storms, coastal erosion and loss of biodiversity threaten not only our livelihoods, but also our very existence. It is therefore imperative that the international community strengthens its commitment to the Paris Agreement and ensures that the voices of the most affected nations, like ours, are heard and integrated into concrete actions. We call for global action that is not only ambitious, but also urgent. COP29 on climate change to be held next November in Baku, Azerbaijan, will be a crucial opportunity to reaffirm the collective commitment to limit global warming to 1.5 Celsius. However, commitments have not been sufficient. We need concrete, immediate actions to mitigate the impacts of the climate crisis. We call on the largest emitters to meet their historical and moral obligations by drastically reducing their emissions and honoring the climate financing promised to developing countries, which are paying the price for a crisis they did not cause. In addition, we call for an expansion of financing mechanisms for adaptation, as we need to strengthen our resilience. We are already investing in innovative adaptation solutions, such as sustainable use of our marine resources and the implementation of renewable energies. However, our efforts need to be scaled up, and this requires the support of the international community. Ladies and gentlemen, the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs remain a beacon for our progress. For us, sustainable development is not a choice, but yes, a necessity. Our vision of the future is based on the Sustainable Development Goals, and it is in this sense that we strive for a balance between economic growth, environmental protection and social justice. However, the deadline for achieving them is fast approaching, and for many of us there is still a long way to go. Support for development must be renewed, and new models of partnership between nations must be explored. We reaffirm our commitment to the SDGs, but without an international environment that promotes fair trade, accessible financing and peace, our efforts will be limited. We ask for the support of the international community so that our transition to a green economy can be accelerated, and so that together we can be examples of how sustainable development can transform societies and ensure prosperity for future generations. On the other hand, we cannot fail to mention the importance of strengthening multilateral institutions and ensuring that all states, regardless of their size or economic power, have a voice in global decisions. Multilateralism is our best tool for tackling collective challenges that transcend borders. Ladies and gentlemen, Global peace and security face growing threats, from armed conflicts to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The African continent continues to be the scene of protracted conflicts that result in deep and unacceptable suffering. These conflicts demonstrate the need for greater diplomatic intervention and African solutions to African problems. South May Princip calls on the international community to step up efforts to mediate and support the peaceful resolution of conflicts in Africa, while respecting the sovereignty of nations. Peace is the foundation on which we build development. Unfortunately, we continue to witness the escalation of conflicts in various parts of the world, such as the recent worsening on the situation in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. South May Princip reaffirms its firm commitment to the principles of peace and human rights and calls for respect for sovereignty of states and identification of diplomatic efforts for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. There can be no development without peace. The future we want must be built on the foundations of cooperation, solidarity and mutual understanding. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the interdependence of nations and the need for joint responses to global challenges. We need to continue strengthening multilateralism, promoting the sharing of knowledge, resources and innovative solutions. SANTOMEI PRINCIPLE reaffirms its unwavering commitment to the principles that govern this organization. We believe that through dialogue and cooperation we will be able to tackle the greatest challenges of our time, from climate change to poverty to the promotion of human rights and equity. Ladies and gentlemen, The United Nations celebrates this year 79 years of existence. This is a lifetime that gives the UN a special status. Indeed, this observation cannot be taken lightly. In fact, it has been almost eight decades of intense work and unrepeatable experiences like no other organization has achieved, in the efforts to obtain and maintain peace and achieve other global public goods. On this occasion, we must praise the inescapable commitment of the Secretary-General, whose action on all fronts touches us deeply. Faced with our persistent dilemmas, it is imperative that we bring a new content of hope to the world stage. This is an unavoidable objective and role of the United Nations, but this mission is also ours. The world’s current affliction is not inevitable. If we empty We are the United Nations, and if each state incurs the spirit of each fighting for itself, then the result will be to live with no answer, global problems such as wars, economic crisis, environmental crisis and other ills. The world has changed since the creation of this organization. The international system, like its institutions, must evolve to reflect the realities and needs of today. I advocate for the reform of the United Nations Security Council to make it more representative and effective in its mission to maintaining global peace and security. The multipolar world we live in today demands a more inclusive and dynamic UN. In saying this, I emphasize the need to think of Africa as a part of the world. We cannot continue with a Security Council that reflects the power structures of 1945, a period when most of the current African states were still under colonial rule and therefore had no voice in international affairs. This under-representation of the continent is also evident in other structures of global governance such as the international financial institutions, and we urgently need to change this. Excellencies, I would also like to take this opportunity to echo a call that has resounded here in this Assembly for decades, the need to put an end to the economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed against the Republic of Cuba. This blockade is outdated and contrary to the principles of peaceful coexistence and solidarity between nations. The Cuban people have shown resilience, but it is time for the international community, in particular the United Nations, to intensify its efforts to correct this injustice in the name of peace. We also reaffirm our support for Morocco’s sovereignty and congratulate the political initiatives developed in the search for a peaceful and credible solution to the dispute. We also welcome the strategic projects launched by the Kingdom of Morocco, such as the Morocco-Nigeria gas pipeline and the Atlantic-Africa Initiative, which reflect the vision of regional integration and sustainable growth. In conclusion, we would like to reaffirm that our presence here is a testimony to our faith in the United Nations and its ideals. Despite our limited resources, we bring to the global table our tireless will to contribute to a fairer, safer and more sustainable world. Sao Tome and Principe is ready to do its part and continues to work hand-in-hand with all the nations present to build a better future for all. Thank you very much.

President: On behalf of the General Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. The Assembly will now hear an address by His Majesty King Letsie III, King of the Kingdom of Lesotho. I request protocol to escort His Majesty and I invite him to address the Assembly.

Letsie III – Lesotho: Your Excellency, the President of the 79th Session of the General Assembly, Your Excellencies Heads of State and Government, Your Excellency Mr. Antonio Guterres. Mr. President, I wish to congratulate you on your well-deserved election to the office of President of the 79th Session of the General Assembly. I am confident that with your vast experience and wealth of knowledge, you will successfully guide the Assembly to live up to its commitments. I therefore assure you of my delegation’s full support and cooperation in all your endeavors. I would also like to pay my tribute to your predecessor, Mr. Dennis Francis, for the excellent manner in which he discharged his duties as President of the Assembly during the 78th Session. To Secretary General Mr. Antonio Guterres, I express my country’s deep gratitude and unwavering support for your exceptional work on behalf of humanity, especially amidst the significant challenges facing multilateralism today. Under your leadership, the United Nations has navigated numerous obstacles, including the COVID-19 pandemic, escalating debt crises, and the impacts of climate change. In your address to the General Assembly, you highlighted the importance of peace within communities, peace with justice, peace with dignity, and peace with nature, emphasizing that building peace is humanity’s greatest responsibility. The UN was founded on the belief that that nations can and should live together in peace and work with each other to resolve conflicts peacefully for the betterment of our lives. It also established the framework for justice, respect for international law, and the promotion of global socioeconomic development. As the UN celebrates its 79th anniversary this year, we must reaffirm the enduring conviction of our founders and reassert their sense of purpose. As I stand here today, I resonate with these sentiments, drawing from our nation’s history and experiences. This year Lesotho commemorates 200 years since the founding of the Basotho Nation, with the pinnacle of this celebration occurring on the 4th of October. What then can we as a smaller nation contribute to the global discourse on peace? Mr. President, Lesotho was founded on the principle of peace, khozo. Our founder, Mugen Amoshocha I, cherished peace as one of his core values. Writers and researchers have described him as, and I quote, no common man, as someone who stands out clear in the light, original, able, enlightened, and upright. His humanity, his mildness, his love of peace and justice, his horror of war, his forbearance under extreme provocation are conspicuous upon every occasion.” These are qualities that have inspired us as Basut. Basut is a nation built on tolerance, inclusion, and unity, which are also the key principles enshrined in the Secretary-General’s words. Basut is a nation built on tolerance, inclusion, and unity, which are also the key principles enshrined in the Secretary-General’s words. and unity, which are also the key principles enshrined in the Secretary-General’s new agenda for peace. It is in this context that we hail as most appropriate the theme chosen for our general debate this year, namely, leaving no one behind, acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations. The relevance of this theme at the present juncture in international relations is beyond doubt. Through collective action, we can conquer the challenges facing humanity and realize a sustainable future for all. However, this will require leaders with humanity, mildness, a love of peace and justice, horror of war, and forbearance under extreme pressure. These are ideals that can be achieved. My ancestor, as testified by many, was the embodiment of these traits which built a nation that stands to this day. Business as usual will not preserve our world as we know it. The enjoyment and exercise of human rights and attainment of sustainable peace and development require a deliberate fundamental shift and commitment by the world’s leadership. In the words of another of my ancestors, and I quote, Always be slow to take arms at all times. I beseech you, lean upon this rod of peace. Always keep it clear in your mind that it is far more profitable to harvest food in the grain fields than to kill men in the battlefields. In today’s rapidly changing world, the UN has continued to forge peace in conflict-ridden areas around the world, promoting human rights and lifting thousands out of poverty. Lesotho reaffirms its commitment to advance this collective vision of an effective United Nations to ensure a prosperous and a lasting future for all our people. Mr. President, the world faces significant challenges as the deadline for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals approaches. The 2024 SDG report indicates that only 16% of the targets are on track to be met by 2030, while 84% show limited or reversed progress. The UNCTAD’s 2024 report highlights a troubling trend where 48 developing countries spend more on loan interest payments to developed nations than on essential services like education and health. This economic inequality drives migration and as refugees seek better opportunities, often leading to xenophobia and conflict in host countries. Addressing this inequality is crucial for fostering inclusive development and ensuring global peace and stability. To enhance the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, my government plans to present its third Voluntary National Review on Sustainable Development in 2025. Achieving this goal requires stronger partnerships and increased financial support, particularly for vulnerable countries that are both least developed and landlocked. The current crises of hunger, poverty, disease and climate change threaten to reverse the progress made over the last century. In Lesotho, climate change exacerbates environmental degradation, impacting agriculture, water resources and energy supplies, leading to food shortages which have compelled our government to declare a state of emergency in food security. However, we are committed to responding to these challenges by pursuing opportunities that will enable greater self-sufficiency for the country. Lesotho’s stock in trade is a high-quality suite of renewable energy. energy resources of sun, wind, and a plentiful supply of the purest mountain water. We are therefore in a position to establish a sustainable, renewable energy and water economy. Our priority is to satisfy the deficit in our domestic energy demand and to export clean energy and high-quality water to the region. Our goal to fully meet commitments of the Paris Accord well in advance of 2050 will be attained, with the potential of Lesotho being among the first countries in Africa to be a fully carbon-neutral electricity generator. We seek our own opportunity to navigate our own way in this complex world. Mr. President, it is essential to restore dignity and hope for women, youth, and marginalized communities who continue to experience a disproportionate level of vulnerabilities and disadvantages. Gender equality and the protection of women and girls from violence are fundamental human rights that must be prioritized. The government of Lesotho has implemented policies and laws to address these issues in line with regional and international commitments. Additionally, we continue to combat diseases like HIV-AIDS, achieving significant progress with 95% of those living with HIV knowing their status, 94% receiving treatment, and 98% of those on treatment virally suffering. Since 2010, we have successfully reduced new HIV infections by 74%, demonstrating our commitment to public health and social equity. Mr. President, global peace and security are under threat from terrorism, illicit arms flows, organized crime, cybercrime, and financial crimes hindering progress towards sustainable peace. This worrying state of affairs demands collective and resolute action to protect global peace, security, and stability for the benefit of all humanity. Mediation has proven effective in saving lives, minimizing resource costs, and preventing infrastructure destruction while facilitating reconciliation between opposing parties. Despite the UN’s focus on peaceful dispute resolution, political tensions among member states have limited its mediation efforts. It is therefore essential for the UN Security Council to take a proactive leading role in the mediation of disputes. To achieve this, the Council must adopt a multilateral approach, as we believe this is the only way to ensure transparency, impartiality, and a sense of ownership of the mediation process by the wider UN membership. For this reason, we warmly welcome the Secretary-General’s new Agenda for Peace, which emphasizes the urgent need to rebuild mechanisms of peace. for managing disputes and enhancing trust among member states and regional frameworks. Mr. President, respecting and upholding human rights is a fundamental obligation of all states as outlined in the United Nations Charter. Self-determination and independence are essential rights that should be accessible to all people. We urge the full implementation of United Nations resolutions aimed at ending all forms of colonialism and occupation, particularly emphasizing the need for the self-determination of the people of the Western Sahara. Mr. President, the situation in the Middle East, especially the ongoing human rights violations in Gaza, requires urgent attention. We renew our call for a ceasefire, as both the General Assembly and the Security Council have repeatedly advocated for one. The high cost of war is a burden humanity should not bear. We believe in a two-state solution that allows Israelis and Palestinians to coexist peacefully and securely. Genuine dialogue and mediation, respecting the rights and concerns of both parties, are crucial for resolving the Palestine question. Additionally, we call for a mediated solution to the unilateral, coercive measures on Cuba, as the international community has consistently demanded the lifting of the economic and commercial embargo. Cuba needs your support. like all member states, deserves the right to participate freely in international trade. And we also reiterate our call for the lifting of sanctions on Zimbabwe. Mr. President, to conclude, we would like to reiterate our belief in the principle of subsidiarity, recognizing the Security Council’s primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. We therefore call for greater and more effective cooperation between the Council and regional organizations as outlined in Chapter 8 of the UN Charter. The strengthening of this cooperation is crucial for the swift resolution of regional conflicts. We believe that the Security Council should be more representative of UN membership to ensure its decisions enjoy greater legitimacy. Therefore, we advocate for a comprehensive reform of the Security Council, supporting the common African position known as the Izzoulini Consensus. We also believe that the UN should continue to be a place where all our aspirations for a better and secure life for humanity must be championed. Let us work together to build a United Nations that reflects a broad consensus among member states, reinforcing its central role in global governance, and fostering collaboration with regional organizations while ensuring that all members respect its charter. I thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the King of the Kingdom of Lesotho. The Assembly will hear an address by Her Excellency Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova, President of the Republic of North Macedonia. I request protocol to escort Her Excellency and invite her to address the Assembly.

Gordana Siljanovska Davkova – North Macedonia: Distinguished President of the United Nations General Assembly, esteemed Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen. Those more familiar with the Macedonian case know about the Scyllus and the Charybdis that my homeland, the small Balkan state, has passed through and is still passing through. Although indirectly as one of the six constituent Yugoslav republics, we participated in the creation of the United Nations, yet upon its admission to the United Nations in 1993, we faced a great injustice. Namely, the country was admitted under the temporary reference, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, along with the additional I quote, to negotiate until a final solution to the name issue is found, end of quote. In 2018, we ratified and signed the PRESPA agreement, a process that was followed by an unsuccessful referendum and constitutional changes, following which the Republic of Macedonia legally and formally became the Republic of North Macedonia. As a professor of constitutional law and as a former member of the Venice Commission, I do know that what is legal is not always just and legitimate, because in the case of my country, it was not acted in accordance with international and national law, namely, the right to self-determination of every nation guaranteed by the UN Charter and the Constitution of the Federal Yugoslavia from 1974 was forgotten. The line that divides what is legal from what is just is sometimes merely a crack, but other times it is a profound gap and even an abyss. That gap, that abyss, most often and most severely affects the small nations and states which are the first victims of the clash between force and justice, because this can be an insurmountable obstacle to realizing the right to progress. Of course, the new name is indeed a formal and legal reality, and my country, the Republic of North Macedonia, as a responsible member state of the United Nations and of NATO, is fulfilling its international obligations. Still the EU membership for which all of this was done not only did not come true but the Macedonian citizens are now facing a new, a repeated final condition for another constitutional amendment but now not for membership but for the start of negotiations and this for the second time. To us, membership in the European Union after 20 years of negotiations and 16 positive European Commission reports resembles Mr. Godot because we have been waiting for him since 2005, always encouraged by international representatives with the refrain, just this one condition more, just this one concession more, just this one constitutional amendment more. Thus we became a sui generis state with 36 constitutional amendments in 30 years and anchored in the geopolitical region called the Western Balkans. As a peace loving country committed to good neighborliness and regional cooperation we expect understanding and cooperation from our neighbors without the threat of a veto because if there is a veto there is often no justice. The veto has turned into an instrument for bilateralization of European integration or in other words its stagnation. In conditions of conflict on the European soil the stagnation of the European integration not only demotivates Macedonian citizens and slows down reforms but it also destabilizes the region of Southeast Europe leaving room for penetration of malignant imperial and great power influences. Enlargement must be tied to the meritocratic Copenhagen criteria. and it must be freed from the veto linked to the attempt to revise history and to disrespect national and cultural identity. From our European and strategic partners, we expect understanding, and fair and just unblocking of the process of negotiations for membership in the European Union, rejecting double standards, and respecting our own principles and values embedded in the fundamental constitutional documents. The European reunification is like an unfinished symphony without us. The European Union is not only a political system, it is also a political philosophy in which the largest number of Macedonian and Balkan political actors and citizens do believe. Integration is a powerful motive and a key driving force for democratic development. The full integration of the Balkans into the EU will put an end to the endless redrawing of borders and so-called Balkanization as a phenomenon. However, and of course, the Balkan states must behave in compliance with the European standards by regionally connecting and cooperating. The experience is valuable, and the help of the countries of the region that have become part of the EU already is precious. Same goes for those that are on the European path. We must learn to support each other, as was the case with the COVID pandemics, floods and fires, instead of blocking each other on our European journey. Homo Balkanicus can become Homo Europicus whenever he wants. Esteemed Excellencies, the line that divides the legal from the just is not only intertwined in the masses. The agenda items are on the United Nations Agenda, including those covered by the topic of this year’s general debate, leaving no one behind, and acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity for present and future generations. We are faced with some big questions. Let me start with the most important one, peace. Is a just peace possible when we are faced with more and more wars and flagrant violations of the Charter of the United Nations? Is a just peace possible with a deepening militarization of politics and the new arms race? Is human dignity possible in an environment of double standards when human life is not equally valued and when the sufferings of innocent victims in conflicts are not treated equally? How can we achieve a fair and just development plunged into the race for profit at the expense of the nations and of the planet when global public resources are sacrificed, marginalized, stuck at the periphery, forgotten in national and corporate policies and actions? How can we achieve social justice in conditions of growing economic, educational, gender and digital disparity between states and within the states themselves, with less and less winners and more and more losers from globalization and digitalization, the former sinking into decadence and the latter The latter into popularization. How will we ensure generational justice if we continue with the irresponsible and uncontrolled exploitation of limited resources? How will we create a safe and sustainable future for our descendants if we continue with ecocidal production practices and consumer habits that leave a world choked with air pollution, poisoned with pesticides and littered with plastic? With the alarming level of greenhouse gas emissions that are rapidly leading to climate change with catastrophic consequences, can we even talk about responsibility or should we start thinking about survival or our ability to live? The main problem is that all those injustices are systemic, which means that if they are not legalized, then they are tacitly tolerated. What is legal, unfortunately, is not always just and moral, if I may say this once again. Why is this so? In the most famous dialogue about power and justice, Thucydides recalls that justice is a word that has value in disputes between men only when both sides are of equal strength. In other cases, the strong do what they can and the weak what they must. However, the United Nations exists to ennoble this cruel Thucydian world by securing legal equality among nations, taming the power of the great and protecting the smaller nations. This legal equality is is a prerequisite for achieving the highest goals of the United Nations peace and security, human rights and sustainable development. The United Nations exists to bridge or at least to narrow the gap between the legal and the just. We are facing a big challenge. How can the legal become just? Or how can the just become legal? And how can the legal and the just be implemented? Respected attendees, there are no simple, inexpensive and painless solutions to this dual challenge. Here in the solemn hall of the General Assembly, for years world leaders have shared their experiences and disappointments from the United Nations, which not infrequently oscillate between two extremes, utopian optimism on one hand and nihilistic pessimism on the other. Still, reality is complex and contains both successes and failures. The United Nations have prevented another world war, but they failed to prevent and preclude regional conflicts, including the war in Ukraine and the bloodshed in the Middle East, the scenes of which resemble Picasso’s Guernica. The World Organization has lifted millions of people out of poverty, but it still fails to eradicate hunger. With the right to self-determination, it accelerated the process of decolonization, but failed to bridge the gap between the rich North and the poor South. The United Nations are the main driver of this process. The resolutions of this very General Assembly reflect the will of the majority of nations, but are not always consistently respected. The International Court of Justice is the ultimate instance of justice between states, and yet its judgments are not always implemented or even treated as advice. The world is going through a turbulent geopolitical, economic, scientific, technological and industrial transformation in which man has a huge impact on the planet. I fear man is destroying the Garden of Eden and will be kicked out of it again unless the UN supports him. But the competencies, structures and procedures of the United Nations seem to have been frozen at the time of their founding in 1945. Instead of increased cooperation and action on pressing issues, the geopolitical rivalry and the new arms race are intensifying, that are rapidly pushing us towards a state resembling a new Second Cold War and Orwell’s World II. We have rarely needed the United Nations so much as we do today, and yet the United Nations have rarely been as politically marginalized as they are today. Ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues, to overcome this political marginalization, what we need is a new spirit of multilateralism that will alleviate geopolitical rivalries and will increase the trust and cooperation among states around shared challenges. That multilateralism rests on three pillars. The first pillar is the consistent compliance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which exists to protect the weaker from the predatory instincts of the stronger. In this context, the Macedonian state firmly perseveres on the stance that territorial claims and the attempt to acquire territory by force are a flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations. When dangerous precedents go unchallenged, they transform into tolerated practices that threaten world peace and security. Therefore, we support efforts for a sustainable, just and lasting peace in Ukraine based on international law, including the UN Charter. In that regard, we fully complied with the common foreign and security policy of the European Union. This is important to us, since wars and conflicts also affect peace and stability of Southeast Europe and the Western Balkans. Multilateralism also depends on the respect of international treaties. As a country committed to good neighborliness and regional cooperation, we respect bilateral agreements with our neighbors and expect our neighbors to respect the agreements without abusing the right to a veto. The second pillar of multilateralism is consistent implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and the related Paris Agreement and the Sandai Framework for disaster risk reduction. At national level, with the support of the United Nations, are directly related to the European legislation, and so the United Nations are helping us implement European reforms as well. For this we are indeed grateful. I see the third pillar of the new multilateralism in a greater commitment to the reform of the United Nations, which will be substantive, not cosmetic and corrective. A reform that will unlock the potential of the United Nations and enable the voice of every state, large or small, to be equally heard and valued. The first set of reforms should help align the United Nations with the new challenges and new development priorities. The more frequent extreme weather phenomena caused by climate change are just a prelude to what kind of future awaits us and our descendants if humanity’s attitude towards nature and the planet does not fundamentally change. We need a new social contract, as per Rousseau, but also a natural contract, as per Michel Seurat, based on which we will treat nature as a partner. The second set of reforms would cover the structures and procedures of the United Nations, starting with the Voting rules through financing up to the autonomy of the Secretary General. As I said, if there is a veto, there is often no justice. It is an undisputable fact that the right to a veto is legal, but the question is how just is it if and when it is used to paralyze processes on which the attainment of the goals of the Charter and the expectations of the people of the world depend. It is necessary for the General Assembly to be given a greater role in decision-making as a representative body of the nations in the spirit of the legitimacy of the Security Council springs from the General Assembly. So it should function as a kind of coalition government of nations. The third set of reforms would strengthen the United Nations mechanism to protect vulnerable populations and groups, which is especially important today when the number of victims and refugees is at its highest level since World War II. Respected attendees, next year, 2025, we will celebrate the 80th anniversary since the founding of the United Nations. This year is the last call. The United Nations will either become an engine that moves the world towards a more humane, more just and sustainable order based on inclusive and accountable governance, or it will be reduced to a passive bureaucratic structure completely dependent on the main actors in the geopolitical processes and relations, only a fundamentally reformed United Nations. United Nations can bridge the gap between the legal and the just and thus contribute to a truly transformed world in which no one will be left behind and forgotten.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Republic of North Macedonia The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Luis Lacalle Pou, President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay.

Luis Lacalle Pou – Uruguay: A very good afternoon, everyone. I would like to greet everyone here, all delegations. Today is my last speech here as President to this Assembly and I would like to take this opportunity to greet everyone here and in particular the delegation of Uruguay who has worked so hard here at the United Nations. United Nations. As this is my last statement, I was looking over the previous statements I had delivered, and in these previous statements there was a common thread, and this is in line with how I see my vision for our country and how states relate between each other. This is the concept of freedom with responsibility, responsible freedom. I would venture to say that the first cannot exist without the second. Life in society is about the development of the individual and at the same time the common good. That is what our constitution said since our country became independent, and of course this has evolved over time with the changes in social customs. It is impossible to understand humanity without understanding the concessions that the individuals make for the common good. Essentially, we are social beings, and this ultimately impacts everyone, or at least that should be the case. And that is what inspired me as president of my country and in the spirit that I have come with to this assembly. I am convinced that globalization will only continue further, and this represents an excellent opportunity to understand ourselves better and to take advantage of the synergies that can be taken advantage of when different cultures meet. This can be the case provided that we are tolerant. At the same time, we need to deepen the criteria of freedom and justice, particularly here at the international level. For this to be possible, we must all make an effort as far as we can. The effort to make concessions, of course, does not mean the loss of freedom or independence or the loss of any sovereignty. At the same time, we also need to have fair mechanisms where international law is applied to all equally, regardless of the country’s size and economic power. We must work together to build international law, which is credible and robust. Agreements, treaties, conventions, documents that are signed and are not implemented only lead to weakening international law. Of course, no country is obliged to participate in these organizations. This means that we can and are critical of how the organizations work in some ways. But what is the other option? It would be to isolate oneself in this interconnected world. Well, that would not make any sense. So, a large part of the freedom within our countries and the international law is to isolate ourselves. and to uphold justice, a large part of this falls on those who govern and leaders. And in this modern world where speeches leads to actions, an important leader just with what they say can lead to positive or negative repercussions in their country or indeed beyond. This means that we must be much more careful when we try to stimulate unity and not division within and beyond nations. Politics has meant that some leaders have used division as a tool to reach power and to stay in power. But, of course, there is one thing to defend one’s own beliefs or those shared by some individuals and it is quite another thing to attack others’ beliefs and others’ way of life. In some countries, formal democracy in terms of elections, constitutions and laws, such as the material democracy that citizens experience on a daily basis, sometimes when that is weakened, that means that people’s freedom can be affected. And I cannot ignore to mention what is happening in Venezuela. Among other things, because this isn’t a new position that we are taking, fortunately, we have always been far away from it. from this authoritarian regime, this intolerant regime, which has attacked freedom and the common good. We all know what has been going on for quite a while in that country. And many governments and many global leaders have turned a blind eye. And for a lack of interest, some of them are unfortunately because of their interests for some. I’m not going to go into the situation of the elections. Ultimately, one has to call out the regime and the situation of the elections and not just the distorted electoral process. This also has to be done in terms of the political persecution that is going on and the violations of human rights and arbitrary detentions. I know that many heads of state and government have spoken about this. It seems to me that now is the time to act. We need to act for Venezuela and for the Venezuelan people. And also, if the international community tolerates these attitudes, then we’ll just wait to see what the next country would be that would be subjected to a similar fate as the Venezuelans are. Another matter that I touched upon in my previous statements here pertains to the environment and the economy. What we have as a vocation in terms of caring for the environment, there’s always this separation that we see between the economy and the environment. And the first time that I came to this assembly and I heard speech and hearing Since then, I am pleased to see that there has been quite a quick evolution on this matter. Now we are seeing how the economy and the environment are interlinked, and this is excellent news for humanity. Sustainable financing, for instance. My country has been a pioneer in issuing instruments such as green bonds or access to loans, where fulfilling environmental goals and caring for the environment is tied to these financial products according to performance. And this has a very important and interesting domino effect, because it helps states, it helps states to access financing and also to care for the environment. But also governments can then reward producers and those in industry for good behavior, for caring for the environment and for creating a clean economy, and ultimately that will lead to greater benefits in the future. I mentioned a few minutes ago the concept of justice and international law. Now this law is applied differently in different cases. There are countries who pollute, and we see some countries who are making major efforts to try to improve their environmental situation. In order for this path to be sustainable in the medium and long term, The goals domestically should be fulfilled for each country and at the same time countries need to shoulder economic commitments and in addition to just undertaking commitments they have to fulfill them because in the absence of this implementation ultimately that would lead to a loss of stimulus in caring for the environment. Lastly, I just wish to mention one other point that I have also touched upon previously and on this there hasn’t been much positive change. I’m convinced that it is not possible to fully enjoy freedom in the international community if there isn’t the freedom of trade, if there isn’t free trade. Protectionism has hindered the development of our peoples. It has led to a vicious cycle where isolation is being stimulated and protectionism is being stimulated given these barriers that are being erected. We have to aim for a more open world for other countries’ goods and services and that does not in any way mean neglecting the domestic economy. It is possible to have open-facing policies in terms of trade and also stimulate the domestic economy. We have to build a more open world if we really believe in the equality of opportunities. The reverse case would be clear. That is to say we would not be able to generate wealth and generate jobs and ultimately not be able to generate prosperity if we do not do this. I wish to repeat today a concept that I mentioned in one of my previous statements to this as well. We are all one. I, at that point, was referring to the lessons of the pandemic, if some people hadn’t noticed that at the time. Ultimately, this is an affirmation of common sense, and I think it should also be a compass for us in our daily work. Both domestically and also in our bilateral relations and in the multilateral domain as well. Believe me, I am convinced that we will progress much more quickly and much more united if we do this. Thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere, President of the Republic of Fiji. I request protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere – Fiji: President of the United Nations General Assembly, Your Excellency Philemon Yang, Secretary General Antonio Guterres, my fellow leaders, I bring you greetings from the people of Fiji. I would also like to offer sincere congratulations to you, Mr. President, on your election to your high office, and we wish you well in the discharge of your important duties. As this is my first United Nations General Assembly, I begin by reiterating the words of the first Prime Minister of Fiji, the late Ratu Sir Kamise Semara, in his inaugural address to this Assembly in 1970, and may I quote, We do not live by bread alone, and it is only from the firm base of sound moral and spiritual standards that we can go on to meaningful economic progress. Quality should not take second place to quantity, especially when we are estimating society, its life and accepted values. Quality is measured by standards, and these standards must be observed by larger nations as well as by smaller. But it is for the United Nations to set the standards and to disseminate them widely. This statement was made when the United Nations was celebrating its 25th anniversary with the theme, Peace, Justice and Progress. In this Assembly, 54 years later, the theme of this 79th session, Unity and Diversity for the Advancement of Peace, Sustainable Development and Human Dignity for Everyone and Everywhere, echoes similar sentiments. It resonates with us in its importance, its relevance, from when Fiji first joined the United Nations in its urgency in today’s precarious global context. Climate change, sea level rise, pandemics, poverty, unsustainable development, conflicts, inequalities, injustice everywhere. The challenges are daunting. From Gaza to Sudan, Ukraine, Afghanistan and beyond. Conflicts rage on as humanitarian needs escalate. These are the challenges we have been fighting since time immemorial. It is the background against which the United Nations was established in 1945. Today, the rapid evolution of technology has made us more connected than ever before in history. However, the more connected we are, the wider gaps between the rich and the poor, the developed and the developing world. Small island developed states who are on the forefront lines of climate change and sea level rise continue to grapple with the impacts of climate-induced disasters with devastating consequences for the ecosystem and vulnerable communities. Fellow leaders, this year, at least 72 countries whose population combined comprises almost half the world’s total population have already or will soon select their own leaders at the polls. The world is in need of courageous leaders who are willing to garner the political will and mobilize the resources to bridge the divide and seek solutions that benefit humankind. We have two choices before us. To give up and go home, or to stay the course, renew, redouble our efforts, rethink and reform together. The choice we make will be our legacy. We choose the latter, not for ourselves, but for those coming after us. Strong international cooperation, diplomacy and a commitment to upholding the principles of the United Nations are not only important, but dispensable. It is time to go back to the basics, the foundation and purpose of the United Nations Charter. We must invest in the empowerment of humankind and the protection of human rights. Fellow leaders, next year, the United Nations turns 80. The United Nations is only as strong as its member states. For 79 years, the global community has placed its trust in multilateralism and in the United Nations to foster cooperation, uphold human rights, and promote stability. We now live in an age of distrust, fueled by the increasing disconnect between people’s expectations and inadequate responses to the multilateral system. It is our collective responsibility to counter misinformation and disinformation. Trust is a prerequisite for effective multilateralism. The continued success of multilateralism is critical. But there is more to be done to ensure the voices of our countries are heard. An inclusive and responsive multilateral system must be able to respond and adapt to the challenges of today. The stakes are high for developing countries, including small island developing states and least developed countries, that can continue to be left behind in the development race as we grapple with multiple crises. Despite our limited resources, the unfairness of the global governance system and obvious inequalities, small island developing states continue to forge ahead. We do not have the luxury of time, nor can we justify inaction. Building economic resilience is a requirement for sustainable development in small island developing states. We need to recover from the frequency and magnitude of climate-related shocks, including disasters, are a costly affair. The up-front funding needed for adaptation remains a challenge as resources are focused on recovery and reconstruction. The adoption of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for small island states opens a new chapter in the ongoing effort to safeguard the future of vulnerable developing countries. Mainstreaming Multidimensional Vulnerability Index into existing practice with policies will help ease the economic burden for small island developing states when needed the most. Fellow leaders, cultivating a culture of peace is now more urgent than ever. The blue Pacific continent knows the value of peace, having lived through its horrors of its absence. Our oceans and its diverse and vibrant lands have been a theatre of the two world wars and a testing ground for the most dangerous weapons, the impacts of which are still felt today. Yesterday, the 25th of September, there was an unilateral test firing of ballistic missiles into the Pacific Ocean. We urge respect for our region and call for cessation of such action. Under Principle 4 of the Ocean of Peace, as was endorsed by the Pacific leaders in Tonga last month, our statement reinforces the Pacific’s peaceful example to uphold international law and urge others to refrain from actions that undermine peace and security in the blue Pacific. Under Principle 12, the Ocean of Peace sets and champions the rules of responsible, peaceful and deconflicting behaviour. Fiji may be a small state, but through our leadership and stewardship shows in the region, we make a profound contribution to regionalism and multilateralism. Fiji’s first ever Foreign Policy White Paper builds on three interconnecting themes of Fiji’s foreign policy. sovereignty, security, and prosperity. Fiji’s National Development Plan for 2025-2029 envisions empowering the people of Fiji through unity, based on the pillars of economic resilience, people empowerment, and good governance. True to the spirit of multilateralism, our bilateral, regional, and multilevel development partners are a key part of our efforts. We commit to the principles of the 2050 strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent and to the Pacific leaders’ vision of a prosperous Blue Pacific Continent. Fellow leaders, as a large ocean state, Fiji is a proud advocate for the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea. Fiji has signed and will rectify the Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction in the lead-up to the Third Nations Oceans Conference in France. Fiji has rectified the World Trade Organization Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, which aims to eliminate harmful subsidies that contribute to illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing. We call for concerted efforts at the World Trade Organization to finalize Part 2 of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement that addresses subsidies to overfishing and overcapacity. Fiji reiterates the importance of understanding the vast ocean space, guided by science and data, in order to undertake risk-informed decisions. As the global community prepares for the climate COP in Baku, Azerbaijan, we call on countries to work together with the United Nations to implement the outcomes of the global stock undertaken in COP28. Deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the 1.5°C, must be vigorously pursued and accelerated. The phase-out of unweighted coal power, transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, will contribute to the achievements of net-zero targets by 2050. Both adaptation and mitigation finances require a substantial increase. We call on states to commit to finalizing the new collective quantified goal and address glaring gaps in climate finance. The momentum from COP 27 and COP 28 on the Loss and Damage Fund and the Santiago Network must be accelerated in order to protect vulnerable communities who stand to lose most from the climate crisis, particularly in small island developing states and least developing countries. By 2050, around 240 of our coastal communities will be displaced due to sea level rise. Forty-two communities are in urgent need of relocation. With limitations of the multilateral climate financing architecture, Fiji has established the world’s first National Relocation Trust Fund to support our relocation costs. We have issued domestic and international green and blue bonds, piloted low-cost paramedic insurance products for rural communities, and engaged the private sector in climate resilience building. We call on our development partners to support our efforts. Fellow leaders, the Pact of the Future, adopted at the Summit of the Future earlier this week, opens pathways to new possibilities. The world deserves a future of peace, dignity, and prosperity. It’s never too late. Mr. President, Excellencies, Fiji’s commitment to multilateralism is unwavering. We will continue to work closely with the United Nations and all Member States to advance efforts towards building a better, safer world. Thank you very much, and I thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the President of the Republic of Fiji. The Assembly will continue its consideration of Agenda Item 8, entitled General Debate. The Assembly will hear an address by His Excellency Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, Vice President in Charge of National Defense and State Security of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. I request Protocol to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue – Equatorial Guinea: Your Excellency, President of the 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, Heads of State and Government, Heads of Delegations, Your Excellency, United Nations Secretary General, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of His Excellency Obiang Nguema Basogo, President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, allow me, first of all, I wish to congratulate His Excellency Philemon Yang upon his unanimous election as President of this 79th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, and I wish also to congratulate the other members of the Bureau. We can assure them that they will have the full support and cooperation of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea throughout their Presidency. In the same vein, we would like to commend His Excellency Mr. Dennis Francis, the outgoing President, whose Presidency saw the achievement of many important resolutions that bear witness to his brilliant leadership and also his decisive dynamism that he was able to show during his time in office. Mr. President, the topic for this 79th Session of the General Assembly states as follows, leaving no one behind, acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations. That is a theme that is very pertinent given the current state of affairs around the world, including major global challenges such as wars, the existence of armed groups, terrorism, crises brought about by the effects of climate change, The possibility of emerging health crises, discrimination, and the food crisis as a result of armed conflicts that trigger it or may lead to hunger in different countries. Indeed, this backdrop requires us all to recall the need and importance of giving greater emphasis to multilateralism and international cooperation. These are crucial if we are able to overcome these global challenges that humanity is currently facing. We also must promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development. This pursuant to the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly as well as recent conferences and summits held under the aegis of the United Nations. Equatorial Guinea has an unwavering stance vis-a-vis the conflicts that are currently raging throughout the world. We are clear about the need to prioritize the quest through all means to ensure the prevalence of peace throughout the world by using preventive diplomacy, negotiation, and inclusive dialogue at all times to put an end to these conflicts. We call upon those countries that are immersed in the current conflicts and all governments who directly or indirectly are involved in said conflicts as a result of geo-strategic, economic, neo-colonial or other interests, we call on all of these countries to prioritize dialogue and inclusive negotiations in a realistic and pragmatic manner so as to resolve these conflicts. The proliferation of so many conflicts around the world is further proof of the obsolescence, incapacity and inefficiency of the United Nations Security Council today. What we are currently seeing in terms of what this decision-making body is able to do is ultimately the struggle as a result of geo-strategic interests that make it even more difficult for unanimous decisions to be taken by this body to resolve these conflicts and to alleviate the suffering of people and the loss of innocent lives. That is why there is an urgent need to reform the Security Council. We must reform it so that we put an end to its obsolete composition which dates back to 1945 and that obtains still today, which means that Africa is the main victim of a historic injustice and the lack of implementation of international law because Africa is the only country that does not have permanent representation on the Security Council, the only continent that does not have permanent representation on the Council. Africa in the context of the Azovini Consensus and CERT declaration has for more than two decades been calling for this We are calling for Africa to be given two permanent seats with all the relevant prerogatives and rights reserved to members of this category. We are also calling for five additional non-permanent seats on the Council. We hope that the contacts that there are between the permanent members and the African Union Committee of C10 to address this issue, we hope that they will reach satisfactory outcomes that will be of benefit to all stakeholders, so that ultimately we will end up with a Security Council that is able to promote a fairer, more peaceful, equitable and prosperous world for all. President, Equatorial Guinea is deeply concerned by the increasingly serious situation that countries in the Sahel are experiencing. This has very deleterious repercussions for the development of these countries, and it directly and indirectly affects countries in the sub-region as well. This state of affairs is the result of the interference, pressure and blockades applied on countries of the Global South by some other countries. The only aim here is to try to destabilize the countries and to paralyze the efforts of African countries to ensure that their people can prosper. There is no country in the world that is perfect domestically. However, some countries have attempted to be judges and arbiters. to intervene and lecture, intervene in and lecture other countries, which are nevertheless sovereign. They interfere in the domestic affairs of other countries with clear meddling. All countries in the world are sovereign. And they therefore have the right to decide with which country to maintain relations and to sign bilateral agreements that would benefit their respective governments and peoples. President, we fail to understand why the embargo on Cuba has not yet been lifted. The economic, commercial and financial blockade on that country, which has gone on for various decades, must be lifted. Equatorial Guinea calls for the embargo on Cuba to be immediately lifted and also for this country to be taken off the infamous lists of states that are alleged to be sponsors of terrorism. Lifting this embargo is even more necessary now, because we have just adopted by consensus the pact of the future. And this states that we will leave no country behind. It is crystal clear that African economies can become major actors in global supply chains. They can make use of their vast resources and raw materials, which are necessary for advanced technologies and their own consumption markets, which are only growing. That is why Africa deserves particular attention in terms of efforts and initiatives to support and finance development. The commitments to finance the sustainable development must be honoured so that the goals contained in the UN 2030 Agenda can be implemented and so that we can implement the goals contained in the 2063 Agenda of the African Union and leave no one behind. Equatorial Guinea is committed to promoting and protecting human rights as a global issue. This includes the plan for children’s rights to eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance, the rights of persons with disabilities, the rights to food, housing, countries’ rights to use and commercialise their natural resources to meet their people’s needs. Against this backdrop, we also need to consider humanitarian rights. We are seeing these rights being violated systematically in the ongoing conflicts. People in the conflict zones are being deprived of the humanitarian aid that they so sorely need, both in terms of food and health care. Equatorial Guinea wishes to make clear its major concern about the crisis that Haiti is experiencing. We think there needs to be an in-depth analysis about the chronic situation that this brother country is in. That is why we will continue to propose holding a United Nations International Conference for Haiti. I conclude my statement by reiterating our congratulations to our brother, His Excellency Philemon Yang, and we would like to wish him the best of success during his presidency at this session of the General Assembly. Again, we assure him of the full support of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the Vice President in charge of National Defense and State Security of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. The Assembly will hear an address by Her Excellency Uduch Sengebau Senior, Vice President and Minister of Justice of Palau. I request protocol to escort Her Excellency and invite her to address the Assembly.

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau: Secretary General António Guterres, President Philemon Yang, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ali, and warm greetings from Palau. Mr. President, allow me to begin by congratulating you on your election as President of the 79th General Assembly Session. We also extend our deep gratitude to former President Dennis Francis for his leadership over the past year, and to Secretary General Guterres. I, Lazarus, recommend you for your tireless efforts in advocating for a more secure, prosperous, and sustainable world. It is this shared vision that unites us today. This year, Palau proudly celebrates 30 years of independence. On October 1, 1994, Palau became a sovereign nation. And shortly thereafter, the 185th member of the United Nations. To honor the journey that has brought us here, we have chosen the theme, Ar-ad a-otil a-gharamalil bilaw. The people are the anchor of Palau’s conservation and identity. This phrase encapsulates what has sustained us through decades of both challenges and progress. Our people are the foundation of our efforts to protect our environment, culture, and way of life. This was further underscored during our voluntary national review, VNR, presentation that was done this year, which centered around the theme, Harnessing Our Cultural Heritage to Build Back Better for a Sustainable Future. It highlighted the pivotal role of our culture and people in shaping a future that not only fosters development and enhances quality of life, but also safeguards our natural resources, homes, and the environment that has sustained us for generations. Mr. President, Palau begins its pursuit of of equality with a critical role that women play in our society. It is crucial to leverage our recent advancements and collective experiences. This was highlighted at the first ever Meeting of Women in Elected Leadership held in Palau on September 20, 2023. Over the past four years, we have undertaken initiatives that empower women in their traditional roles, such as the Keepers of the Massey Tarapach, enabling them to scale their entrepreneurial ventures and raise their profiles. These efforts are giving our women a pathway into entrepreneurship and business, amplifying their voices in new arenas. Food security is central to Palau’s long-term resilience. We have set a national goal to reduce food imports from 80% to 60% by 2030. By promoting local food production, we not only preserve our traditions, but also combat non-communicable diseases linked to over-reliance on imported processed foods. As a small island developing state, CIDS, Palau, like many others, confronts unique challenges that threaten our economic development, environment, and survival. While CIDS contributes less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, we bear the brunt of the climate crisis. Palau has experienced the unmistakable signs of climate change firsthand. More intense storms The global response to climate change is a matter of life and death. Through the Paris Agreement and other international frameworks, we have underscored the vulnerabilities of island nations like ours. One of the most urgent challenges for CIDs is sea level rise. Many of our islands sit just a few meters above sea level, leaving us vulnerable to coastal erosion, flooding, and storm surges. This is not only a present threat, but an existential crisis for future generations. In Palau, we are taking steps to relocate critical infrastructure, including our national hospital and schools, to protect our people from rising waters and climate-related disasters. Adaptation is vital for our survival. Our National Adaptation Plan, NAP, prioritizes both immediate and long-term actions to build resilience. We focus on protecting our maasai, vital ecosystems, and sustainable development, guided by our traditional conservation practice, BUL, which has sustained us for generations. Mitigation is equally important. Palau is committed to reducing This is a time of great importance for the development of renewable energy. We are committed to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy. Solar, wind, and ocean energy provide opportunities to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels and secure a cleaner, more sustainable future. We remain mindful of the environmental impacts of renewable energy waste, such as solar panels and batteries, which require responsible management. As co-chair of the Ocean Panel, alongside Norway, Palau plays a vital role in shaping global ocean governance. The High-Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, now composed of 19 nations with the addition of the UAE, remains committed to advancing the sustainable use of oceans through science-driven policies. We expect the 2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice, France to be a pivotal moment for accelerating ocean action, and we encourage more nations to join us in this mission. As the first to ratify the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction, BBNJ, agreement, Palau remains steadfast in conserving and sustainably using marine biodiversity in areas beyond the national jurisdiction. This treaty symbolizes unity in safeguarding our oceans, and we urge international solidarity to ratify the BBNJ treaty swiftly so it can enter into force. Palau has also declared a national moratorium on deep-sea mining, reaffirming our commitment to a sustainable ocean economy. Our unwavering commitment to preserving marine ecosystems. We call on the global community to exercise vigilance in protecting marine resources until we have a thorough understanding of the impacts of deep sea mining. Our commitment to a sustainable blue economy is reflected in the Unlocking Blue Pacific Prosperity, UBPP initiative, launched at COP28. The UBPP unites Pacific island nations in addressing the dual challenges of climate change and ocean health. Supported by the Bezos Earth Fund and other partners, we aim to achieve 100% effective ocean management and protect 30% of the Blue Pacific continent, covering over 1 billion hectares. Mr. President, Palau is set to assume the chair of the Alliance of Small Islands Developing States, EOSIS, from 2025 to 2026. We are committed to leading the group of 39 member states in advancing the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SEADS, ABS, ensuring that our voices remain central in global discussions. Our priorities will include expanding access to climate finance, strengthening resilience, and promoting a sustainable future for all island nations. Mr. President, Palau highlights the importance of the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index, MVI, in assessing the challenges faced by SEADS. Traditional metrics like GDP do not capture the economic and environmental shocks that disproportionately affect our nations. The MVI offers a comprehensive assessment to help us advocate for the support we need from financial institutions and global partners. Mr. President, we must address the urgent need for Security Council reform. The world has changed dramatically since the United Nations was founded, and the Security Council must evolve to meet today’s realities. Equitable representation, including permanent and non-permanent members, is essential. We support Japan’s bid for a permanent seat and believe that SIDS should also be represented on the Council to provide a voice for those on the front lines of global challenges. Finally, we continue to strengthen our national security through partnerships with allies, including the United States, Australia, Japan, and Taiwan. As Vice President and Minister of Justice, I emphasize the need for robust law enforcement and maritime cooperation frameworks. With Interpol membership and enhanced cyber defense capabilities, we are better equipped to protect our borders and our people. Palau reaffirms its strong and enduring relationship with Taiwan and calls for its meaningful participation in international organizations. Taiwan’s exclusion undermines the principles of inclusivity and cooperation that the United Nations represents. UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 does not preclude Taiwan’s involvement in efforts related to the Sustainable Development Goals. We urge this Assembly to support Taiwan’s rightful inclusion. Today I stand before you with a call to action. We must unite to confront the existential threat of climate change, protect our oceans, and ensure that no nation, no matter how small, is left behind. We must prioritize science, conservation, and the well-being of our people. As President Wibbs said earlier this year, the road ahead requires unity, resilience, and collective action. Palau cannot mitigate the climate crisis alone. We need global cooperation to reduce emissions and safeguard our planet for future generations. Kum Sulang, I thank you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I wish to thank the Vice President and Minister of Justice of Palau. The Assembly will hear an address by His Highness Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah, Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait. I request protocol to escort His Highness and invite him to address the Assembly.

Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah – Kuwait: In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate, Your Excellency, President of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Your Excellency, Secretary General of the United Nations, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Heads of Delegations, Ladies and Gentlemen, may the peace, mercy and blessings of God be upon you all. Allow me to convey to you the greetings of His Royal Highness, the Emir of the States of Kuwait, Sheikh Mishael Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. May God protect him. His Royal Highness wish you all success during the 79th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Mr. President, I congratulate you and your brotherly country on assuming the presidency of the 79th session of the General Assembly. We are confident that your vast experience in international affairs will allow you to lead the deliberations of the General Assembly with acumen. Your vision, unity and diversity for the advancement of peace, sustainable development and human dignity for everyone, everywhere, is of paramount importance. It’s an urgent need in today’s world. I would also like to commend the efforts by your predecessor, Mr. Dennis Francis, during his presidency of the past session. I highly value the wise leadership and constructive efforts by the Secretary General of this august organization, especially in light of accelerating global challenges. His efforts have been guided by fulfilling the noble mission of the United Nations. He has fully upheld the Charter, has always sought to maintain international peace and security. around the world. Understandably, today lives by law, with the difficulties of humanity. We designed and created a listener audiences to the fatigue of 258 cases of HIV with viral infection. The job of this video will not be done how you intend it to be done but supported by the efforts of the government. The summit of the future was convened, which mirrored the reality of today’s world. The summit shed light on grave challenges that require a moment of reflection and a genuine and serious will to reform our institutions, most notably the Security Council and international financial institutions. History is full of different milestones. We would not want the summit of the future to be a global milestone that is not invested in optimally. The Secretary General has worked tenaciously, which is highly commendable, for us to stop and reflect together on the path of our joint multilateral action. He has been committed to bringing together the leaders of the member states to stress that the threats are confronting all of us. No country is immune to their precautions of these threats. There is no way forward other than cooperation towards our joint objectives. Mr. President, we cannot be speaking about renewing international solidarity unless there is a genuine international political will for reform, especially forming the Security Council and improving the mechanisms of international action so that we are able to keep abreast of global developments and repel any threats to the security and stability of our world. Unfortunately, this will remains absent. We have seen very clearly that there cannot be any political will without an environment of trust and effective participation. We believe that the Security Council bears the primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. Decision-making at the Security Council must be based on the principle of democracy and equitable representation of all member states. The Security Council must be able to respond to a world that is completely different to the world of 1945. We need a Security Council that is inclusive, transparent, efficient, effective, democratic and accountable. Mr. President, technological innovations, AI and social media are increasingly being used for incitement, terrorist recruitment, spreading hate speech and misinformation. This adversely affects cyber security. We must give due attention to this issue. Many young people fell victim to these negative practices. This all proves that confronting this scourge This requires international cooperation. To fulfill the aspirations and hopes of our peoples, to secure a brighter future, we need accountability. It is not reasonable to look forward to such a bright future when those who violate the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law and international humanitarian law are not held accountable. There will be no justice or equality as long as double standards are applied. There will not be any bright future unless everyone is fully committed to the principles and values of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. Mr. President, this year we are celebrating the 43rd anniversary of the establishment of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Throughout its blessed journey over the past four decades, it has proven that it is a pillar for stability and prosperity in our region. In this context, I would like to express our deepest appreciation to the brotherly state of Qatar for its efforts as current chair of the GCC. Its efforts enhances the work of the GCC at bilateral and multilateral levels. In December, the state of Kuwait will assume the chairmanship of the GCC. We reiterate our firm commitment to continue this blessed journey and to enhance strategic partnerships with regional and international organizations. We’re committed to achieving the noble goals that we all aspire to. The GCC has always been and will remain, God willing, a voice of wisdom, moderation, and a beacon for constructive dialogue in a region fraught with challenges, in a region where change is fast. The state of Kuwait looks forward to the regional and international events that the GCC is going to host. In this context, we congratulate once again our brethren in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on being selected to host Expo 2030 and the FIFA World Cup. The state of Kuwait will spare no effort to contribute to the success of these events and of their mécanism. The state of Kuwait believes in the principle of good neighborliness. For about two decades, we have been committed to helping the brotherly republic of Iraq through continuous target-oriented measures. To help Iraq return to its rightful place regionally and internationally and to help it fulfill the hopes and aspirations of its people. We call upon the brotherly republic of Iraq to take tangible, resolute and urgent action to settle all outstanding files between the two countries. Most notably the demarcation of the maritime border beyond marker 162. We also call for settling the file of Kuwaiti prisoners, missing persons and Kuwaiti property including the national archives with the UN and specifically the security council following the progress in this file. We call upon our brethren in Iraq to respect bilateral security and technical agreements on the maritime corridor in Hur Abdullah. These agreements ensure environmental preservation, regulate navigation and contribute to combating terrorism and the illicit trafficking in arms, drugs and persons. Continuous dialogue is important to lay the foundation for promising relations and a bright future based on understanding and mutual respect between the two brotherly nations. Mr. President, the whole world is witnessing practices that are not acceptable to any religion, law or human nature. The whole world has been witnessing a dangerous escalation of military operations by the Israeli occupation forces against our Palestinian brethren in the Gaza Strip and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territories including Jerusalem and the West Bank. Our Palestinian brethren are subjected to collective punishment. Continuous airstrikes are targeting defenseless civilians. They claim the lives of tens of thousands of innocent children, men and women, more than 41,000 martyrs. The occupying forces persist in targeting the facilities of international organizations and critical infrastructure. They are persisting in forcibly displacing the regime. Residents of Gaza, peace in our region will not be achieved unless an independent state of Palestine is established with East Jerusalem as its capital along the lines of the Fourth of June 1967, according to international resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative. The State of Kuwait welcomes the recognition of the State of Israel by a number of countries over the past few months. We call upon other countries to follow suit and take similar steps. The State of Kuwait will remain supportive of Palestinians’ rights and the Palestinian people. We were proud to have provided oral and written submissions to the ICJ on the legal consequences arising from violations by the occupying power in the occupied Palestinian territories. With the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Republic of Slovenia and 120 other UN member states, we were proud to sign the shared commitments document to support UNRWA. What has befallen UNRWA is only proof that the other side does not have any serious desire to achieve genuine peace. The Brotherly Sudan is witnessing unfortunate events as a result of armed clashes. This is cause for concern. We call for immediate cessation of fighting. We call for resorting to dialogue and returning to the peaceful political track to maintain the security of the Sudan, its stability and territorial integrity. We support all ongoing regional and international initiatives to reach a political solution that ends this crisis, a political solution that provides the necessary protection to civilians and to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid. It is important to respect the sovereignty of the Sudan and the territorial integrity of the Sudan. Regarding the situation in the brotherly country of Yemen, the State of Kuwait renews its support to UN efforts through its special envoy, efforts that are focused on resuming the political process and reaching a comprehensive settlement according to the three agreed-upon terms of reference to maintain the peace and security and territorial integrity. We very much welcome these speakers and welcome the next speakers, presumably, very soon. Okay. So, let’s start with the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria. Regarding the situation in Lebanon, the state of Kuwait condemns in the most strongest terms the airstrikes and military operations launched by Israeli occupation forces against the brotherly Republic of Lebanon. These operations have claimed the lives of hundreds of civilians, innocent civilians that have nothing to do with the dangerous escalation of the Israeli aggression, which is expanding day after day. In flagrant violations of all norms and international law, including international humanitarian law. We have always warned of this aggression and its repercussions on the countries of the region and on neighboring countries. We also condemn violations by the occupation forces of Lebanese sovereignty and any attempts to drag Lebanon into the ongoing conflict in the region. The occupation forces is disregarding international calls and Security Council resolution. We call for full implementation of Security Council resolution 1701. We’re following with great concern the latest developments in the brotherly country of Libya. We call for giving precedence to reason and wisdom. We call for resorting to a political dialogue to set disputes according to relevant Security Council resolutions to maintain the stability, sovereignty and security of Libya and to fulfill the aspirations of the Libyan people to development and prosperity at the regional level. We believe in strengthening good neighborly relations as enshrined in the Charter. We call upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to take serious steps to build trust and to engage in dialogue based on respect for other countries and noninterference in their internal affairs. Mr. President, through the Kuwait Vision 2035, we focus on responding to international financial and economic indicators to predict opportunities and to turn the state of Kuwait into a financial, commercial and cultural center that is responding to regional and international developments. Foreign policy plays an important role in this expanded development process. Our diplomacy relies on digitalization to move from traditional frameworks so that diplomacy responds continuously to evolving developments on the global landscape. Our actions are based on a proactive approach, the result of an enduring legacy of providing relief and humanitarian assistance bequeathed on us by our forefathers. In conclusion, the State of Kuwait is committed to multilateral actions and the Charter of the United Nations to ensure a global governance that is strong to fulfill the noble mission of the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security and in serving humanity as a whole. The State of Kuwait looks forward to cooperating with brotherly and friendly countries to fulfill the aspirations of all peoples so that they live in a prosperous world where peace and security prevail. May the peace, mercy and blessings of God be upon you.

President: On behalf of the Assembly, I would like to thank the Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait. The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Luis Montenegro, Prime Minister of the Portuguese Republic. I request protocols to escort His Excellency and invite him to address the Assembly.

Luis Montenegro – Portugal: President, Mr. Secretary General, Heads of State and Government, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I start by congratulating the President of the 79th Session of the General Assembly, Philemon Young, on his election and wish him every success. I express special appreciation for the tireless work of Secretary General António Guterres. He knows that he can count with Portugal’s full support. As this is the first time I am addressing this August Assembly, I can only recognize the weight of responsibility that falls on all of us, representatives of the peoples of the United Nations. I am doing so at a particularly demanding time, marked by the confluence of multiple global challenges and crises and growing geopolitical tensions. But I also do it with hope and confidence. Hope because this is the year when we celebrate 50 years of freedom in my country. The Portuguese people, in freedom, claimed for democracy, peace and development. And so the arc of history was bent. At a time when in many parts of the world autocracies are jeopardizing democracy, we have confidence in the strength of freedom. At a time when we are facing threats, big threats to peace, we have confidence in the power of multilateralism and collective responsibility. At a time when development challenges are becoming more acute, we have faith in economic growth as the engine of fair and sustainable development. Ladies and gentlemen, Portugal is an uncomprising advocate of multilateralism as a method of cooperation and organization of the international system. That’s why we supported the Pact for the Future, adopted within the framework of the Summit of the Future, which illustrates the vision and reforming spirit of Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. This pact reflects a renewed source of hope in the three central pillars of the United Nations, sustainable development, human rights, and global peace and security. It is with this confidence in multilateralism that Portugal, with the continuity and coherence that characterizes our foreign policy, is a candidate for a seat as non-permanent member of the Security Council for the biennium 2027-2028. We are guided by the will to work to prevent conflicts, promote a spirit of partnership, and protect people in the face of traditional threats such as terrorism and emerging threats such as biosecurity. We are determined to contribute to a more just, peaceful, and inclusive international order founded on international law and based on the United Nations Charter. Mr. President, Excellencies, The Secretary-General said in our Common Agenda that multilateralism faces a fundamental dilemma, to break through or to break down. We do not hesitate. We want to move forward with the reform of the global governance system to guarantee greater representativeness, transparency, justice, and cooperation. This is the path that the Pact of the Future shows us. redesigning the international financial architecture, promoting greater alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. With Burundi, we led the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development to ensure that no country has to choose between fighting poverty or saving the planet. On another front, we are in favor of reforming the United Nations Security Council to make it more representative, agile and functional. Its composition is outdated and the absence of representatives from some regions hampers its functioning. Portugal supports the African common position and the aspirations of Brazil and India to become permanent members. Small and medium-sized countries, including small island states, should also have their representation strengthened. As far as working methods are concerned, we support the limitation and greater scrutiny of the use of the veto. The right of the veto, before constituting a power, represents a responsibility. And that’s how it should be exercised, preventing a party to a conflict from being both judged and judged. While the war continues, with terrible consequences inside and outside Ukraine, the Security Council has been several times silent. We hope that now, in Lebanon, the Security Council can be effective in preventing an increase in escalation. Even when resolutions are adopted, they often remain unfulfilled. It is imperative that in Gaza and Sudan, all parties do their utmost to ensure the full implementation of the resolutions adopted by the Council. Excellencies, the world is now more prosperous overall but socio-economic divides are widening. Eradicating poverty and hunger are the first two sustainable development goals. But chronic hunger is on the rise affecting 1 in 10 people globally. Acute food insecurity has almost tripled since 2016. In this context, we welcome the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty proposed by the Brazilian Presidency of the G20. The hope we are talking about can only be realized if we are able to respond to the needs of millions of people affected by conflict. Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan, Myanmar, Sahel and now Lebanon are examples of the suffering of millions of people forced to leave their homes and families. I’m also talking about climate refugees, rising temperatures, forest fires, which tragically hit my country recently, droughts and other extreme weather have forced millions of people to move. At the same time, disrespect for the rights of women and girls or persecution on religious or sexual grounds has become more and more widespread in various parts of the world. The context of human rights protection is severely weakened and threatened. It is our collective responsibility to guarantee the respect, protection and realization of human rights. New technologies such as artificial intelligence constitute an opportunity, but they also create risks. The Pact for the Future points the way to a virtuous balance in this area. We must act to combat all forms of discrimination and hatred that undermine the cohesion of our societies. We will continue, in this context, to defend the rights of youth. The high-level meeting of the General Assembly on Youth, which, at Portugal’s request, will be held here next year to mark the 30th anniversary of the World Programme of Action for Youth, will be an opportunity to move forward on this front. This is a priority for Portugal at home and abroad. Mr. Excellencies, peace is the primary objective of the United Nations. And here, too, we must give a sign of hope. The Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine constitutes a flagrant violation of international law, which we strongly condemn. The negative effects of this war – the food, energy and inflation crisis – are echoing around the world, with the greatest impact on the most fragile regions. We are also deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation and the dangerous escalation in the Middle East region. In view of the events in Lebanon, we call on the parties to exercise maximum restraint to avoid escalation. We firmly condemn the horrific terrorist attacks perpetrated by Hamas on 7 October 2023 and demand the release of all hostages. We will not stand by the humanitarian disaster and the growing number of civilian victims in Gaza. It is imperative to unconditionally cease hostilities, guaranteeing peace and security. It is also imperative to resume negotiations with a view to implementing the two-state solution, the only one that can bring peace and stability to the region. Portugal is against the expansion of settlements, the confiscation of land in the occupied Palestinian territories, and the actions of settlers that constitute violations of international law and obstacles to peace. It is our common interest for everyone and shared responsibility to ensure strict respect for international law and humanitarian law. We also need to put an emphasis on prevention and mediation, particularly in Africa. I would highlight Portugal’s consistent presence in United Nations peacekeeping operations and missions of the European Union, with national forces deployed in Mozambique, Somalia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, and the Gulf of Guinea. I would also emphasize the contribution of ECOWAS and the African Union to the efforts to promote stability in the region. Portugal supported the resolution that allowed for the establishment of regular UN contributions to the financing of African Union peace operations mandated by the Security Council. We also support the Secretary-General’s proposals to establish regular contributions to the Peacebuilding Fund. Excellencies, Portugal is a maritime country. Ninety-seven percent of our territory is ocean. We understand that the vital role of the ocean in the global economy and also in combating climate change. We strongly support the sustainable management and governance of the oceans and the development of a new sustainable blue economy in line with the 2030 Agenda. We consider capacity building in ocean-related matters a priority and have designed a fellowship program aimed at developing countries with a special focus on small island developing states. The international agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction was a victory for multilateralism. We will remain committed to its entry into force. Portugal is calling for a joint effort to finalize an ambitious treaty to eliminate plastic pollution by the end of this year. Climate change is the existential threat of our time. Portugal keeps engaged in investing in renewable energies and in phasing down fossil fuels. We want to incorporate 47% of renewable energies into final energy consumption by 2030. We have also favored the introduction of innovative financial mechanisms, including with SEEDS. An example of this is the agreement signed in Portugal and by Portugal with Cabo Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe to transform debt that these countries have with Portugal into climate investment, thus supporting the energy transition. Mr. President, Excellencies, the success of the 2030 Agenda is mainly in favor of the most vulnerable groups. We cannot leave anyone behind. The digital transition and emerging technologies represent a renewed opportunity to facilitate a more prosperous, fair, inclusive and sustainable future. Connectivity is a cornerstone. The path seems clear. We should conceive technological development through a human-centered lens and based on international law. Excellencies, and to conclude, I am very proud to speak to you in Portuguese. As well as being the fourth most spoken language in the world as a mother tongue, today uniting more than 260 million people on all continents, Portuguese is an official and working language in 33 international organizations, including the community of Portuguese-speaking countries. And that’s why the CPLP’s ambition to see the Portuguese language recognized as an official language of the United Nations is therefore legitimate. Just yesterday, I agreed with President Lula da Silva of Brazil that we are committed and willing to work together with all the Portuguese-speaking countries to achieve this goal. The legitimacy of the United Nations, its convening power and its global normative authority, combined with its multidisciplinary expertise, are some of its unique assets, which must be harnessed in favor of our common causes and a shared vision of the future. The road ahead, we all know, is hard and uncertain. by the goal has been set. We will walk it with hope and confidence. And in this trajectory, the United Nations and the international community and the peoples of the world can count on Portugal. Thank you very much.

President: On behalf of the General Assembly, I would like to thank His Excellency, the Prime Minister of the Portuguese Republic. Ladies and gentlemen, we have heard the last speaker in the general debate for this meeting. for this meeting. The 12th plenary meeting to continue with the general debate will be held at 3 p.m. The meeting is adjourned.

Agreement Points

UN Security Council Reform

Speakers

Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera – Malawi

William Samoei Ruto – Kenya

Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema – Gabon

Letsie III – Lesotho

Gordana Siljanovska Davkova – North Macedonia

Luis Montenegro – Portugal

Arguments

Security Council reform needed to make it more representative

UN must be strengthened to regulate collaboration and competition between nations

Reform needed to make UN more responsive and effective

Security Council reform necessary to reflect current global realities

UN reform needed to bridge gap between legal and just

Reform of global governance system needed for greater representativeness and cooperation

Summary

Multiple speakers emphasized the need for reforming the UN Security Council and broader UN system to make it more representative, effective, and responsive to current global challenges.

Climate Change Action

Speakers

Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere – Fiji

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Luis Montenegro – Portugal

Arguments

Small island states disproportionately affected by climate change impacts

Need for urgent climate action and financing for developing countries

Climate change is existential threat requiring joint efforts

Summary

Multiple speakers highlighted the urgent need for climate action, emphasizing the disproportionate impact on small island states and the need for increased financing and joint efforts to address this global threat.

Similar Viewpoints

Both speakers expressed deep concern over the situation in Gaza and the broader Middle East, calling for an immediate ceasefire and emphasizing the need to protect civilian lives and ensure humanitarian access.

Speakers

Mahmoud Abbas – Palestine

Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah – Kuwait

Arguments

Call for ceasefire and humanitarian access in Gaza

Concern over situation in Middle East and call for restraint

Both speakers emphasized the importance of increased financing for developing countries, particularly in the context of addressing climate change and development challenges.

Speakers

Edgar Leblanc Fils – Haiti

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Arguments

Need for debt relief and financing for developing countries

Need for urgent climate action and financing for developing countries

Unexpected Consensus

Importance of sustainable ocean management

Speakers

Carlos Manuel Vila Nova – Sao Tome and Principe

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Arguments

Importance of sustainable ocean management and blue economy

Importance of food security and local food production

Explanation

While representing different regions, both speakers highlighted the importance of sustainable management of ocean resources and local food production, indicating a shared focus on sustainable development and food security across diverse contexts.

Overall Assessment

Summary

The main areas of agreement centered around UN reform, particularly of the Security Council, urgent action on climate change, and the need for increased support and financing for developing countries. There was also a shared concern over ongoing conflicts, particularly in the Middle East.

Consensus level

There was a moderate to high level of consensus on the need for UN reform and climate action. This suggests a growing recognition of the need for systemic changes in global governance and a more urgent approach to addressing climate change. However, specific approaches to these issues varied, indicating potential challenges in implementing agreed-upon solutions.

Disagreement Points

Approach to UN Security Council reform

Speakers

Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera – Malawi

Letsie III – Lesotho

Luis Montenegro – Portugal

Arguments

Security Council reform needed to make it more representative

Security Council reform necessary to reflect current global realities

Reform of global governance system needed for greater representativeness and cooperation

Summary

While all speakers agree on the need for UN Security Council reform, they emphasize different aspects. Malawi focuses on making it more democratic and inclusive, Lesotho stresses reflecting current global realities, and Portugal highlights greater representativeness and cooperation.

Overall Assessment

Summary

The main areas of disagreement revolve around the specifics of UN reform, approaches to addressing climate change, and strategies for resolving regional conflicts.

Disagreement level

The level of disagreement among the speakers is relatively low. Most speakers agree on broad principles but differ in their emphasis or specific approaches. This suggests a general consensus on major global issues, but potential challenges in implementing specific solutions due to varying national priorities and perspectives.

Partial Agreements

Both speakers agree on the urgent need to address climate change impacts on small island states, but Fiji emphasizes the disproportionate effects, while Palau focuses more on the need for financing and action from developed countries.

Speakers

Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere – Fiji

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Arguments

Small island states disproportionately affected by climate change impacts

Need for urgent climate action and financing for developing countries

Similar Viewpoints

Both speakers expressed deep concern over the situation in Gaza and the broader Middle East, calling for an immediate ceasefire and emphasizing the need to protect civilian lives and ensure humanitarian access.

Speakers

Mahmoud Abbas – Palestine

Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah – Kuwait

Arguments

Call for ceasefire and humanitarian access in Gaza

Concern over situation in Middle East and call for restraint

Both speakers emphasized the importance of increased financing for developing countries, particularly in the context of addressing climate change and development challenges.

Speakers

Edgar Leblanc Fils – Haiti

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Arguments

Need for debt relief and financing for developing countries

Need for urgent climate action and financing for developing countries

Key Takeaways

There is widespread agreement on the need for UN reform, particularly of the Security Council, to make it more representative and effective.

Climate change is seen as an urgent existential threat, especially for small island developing states.

Many leaders called for peaceful resolutions to ongoing conflicts, particularly in Gaza, Sudan, and other parts of Africa.

Developing countries emphasized the need for increased financial support, debt relief, and economic development assistance.

Protection of human rights and human dignity was highlighted as a key priority by multiple speakers.

Resolutions and Action Items

Palau announced it will sign the Agreement on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Portugal announced support for Brazil’s proposal for a Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty

Several countries pledged to work towards UN Security Council reform

Multiple leaders called for immediate ceasefires in ongoing conflicts

Unresolved Issues

Specific mechanisms for reforming the UN Security Council

How to accelerate progress on climate change mitigation and adaptation

Resolving ongoing conflicts in Gaza, Sudan, and other regions

Addressing economic inequality between developed and developing nations

Implementing effective debt relief for developing countries

Suggested Compromises

Balancing economic development with environmental protection through sustainable practices

Reforming global financial institutions to be more inclusive of developing countries’ needs

Finding diplomatic solutions to conflicts that address concerns of all parties involved

We must urgently seek to make the Security Council representative, inclusive, transparent, democratic, effective, and accountable.

Speaker

William Samoei Ruto – Kenya

Reason

This comment directly challenges the current structure of the UN Security Council and calls for significant reform, which is a bold stance.

Impact

It sparked further discussion from other speakers about UN Security Council reform, with many subsequent speakers echoing this sentiment and elaborating on specific proposals for change.

The line that divides what is legal from what is just is sometimes merely a crack, but other times it is a profound gap and even an abyss. That gap, that abyss, most often and most severely affects the small nations and states which are the first victims of the clash between force and justice, because this can be an insurmountable obstacle to realizing the right to progress.

Speaker

Gordana Siljanovska Davkova – North Macedonia

Reason

This comment provides a poignant and philosophical perspective on the challenges faced by smaller nations in the international system.

Impact

It deepened the conversation by introducing a more nuanced view of international law and justice, encouraging reflection on how the current system may disadvantage certain nations.

As the first to ratify the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction, BBNJ, agreement, Palau remains steadfast in conserving and sustainably using marine biodiversity in areas beyond the national jurisdiction. This treaty symbolizes unity in safeguarding our oceans, and we urge international solidarity to ratify the BBNJ treaty swiftly so it can enter into force.

Speaker

Uduch Sengebau Senior – Palau

Reason

This comment highlights a specific and important environmental agreement, demonstrating leadership from a small island nation on a global issue.

Impact

It brought attention to ocean conservation and biodiversity, encouraging other nations to take action on this treaty and consider their role in protecting marine ecosystems.

The world’s current affliction is not inevitable. If we empty We are the United Nations, and if each state incurs the spirit of each fighting for itself, then the result will be to live with no answer, global problems such as wars, economic crisis, environmental crisis and other ills.

Speaker

Carlos Manuel Vila Nova – Sao Tome and Principe

Reason

This comment emphasizes the importance of collective action and cooperation in addressing global challenges.

Impact

It reinforced the theme of multilateralism and unity that ran throughout many speeches, encouraging a shift away from isolationist thinking.

We need a new social contract, as per Rousseau, but also a natural contract, as per Michel Seurat, based on which we will treat nature as a partner.

Speaker

Gordana Siljanovska Davkova – North Macedonia

Reason

This comment introduces a novel concept of a ‘natural contract’, suggesting a fundamental shift in how humanity relates to the environment.

Impact

It added depth to the discussion on environmental issues, encouraging a more holistic and philosophical approach to addressing climate change and environmental degradation.

Overall Assessment

These key comments shaped the discussion by consistently emphasizing themes of reform, cooperation, and environmental responsibility. They challenged existing power structures, particularly in calls for UN Security Council reform, and highlighted the unique perspectives and challenges of smaller nations. The comments also deepened the conversation on environmental issues, moving beyond general statements to specific treaties and philosophical approaches. Overall, these interventions encouraged a more nuanced and inclusive approach to global governance and environmental stewardship.

How can the UN Security Council be reformed to make it more representative, inclusive, transparent, democratic, and accountable?

Speaker

Multiple speakers including Adama Barrow (Gambia), Mahmoud Abbas (Palestine), Carlos Manuel Vila Nova (Sao Tome and Principe), Letsie III (Lesotho)

Explanation

Many speakers emphasized the need for Security Council reform to better reflect current global realities and ensure more equitable representation, particularly for African nations and small island developing states.

What concrete actions can be taken to address the humanitarian crisis and escalating violence in Gaza?

Speaker

Multiple speakers including Mahmoud Abbas (Palestine), Luis Montenegro (Portugal)

Explanation

The ongoing conflict in Gaza was a major concern for many speakers, who called for immediate action to protect civilians and find a peaceful resolution.

How can the international community better support small island developing states in addressing climate change and accessing climate finance?

Speaker

Carlos Manuel Vila Nova (Sao Tome and Principe), Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere (Fiji)

Explanation

Small island nations emphasized their vulnerability to climate change impacts and the need for increased support in adaptation and mitigation efforts.

What steps can be taken to reform the international financial architecture to better support developing countries?

Speaker

Adama Barrow (Gambia), Letsie III (Lesotho)

Explanation

Several speakers highlighted the need for reforming global financial institutions to address inequalities and provide more support to developing nations.

How can the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals be accelerated, particularly in light of setbacks caused by global crises?

Speaker

Multiple speakers including Carlos Manuel Vila Nova (Sao Tome and Principe), Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere (Fiji)

Explanation

Many leaders expressed concern about the slow progress towards achieving the SDGs and called for renewed commitment and action.

What measures can be taken to strengthen multilateralism and improve global governance in the face of increasing geopolitical tensions?

Speaker

Luis Montenegro (Portugal), Sabah Al Khaled Al Sabah (Kuwait)

Explanation

Several speakers emphasized the importance of multilateralism and the need to reform global governance structures to address current challenges more effectively.

How can the international community better address the root causes of migration and support both migrants and host countries?

Speaker

Adama Barrow (Gambia)

Explanation

Migration was highlighted as a significant issue requiring comprehensive international cooperation and support.

What steps can be taken to enhance ocean conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction?

Speaker

Ratu Wiliame Maivalili Katonivere (Fiji), Luis Montenegro (Portugal)

Explanation

Several speakers, especially from island nations, emphasized the importance of ocean conservation and the need for international cooperation in this area.