Omnipresent Smart Wireless: Deploying Future Networks at Scale

Nisha Pilai

The Cybersecurity Forum 2030 covered a range of topics relating to future networks and the associated cybersecurity challenges. Nisha Pillai, the keynote speaker, expressed the urgent need to prepare for future networks and address cybersecurity issues. It was argued that the emergence of networks like 6G and next-generation networks would significantly amplify cybersecurity challenges. The discussions highlighted concerns and the importance of critical evaluation.

Nisha Pillai also questioned the effectiveness of 5G and whether it had truly fulfilled its promises. Panelists were asked for their opinions on its achievements and limitations, leading to a thought-provoking debate. The potential of 6G networks to revolutionize the Internet of Things (IoT) was emphasized, with predictions that they would have a substantial impact on various sectors such as healthcare, smart cities, and energy.

Data management and personal data protection emerged as key concerns. The collection of large amounts of data for citizen services raised questions about how this information, particularly personal data, would be handled and safeguarded. Strengthening data protection measures and responsible data handling were highlighted as crucial.

The need for collaboration between the private and public sectors, particularly regarding cross-border data flow, was emphasized. Recognizing the global nature of data exchange, participants stressed the importance of cooperative efforts to effectively address cyber risks and ensure the smooth functioning of networks.

The significance of cybersecurity and standardization was also underscored. Participants, including Mr. Ben Amor, agreed on the need for standardization to mitigate potential risks associated with artificial intelligence services and applications. This highlighted the importance of establishing uniform cybersecurity protocols and practices.

Lastly, government support and international cooperation were identified as vital for expanding digital connectivity. With a significant portion of the global population still unconnected, there was a need for extensive efforts to improve digital connectivity. Mr. Ben Amor emphasized the role of international cooperation in addressing cyber risks and overcoming barriers.

In conclusion, the Cybersecurity Forum 2030 provided valuable insights into future networks, focusing on cybersecurity, the effectiveness of 5G, IoT, data management, collaboration, standardization, and government support. The discussions emphasized the need for proactive measures to address cyber risks and ensure responsible network development.

Bocar A. BA.

The analysis reveals important points about the development and deployment of 5G and 6G networks. One argument is that there is a misconception that 5G is an evolution of 4G, when it is actually a revolution. It is argued that 5G has been wrongly promoted as a consumer platform, when its main purpose is to serve enterprise, ports, airports, and vertical industries. This misunderstanding is supported by the fact that each market has developed 5G with a different strategy.

The early deployment of 5G in GCC countries is seen as a positive development, showing their proactive approach to embracing innovation in connectivity.

Regulatory breakthroughs in connectivity are considered crucial for advancing broadband networks. Economic regulation directly impacts a nation’s GDP, and regulators in the Middle East are moving towards the 5th generation of regulation, recognizing its importance.

Sustainability and carbon neutrality are emphasized as crucial aspects of 6G technology development, potentially helping combat carbon emissions and reduce consumption.

The telecom industry is shifting its focus towards sustainability, considering environmental and social factors in addition to cost and profitability.

Challenges in terms of cybersecurity are expected to increase with the development of 6G networks. The need for enhanced cybersecurity is recognized.

Harmonization between stakeholders is essential for the successful deployment of 6G. Standardization, scalability, and interoperability are key factors in achieving harmonization.

The infrastructure of 5G, 5G advance, and 6G networks will lead to an increase in cross-border data transfer, posing major cybersecurity challenges.

The standardization of devices connected to 5G and beyond networks is a crucial issue due to the billions of assets that will be connected.

Effective governance involving governments, private sectors, and third parties is crucial for managing and regulating network infrastructure.

Telecommunication networks have demonstrated their resilience during the pandemic, supporting social and professional life, remote schooling, and withstanding a surge in demand.

Enhanced cybersecurity and user empowerment are emphasized with the introduction of 6G.

Operators’ investment is crucial in tackling the challenges brought by 6G networks, and incentives can motivate operators to invest more.

Government involvement in promoting cybersecurity and building capacity is encouraged.

Telecom operators play a significant role in providing secure networks and contributing to cyber safety.

There is a need to connect the unconnected portion of the world population, to reduce inequalities and promote inclusion.

In summary, the analysis highlights various important factors related to the development and deployment of 5G and 6G networks. These factors include understanding the true nature of 5G, the early deployment of 5G in GCC countries, regulatory breakthroughs, sustainability and carbon neutrality, the shift towards sustainability in the telecom industry, cybersecurity challenges, stakeholder harmonization, infrastructure implications, device standardization, governance, network resilience, user empowerment, investment, government involvement, telecom operators’ role in cybersecurity, and global connectivity. These insights provide valuable information for stakeholders involved in shaping the future of connectivity.

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos

The consensus among the speakers is that 5G technology has not fully delivered on its promise. While it is still in the development phase, there has been no large-scale deployment of 5G in the industrial sector and no revolutionary use case in the consumer market. This has led to a negative sentiment towards 5G due to unfulfilled expectations. However, there have been some technical successes and ongoing developments in 5G.

On the other hand, 6G technology is anticipated to be the next major advancement in connectivity. It is expected to offer incredible speeds that are 100 times faster than 5G and work in conjunction with other technologies like satellite communication. The speakers highlight potential advancements in sectors such as education, healthcare, and business with the integration of 6G and advanced AI.

An ethical and responsible approach to 6G technology is emphasized to ensure its positive use and avoid potential negative consequences. The importance of collaboration in cybersecurity is also highlighted, along with the need for harmonization and regulation across stakeholders.

Furthermore, the overlap of human and machine reality with the advent of 6G and the metaverse is discussed. This raises questions about the humanization of machines and the mechanization of humans, with potential implications for society.

In conclusion, while 5G has not fully met expectations, it is still in development and has shown some technical successes. Anticipation for 6G technology is high, with expectations of groundbreaking advancements in various sectors. However, ethical considerations, collaboration in cybersecurity, and harmonization and regulation are crucial for responsible implementation. The potential overlap of human and machine reality poses intriguing possibilities and challenges that need to be addressed.

H.E. Eng. Mohamed Ben Amor

The analysis comprises multiple speakers discussing various topics related to breakthrough technologies. One key point highlighted is the positive impact of 5G. It is argued that 5G has brought significant advancements in terms of data speed, low latency, and high density. This breakthrough is seen as crucial for the development of new technologies that require these specific capabilities.

Additionally, the Internet of Things (IoT) is identified as a major connectivity breakthrough with wide-ranging applications in sectors such as energy, healthcare, and smart cities. The speakers emphasize that IoT has expanded the scope of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), making it a fantastic tool for improving the lives of citizens. The potential benefits of IoT for citizen well-being are highlighted, with the assertion that it has the ability to significantly enhance quality of life.

However, concerns are raised about the cybersecurity implications and data privacy issues associated with next-generation networks like 6G. The speakers express worries about the increasing collection of personal data and its management and protection. The large-scale collection of personal data poses significant cybersecurity risks and reinforces the need for effective data privacy regulations. It is strongly suggested that regulations play a crucial role in managing and protecting personal data.

The importance of international cooperation is stressed in order to address the risks and challenges posed by new-generation networks. The speakers highlight the role of cybersecurity bodies and advocate for a unified approach to tackling these challenges. Additionally, the urgency of standardization in digital technologies, particularly in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity, is emphasized. The speakers argue that the high risks associated with AI services and applications could potentially endanger lives, underscoring the need for standardized protocols and practices.

Finally, the analysis concludes by asserting the need for regulations at national, regional, and international levels. The speakers argue that regulations are essential for safeguarding national and international security interests. The importance of creating a regulatory framework to govern data management usage and protect personal data is emphasized, aligning with the goal of achieving peace, justice, and strong institutions.

In summary, the analysis explores various aspects of breakthrough technologies. It highlights the positive impact of 5G and the transformative potential of IoT. The analysis also sheds light on concerns regarding cybersecurity and data privacy, emphasizing the need for effective regulations and international cooperation. The urgent need for standardization in digital technologies, particularly in the context of AI and cybersecurity, is acknowledged. Lastly, the analysis underscores the importance of regulation at various levels to ensure national and international security.

Nisha Pilai:
Kokkinos, former Minister, Research, Innovation and Digital Policy, Cyprus. Nisha Pillai, Moderator, International Moderator, former BBC Presenter. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Deploying Future Networks at Scale. My name is Nisha Pillai and I’m delighted to be your moderator this morning and I’m especially delighted to take you into a journey, on a journey I should say, into the future. Are you ready? Buckle yourself up, it’s going to be quite a wild adventure. Why are we looking into the future, beyond 2030, right at the start of day two here at Cybersecurity Forum 2030? Well, I’ll tell you why. Because the future will be with us before we can blink. We’re talking about the networks like 6G and other next-gen networks. If you think we have cybersecurity issues right now, well, wait for the future. We ain’t seen nothing yet. Ladies and gentlemen, I’m delighted to say we have with us some extremely eminent panellists who’ve been doing the thinking on our behalf. Let me introduce you to them. We have His Excellency Kyriakos Kokkinos, former Minister Research, Innovation and Digital Policy for Cyprus. Welcome. We have His Excellency Engineer Mohamed Ben Amour, Director General of the Arab ICT Organisation. Welcome, Mr Ben Amour. And finally, Mr Bokar Bah, CEO of the Samina Telecommunications Council. Now, gentlemen, before we begin, I’d like to put this question to you. Where have we got to right now? Let’s forget 6G right at the start. Has 5G delivered on its promise? Has 5G actually given us new use case scenarios? Or is it just a quicker version of 4G? Mr Kyriakos.

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
All right. The question is almost a closed question. The answer is no. It did not deliver to the promise yet. Is it gaining traction? Probably we’ve made the mistake to overemphasise and consider this a revolutionary rather than evolutionary from the 4G. But so far, for many reasons that we can discuss down the road, 5G is still on the making. So tell me quickly, two disappointments then. It’s just higher speed, but on the industrial sector, there are no 5G deployments at scale. And on the use cases on the consumer market, did not yet deliver anything that is considered to be revolutionary.

Nisha Pilai:
Okay. So that’s quite a sceptical response from our first speaker, Mr Kokkinos. I wonder what Your Excellency Mr Ben Amor thinks. Has 5G delivered on its promise, on its hype? Or is it just a quicker version of 4G? Good morning, everyone.

H.E. Eng. Mohamed Ben Amor:
Thank you, Nisha, for this question. 5G is a breakthrough. It has brought answers for the development of the new technologies that need a lot of data, speed, low latency, and big density. So coming from this point, yes, 5G brought the right answer and it’s a breakthrough.

Nisha Pilai:
Okay. So a much more positive response there from Mr Ben Amor. So I wonder what we’re going to see here from Mr Bokar. Maybe somewhere in the middle. What do you reckon, Mr Bokar?

Bocar A. BA.:
Thank you very much. And good morning, ladies and gentlemen. To answer your question, we have to look at it from a different perspective. Each market, each country has developed 5G according to a certain strategy. Now, when we look at in the region, in the GCC countries, we have deployed in the early days among the first in the world, 5G, if I remember around 2019. Now, there is a misconception about the evolution from 4G to 5G. 5G in many countries in the world has been perceived as an evolution of 4G, which is absolutely wrong. 5G is not only an evolution, it’s a revolution in the sense that it’s an ecosystem. It is not a natural progress from 4 to 5. It’s an environment for connecting everyone, everything, everywhere. As such, 5G is an infrastructure to support the development. So it is not meant initially for the consumer. It’s meant for the enterprise, port, airport, and the vertical industries. Now, based on that, I’ll be very short. Many countries have promoted 5G as a consumer platform, a simple evolution from 4 to 5. The way we address it in Saudi Arabia, in Qatar, in Oman, in Bahrain, in UAE, is an infrastructure, an environment. So for the moment, we are on our path to deliver on expectation. It’s just a recent development.

Nisha Pilai:
Okay, thanks very much. So much more nuanced answer there. Depends on where you are, basically, I think, is what Mr. Bokar is saying. So I’m going to put a question now to Mr. Kiryaskar. Since he was the most skeptical about what 5G has or has not delivered, will 6G meet expectations? Will it be the revolution?

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
Okay. By saying no, it did not deliver up to the expectations, it doesn’t mean that 5G failed. On the contrary, it’s been a very successful deployment technically, and also there are some use cases that are still… Remember, 5G is just three years old. Indeed. And it’s also infected by COVID. So, and we are working now on the bridge towards the 6G. We’re talking about 5G advanced that will come in a couple of years. And 6G will come around to 2030. So yes… At the earliest. I’m sorry, at the earliest, at the earliest. And then deployment, the real benefits will start probably 12, 15, 20 years down the road. So yes, we need to work on the standards. We need to work on what to expect and what not to expect from 6G. For sure, one thing for sure is that 6G will deliver speeds that are incredible. 100 times faster or more compared to 5G. That is one aspect. But it’s not just that. It’s much more than just high speed. In new use cases, we will move from virtual reality to extended reality. We will see a network of networks and also remember that 6G is just a wireless connectivity technology that will be working hand in hand, not in competition with other connectivity technologies like satellite communication, space communication. So from a user and industry perspective, we need to examine what can we do to make the best use of this wireless connectivity.

Nisha Pilai:
Wireless connectivity, ladies and gentlemen, super, super, super fast. Speeds like we’ve never seen before. And potential that we’re only just beginning to think about. It’s still in its research phase. Thank you very much, Mr. Coquino.

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
This is an omni-channel approach.

Nisha Pilai:
An omni-channel approach. I love that phrase. We’ll examine it further in a minute or two. Let’s take a look, a very quick leap into the future now. And I’m going to ask all our panelists, what is the connectivity breakthrough that you’re most, most looking forward to and anticipating? And I’m going to start with Mr. Ben Amor, if I may. Can you give us one example of something you’re really looking forward to with these omni-channels?

H.E. Eng. Mohamed Ben Amor:
Yes, I would say that all of new technologies are fascinating, but if you want that I speak about only one, let’s say Internet of Things, because Internet of Things has widened the scope of the ICT for many other sectors, energy and oil, healthcare, smart cities. So I think that the Internet of Things, IoT, is a fantastic tool today in order to make the life of a citizen easier, and it’s in the sense of the well-being of citizens.

Nisha Pilai:
So making theInternet of Things, which is already underway, but into something which is all-pervasive and touches many different sectors, that is something that the future 6G networks are very likely to make into a reality. Thank you very much, Mr. Ben Amor. May I put the same question to you, Mr. Bokar? What is the connectivity breakthrough in the future that you’re most looking forward to?

Bocar A. BA.:
Well, interestingly, there are a few of them. It will not be fair to stick to one example. I would like you to stick to one example, please. When we talk about the broadband network, especially the new generation of Gs, we need to look at it from a different perspective because it calls for a collaboration between the different stakeholders across the value chain. One breakthrough is on the regulatory front. We have now most of our regulators, at least in the Middle East, attaining to what we call the G5 regulation, the fifth generation of regulation. Regulators have a tendency now, which is right, to provide economic regulation that will impact the GDP of the nation. That’s one. On the technological side, as mentioned by my colleague from Cyprus, 5G, advanced 5G or 5.5G and heading towards 6G. But the beauty here is we are starting to be very mindful about the carbon emission, reducing the consumption, and these are the possibilities offered by 6G. On the industry side, we used to work much more on optimizing the cost, profitability. Now, telecom operators, investors are looking into the sustainability, which is a different dimension. And the last one…

Nisha Pilai:
And is that more likely to be delivered with 6G? Sustainability issues, decarbonization…

Bocar A. BA.:
Sustainability, number one, from the investment perspective, but sustainability in terms of technology development, and as I was talking about, carbon neutrality. And the fourth point, which is very important, is anything we discuss needs unlocking access to capital. We need investment. We need financing. We need funding. And for that also, the capital market with the investors are coming with new financial instruments to be able to support the broadband development. So, four major breakthroughs, policymakers, regulators, technology development, the industry as a whole, and the multilateral development bank.

Nisha Pilai:
And bringing it all together is going to be key to the deployment of future networks, and I’d like to ask you, Mr. Kokkinos, your thoughts on that. What are the key advantages or idiosyncrasies of 6G that are going to affect its deployment on scale?

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
All right. I believe that we need to see these through the lenses of AI. One key difference… You need to see it through the lens of AI. Yes. Why? Because in parallel to this technology breakthrough of connectivity, we see advances of generative AI, especially since the developments of the last year. And I believe that 70 years down the road, at best, probably later, where 6G will be deployed, AI will be at the stage where 6G will have AI in a native manner, both in terms of managing the technological infrastructure, as well as in terms of using the use cases, the business models that will be invented through the use of 6G. So, we need to understand that, and that will affect the education sector, will affect the way we live, we transact, we communicate at business and social and personal level. So, I believe that we will see a deployment of 6G at scale with native AI embedded into it that will facilitate, will ignite unthinkable today things. And another aspect which is not AI-related, probably, is the fact that we see a lot of developments on the healthcare sector. I believe that through 6G, we will be able to make our dream come true in terms of predictive and proactive healthcare. We might see sensors floating on our bloodstream. Yes, science fiction, but look 20 years back. Things that we live today were… science fiction back then. So I believe that 6G will ignite unthinkable use cases that will… It’s our responsibility to approach 6G in an ethical and responsible manner for positive use cases and not negative use cases.

Nisha Pilai:
Let’s hope you’re right, Mr Kokkinos. So I want to put the same question to you from a telecoms point of view, Mr Bokar. What is it about the distinguishing features of 6G that are going to determine its deployment on scale?

Bocar A. BA.:
Well, as mentioned, 6G is still in the lab. It will not be here before 2030. A lot is required between the different stakeholders. Standardization, scale, interoperability, and we will be having a lot of challenges in terms of cyber security because now the frontiers become much more blurred. It opens lots of…

Nisha Pilai:
What do you mean by that? The frontiers will be more blurred and therefore it will have cyber security implications?

Bocar A. BA.:
Well, let’s look at the network design and the architecture from 5G going forward. We are starting to have a generation of infrastructure-based, software-based infrastructure. So 5G, 5G advance and 6G, we will see the cloudification flourishing. As such, in terms of investment and network deployment, we have to address the issues of cross-border data transfer. We will have to address, I would say, GDPR, so the protection of data and the people. So we are coming to a stage where in terms of challenges that we will be facing in terms of cyber security will be major. Now, cyber security is not only about technology. It’s less about technology, much more about strategy and mindset. This is something probably that we will be able to address. So the governance is extremely important between the different stakeholders. Government, private sector, and all the rest could fall into what we call the third party. One important aspect, the edge and device that will be connected to the network. We will be having billions of digital assets that might be compromised on the network. So we have intelligent network from 5G to plus. The problem that we are facing is the standardization of the devices that will be connected to the network. We have endless examples.

Nisha Pilai:
Indeed. Mr. Ben Amor, can I ask you, what do you think the cyber security implications are going to be of next-gen networks like 6G, especially since data collection is going to happen on an unimaginably greater scale, as we just heard from Mr. Bokar? How can they be managed?

H.E. Eng. Mohamed Ben Amor:
Yes. As you said, all the new technologies are driven by data. Now we are collecting more and more data for each service that we are delivering for citizens, for people. So the implication regarding the cyber security issue is the data and principally the question of privacy, because we are collecting many data, many personal data, and there is a concern about how we will manage this data. And in my point of view, I think that it’s very important to create some kind of regulation regarding the data management usage and to protect mainly the personal data. This is the most important fear regarding the new technologies and the big amount of data that they are managing.

Nisha Pilai:
Indeed. So Mr. Koukinos, we were just hearing from Mr. Bokar about the importance of governance. It’s going to be even more important, because you’re going to have data flowing across borders, for instance, more private sector, more public sector interaction. So can I ask you, what do you think it’s going to mean in terms of collaboration, in terms of bringing parties together? It sounds like there might be a geopolitical aspect.

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
Oh yes, absolutely there are geopolitical aspects as well. And in the history of connectivity, since the Marconi time in the early 90s, 1900s, until recently, unfortunately connectivity, I’m sorry, cyber has not been a team sport, and it should be. Throughout our journey of getting a digitally connected world, we made two design errors in this journey. One is that cyber was always coming as an aftermath. An afterthought, yes. An afterthought. And the second is that we forgot in our excitement to create this connected world, and we have an always connected world, we have a design error that we forgot to include an off switch. We cannot get switched off. And 6G will not have an off switch either. So cyber is very important to come in a collaborative and proactive way rather than an afterthought. From the beginning. From the beginning, because the risk is increasing exponentially, or the challenges, I wouldn’t say risk. And there are chapters on cyber security around the to be connectivity of 6G that we did not get right. We did not get structured. So collaboration, and this is the purpose of this, it’s among the key purposes of this event yesterday and today, is how do we get collective wisdom together? How do we collaborate across borders, because connectivity is boundless.

Nisha Pilai:
Are you saying that we need to begin to think about harmonization and regulation? Across different stakeholders and countries much earlier.

H.E. Kyriacos Kokkinos:
And at multiple levels. The technological layer is one thing, but remember, 6G is just one network of many networks that will be connected together. So we need to have a holistic architecture. We need to have a technological understanding how each one is impacting the other, how each transaction. And one of the key aspects that I wanted to touch, about two or three years ago, when Metaverse was announced, I started thinking, okay, are we talking about humanization of machines? Or mechanization of humans? And it was a kind of philosophical or ethical question to sociologists and psychologists. But now with 6G, that is becoming a reality, potentially. And we need to also touch it from the technology point of view, because the virtual reality will become a reality, and even an extended reality. So cyber is a team sport that we need to start working today, and through the standards, the architecture standards, at all levels, privacy, interoperability, et cetera, is important.

Nisha Pilai:
Hence this discussion here at the Global Cyber Security Forum, ladies and gentlemen. Mr. Bokar, can I ask you, from the telcoms point of view, how can telcos bring together their skills, their experiences, to ensure that the deployment of the next gen, including 6G networks, tackles cyber security problems from the outset?

Bocar A. BA.:
I think it’s a great opportunity, and everybody in the room worldwide can attest that we have lived the pandemic, the health crisis, early 2020. And we have seen that our entire social professional life was supported by the robust telecommunication infrastructure that has been provided by the service providers, resilient, and our children keep going to school, connected to the hospitals. So the network infrastructure is extremely important, and we have to make sure that it remains resilient. To be able to do that, we need the support and cooperation from government to ensure that we keep having this resilience. 6G is coming with all the advantages presented by Kiryakos. We need more cyber security, but we need less cyber control. What do you mean by that? More cyber security, but less cyber control? More cyber security in terms of instrument to be able to provide trust to the network, but we need to empower the users. That’s what I meant by less cyber control. We need more security, less cyber control. That’s number one. Number two, with all these challenges brought by the new network of networks, operators need to invest much more, and they need to be incentivised. So, from the private sector point of view, investment, solid and robust network. From the government, we need government to champion that approach, to stimulate human investment, capacity building, awareness with the population. Telecom operators, last point, have an opportunity to provide an extremely valuable value proposition, because today they are dealing with the enterprise, they can provide an entire secure network, and we also have to be mindful about another specific aspect, which is cyber safety. Child online protection, because schools are being connected. Now, one last point, Nisha, if you allow me. We still have 36 per cent of the world population not connected. More or less about 2.6 billion people. Not connected at all. That is one of the SDGs’ objectives by 2030, to bring the whole planet online. So, by having 2.6 billion people connected to the current connectivity process, we are adding more challenges into the network, and we need to build trust. So, I believe, from my perspective, that telecom networks have a great role to play, provided that they are supported by the entire ecosystem.

Nisha Pilai:
Mr Bokar, thank you very much. Mr Ben Amour, I’m going to give you the final word. What do you think are the highest priority actions, from a security point of view, that will need to be undertaken to protect the environment of the new-gen, next-gen networks?

H.E. Eng. Mohamed Ben Amor:
Yes. Let me say first that we are shifting more and more from the traditional world to the cyberspace. And when getting in cyberspace today, new digital technologies, applications, services, help a lot of people to make their lives easier and easier. But they create a lot of challenges, a lot of risks, and this is the role of cyber security bodies. That’s why I think that there is a need of, first, international cooperation, in order to have the same and concerned point of view regarding the risks and challenges and the way how to face them. There is also a very big need for standardization, because, you know, today with artificial intelligence services and applications, the risk is very important and the life of people is under the hand of some people that might not be good as we want. So there is a need for standardization. And the third thing is regulation at the stage of national, regional, and also international.

Nisha Pilai:
Thank you very much, Mr. Ben Amor. So what I’ve taken away from this conversation is the importance of thinking about cyber security early and not as an afterthought, as we heard from Mr. Kokkinos. The importance of standardization, we just heard from Mr. Ben Amor, and the importance of government support and international support to growing networks, new networks, at an early stage. Because remember, ladies and gentlemen, at the same time, we’re trying to expand the number of people who are in the connected world. A third of the global population isn’t yet. So while we’re bringing in all these new possibilities and virtual reality, we’re also bringing on lots of global citizens into the potential of the digital world. So the challenges are great indeed. I found it really interesting. I hope you have too. Let’s put our hands together to thank our eminent panelists, Mr. Kyriakos, Mr. Ben Amor, and Mr. Bokar.