WSIS Forum 2026
Rapport généré par l'IA

Beyond State vs. Corporate: Community Data Governance Models from the Global Majority

4 intervenants
Résumé

Résumé

La discussion a porté sur la gouvernance des données centrée sur les communautés, en s’interrogeant sur ce que signifie pour les communautés de gouverner les données dans un contexte marqué à la fois par les préoccupations liées à la surveillance étatique et à l’extraction par le secteur privé, en particulier dans les contextes de majorité mondiale où les débats sur l’infrastructure publique numérique et la localisation des données s’intensifient . Les organisateurs ont indiqué qu’ils élaboraient une note d’orientation et ont structuré la session autour de trois piliers : la propriété et l’intendance des données, la prise de décision participative et le partage des bénéfices, qu’ils mettraient à l’épreuve à partir d’une étude de cas hypothétique . Bridgette Ndlovu a présenté le premier pilier en soutenant que les données devraient être traitées comme un actif collectif plutôt que comme une marchandise individuelle, les communautés - et non les entreprises ou les États - devant détenir l’autorité à leur égard . Elle a décrit des approches existantes telles que les codes sectoriels d’intendance, les biens communs de données communautaires, les modèles participatifs et les data trusts, en citant des exemples issus du cadre de l’Union africaine, du Mozambique et de l’Afrique du Sud . Ses demandes en matière de politique incluaient la reconnaissance de l’autodétermination, l’interdiction des pratiques extractives nuisibles, le consentement libre, préalable et éclairé, des codes de conduite sectoriels, ainsi qu’un renforcement de la transparence et de la responsabilité pour les plateformes et les systèmes d’IA . Fernanda Campagnucci a expliqué le deuxième pilier comme un pouvoir communautaire exécutoire tout au long du cycle de vie d’un projet, en distinguant la participation authentique de la consultation de pure forme et en soulignant l’importance du suivi, de l’examen, et même de la suspension lorsque des préjudices apparaissent . Elle a cité des exemples et des sources d’inspiration provenant du CGI du Brésil, des dépôts publics d’algorithmes du Chili, de l’expérience kenyane de Huduma Namba et de DPIA, de la pause sur l’IA à Amsterdam, ainsi que des procédures FPIC aux Philippines . Ses propositions comprenaient le FPIC pour les projets touchant des communautés identifiables, des conseils permanents de supervision pour les systèmes à fort impact, un financement pour des intermédiaires communautaires indépendants, et des limites aux revendications de secret commercial dans les systèmes publics . Shumaila Shahani a présenté le partage des bénéfices, en soutenant que les communautés de la majorité mondiale supportent les risques de l’extraction des données tandis que la valeur est captée par des entreprises dont les sièges sont situés dans le Nord global ; les communautés devraient donc participer à cette valeur comme une question de droit et non de charité . Elle a noté que des principes de partage des bénéfices existent déjà dans les dispositifs miniers et pétroliers, et a soutenu que les entreprises fondées sur l’extraction des données devraient satisfaire à des normes similaires, tout en reconnaissant que la valeur comprend l’argent, l’infrastructure, les capacités, l’accès et l’amélioration des services . Elle a ajouté que l’équité exige une évaluation vérifiable dans le temps et peut justifier des accords couvrant tout le cycle de vie, renégociables, des registres publics, des fonds contrôlés par les communautés, et des rapports répétés et audités sur l’impact de la valeur . Le cas hypothétique concernait Windfall Valley, où une entreprise étrangère de technologies de la santé proposait un système d’IA de diagnostic et de surveillance des maladies utilisant des données locales sur les symptômes, la localisation et les données biométriques, tout en conservant les droits sur des modèles qui seraient ensuite concédés sous licence à l’étranger . Ce cas mettait en lumière les tensions entre les besoins urgents de santé publique et la faiblesse des consultations, en relevant que le groupe autochtone n’avait pas été consulté séparément, que les travailleurs migrants n’étaient pas représentés, et qu’il était proposé à la vallée des services plutôt que des retours financiers directs malgré une valeur commerciale probablement substantielle à l’étranger . Les participants du public ont soulevé des questions sur l’entité qui valide les savoirs entre traditions médicales, sur la nécessité de droits sur les données et d’accords types, sur la manière dont la fiscalité ou des systèmes fondés sur des tokens pourraient redistribuer la valeur, et sur la façon dont la gouvernance peut représenter à la fois les communautés organisées et les individus non organisés . La session s’est achevée sans conclusions fermes, mais a établi un besoin partagé de cadres combinant l’autorité communautaire, une application soutenue par l’État, une participation véritable et un partage équitable de la valeur sur le long terme dans la gouvernance des données .

Points clés

L’objectif général de la discussion était d’examiner ce que devrait signifier concrètement une « gouvernance des données centrée sur les communautés », en particulier dans les contextes du Sud global et de la majorité mondiale où le contrôle de l’État comme l’extraction par le secteur privé créent des risques. Les organisateurs testaient également les principes d’un projet de note d’orientation à l’aune d’une étude de cas hypothétique sur les données de santé, afin de voir si leurs idées en matière de propriété, de participation et de partage des bénéfices résistent à des scénarios du monde réel. - La discussion a commencé par présenter la gouvernance des données comme une question de pouvoir plutôt que comme une simple question de vie privée, avec des préoccupations à la fois concernant la surveillance gouvernementale/la localisation des données et les pratiques extractives des entreprises. Les intervenants ont soutenu que les communautés du Sud global sont prises entre ces deux modèles et ont besoin d’une approche alternative. - Un thème majeur a été l’intendance des données et la capacité d’action des communautés : les données devraient être traitées comme un actif collectif, les communautés - et non seulement les États, les entreprises ou des individus isolés - devant détenir une autorité réelle sur la manière dont elles sont utilisées et dont les bénéfices sont répartis. Les intervenants ont évoqué des modèles tels que les data trusts, les biens communs de données communautaires et les codes sectoriels, et ont appelé à l’autodétermination, au consentement libre, préalable et éclairé, ainsi qu’au renforcement de la transparence et de la responsabilité. - Un deuxième point majeur concernait la prise de décision participative. Fernanda Campagnucci a insisté sur le fait qu’une participation authentique doit aller au-delà d’une consultation symbolique et donner aux communautés un pouvoir exécutoire depuis la conception du projet jusqu’à son fonctionnement et son examen, y compris la capacité de surveiller les systèmes et de déclencher leur suspension si des préjudices apparaissent. Les mécanismes suggérés comprenaient des procédures FPIC, des conseils permanents de supervision communautaire, des intermédiaires techniques et des limites aux revendications de secret commercial dans les systèmes publics à fort impact. - Le partage des bénéfices a été présenté comme une question centrale de justice. Shumaila Shahani a soutenu que les communautés dont les données génèrent de la valeur et qui en supportent les risques devraient recevoir une part équitable de cette valeur comme un droit, et non comme de la charité ou de la RSE. Elle a noté que la valeur peut inclure l’argent, l’infrastructure, le renforcement des capacités, l’accès aux enseignements tirés des données et l’amélioration des services, et a proposé des accords contraignants de partage des bénéfices, la divulgation publique des accords, des fonds contrôlés par les communautés, ainsi que des rapports récurrents et audités sur l’impact de la valeur des données. - L’étude de cas hypothétique « Windfall Valley » a centré la discussion sur des tensions pratiques : besoins urgents de santé publique contre faiblesse des consultations, contrôle transfrontalier des données, absence de représentation des peuples autochtones et des travailleurs migrants, et incertitude quant au caractère adéquat des bénéfices non monétaires. Les interventions du public ont soulevé des questions connexes, notamment les conceptions plurielles du savoir valide, la nécessité de droits fondamentaux sur les données et de modèles d’accords, la taxation des entreprises d’IA, une gouvernance collective plutôt que purement individuelle des données, les coopératives de données, et la nécessité de cadres juridiques souples adaptés à la nature distinctive des données.

Le ton général a été réfléchi, collaboratif et exploratoire tout au long de la session. Au début, il était analytique et orienté vers la définition de l’ordre du jour, les organisateurs présentant le problème et leur projet de cadre. Au milieu, il est devenu plus pratique et délibératif à mesure que les intervenants testaient les idées de politique publique à l’aune de l’étude de cas et invitaient le public à réagir. Vers la fin, le ton est devenu légèrement plus urgent et resserré en raison de la pression du temps, tout en restant constructif et ouvert à une poursuite des échanges au-delà de la session.

Intervenants

- Shumaila Shahani - De Tech Global Institute ; l’a décrit comme une organisation centrée sur la majorité mondiale. Modératrice/intervenante de la session. - Audience - - Bridgette Ndlovu - Basée au Zimbabwe ; travaille avec Paradigm Initiative, en se concentrant sur les droits numériques et l’inclusion à travers le continent africain. Également identifiée comme Partnerships and Engagements Officer chez Paradigm Initiative [S7]. - Fernanda Campagnucci - D’Internet Lab, un groupe de réflexion basé à São Paulo, au Brésil. Intervenants supplémentaires : - Angelica Saldana - Siège au TechCoin Global Governance Council ; a mentionné le réseau TechCoin, les tests de validation avec les opérateurs de réseaux mobiles de la GSMA, et des travaux liés aux filets de protection sociale. - Abhinav - Chercheur et chargé de mission en politique publique à IT for Change. - Angel Akunle - Président de l’Internet Society in the Grand Chateau.

Intervenants
SS
Shumaila Shahani
159 wpm · 13 min
BN
Bridgette Ndlovu
133 wpm · 9 min
A
Audience
159 wpm · 15 min
FC
Fernanda Campagnucci
117 wpm · 10 min

Shumaila Shahani a souhaité la bienvenue aux participants en présentiel et en ligne et a présenté la session comme une discussion sur ce que devrait signifier en pratique la « gouvernance des données centrée sur la communauté », en particulier dans les contextes de la Majorité mondiale et du Sud global, où les populations sont exposées à des risques à la fois de surveillance étatique et d’extraction par le secteur privé . Elle a souligné que l’infrastructure publique numérique se développe à travers des systèmes auxquels les personnes ne peuvent souvent pas se soustraire et auxquels elles n’ont pas toujours un accès réellement effectif . Elle a expliqué qu’avec Fernanda Campagnucci et Bridgette Ndlovu, elle élaborait une note d’orientation encore en cours de rédaction et souhaitait mettre ses principes à l’épreuve des réalités pratiques au moyen d’une discussion entre experts et d’une étude de cas hypothétique . Bridgette s’est présentée comme venant de Paradigm Initiative au Zimbabwe, et Fernanda s’est présentée comme venant d’InternetLab à São Paulo, au Brésil .

Shumaila a ensuite posé le cadre de la discussion comme étant une question de pouvoir plutôt que de simple vie privée. Avec la diffusion des systèmes d’IA et des infrastructures publiques numériques dans la vie quotidienne, elle a déclaré que les questions essentielles étaient de savoir qui possède les données, qui en bénéficie et qui en supporte les risques . Elle a indiqué que le projet de note était structuré autour de trois piliers : la propriété et l’intendance des données, la prise de décision participative et le partage des bénéfices .

Bridgette Ndlovu a présenté le premier pilier, l’intendance des données et l’autonomie communautaire. Elle a soutenu que les données devraient être traitées comme un actif collectif plutôt que comme une marchandise individuelle, et que l’autorité juridique sur celles-ci devait appartenir aux communautés, et non aux entreprises ou aux États . Elle a décrit l’idée centrale comme consistant à maintenir la communauté au centre de toutes les décisions concernant ses données . Elle a défini l’intendance comme l’autorité collective sur les données générées dans les limites d’une communauté, avec une prise de décision communautaire sur leur utilisation, leur partage et la répartition des bénéfices .

Bridgette a mentionné des modèles de gouvernance existants et émergents, notamment les codes d’intendance sectoriels, les biens communs de données communautaires, les modèles participatifs de data scouts et les modèles de data trusts . Dans le contexte africain, elle a mis en avant le Cadre de politique des données de l’Union africaine, qui reconnaît les data trusts comme l’un des modèles que les pays peuvent adopter, tout en relevant des lacunes de mise en œuvre parce que de nombreux gouvernements n’ont pas suivi ce cadre de manière cohérente . Elle a ajouté que le Mozambique a adopté des politiques nationales de gouvernance des données parallèlement à des lois sur la protection des données, et que le cadre POPIA de l’Afrique du Sud permet à des organismes représentatifs de soumettre des codes portant sur la qualité des données, le consentement et les voies de recours, qu’elle a reliés aux codes d’intendance sectoriels .

Ses demandes de politique publique ont rendu ce pilier plus concret. Elle a appelé à la reconnaissance d’un droit à l’autodétermination fondé sur des normes internationales plus larges . Elle a proposé des interdictions des pratiques de marché préjudiciables et déloyales dans les contextes extractifs où les communautés sont confrontées à un pouvoir de négociation inégal . Elle a également appelé au consentement libre, préalable et éclairé afin que les communautés puissent décider si elles souhaitent ou non participer aux processus de données . Elle a réitéré la nécessité de codes de conduite sectoriels pour guider le partage, la réutilisation et la réaffectation responsables des données à caractère personnel . Enfin, elle a appelé à une transparence et une responsabilité obligatoires pour les principaux services de plateforme, y compris les systèmes de recommandation, en particulier à mesure que les gouvernements adoptent de plus en plus des politiques d’IA et des systèmes fondés sur l’IA .

Fernanda Campagnucci a présenté le deuxième pilier, la prise de décision participative. Elle a soutenu que les communautés doivent disposer d’un pouvoir exécutoire pour façonner les projets du début à la fin, plutôt que de se voir offrir une consultation seulement symbolique ou discrétionnaire . Elle a distingué la participation performative de la participation authentique, en expliquant que la consultation est souvent épisodique, discrétionnaire et non contraignante, alors qu’une véritable participation exige des dispositifs institutionnels permettant aux communautés de définir les modalités de collecte, d’utilisation et de partage avant même le début de la mise en œuvre . Elle a ajouté que la participation devait se poursuivre pendant la mise en œuvre grâce au suivi, puis après le déploiement grâce à la capacité de déclencher un réexamen, voire une suspension, lorsque des préjudices apparaissent .

Fernanda a indiqué qu’il n’existait pas d’exemple parfait et universel, mais elle a cité le CGI du Brésil et une discussion antérieure sur les lignes directrices à l’intention des parties prenantes comme sources d’inspiration . Elle a également évoqué un répertoire des algorithmes publics au Chili, le contentieux autour de Huduma Namba au Kenya et les orientations ultérieures sur la DPIA, la suspension par Amsterdam d’un programme d’IA, ainsi que les procédures de consentement libre, préalable et éclairé aux Philippines .

Ses propositions de politique publique découlaient directement de ces exemples. Elle a soutenu que les projets touchant des communautés identifiables devraient être soumis à des procédures de consentement libre, préalable et éclairé . Elle a également appelé à la création d’instances permanentes de supervision communautaire pour les systèmes de données à fort impact . Une autre mesure pratique consistait en un financement public, y compris potentiellement par les États et les grandes entreprises technologiques, d’intermédiaires techniques indépendants ancrés dans les communautés afin que celles-ci disposent de l’expertise nécessaire pour participer efficacement . Enfin, elle a soutenu que les protections liées au secret commercial et à la confidentialité commerciale ne devraient pas s’appliquer aux systèmes publics ou aux systèmes affectant les communautés lorsque la visibilité sur le fonctionnement du système est nécessaire .

Shumaila Shahani a présenté le troisième pilier, le partage des bénéfices, comme une question de justice dans l’économie politique mondiale des données. Elle a soutenu que les données de milliards de personnes de la Majorité mondiale alimentent les systèmes numériques, mais qu’une grande partie de la valeur ainsi créée profite à des entreprises dont le siège se trouve ailleurs, plutôt qu’aux communautés qui ont fourni les données et supporté les risques . Elle a déclaré que si les communautés supportent les risques liés au partage des données, elles doivent aussi participer à la valeur créée à partir de celles-ci . Elle a explicitement affirmé que cela ne devait pas être considéré comme de la charité ni comme de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, mais comme une obligation pour les entreprises et un droit pour les communautés .

Pour illustrer ce principe, Shumaila a fait référence aux industries extractives. Elle a noté que les codes miniers à travers l’Afrique exigent déjà des accords de partage des bénéfices et que les fonds de revenus pétroliers dans des lieux comme l’Alaska et ailleurs distribuent des dividendes directs aux résidents . Dans le même temps, elle a reconnu que les données diffèrent des ressources traditionnelles parce que la valeur qui en est tirée est plus difficile à définir, à mesurer et à situer dans le temps .

Elle a ensuite précisé ce que devrait signifier la « valeur » dans la gouvernance des données. À ses yeux, la valeur ne se réduit pas à l’argent ; elle inclut aussi les infrastructures, le renforcement des capacités, l’accès aux données, l’accès aux connaissances générées à partir des données et l’amélioration des services . Elle a averti que ces formes de valeur ne font actuellement pas l’objet d’audits, ce qui rend difficile l’évaluation du caractère équitable ou suffisant de ce que reçoivent les communautés . Elle a également souligné que l’équité ne peut pas signifier seulement une part symbolique de profits très importants, surtout lorsque des données collectées aujourd’hui peuvent continuer à générer de la valeur de nombreuses années plus tard . Pour cette raison, elle a suggéré des accords couvrant l’ensemble du cycle de vie et des droits renégociables .

Ses demandes spécifiques de politique publique découlaient de cette conception de la création de valeur. Elle a proposé des accords contraignants de partage des bénéfices comme condition d’octroi de licences de données, tout en soulignant que l’octroi de licences n’était qu’un élément d’un dispositif de gouvernance plus large . Elle a également appelé à la divulgation publique et à la tenue de registres de tous ces accords afin que les communautés puissent comparer les conditions et disposer de points de référence sur ce que d’autres ont reçu . Un autre principe était que tous les fonds ainsi générés devraient être contrôlés par les communautés . Enfin, elle a proposé des rapports répétés et audités sur l’impact de la valeur des données afin de suivre au fil du temps quand et dans quelle mesure de la valeur a été générée à partir des données communautaires .

L’étude de cas hypothétique, Windfall Valley, a ensuite été introduite pour tester les trois piliers . Shumaila a décrit la vallée comme une région rurale d’environ 400 000 habitants dans un pays à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche inférieure, avec une population ethniquement mixte, une majorité de communauté agricole, un groupe autochtone plus restreint dans les hautes terres, et des travailleurs agricoles migrants saisonniers . Le taux de pénétration de la téléphonie mobile était élevé, mais les soins de santé formels étaient faibles, se limitant à un hôpital de district en sous-effectif et à un réseau d’agents de santé communautaires . Une entreprise étrangère, VitalReach, a proposé de déployer un système de diagnostic et de surveillance des maladies fondé sur l’IA en partenariat avec le ministère national de la Santé, qui se montrait enthousiaste et avait laissé entendre qu’il signerait . Les agents de santé communautaires collecteraient des données sur les symptômes, la localisation et les données biométriques via une application mobile, tandis que les modèles de VitalReach détecteraient les schémas d’épidémie et suggéreraient des diagnostics .

Le dispositif proposé soulevait plusieurs problèmes de gouvernance. VitalReach entraînerait le système à partir des données de la vallée, conserverait tous les droits sur les modèles résultants et les concéderait sous licence à l’étranger à d’autres pays . En contrepartie, la vallée recevrait cinq années d’utilisation gratuite de l’application, une formation pour cinquante agents de santé communautaires et une nouvelle installation de stockage frigorifique pour les vaccins à l’hôpital de district ; aucune somme d’argent ne serait versée directement . Les données, y compris les informations de santé autochtones et les dossiers biométriques des travailleurs migrants, seraient transférées vers les serveurs de VitalReach à l’étranger et régies par le droit du pays où ces serveurs sont situés . Shumaila a mis en évidence trois tensions dans ce scénario : la vallée avait réellement besoin de meilleurs diagnostics et un refus aurait un coût humain réel ; le groupe autochtone n’avait pas fait l’objet d’une consultation séparée et les travailleurs migrants n’avaient aucune représentation ; et les modèles généreraient probablement une valeur commerciale importante à l’étranger alors que la vallée ne se voyait offrir en retour que des services non évalués .

Bridgette a ouvert la discussion sur le cas en demandant qui serait l’intendant légitime des données de la vallée, s’il pouvait y avoir plus d’un intendant et comment la représentation devrait fonctionner dans une communauté aussi mixte . Shumaila a également précisé que la session visait à recueillir des réponses pratiques plutôt qu’à simplement présenter un cadre achevé .

La première intervention du public a porté sur les différentes conceptions du savoir valide. L’intervenant a fait valoir que les différentes communautés ne partagent pas nécessairement la même compréhension de ce qui constitue un savoir valide, notamment en médecine, en citant l’Ayurveda, la médecine chinoise, la médecine occidentale et les traditions autochtones de guérison . Le commentaire a soulevé une question supplémentaire sur qui définit le savoir valide et la preuve à travers les différentes traditions médicales .

Un autre participant du public a proposé une réponse plus institutionnelle et économique. Il a suggéré un droit fondamental aux données à la fois au niveau individuel et au niveau communautaire, afin que les gouvernements ne puissent pas négocier les données comme si elles n’avaient pas de propriétaire . Il a également recommandé des modèles types pour les accords de partage de données afin d’aider les gouvernements et les communautés à négocier des conditions plus équitables . Enfin, il a soutenu que, parce que des points de données isolés prennent une grande valeur lorsqu’ils sont agrégés, les entreprises d’IA pourraient devoir être taxées dans le cadre d’un régime coordonné au niveau international capable de compenser les communautés pour la valeur mondiale générée à partir de leurs données . Bridgette a relié cela aux préoccupations de concurrence et a cité une récente décision nigériane en matière de concurrence contre Meta, Facebook et WhatsApp comme exemple de pratiques de partage de données traitées comme anticoncurrentielles .

Une participante en ligne, Angelica Saldana, a demandé où en apprendre davantage sur les normes internationales relatives à l’autodétermination en matière de données, et a évoqué des questions connexes telles que l’identité numérique, les filets de sécurité sociale et la gouvernance des réseaux mobiles . Bridgette a indiqué que les organisateurs partageraient ultérieurement leurs réflexions et poursuivraient la conversation au-delà de l’événement .

Lorsque la conversation est passée au deuxième pilier et à la question d’une participation significative dans le cas de la vallée, Fernanda a demandé à quoi ressemblerait une participation authentique avant que le ministère ne signe l’accord et si des instances multiacteurs ou de supervision existant dans d’autres secteurs pourraient être adaptées à la gouvernance des données . Un membre du public a répondu que la gouvernance actuelle reste enfermée dans un modèle d’État-nation post-westphalien qui ne correspond pas à la nature mondiale d’Internet . Il a critiqué à la fois les systèmes centralisés et la décentralisation anarchique, et a proposé des structures de gouvernance reliant directement les individus, les familles et les communautés aux systèmes tout en maintenant la conformité juridique et l’interopérabilité . Il a également avancé des mécanismes de tokenomics et de monnaie programmable comme moyens possibles de réorienter les bénéfices vers les contributeurs de données lorsque des modèles construits à partir de leurs données sont monétisés .

Fernanda a répondu que, même si l’objectif était d’aller au-delà d’un simple modèle opposant gouvernement et entreprises, les États resteraient nécessaires pour légitimer et faire appliquer tout nouveau dispositif de gouvernance, car il est peu probable que les entreprises respectent des processus de validation communautaire sans autorité juridique à l’appui . Elle a ensuite soulevé un autre défi : les discussions sur la gouvernance communautaire présument souvent l’existence d’une communauté organisée, comme un groupe autochtone ou traditionnel, mais la gouvernance des données concerne aussi de nombreuses personnes qui ne sont pas organisées au niveau communautaire, en particulier dans les villes . Elle a déclaré que les données communautaires devraient être traitées avec respect et gouvernées au moyen de droits collectifs solides, mais qu’il subsistait des questions non résolues sur la manière de représenter des individus dispersés n’appartenant pas à des structures communautaires clairement définies .

Abhinav, chercheur à IT for Change, a ensuite apporté une intervention techniquement ancrée. Il a soutenu que le consentement éclairé individuel, bien que central dans les démocraties libérales, est insuffisant pour l’IA en santé, car de tels systèmes ne fonctionnent pas à partir de points de données individuels isolés . L’IA diagnostique nécessite des ensembles de données de haute qualité portant sur une communauté entière, en particulier si le modèle est destiné à prendre des décisions concernant cette communauté . Pour cette raison, il a soutenu qu’il existe une réelle valeur dans la gouvernance collective et que des structures représentatives telles que des coopératives de données ou des conseils pourraient intervenir à chaque étape du processus, de la collecte à l’entraînement du modèle et à son utilisation . Il a fait référence à des exemples en Inde, où des traditions autochtones et communautaires de prise de décision existent déjà dans les contextes climatiques et des droits forestiers, et il a relié cela à l’idée des données collectives comme actif .

Dans les dernières minutes, Shumaila est revenue au problème du partage des bénéfices dans ce cas et a demandé comment quiconque pourrait juger si les services proposés étaient suffisants ou non, et par rapport à quelle référence une telle adéquation devrait être mesurée . Angel Akunle, de l’Internet Society, a soutenu que la réponse commence par un cadre de gouvernance des données établissant des règles communes et une référence de base sur la manière dont les données sont définies et traitées . Il a suggéré qu’un tel cadre aiderait les différentes agences à aligner leurs pratiques en matière de données et à combiner celles-ci de manière plus fluide, ce qui permettrait à son tour de disposer d’une référence plus claire pour évaluer la valeur et l’adéquation .

Un dernier intervenant du public a mis en garde contre des analogies trop simples avec l’exploitation minière ou forestière. Il a déclaré que les données sont bien plus amorphes que le bois ou l’extraction minérale, et que les communautés concernées par les données peuvent elles aussi être plus fluides et plus difficiles à définir . Il a soutenu que les données peuvent ensuite produire des implications dans d’autres domaines, comme l’environnement, et que les cadres juridiques doivent donc être flexibles et créatifs plutôt que directement copiés sur d’anciens modèles des secteurs extractifs .

La session s’est achevée sans conclusions formelles, faute de temps . Néanmoins, plusieurs thèmes sont revenus tout au long de la discussion. Les intervenants ont présenté la gouvernance des données comme une question de pouvoir, de propriété, de bénéfice et de risque plutôt que de seule vie privée . À travers les trois piliers, ils ont plaidé en faveur d’une autorité collective ou communautaire sur les données, d’une participation significative tout au long du cycle de vie d’un projet et d’accords contraignants de partage des bénéfices appuyés par la transparence et l’auditabilité . La discussion a également mis en lumière des questions non résolues sur qui peut légitimement représenter des populations mixtes ou non organisées, comment inclure les groupes autochtones et les travailleurs migrants, ce qui compte comme savoir valide dans les systèmes de santé, et comment juger si des bénéfices non monétaires sont équitables . Le temps venant à manquer, Shumaila a conclu en invitant les participants à continuer de partager des ressources et des idées après le forum ou de manière bilatérale .

Shumaila Shahani
Thank you. Okay. Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us in person and online. I'm a bit not too comfortable with this mic. So we are, as we know, discussing community -centric data governance today. Trying to understand what community-centric means when it comes to data governance. As we all know that currently the discourse is kind of shifting between whether private companies should be owning our data to keep us safe from the governments that surveil and suppress free speech. And also like the rollout of DPI, the systems that we can't opt out of. And we don't have access also. But in other cases, we also worry about concerns or risks that are of extractive practices from private companies. In that case, we are trying to understand what would be the middle way, because, again, I would I would just say that in global south countries and global majority countries, most of the countries, we do kind of worry about governments trying to do their data localization laws and practices. But we also have concerns about private companies. So we just thought this conversation was timely. We are me, Fernanda and Bridgette. We'll introduce the intervenants as well. We're working on a policy brief and we just thought which is in progress. And we just thought that it would be good to have some information from experts here in this room to understand whatever we have come up with, how that fits with in real life. So we'll have a hypothetical case study that we'll run against those principles. And then we'll discuss and see what is good or bad with what we are trying to say in that policy brief. My name is Shumaila Shahani. I should have said that before. I'm from Tech Global Institute, which is a global majority of focus organization. I'll just ask Bridget first to introduce herself and then we'll go to Fernanda. Bridgette, you can introduce yourself.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Thanks a lot, Shumaila. So my name is Bridgette Ndlovu and I am based in Zimbabwe. I work with an organization called Paradigm Initiative, which works across the African continent, focusing mainly on digital rights and inclusion. Over to you, Shumaila.
Shumaila Shahani
Thanks, Fernanda. Can you go next?
Fernanda Campagnucci
Hello, everyone. Good afternoon. I'm Fernanda Campagnucci. I'm from Internet Lab, a think tank based in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Shumaila Shahani
Thank you, both of you. I think I'll just. so i'll just start um as you already know um i just mentioned at the beginning ai systems and dpis are proliferating in every part of her life and in that case uh the discussion of data governance is not about privacy anymore it is a discussion of it is a matter of power of who holds the ownership over data who benefits from it and who takes the risks and i think these are very important uh aspects that we need to consider as to why global majority is very worried and focused on on this uh discussion on this topic um i've already discussed how the next 45 minutes will look like i think i'll just um just go directly into the very quick so Bridgette will present her part of the policy brief it's it's in three parts uh which is basically the constituents of any uh data governance debate one would be who owns the data uh another would be participatory uh decision making that'll be with Fernanda and then I'll talk about what benefits sharing looks like So we'll just give like three minutes, very quick overview of what we have said in there or what we're trying to say. And then we'll present a hypothetical case study and we'll try to come up with how that those principles look like in practice. So, Bridgett, over to you. Three minutes only.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Thanks, Shumaila. I'll go right into it. So the first part of the policy brief would really like to situate data stewardship and community agency and what this has looked like for us, at least from the perspective that we've gathered within the African context and the global south. We want to look at the core idea as data as a collective asset, not just an individual commodity and communities. and not corporations or states must hold legal authority over it. So in an ideal situation, data should really be a collective asset and it shouldn't be something that is governed only by individuals or states or tech companies. So really the idea here is to have the community at the core of all things that have to do with their own data. Some of the key questions that we ask around what is stewardship, how do we understand stewardship and who are the legitimate stewards within the different communities, either be it in Africa, in Latin America, in Asia or any of the regions. Our definition has really focused on collective authority over data generated within boundaries. This is how we've defined data stewardship and community agency. You will see somewhere within the text that there are highlighted words like decisions, benefits. So in an ideal world, data stewardship has really to do with decision making of the collective community in the use or sharing or distribution of the benefits within their communities. One of the other key aspects that we've looked at is key issues within the different contexts, highlighting what is already happening. And we're seeing a growing number of evolving models from sectoral stewardship codes where different sectors are assigned specific codes of conduct so that these are being used. And these are what governs data within the community. We've also seen community data commons, participatory data scout models, and data trust models, which are... Within the African context, there's already been policies such as the African Union Data Policy Framework, which situates data trust as one of the models that should be adopted by countries within the African context. And then we've also seen a number of growing policy adoption or gaps. So gaps in the sense that the African Union Data Policy Framework prescribes a set of standards or a set of principles that governments should follow, but not all governments have been following this particular framework. And then there's governments like the government of Mozambique that have adopted specific national data governance policies. Even though they still have data protection policies. So this is us situating. data governance in the realm of stewardship and community agency. And then there's also countries like South Africa that under their data protection framework, such as Popia, they have put in place representative bodies to submit codes covering data quality, consent, and redress. This is mainly falling under the sectoral stewardship code. So this is what we are seeing within the African context. And what our key ask is within data stewardship and community agency is our asks are around the need to recognize the right to self -determination in line with standards set by the declaration specified, mostly also to situate our work around international standards so that self -determination is not just being defined by different countries in their own way. Another aspect that we've asked for is the development of a set of prohibitions to address harmful or unfair market practices, especially in contexts where extractivism is predominant or prevalent. And that ask for us has been the recognition of free, prior and informed consent so that communities are able to determine if they are willing to participate in data processes or data governance issues. And then another key ask as well is around sector specific codes of conduct, which I already highlighted before. This would really provide guidance and policies as well. And then another key ask as well is around sector specific codes of conduct, which I already highlighted before. This would really provide guidance and policies as well. And this would be something that would be very useful in terms of ensuring that there is responsible sharing, reuse or repurposing of personal data. As a last ask under the Data Stewardship and Community Agency pillar, our key ask is also for mandatory transparency and accountability for key platform services including recommendation systems which are increasingly being used as many governments begin to adopt AI policies and begin to use AI. I will stop here for now and hand over to Shumaila. I hope I did not exhaust all the three.
Shumaila Shahani
No, I think we are good. Fernanda, maybe you can start with the second part.
Fernanda Campagnucci
Yeah, of course. So, the second pillar of our policy brief is about participatory decision making. So, the core idea here is that communities must have enforceable power to shape projects from the inception to the completion and it's not merely a token seat at the table. as we see in many consultation processes. And another idea is that not only a matter of voice, but also a co -determination in the process. So one idea here is to differentiate genuine participation from performative participation. So a consultation, it's often an episodic, discretionary, and non -binding process, while a genuine participation usually requires institutional arrangements so communities can shape the terms of the data collection, use, and sharing before implementation. And also during the process, monitor them while the system or processes. Whatever of the infrastructure. are in operation and afterwards communities can trigger review or even the suspension when harms appear and emerge. What's already happening that we identified here there is no one -size -fits -all solution we don't have an example that is really checked in every box we set here but what we know what can inspire us is for instance the Brazil's CGI and we are fortunate that we just had this discussion before of St. Paul's stakeholder guidelines so it's an inspiration. We have a repository of algorithms in Chile public algorithms, so advancing in the idea of transparency and open source of algorithmic systems. We have the Kenya's experiences around Huduma Namba and later the DPIA guidance. And this is an important precedent about the possibility of pause. We also saw that in Amsterdam there was a pause in an AI program that automatically directed beneficiaries of a given system. But it was not because of communities. It was because of society. It was because of the assessments. And also the Philippines' free prior informed consent procedures. that Brigitte already mentioned in her presentation. So this is one of the asks we have, the policy asks. We should have this kind of procedures, the FPIEC procedures, in projects that affect identifiable communities. We have to have a permanent community oversight board for high -impact data systems, not a standalone process or one -time -only board, but a permanent oversight board. We have to have funding for independent community -based technical intermediaries. This funding can be from states and from large technology firms, so communities are able. And, of course, we have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. We have to have a permanent oversight board for high -impact data systems. excuses from governments are that those algorithms are protected by trade secrets and commercial rules. So we have to have a kind of, when we are talking about public systems and systems that affect communities, these kind of trade secrets shouldn't apply. So these are some of, this is an overall view of the pillar two of our policy brief.
Shumaila Shahani
Thank you, Fernanda, and thank you, Bridgette, for covering these very important components of data governance. I would now very quickly share the final component of it, which is benefit sharing. We do know that the systems are powered by the data from the billions of people from global majority. But because these companies are headquartered elsewhere in the global north, in specific cities, the value just never flows back to us. And in that case, we have to kind of consider what would make it just a just transaction. So both or every all parties benefit from it. We do think that if communities are bearing the risks of sharing data, then whoever bears the risks also shares the value from it. And it is not a charity. It is not a corporate social responsibility. It is the duty of the companies and it is the right of the communities providing that data. So based on that principle, we're kind of also trying to argue that currently we do. So, for example, there's existing principles that already exist. For example, mining codes across Africa, they require benefit sharing agreements already. There are oil revenues. Revenue funds are all revenues that fund. direct dividends to residents also in Alaska probably, but also in other regions. So point being that these principles are not novel. They already exist. But I think data extractive enterprises should also be held to the same standard. Very quickly, just two nuances that makes it a bit harder than how simple it might look, which is that value is not just money, especially in this case. Value is also infrastructure. It is capacity building. It is access to data and access to insights that are coming from data. It's also improved services. So all these things are also considered value. And the problem is that these are also not auditable at this moment or not being audited at this moment. So we are not sure what the value that is being provided is fair or not or is enough or not. And in that case, we come to the point of what is fair. It is not like just a token fraction of huge profits. As you can see, there are a lot of things that are being done to make it fair. cannot be considered fair, especially when in cases when data collected today can produce value 10 years later. In that case, I think communities should have the right to be able to derive value from the point when that value is being realized. So, for example, lifecycle lifecycle long agreements and value as soon as value compounds, people should have renegotiable rights to those agreements. And so these are these are main principles. Our asks would be, as I mentioned, just to very quickly overview binding benefit sharing agreements, which should be a condition for any data license. I do want to mention that we do not want to focus just on license. But that is just one part that we want to discuss here. public disclosure of every agreement. So if we have registries of all agreements, that would be helpful. So communities can use those to benchmark and to kind of understand what other communities have gotten and at what standard they should negotiate their own contracts. The funds should be obviously community controlled. That is one non -negotiable principle for us as well. And data value impact reports, as I mentioned, that value can be generated 10, 20 years later as well. So we need audited data value impact reports repeatedly to understand when and how much value has been produced from that data so communities have more negotiation power on the table. So these are just very quick points from the benefit sharing part. I would now very quickly present the – if you can go to the next slide, which has very important points of the – the case study, but I will read it out first. and then we can refer to it when we are discussing. So the Windfall Valley is a rural region. It's hypothetical, of course, just a reminder, of roughly 400 ,000 people in a lower middle -class income country. It is ethnically mixed, a majority farming population, a smaller indigenous group concentrated in the upland villages and a growing number of migrant agricultural workers who move through seasonally. Mobile phone penetration is high. Why? Formal health care is thin, with one understaffed district hospital and a network of community health workers. A partnership is proposed. Vital Reach is a well -funded global health technology company headquartered abroad. It wants to deploy an AI -driven diagnostic and disease surveillance system across the valley. Community health workers would collect symptom location and biometric data on a mobile app. Vital Reach's models would flag out outbreak patterns and suggest diagnosis. The National Ministry of Health is enthusiastic and has signaled it will sign. VitalReach will train the system on the Valley's data and retain all rights to the resulting models, which it intends to license to other countries abroad. VitalReach's offer to the Valley is free use of the diagnostic app for five years, training for 50 community health workers, and a new cold storage facility for vaccines at the district hospital. No money changes hands directly. That's important to remember. So no finances, nothing in terms of cash will be provided. The data, including the indigenous community's health information and the migrant workers' biometric records, flows to VitalReach servers abroad and will be governed by the country where those servers sit. So three things I need to point out here in this case study. The Valley generally needs better diagnostics. People are dying of conditions that earlier detection wouldn't. And refusing the deal has a real human cost. The indigenous upland group has its own council and has not been separately consulted The ministry treats the valley as one undifferentiated population.The migrant workers have no representation at all and they might not even be in the valley when those decisions are being made. The models trained on this data will generate substantial commercial value abroad of which the valley is offered none directly only services whose adequacy no one has independently assessed. Now the deal is on the table, a decision is expected within weeks In this case, we'll try to break it down into three components again. We'll first want to have a conversation, we want to hear from all of you on data ownership part and I think I'll go to Bridgette maybe to ask a question and we'll then want responses from participants online and in person and maybe Bridgette can coordinate this conversation.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Thank you. We'll just wait for a few minutes before we move to the next component maybe we can take 10 minutes or 8 we have 22 so alright so I'll just stop screen sharing here so that I can at least moderate the conversation as I see you as well alright I have a couple of questions for us here in the room the first question for us here would really be to understand who is the legitimate steward of the valid data and is there one and can there be from the highlights that Shumaila highlighted I would be interested in hearing your thoughts around who you think the legitimate steward is in this particular case study that we've presented in the comments section in the comments section any questions that you may have Shumaila I would also ask that you help me moderate the room internally and I'll also have a look here online to see if there's anyone who has their hand up.
Shumaila Shahani
Yes I'll do so uh yeah so we have one person here maybe we can hear from them.
Audience
Hi how are you can you hear me. Great uh so I uh personally have been working for some years on developing a social technical governance system in our AI area based on the traditional legal system of the Suryavansha which is my family's heritage which you might be aware about that so um within that context one of the things that I've been thinking about is you know working with different communities around the world consultatively is that you know what is valid knowledge and what's you know proper knowledge is actually not something we agree on you You know, for instance, in medicine, you know, there's very different models in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine and Western medicine and so forth. Right. So, you know, for instance, it's very not that long ago was, you know, a lot of the traditional medicine systems were considered woo by all the modern Western scientists as an example. And they would discount that. So if you would have a scoring system or some sort of legitimization system where you're kind of validating the data, who is doing the validation, you know, is going to impact whether that information is even seen as valid or not. And I think that's one of the things we're not grappling with as we start to create all these international U .N. standards and so on. It's like, well, do we really have consensus about these things? Like, is a Mayan healer going to look at health care and and what's good for a person and what's valid knowledge the same way as a doctor in New York does? I don't think so.
Shumaila Shahani
Thank you. Good point. Bridgette, you could hear it, right?
Bridgette Ndlovu
Yeah, yeah. I did jot down a few points here.
Shumaila Shahani
Great, thanks Alright, that's great We have one more, I don't know if we have something online or we have one more comment from here.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Nothing on line so far so we can take the one in the room.
Audience
Thanks a lot I wonder three short thoughts I wonder whether first it would be good to have a fundamental right on data on individual and community level if there is some right on that then for example governments that are negotiating these data agreements must reflect these kind of rights first as a principle so they can't negotiate the data as of nothing and the second part it would be good to have I think you mentioned it, to have like two or three templates of how such data sharing agreements could look like so that governments could easily draw upon them because it's really complicated so the templates would be very easy to help help people And the third thing is like a global perspective. I mean, like the AI hyperscalers, aggregators really profit from like global data aggregation. It's also important to see like a single data point is worth nothing. But if you aggregate them, it exponentially becomes more valuable. And there is definitely a need to tax AI companies from different purposes, from safety purpose, from knowledge purpose, from energy purpose. And like some sort of taxation regime could help to compensate communities. And I believe that needs to be internationally coordinated, even if it gets at the end up to a community level.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Thanks a lot for sharing those insights. I think they really respond directly to some of the issues that we spoke about around competition within the global market. And I think that's a really important thing to do. And I think that's a really important thing to do. And I think that's a really important thing to do. I think earlier I didn't bring up an example, but there are examples such as in Nigeria, where the Nigerian Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal upheld a recent decision by the commission ruling that data sharing practices of tech companies such as Meta, Facebook, WhatsApp were anti-competitive. So I think this really responds directly to that point. Moving on, I would like us to I hope there is no hand on ground, but I'd just like to take us to the second question around where do Indigenous council and migrant workers fit? Who speaks for those who are absent?
Shumaila Shahani
Bridgette, I think there was a hand on line and maybe there could be a comment in the chat as well.
Bridgette Ndlovu
OK, let me see. I don't see the hand online. But if you have a hand, please do feel free to go ahead and speak. No I don't hear anything online alright so I'll just try and navigate this to see if there's a comment online. I see a comment there from Angelica Saldana.
Audience
Hello my name is Angelica and I serve on the TechCoin Global Governance Council TechCoin network is approaching mainnet launch as part of this effort 15 GSMA mobile network operators across 15 countries are currently participating in validator testing the IMF recently wrote a working document on social safety nets using Telcon as an example we also have a digital cache for ECFA African Franc and EZA South African RENs, where can I read more about international standards for self-determination of data? I welcome the opportunity to continue the discussion.
Bridgette Ndlovu
Thanks a lot Angelica. And going forward, once we've put together thoughts from the room as well, we'll be able to share that with you and we can carry the conversation forward. At this point, allow me to go directly to the second question.
Shumaila Shahani
I think we should maybe go to the second component. We don't have a lot of time left. Thank you so much for coordinating this. I think this was very important. I would have liked to continue. But Fernanda, maybe we discuss the second one.
Fernanda Campagnucci
Yeah, of course. So you remember the second pillar was participatory decision -making processes and thinking about the case we shared, the hypothetical case. So the Ministry here of the Valley is about to sign, and how would genuine participation look like in this case? So it's a more open question, we can think about mechanisms. specific mechanisms or other kinds of inspiration we can have. One thing that I haven't mentioned, but it's interesting to think about, is that we have in some places existing multi-stakeholder committees or other oversight boards about policy, education, environmental policies. Maybe we could integrate those oversight bodies to the data subjects, data topics. But I will let you think about other suggestions or answers to this open question. If there's anyone here in the room who would like to give an input or maybe online.
Audience
It's just something you know that we've been thinking about as we go through is that you know i think part of the problem that we're facing in today's world is that you know initially even when the internet came out the internet is is like a global thing it's like the air that circulates around the planet right and we're still living in this post -world war ii west philian model of governance right where nation states tend to be the actors you you vote for the people who are running the nation state they're appointing people to the un bodies and so on and so forth and there's such it's creating this disconnect from the community level all the way to the international level and so what we've been looking at is how do you build governance systems that maximize sovereignty of the individual but still adhere to legal systems where we've got laws and regulations in place so that way you're you're kind of having individuals represented in the system as users but then having this compliance layer that allows for adherence to to government rules because when you go into the crypto world of decentralization it's sort of this wild wild west of anarchy of you know like oh you know there's no rules you know and that doesn't work you know that's But I don't want my grandkids to grow up in that world, and I think neither do any of you. But, you know, at the same time, we can't have centralized systems. You can't create a new NGO. You know, who's going to be in charge? This is the issue, right? And to us, the answer is you have to have this, you know, we've been discussing a multi -stakeholder approach, but you have to connect directly all the way to the individual, family, community level, and make sure that it's functional and that there isn't the same set of rules applied, you know, but that you can still have, like I've been hearing, and with IE technical standards that can be common and, you know, that that way there is some interoperability of data and training of data. And then also I do believe tokenomic systems and these sort of kind of programmatic money and so on where you can actually have benefit sharing. You know, like if there's a model, say, for there was a lady that had pitched me to invest on tongue diagnosis according to Chinese medicine, right? Well, but you need all this data. And the more data that comes in there, the better. model gets and then if they monetize that as part of a bigger system then you know some of the benefit goes to the model builder but some should flow down to the providers of the data and right now we haven't built an architecture for that so we're trying to focus on on doing that and and as much as possible just you know the next phase is seeing if we can and share those with the world i don't know if anyone else has thoughts about that but that's that's the way we've been thinking about it.
Fernanda Campagnucci
Quick um thoughts because even if the idea is to change from this government versus corporate models um somehow you're gonna need states some somehow you're gonna need at least to establish or to uh legitimate that this kind of new model is going to be accepted and especially it's going to be respected by the companies so kind of validation process with meaningful participation and everything, the companies are going to comply with that only if there's some kind of enforcement established. So this is one of the things that I've been thinking that even if we have meaningful participation and broader consultation or representation, good representations in some council or somebody like that, for the companies to respect that, you need some role from the state. Another thing is that usually when we think about this possibility from a community perspective, you think about an organized community. It can be an indigenous community or a traditional community or a local community, but something that is organized in a community way. When we talk about data governance, we talk about the data from all of the individuals. And not necessarily each one of us is organized in a community -based level. Not necessarily, especially when you live in a big city or in spaces like that. I think that the first step is to think about how you treat community data in a respective way and guarantee all these rights that you're proposing. But I think that there's another layer about which we should be thinking about. It's that the individual, you mentioned individuals in general, and who is going to represent these individuals. Because if it's already difficult to check who is going to represent the immigrants, for example, that is the example that you've brought, it's going to be difficult. Imagine. Imagine in a city where people are not organized in England. in a community -based level, how can you guarantee that their rights or their interests are being represented? So just no answers, more questions.
Audience
I have an answer for that.
Shumaila Shahani
Sorry, I think we're running out of time. Either we go take Abhinav's point, I think because he was trying to speak in the previous one as well. Then we have the last part to kind of talk about and maybe we can have more comments there. Abhinav, very quickly, if that's...
Audience
Yeah, sorry, I won't take too much of your time. I hope I'm audible. My name is Abhinav. I'm a researcher and policy associate at IT4Change. I have two quick points. I think, one, I wholeheartedly agree with the point that was made just by the speaker right before me. I do think that while the concept of individualism and informed consent on an individual level is... I would say a bulwark of liberal democracies in many ways. I think the problem here also is that artificial intelligence as a technology does not work off individual data points. My work has sort of centered around digital health specifically and this example, this case study that we're talking at is also about the healthcare context and artificial intelligence solutions, especially diagnostic tools in the healthcare domain require very sort of I would say well high quality data sets and if they are sort of making diagnostic decisions about a particular community, it is very difficult for these models for instance to work in any semblance of a reasonable way without having access to information about that community. So I would say that even from a point of view of the fact that the government wants to solve a diagnostic problem, they would require collective data sources and sort of the community data to come in as a community data and not as individual data points which rely on, I would say, say, individual, you know, sort of morality here. So I do think there is a value for collectives here. The second point that I want to make here in terms of how the community can be involved in the decision making process is, I will say, I mean, in the Indian context, we've seen the data cooperatives concept emerge extensively. These are usually representative councils that are, I mean, for instance, in indigenous communities in India, we already have a pattern of, you know, community decision making. And this comes from the climate policy history of the country, where indigenous communities often come together to understand if a particular development project in their region sort of meets the climate requirements, etc. And their rights in the Forest Rights Act have also been community driven. This is very similar to how community privacy and data privacy is understood in Brazil's constitution as well, where collective data is seen as an asset. So for me, I think the idea would be to... Imagine the entire process that is of the collection of data and it's, you know, used for training the model and imagine the role of the community at every step. This could be most likely a representative of both the indigenous community as well as the migrant workers in this case. But of course, I think the specifics would depend a lot on the ministry's relationship with the local communities. But what is the prevalence of migrant communities there and how does the data set sort of pertain to their economic activity in the region? Sorry, I think that's that's fine.
Shumaila Shahani
That's fine. Thanks, Abhinit. We only have four minutes left, so I'll just quickly throw the question around and maybe you can then leave your comments. So just the last point of the services that are being point offered. How do we know if they're enough or not enough? How do we decide that? And against what baseline? How do we create that baseline? Should we do you want to talk about it or should we go?
Audience
I want to.
Shumaila Shahani
OK. Thank you. Okay, maybe let's hear from, if we have a hand from this person from ISOC, in case that's more relevant, and then I'll come back to you. Please try to be very quick so we can hear more people. Thank you.
Audience
All right, I guess that's me, right?
Shumaila Shahani
Yes, that's correct.
Audience
All right, thank you very much. So, I think, good afternoon, everyone. My name is Angel Akunle, the president of Internet Society in the Grand Chateau. It's a pleasure to be with you on this call, so I'm going to be very brief. So, to have a baseline with respect to data, first, what we need to do is to ensure that we have a framework in terms of data governance. Why do we need a framework? The framework would define what exactly. We need to do to get a baseline data. And the advantage of this is the fact that if we have a framework that defines all the set rules to have data, it is going to help us to be able to put all the data in the same way. And I'll give you an example. Let's say we have a framework in a particular country, right? And let's say two or three agencies are working on different data. Now you know that there will be a point in time that all those agencies will need to come together in terms of bringing their data together. So that framework is going to be the baseline that will help them to be able to bring the data together. And the fact that there is a framework will make them to be able to sync their data seamlessly without any problem. So you can just take this to a higher level for us to be able to. To have a baseline data. I think that's the way it works. And it's no rocket science. Thank you very much. I wanted to continue on some of the things that you were saying about communities and I'm thinking that the kind of data that we're talking about is very different from the kinds of frameworks that have been used before for mineral extraction or forests or things like that where there was compensation for the communities and there were legal structures. At the moment, it's much more amorphous about communities, not just individuals and cities like you were talking about. So even though you do need governments to do some of the legitimizing, maybe we need a more organic approach to kind of what is a community that has data. In this example, which is a very, very useful one, all sorts of things. It's about health data, but there could be things that come out. That involves the environment. or other things like that, you need to have legal frameworks that can allow for change. Data is not like logs of wood. So we need to be more creative than we're being so far.
Shumaila Shahani
Thank you for that comment. I'm very sorry that we have to, like, rush through this conversation. Since you're working extensively on this, I'm very interested. And I was very excited by all the comments, and I wish we could speak more, which is why I'm inviting you to kind of reach out to us for if you want to share any resources, any if you want to talk now bilaterally or otherwise after the forum, we'd be very interested. And thank you for joining us in person and online. And, yeah, have a nice evening.
Audience
Thank you all excellent conversation. Yeah thanks I sent you a LinkedIn request as well I'd love to keep talking so what I sort of was looking at is you know I think they're right sorry I don't catch your name Tora. Tora was saying in terms of the governance framework so the way I've been trying to do it is using our traditional system you know that the surveillance are used to have to actually create because you know there's a rule in the United Nations that historical legal systems are still allowed so the idea is to create a digital commons where you have self -sovereign identity and self -sovereign data so that each person is owning their own identity and their own data and then the rules are applied or based on the rules that actually exist in the world so we're not implementing new rules other than basic moral and ethical frameworks and technical standards, socio -technical standards and so I'm using the mandalic theory from the Rig Veda and the Arthashastra and I've generalized it to be more global basically, not to be culturally rooted in Indian thinking, you know what I mean and then that's kind of the way we're working forward and what we're trying to now develop and you know, trying to do it on our own was too difficult so then now what we're looking at is creating a capital arm to then actually incubate and develop companies that want to build according to this way of thinking where you're working in this kind of ecosystem model and then trying to partner with all the various institutions so just wanted to say that's kind of our thinking of how to make this go and I think it touches on people.
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Practical Implementation Challenges #

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1

The knowledge base supports this broader framing by noting concerns about both state misuse of data and corporate extraction or opacity. [S106] warns that more data can become a source of government control and misuse, while [S101] highlights insufficient corporate oversight and the need for transparency and accountability in how private actors use personal data.

2

This is consistent with wider concerns in the knowledge base. [S96] notes that digital public infrastructure is being actively developed and can harness huge amounts of data, making governance critical. [S106] adds that governments often move services online without adequate alternatives for those who do not want to participate or who are excluded by lack of access or skills.

3

The knowledge base confirms Fernanda's affiliation with InternetLab and identifies her as a Brazil-based Global South participant. [S9] explicitly refers to Fernanda in connection with Internet Lab and Brazil.

4

This is corroborated by multiple sources emphasising collective approaches to data governance. [S23] argues that data value should be rethought collectively through models such as data cooperatives, and [S40] states that current regulation often over-focuses on individual data rights while neglecting group dynamics and collective rights.

5

The knowledge base confirms that data trusts, data commons and related collective governance models are recognised approaches in current debates. [S23] explicitly lists data cooperatives, data commons and data trusts, while [S40] discusses data trusts and cooperatives as institutional models for collective data handling.

6

The knowledge base confirms the relevance of the African Union Data Policy Framework to data governance on the continent. [S40] presents the framework as extending data governance beyond first-generation rights and as a potential response to asymmetrical power relations in data sharing. [S62] also refers to the framework as an example of a people-centred approach adopted by African Union member states.

7

While the knowledge base does not verify this exact implementation assessment, it adds supporting context on enforcement and participation weaknesses in African data governance. [S40] highlights limited civil-society participation in many African public processes and stresses the need for stronger enforcement and access to information, which helps explain implementation gaps.

8

The knowledge base does not directly confirm the POPIA codes point, but it does support the broader claim that South Africa has data governance enforcement structures. [S40] notes that a data protection and information regulator in South Africa took strong action against WhatsApp and other groups, indicating an institutional framework capable of oversight and code-based governance.

9

The knowledge base adds relevant normative context by showing parallel calls for stronger rights-based and sovereignty-oriented approaches to data governance. [S104] argues that people have often ceded sovereignty over their data without meaningful understanding, and [S23] argues for greater voice, choice and stake online through collective governance mechanisms.

10

This is consistent with broader concerns in the knowledge base about dominant business models built on data extraction and asymmetrical power. [S23] states that the most lucrative model remains one that extracts users' data for advertising, and [S40] discusses asymmetrical power relations in data sharing and the need for broader economic regulation.

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Digital self-determination - an alternative approach to data governance issues — collecting, processing, sharing, analysing, and use), and emphasised that achieving digital self-determination depends on technology, policy, and processes. According to him, data stewards should manage data according to...
The Right to Data for Development (Bluenumber) — This approach ensures that data stewardship is carried out impartially, without undue influence from any specific organization or the government.While the government is expected to play a vital role in driving data stewa...
Defending Our Voice: Global South Participation in Digital Governance — It shifted the conversation from simply discussing barriers to participation toward examining the quality and effectiveness of participation. All subsequent intervenants built upon this distinction, with Michel emphasizing h...
Stakeholders? On tap - not on top! — One of the major tasks of democratic processes is finding politically viable trade-offs between issues. Multi-stakeholderism is sectorial by definition, for it is the action space of those having an immediate “stake.” It...
Beyond partnership and participation: Community organising for ownership in humanitarian diplomacy and aid — A potentially highly relevant approach in an international context is Slum Dwellers International (SDI). SDI defines itself as ‘a network of community-based organisations of the urban poor in 32 countries and hundreds of...
Digital Cooperation and Empowerment: Insights and Best Practices for Strengthening Multistakeholder and Inclusive Participation — So I think it is very important for the stakeholder community to put forward these types of expectations and in some ways hold the UN community to these and sort of say, if you are committed to having this be the bedrock...
To Think and Act for Future Generations | Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 1 — 7 (2021), available at www.legalpriorities.org/research/constitutional-protection-future-generations.html. Courts are increasingly reinforcing the protection of future generations, especially in cases concerning the envi...
AI for Good Global Summit — They actually went from 2,000 to 50 employees and they are running a smart factory. So they shut their factory in India and then the factory owners in India were so puzzled. Like, why, what is happening? What is going on...
Open Forum #64 Local AI Policy Pathways for Sustainable Digital Economies — Like, it's not that everything will come for free. And those companies which are known to provide services for free, they monetize your data. We all know about it. There have been big tech companies who are indulging in ...
WS #323 New Data Governance Models for African Nlp Ecosystems — 30 seconds, please. It is really about partnership and Lilian Diana Awuor Wanzare: collaboration. If we think about the whole model, we have the local ecosystem, the government, the funders, internal players. How do we...
5th 'Road to Bern via Geneva' dialogue: On data and Tech4Good — Ms Divyanshi Wadhwa and Ms Florina Pirlea, two of Serajuddin’s colleagues who work on the project, led the audience through the Atlas, showing the end results of their work and explaining some concrete examples. Prof. Ka...
AI and Digital in 2023: From a winter of excitement to an autumn of clarity — For governments worldwide, 2023 could be a landmark year in the search for how to reconcile two things: The need to ascertain sovereignty over critical and sensitive data that needs to be stored physically within nat...
Harnessing AI’s power for health — Andreas underlines that there is a notorious digital divide across different countries but also within countries, engendering vast disparities in terms of access to digital health services across the population. Thus, wh...
Data first in the AI era

Practical Implementation Challenges #

The Convenience-Privacy Trade-off An audience member from Brazil raised the practical challenge of how people "trade convenience for data" without fully understanding risks, c...

AI, smart cities, and the surveillance trade-off — The algorithm identifies patterns and extrapolates them into the future. This sounds rational until you consider why those patterns exist in the first place. Neighbourhoods that were historically neglected may show hig...
NRIs MAIN SESSION: DATA GOVERNANCE — We'll break down what responsible data use is and how it can be used. We'll look at the culture of sound data and data governance, existing methodologies that can be used to refine data prediction policies, examine the c...
Open Forum #21 Leveraging Citizen Data for Inclusive Digital Governance — and also the experience of Colombia with citizen data from my colleague, Ora Gamba, who is with DANE, the Department of Statistics in Colombia. Then we will hear from two discussants that will sort of share their perspec...
A Global Digital Compact - an Open, Free and Secure Digital Future for All | Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 5  — The 2022 Kigali Declaration, agreed at the ITU World Telecommunication Development Conference, details what that involves: available, interoperable, quality and sustainable infrastructure, inclusive, affordable and secur...
Digital democracy and future realities | IGF 2023 WS #476 — Who should be having these conversations about making these spaces? And yeah, that's kind of why we're all gathered here and also to get different perspectives of who can be in the room, who's not in the room, who should...
[Briefing #1] Internet governance in January 2014 — We are mostly able to anchor any concrete action in our foreign policy to a high-level principle. It's also characteristic of the way that Brazil has been developing its internal and national Internet regulations based o...
Radical Imaginings-Fellowships for NextGen digital activists | IGF 2023 Networking Session #80 — So they get to select some of those events, and we support them, whether it's financially or with nomination, to attend some of the big forums. We also nominate them to be speaking on decision-making forums, like big con...
Networking Session #95 Friends for Internet : Create Better Digital World — So, Mariana, please, the floor is yours. Thank you. Well, I'm from Brazil, I'm 29 years old, and it's nice to talk about my age, because this can be, can encourage another youth, right? I mean, I work with internet as ...
Privacy issues discussed at CONNECTing the Dots — She said that although it is less visible and more controversial, privacy needs to be discussed more. In addition, more work needs to be done in relation to children’s rights and online privacy issues. For example, she n...
Beneath the Shadows: Private Surveillance in Public Spaces | IGF 2023 — Representing the private sector's perspective, Iezodara Córdova, the principal privacy researcher at Unico Idetec, a biometric identity company, shared valuable insights.With a history of collaborating with esteemed orga...
How can we balance security and privacy in the digital world? — Privacy is crucial for individuals to safeguard their personal information and data, while security measures aim to protect them from harm. However, security often requires access to private information, which can create...
Digital sovereignty stack: Infrastructure, services, data, and AI knowledge — In March 2026, Brazil's Digital Child and Adolescent Statute (Digital ECA) came into force, imposing structural obligations on platforms to protect children and adolescents online. Brazil is strengthening its digital sov...
UN 2.0 | Our Common Agenda | Policy Brief 11 — As yields rise, communities stand a chance of thriving and adapting to climate change. WHAT BUILDING DATA CAPACITY MEANS Nurturing modern data capacities is about making shifts in expertise, processes and technology ...
Developing data capacities for policy makers and diplomats — We always see a strong push for more data, especially in discussions surrounding the SDGs. For example, it is vital to have dis-aggregated data to create a more fine-grained picture of regions or groups of people that m...

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