This session addressed innovation, trust, and partnership, bringing together representatives from Saudi Arabia's key AI institutions to present the Kingdom's national approach to AI development and governance .
Ms Aljohara Althenyan of the Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA) outlined Saudi Arabia's major AI milestones, including training over one million Saudis through AI capacity-building programmes , establishing a sovereign Arabic large language model (Alam) , and achieving fifth place globally in the Global AI Index . She described SDAIA's three-pillar structure covering regulation, operations, and innovation , and highlighted a regulatory framework built on risk-proportionate, ethics-driven, and internationally collaborative principles . Key governance instruments include the National AI Ethics Principles, the National AI Adoption Framework, and generative AI guidelines for both public and government use . Saudi Arabia has also introduced AI ethics badges for the private sector and established over 300 data management offices alongside 145 AI officers across government entities .
Dr. Majed Alshehri introduced ICARE (International Centre for AI Research and Ethics), a UNESCO Category 2 centre co-established by SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics . ICARE's priorities include awareness, policy recommendations, capacity building, and research . Notable initiatives include an international women-in-AI programme that has trained 6,000 women , a multilingual AI glossary , and a forthcoming master's blueprint in AI ethics developed with a network of universities .
Dr. Tahira Hoke of Prince Sultan University illustrated how Saudi universities translate national AI strategy into education and research, noting that over 90% of PSU graduates receive employment offers during co-op programmes and that more than 50 researchers are recognised among the world's top 2% of scientists . She emphasised that universities, government, and industry collaborate through a robust ecosystem supported by initiatives such as LEAP and the Global AI Summit .
The session concluded with audience questions on youth engagement with AI, startup opportunities, and participation in upcoming conferences, including the fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI to be held in Riyadh in September 2026 , underscoring Saudi Arabia's ambition to be a dependable international partner in navigating the global AI transition .
Overall Purpose
- The discussion aims to showcase Saudi Arabia's comprehensive approach to AI development by highlighting the Kingdom's progress across three interconnected pillars: innovation, trust, and partnership. The presentations collectively demonstrate how Saudi Arabia has moved from AI ambition to practical implementation through national strategy, ethical governance, research institutions, and university-level talent development.
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Major Discussion Points
- Saudi Arabia's national AI strategy and institutional framework: Saudi Arabia established the Saudi Data and AI Authority (SADAIA) in 2019, ahead of the generative AI boom, and launched a National Strategy for Data and AI in 2020. SADAIA operates through three arms - the National Data Management Office, the National Information Centre, and the National Centre for Artificial Intelligence - to cover regulation, operations, and innovation respectively. The kingdom has since been ranked fifth globally and first in the Arab world on the Global AI Index, third globally in notable AI models per Stanford's AI Index, and sixth globally in governance per the Oxford AI Government Readiness Index. - AI ethics, governance, and responsible deployment: Saudi Arabia has developed more than ten regulatory instruments to ensure ethical and responsible AI use, guided by principles of fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, and accountability, derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks. Tools such as the National AI Adoption Framework, Generative AI guidelines, AI Ethics Badges for the private sector, and the National AI Index for public sector entities have been introduced to embed governance across both government and industry. The Kingdom has also adopted a Personal Data Protection Law alongside data sharing, classification, and open data policies. - ICARE as a global centre for AI ethics research: The International Centre for AI Research and Ethics (ICARE), established as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre through a joint agreement between SADAIA and UNESCO, aims to become a global lighthouse for AI ethics. Its priorities include AI awareness, policy recommendations, capacity building, and research and development. Key initiatives include an online platform with a multilingual AI glossary, an international women-in-AI programme called Elevate (which has trained 6,000 women), a forthcoming podcast, and a Master of AI Ethics blueprint being developed with a network of universities.
- Workforce development and AI capacity building: Saudi Arabia has trained over one million citizens in AI through the SMAI (1 Million Saudis for AI) programme, launched in 2024, with a second cohort now reaching 1.3 million trained individuals. Universities such as Prince Sultan University have signed MOUs with SADAIA to strengthen AI education, professional training, and workshop development, ensuring that AI enhances rather than replaces critical thinking and ethical judgement. The Kingdom has also been ranked first globally for women surpassing men in AI skills. - International collaboration and global AI leadership: Saudi Arabia actively participates in shaping global AI governance through membership in the UN AI Advisory Body, early adoption of UNESCO's AI ethics recommendations, partnership with the OECD on trustworthy AI and incident monitoring, and collaboration with ITU on AI readiness. Regional leadership is also demonstrated through the Riyadh Charter for AI in the Islamic World, developed with the Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. The kingdom will host the fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh in September 2026, co-organised by UNESCO, SADAIA, and ICARE.
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Overall Tone
- The overall tone of the discussion is confident, celebratory, and collaborative. From the outset, speakers adopt a substantive register, presenting Saudi Arabia's AI achievements with pride while grounding claims in specific indices, programmes, and institutional milestones. The tone remains consistently optimistic and forward-looking throughout, with presenters framing AI not as a threat but as an opportunity to be guided responsibly. Dr. Tahira Hoke introduces a slightly warmer, more personal and anecdotal tone - sharing her own story of settling in Saudi Arabia - which adds a human dimension to the otherwise policy-focused presentations. During the audience Q&A, the tone becomes more conversational and inviting, with panellists actively encouraging international participation in upcoming conferences and programmes. The discussion maintains an encouraging and inclusive atmosphere throughout, positioning Saudi Arabia as a willing and open partner to the global AI community.
Expanded Summary: The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Saudi Arabia - Innovation, Trust, and Partnership
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Session Overview and Framing
This session, convened at the WSIS Forum under the theme of innovation, trust, and partnership, brought together representatives from three of Saudi Arabia's principal AI institutions to present the Kingdom's comprehensive national approach to artificial intelligence development and governance . The session was chaired by Mr Rakan AlSulaim of the Communications Space and Technology Commission (CST), who opened by situating AI within the broadest possible context, noting that "artificial intelligence is reshaping economies, public services, and the way society creates opportunity" . He framed Saudi Arabia's relationship with AI not merely as a technology to be adopted but as a tool to be deployed with responsibility and in partnership with the world . Crucially, he announced that 2026 has been designated as the Year of Artificial Intelligence in the Kingdom, signalling the centrality of AI to national priorities .
Mr AlSulaim organised the session around three interconnected ideas: innovation, through investment in advanced digital infrastructure, expanded data centre capacity, and increased government spending on emerging technologies ; trust, through national frameworks for AI governance and ethics and contributions to international safety standards ; and partnership, on the basis that "no country, institution or sector can build a future of AI alone" . These three themes were then explored in depth by the three institutional speakers, each representing a distinct pillar of the national AI ecosystem.
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Saudi Arabia's National AI Strategy and Institutional Architecture
Ms Aljohara Althenyan, Competitiveness Officer at the Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA), delivered the first substantive presentation, opening with a reframing of what AI leadership actually requires. She argued that "AI leadership is not only about technology. It is about vision. It is about governance, talent, infrastructure, and trust," and that countries succeeding in AI would be those capable of turning ambition into practical capabilities while ensuring innovation remains "responsible, inclusive, aligned with human rights" . This multidimensional framing set the intellectual tone for the entire session.
Ms Althenyan described how Saudi Arabia had demonstrated early institutional foresight by establishing SDAIA in 2019, prior to the generative AI boom, as the central authority overseeing data and AI across the Kingdom . SDAIA operates through three arms: the National Data Management Office (NDMO), which serves as the regulation and governance arm; the National Information Centre, which handles operations and development; and the National Centre for Artificial Intelligence, which leads innovation, enablement, and research . Building on this foundation, the Kingdom launched its National Strategy for Data and AI in 2020, with the explicit aim of accelerating national transformation and positioning Saudi Arabia among the leading AI nations globally .
The results of this early investment are reflected in a series of notable international rankings. Saudi Arabia is currently ranked fifth globally and first in the Arab world according to the Global AI Index, third globally in notable AI models according to Stanford's AI Index, and sixth globally in governance according to the Oxford AI Government Readiness Index . The Kingdom is also ranked third globally in the OECD AI Policy Navigator, with more than 65 AI policies listed on the navigator . Among the most distinctive achievements highlighted was Saudi Arabia's ranking first globally in the category where women surpass men in AI skills , and the development of Alam, the Kingdom's sovereign Arabic large language model, currently ranked second globally as the best generative language model in Arabic . Saudi Arabia is also a key global player in international AI cooperation, most prominently through its membership of the UN AI Advisory Body and its leadership of the AI governance subgroup within that body .
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AI Governance, Ethics, and Regulatory Frameworks
Ms Althenyan described Saudi Arabia's regulatory approach as built on four guiding principles: risk-proportionate and adaptive; innovation-friendly and competitive; ethical and industry-growth focused; and internationally collaborative and locally relevant . To operationalise these principles, SDAIA has launched more than ten governance instruments to ensure the ethical and responsible deployment and use of AI across the Kingdom . The most prominent of these is the National AI Ethics Principles, which are derived from the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI and the OECD AI Principles, and which cover seven core values: fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environmental benefits, safety, transparency and explainability, and accountability . The National AI Ethics Principles were also described as an "OSIS's winner" - the full form of this acronym is unclear from the transcript. Additional instruments include the National AI Adoption Framework and generative AI guidelines for both the public and government sectors .
To accelerate adoption within government, SDAIA has established AI and data offices across national government entities, with more than 300 data management offices and 145 AI officers now in place . To guide policy and track national readiness, SDAIA introduced the National AI Index - described as a WSIS champion nominee and as an innovative approach to public sector governance - which evaluates national performance across seven pillars: strategy, governance, infrastructure, human capabilities, data, applications, and impact, and classifies the maturity level of government entities from absence to leading . Cohort One of the index was finalised in 2025, with the 2026 edition to be launched shortly .
For the private sector, SDAIA introduced AI Ethics Badges, derived from the National AI Ethics Principles, through which companies are assessed against a set of criteria and accredited at five levels: aware, adoptive, confirmative, assured, and visionary . On data governance, the Kingdom has adopted a Personal Data Protection Law alongside a data sharing policy, a data classification policy, and an open data policy, all designed to enhance transparency and strengthen data protection .
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Supporting the AI Ecosystem: Startups, Accelerators, and Workforce Development
Ms Althenyan outlined a range of initiatives designed to enable sustainable AI growth. To empower entrepreneurs and startups, the Kingdom launched the Generative AI Accelerator (GAYA), which aims to create more than 50 emerging companies - including 19 Saudi and 31 foreign firms - with a budget exceeding 600 million riyals . The flagship initiative, AIM, aims to build 100 high-quality AI companies with a one billion riyal budget allocated for the purpose . The Kingdom also launched the Rwad programme to empower startups, complementing these larger accelerator initiatives.
Workforce development is equally central to the national strategy. The SMAI programme - "1 Million Saudis for AI" - was launched in 2024 and has now trained 1.3 million Saudis in AI across two cohorts . The Sediya Academy continuously delivers training programmes, hackathons, artathons, and similar capacity-building activities . These efforts are complemented by the Kingdom's ranking first globally for women surpassing men in AI skills , reflecting a commitment to inclusive talent development that runs throughout the national strategy.
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International Collaboration and Global AI Governance
Ms Althenyan devoted considerable attention to Saudi Arabia's role in shaping global AI governance. On the UN dimension, the Kingdom hosted the original consultation session in 2020 that shaped the proposal for creating the UN AI Advisory Body, subsequently joined as a member, and in 2024 hosted the largest consultation session of its kind on the advisory body's report "Governing AI for Humanity," one of whose recommendations was the establishment of the Global Dialogue for AI . With UNESCO, Saudi Arabia was one of the first adopters of the Recommendation on the Ethics of AI and one of the first ten countries to complete the Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM) . The Kingdom also established ICARE as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre .
With the OECD, Saudi Arabia has partnered on trustworthy AI and on the OECD AI Incident Monitoring Observatory, which now includes monitoring in Arabic and the MENA region . With the World Bank, the Kingdom has partnered through the Digital Development Partnership to promote AI inclusion and cooperation with other countries . With the ITU, Saudi Arabia has led AI readiness work since 2022, and at the time of the session was chairing AI readiness editing sessions and co-launching an AI readiness hackathon for universities . At the regional level, the Kingdom collaborated with the Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation to develop the Riyadh Charter for AI in the Islamic World, incorporating cultural, religious, and linguistic dimensions of the region into AI governance .
Ms Althenyan concluded by announcing that the Kingdom will host the fourth edition of the UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh from 14 to 17 September, co-organised with UNESCO and in line with the Year of AI designation .
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ICARE: A Global Lighthouse for AI Ethics
Dr Majed Alshehri, Director of the International Centre for AI Research and Ethics (ICARE), provided a detailed account of the organisation's origins, mission, and current initiatives. He opened by asking the audience by show of hands whether they had heard of ICARE before the session, noting that only a few had - a detail he described as the reason for presenting at an introductory level. ICARE was established through a joint agreement between SDAIA and UNESCO, reflecting the Saudi government's ambition to expand its AI ethics initiatives globally through a partner that "shares the same values and can outreach globally with no borders" . Dr Alshehri described ICARE's overarching ambition as becoming "the lighthouse of AI globally" through initiatives, programmes, and partnerships .
ICARE's strategic priorities span four areas: awareness of the best use of AI; policy recommendations on how to make AI trustworthy and transparent; promoting capability building and reskilling; and research and development to define the future of AI . Dr Alshehri grounded this mission in a profound observation, citing the UN Secretary-General's warning that "today might be the last chance for human beings to make a decision for the terms of relationship between human intelligence and machine intelligence," and noting that "maybe in the future it will be already too late to make that decision" . This framing lent ICARE's work a sense of civilisational urgency, positioning it not merely as a policy body but as a participant in a defining moment for humanity.
Among ICARE's concrete initiatives, Dr Alshehri highlighted the CHI online platform, which hosts discussions, articles, and papers on AI, alongside a multilingual AI glossary covering Arabic, English, and French, described as a neutral reference written by ICARE and a network of researchers rather than by commercial interests . ICARE has also conducted numerous physical and online workshops on AI ethics and is preparing to launch its first podcast . In the area of capacity building, ICARE launched the Elevate programme for women in AI, through which 6,000 women have been trained, certified, and graduated, with plans for an expanded next cohort .
On policy, ICARE is working with UNESCO on the next phase of the Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM2), which will be more dynamic and enable researchers globally to visualise and interact with country data . Dr Alshehri also described an initiative to develop a Master of AI Ethics blueprint in collaboration with a global network of universities, with the final blueprint expected to be announced in Riyadh in September . He explicitly invited university representatives in the audience to join the working group, which was meeting remotely over the coming weeks . He concluded by reaffirming ICARE's openness to partnerships, inviting like-minded organisations, centres, and governments to collaborate .
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Universities, Education, and the Human Dimension of AI
Dr Tahira Hoke, Aide to the President and Vice Dean of Quality Assurance and Development, Robotics and Internet of Things, Faculty, Research, and Sustainability at Prince Sultan University (PSU), delivered the final presentation, offering a perspective on how Saudi universities translate national AI strategy into education, research, and talent development. Originally from Los Angeles and having lived in Saudi Arabia for over 20 years, she began by noting that the Saudi AI ecosystem is so deeply integrated that "everything that's happening in CST, as well as in iCare and Sediya, are all affecting Prince Sultan University," and that her presentation was representative of what happens across Saudi universities more broadly .
Dr Hoke emphasised that Saudi Arabia's AI transformation "began with investment in people," with Vision 2030 programmes preparing professionals across healthcare, engineering, education, science, and other sectors . PSU signed a memorandum of understanding with SDAIA to strengthen AI education, professional training, and workshop development, with PSU students among those trained through the national SMAI programme . She noted that the university's strategic framework reflects national priorities through digital transformation, sustainability, and future academic initiatives including a forthcoming College of Medicine and College of Space and Aviation Sciences .
PSU has graduated more than 10,000 students, with more than 90% receiving employment offers during their seven-month co-op programmes before graduation, and 100% of programmes are locally or internationally accredited. The university operates more than 20 research labs and centres, with over 50 researchers recognised among the world's top 2% of scientists, spanning AI, autonomous systems, robotics, the Internet of Things, data science, sustainability, and human-centred technologies . PSU also partnered with McGraw-Hill to host a forum on AI and education, bringing together leaders from academia, industry, and government, with similar forums held at other Saudi universities including Alpaisa University and Kingstown University. Students have additionally participated in initiatives such as the Shell Eco Marathon, reflecting the university's commitment to applied, real-world learning.
A distinctive feature of Dr Hoke's presentation was her emphasis on the qualitative dimensions of AI education. As a psychologist working alongside engineers and computer scientists, she highlighted her particular interest in exploring "not only what AI can do, but also how it influences learning, cognitive development, emotional intelligence, and well-being" . She argued that "technology alone does not necessarily transform education. It takes dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions to ensure that innovations guided by ethical principles strengthen our communities and benefit future generations" . She was explicit that "our goal is not for AI to think for our students, but also to help students think more critically, solve more problems, and also use these technologies responsibly" . She called for universities to strengthen AI literacy, academic integrity, and ethical decision-making, supported by clear institutional policies and ongoing dialogue on responsible AI use, academic freedom, intellectual property, and privacy .
Dr Hoke also acknowledged risks that were largely absent from the earlier presentations, explicitly naming "misinformation, bias, over-dependence, and the erosion of human judgment" as concerns that must be addressed as AI becomes more deeply integrated into education . This candour provided an important counterbalance to the session's otherwise predominantly optimistic framing.
Dr Hoke described the broader Saudi university ecosystem as one in which universities, government, industry, and international organisations work together through initiatives such as LEAP - which includes DeepFest as a dedicated space for startups - the Global AI Summit, Black Hat, and international conferences . She noted that PSU is less than 15 minutes from the government AI bodies represented on the stage, and that this physical proximity facilitates rapid ecosystem integration . Upcoming international partnerships include the ninth Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University in the first week of September , and ISCOV 2026, co-organised with the United Nations University under the patronage of Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority .
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Audience Questions and Emerging Issues
The Q&A session surfaced several important themes that extended and, in some cases, challenged the presentations. An audience member from Women in Technology Nigeria, Martha Lade, asked about the venues and participation pathways for upcoming conferences, prompting Dr Alshehri to confirm that the fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI would be held at the Ritz-Carlton in Riyadh from 14 to 17 September, with the website gfeai.icare.org already live .
Eric Gonzalez from Mexico City raised the question of at what age young generations begin engaging with AI and what the impact of social media on AI engagement might be . Dr Alshehri acknowledged this as a research question and confirmed that ICARE has youth as one of its priorities, but was candid in admitting that "as of today we haven't initiated any program for that but we are aiming for some programs in next year" . He described this as "an invisible area for many people, many families and parents," implicitly acknowledging a significant gap in the current ecosystem .
A social entrepreneur based in Dubai, Sanaz, asked how social enterprises could participate in and benefit from Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem, noting the intersection of psychology, humanity, and technology as an underexplored opportunity . Ms Althenyan pointed to the AIM initiative and the National Technology Development Programme (NTDP) as relevant entry points , though the specific social enterprise dimension was not fully addressed.
An international consultant on digital regulations and international trade, Linda Qasim, intervened to highlight a dimension of Saudi Arabia's digital development that had not been covered in the presentations: the broader regulatory ecosystem for information technology, including market-opening laws and the space sector . She noted that Saudi Arabia "has been working on improving the laws and regulations that are related to the sector, opening the market for investors to come and invest," and highlighted the space sector as a particularly promising area, noting that she had personally contributed to the drafting of the regulations of the space sector . This intervention revealed that even within the Saudi delegation's own ecosystem, practitioners in regulatory fields felt their work was underrepresented in the presentations.
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Closing Remarks and Overall Assessment
Mr AlSulaim closed the session by summarising its central message: that what the audience had witnessed was "a single picture viewed from three angles, a kingdom building artificial intelligence and foundation of innovation, trust and partnership" . He affirmed that Saudi Arabia's ambition is "not only to advance AI within our own borders, but to be a dependable partner to international community as we navigate this transition together" .
The session demonstrated a high degree of internal coherence across the three institutional speakers, all of whom presented mutually reinforcing narratives grounded in the same national strategy. Key areas of consensus included the primacy of ethics and governance over technology alone ; the indispensability of partnership at all levels ; the centrality of human capital and capacity building ; the importance of women's inclusion in AI ; and the grounding of national policy in international frameworks such as UNESCO and OECD . The most notable internal divergence was between Ms Althenyan's emphasis on formal regulatory compliance and accelerated adoption, and Dr Hoke's more cautious, human-centred approach to AI in education - a difference in emphasis that reflected the distinct institutional perspectives of governance authority and university, respectively .
The session also surfaced genuine gaps in the current ecosystem, most notably around youth AI engagement , social enterprise inclusion , and the broader ICT regulatory environment . These unresolved issues, alongside the ambitious programme of forthcoming initiatives - including the UNESCO Global Forum, the Master of AI Ethics blueprint, RAM2, and the Elevate programme's next cohort - suggest that Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem, while impressive in scope and strategic coherence, remains a work in progress, with significant opportunities for international collaboration and continued development.
2026 has been designated as the Year of Artificial Intelligence in Saudi Arabia, signalling national priorities and commitment to AI leadership - Year of AI designation
Arg. 1Mr. Rakan AlSulaim announced that 2026 has been officially designated as the Year of Artificial Intelligence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This designation serves as a clear signal of where the country's priorities lie in terms of technological development and national strategy.
He stated directly that '2026 has been designated as the year of artificial intelligence in the kingdom, a signal of where our priorities lie' .
on: AI leadership requires vision, governance, ethics, and trust - not technology alone
Saudi Arabia has invested in advanced digital infrastructure, expanded data centre capacity, and increased government spending on emerging technologies to move from ambition to implementation - Infrastructure investment
Arg. 2Mr. Rakan AlSulaim described Saudi Arabia's transition from ambition to concrete implementation by investing heavily in digital infrastructure and emerging technologies. This investment underpins the Kingdom's broader AI strategy and ecosystem development.
He noted that 'the kingdom has moved from ambition to implementation by investing in advanced digital infrastructure, expanding data center capacity, increase government spending on emerging technology, and support fast-growing AI sector' .
Saudi Arabia established SDAIA in 2019, ahead of the generative AI boom, as the central authority overseeing data and AI regulation, operations, and innovation - Early institutional leadership
Arg. 1Ms. Althenyan highlighted that Saudi Arabia demonstrated foresight by establishing the Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA) in 2019, before the generative AI boom of 2020. SDAIA operates through three main arms covering regulation and governance, operations and development, and innovation and research.
She noted that 'prior to the Gen AI boom that was in 2020, the Kingdom established in 2019 the Saudi Data and AI Authority' , and described its three arms: the National Data Management Office (NDMO) for regulation and governance, the National Information Center for operations and development, and the National Center for Artificial Intelligence for innovation and research .
The National Strategy for Data and AI was launched in 2020 to accelerate the Kingdom's transformation and position it among leading AI nations - National AI strategy launch
Arg. 2Ms. Althenyan explained that Saudi Arabia launched its National Strategy for Data and AI in 2020 as a foundational document to guide the country's AI ambitions. The strategy aims to accelerate national transformation and establish Saudi Arabia as a leading nation in data and AI.
She stated that 'we have launched the national strategy for data and AI back in 2020 with the aim to accelerate the Kingdom's transformation and position it among the leading nations in data and AI' .
Saudi Arabia's regulatory approach is risk-proportionate, adaptive, innovation-friendly, ethically grounded, and internationally collaborative - Regulatory guiding principles
Arg. 3Ms. Althenyan outlined the guiding principles underpinning Saudi Arabia's AI regulatory framework, emphasising that it balances risk management with innovation support. The approach is designed to be both locally relevant and internationally aligned.
She described the Kingdom's regulatory approach as 'risk-proportionate and adaptive, innovation-friendly and competitive, ethical and industry-growth focused, internationally collaborative, and locally relevant' .
on: AI leadership requires vision, governance, ethics, and trust - not technology alone
on: Sufficiency of coverage of the ICT regulatory ecosystem in the session's presentations
More than 10 governance instruments have been launched, including National AI Ethics Principles derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks, covering fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, and accountability - AI ethics instruments
Arg. 4Ms. Althenyan described a comprehensive suite of governance instruments developed to ensure ethical and responsible AI deployment in Saudi Arabia. The National AI Ethics Principles draw on internationally recognised frameworks and cover seven core principles.
She noted that 'we have launched more than 10 instruments to ensure the ethical and responsible deployment and use of AI in the Kingdom' , with the National AI Ethics Principles derived from the UNESCO recommendation on the ethics of AI and the OECD AI Principles , covering fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environment benefits, safety, transparency, explainability, and accountability . Additional instruments include the National AI Adoption Framework and Gen AI guidelines for the public and government .
on: International governance frameworks, including UNESCO and OECD principles, underpin Saudi Arabia's national AI ethics approach
on: Approach to AI ethics governance: top-down regulatory instruments versus bottom-up awareness and research
The National AI Index evaluates government entities across seven pillars and classifies their maturity level, serving as an innovative public sector governance tool - National AI Index
Arg. 5Ms. Althenyan introduced the National AI Index as a tool to guide policy and track AI readiness among government entities. It evaluates performance across seven pillars and classifies entities on a maturity scale from absence to leading.
She explained that the index 'evaluates national performance across seven key pillars, from strategy, governance, infrastructure, human capabilities, data, applications, and data' , classifying 'the maturity level of government entities from absence to leading' . She also noted it is 'this year's WSIS champion nominee' .
on: The role of AI in education: cautious human-centred augmentation versus adoption and integration
AI ethics badges have been introduced to accredit private sector companies based on their adherence to national AI ethics principles, ranging from "aware" to "visionary" - AI ethics badges for private sector
Arg. 6Ms. Althenyan described the AI ethics badges as a mechanism to support and recognise ethical AI adoption in the private sector. Companies are assessed against a set of criteria derived from national AI ethics principles and awarded badges reflecting their level of compliance.
She explained that 'they are derived from the principles that I just previously mentioned, and there's a set of criteria that we provide private sector companies when to assess their models with it, and then they are accredited with badges from aware, adoptive, confirmative, assured, to visionary' .
The SMAI programme trained one million Saudis in AI, with a second cohort now reaching 1.3 million trained individuals - Million Saudis AI training programme
Arg. 7Ms. Althenyan highlighted the SMAI programme as a flagship national initiative for AI capacity building, having trained one million Saudis since its launch in 2024. A second cohort has since expanded the total to 1.3 million trained individuals.
She stated that 'we have our SMAI program, which is the 1 million Saudi for AI. We have launched it back in 2024 and have thus now trained 1 million Saudis in AI through national programs' , and that 'we have now launched cohort two of the program, Semi 2, and we have reached now 1.3 million trained Saudis in AI' .
on: Investment in human capital and capacity building is the foundation of Saudi Arabia's AI transformation
Saudi Arabia ranks first globally in the category where women surpass men in AI skills, reflecting inclusive talent development - Women leading in AI skills
Arg. 8Ms. Althenyan pointed to Saudi Arabia's top global ranking in gender-inclusive AI skills development as evidence of the country's commitment to equitable talent building. This achievement reflects deliberate policy efforts to ensure women are participants in the AI economy.
on: Women's participation in AI is a shared priority requiring dedicated programmes and recognition
Alam, Saudi Arabia's sovereign Arabic large language model, is ranked second globally as the best generative language model in Arabic - Sovereign Arabic LLM
Arg. 9Ms. Althenyan highlighted the development of Alam as a sovereign Arabic large language model, representing Saudi Arabia's commitment to building indigenous AI capabilities. Its global ranking demonstrates the technical quality of the Kingdom's AI outputs.
She noted that 'we have additionally established Alam, which is our sovereign Arabic LLM, which is currently ranked second globally as best generative language model in Arabic' .
The AIM initiative aims to build 100 high-quality AI companies with a one billion riyal budget, supporting startups and entrepreneurs in the AI sector - AIM startup initiative
Arg. 10Ms. Althenyan described the AIM initiative as a major programme to foster AI entrepreneurship and startup growth in Saudi Arabia. With a substantial budget, it aims to create a pipeline of high-quality AI companies.
She stated that 'the initiative aims to build 100 high-quality companies in the field of AI, with a 1 billion rial budget has been allocated for that initiative' .
The Generative AI Accelerator (GAYA) aims to create more than 50 emerging companies, including both Saudi and foreign firms, with a budget exceeding 600 million riyals - GAYA accelerator
Arg. 11Ms. Althenyan introduced the Generative AI Accelerator (GAYA) as a targeted programme to stimulate the growth of AI startups, including both domestic and international companies. Its substantial budget reflects the Kingdom's serious investment in AI entrepreneurship.
She explained that 'we have launched the generative AI accelerator, Gaya, which aims to create more than 50 emerging companies, including 19 companies from Saudis and 31 foreign companies, with a budget of more than 600 million rials' .
Saudi Arabia is a member of the UN AI Advisory Body and led the AI governance subgroup, having hosted the original consultation session that shaped the proposal for the body's creation - UN AI governance leadership
Arg. 12Ms. Althenyan described Saudi Arabia's and foundational role in shaping global AI governance through the UN AI Advisory Body. The Kingdom not only joined as a member but hosted the original consultation session that led to the body's creation.
She noted that Saudi Arabia is 'a key global player when it comes to international cooperation, most prominently our membership in the UN AI advisory body and leading the AI governance subgroup within that body' . She further explained that 'in 2020, the Kingdom hosted the consultation session with VSC to shape the proposal for creating the advisory body itself, then later on joining as a member' , and that in 2024 they hosted 'the largest consultation session of its kind on the advisory body's report governing AI for humanity' .
on: No single country, institution, or sector can build AI alone - partnership and collaboration are essential
Saudi Arabia was among the first countries to adopt UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of AI and to complete the Readiness Assessment Methodology, and established ICARE as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre - UNESCO ethics leadership
Arg. 13Ms. Althenyan highlighted Saudi Arabia's early and proactive engagement with UNESCO on AI ethics, including being among the first adopters of the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI. The establishment of ICARE as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre further cements this leadership role.
She stated that 'the Kingdom was one of the first adopters of the recommendations on the ethics of AI, and actually one of the first 10 countries to conclude its readiness assessment methodology, the RAM' , and that 'the Kingdom established the International Center for AI Research and Ethics, ICARE, which is the Category 2 Center under the UNESCO' .
on: The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh in September 2025 is a landmark event for global AI ethics dialogue
Saudi Arabia is ranked third globally in the OECD AI Policy Navigator with more than 65 AI policies listed, and partnered with the OECD on the AI Incident Monitoring Observatory to include Arabic-language and MENA region coverage - OECD partnership and policy leadership
Arg. 14Ms. Althenyan described Saudi Arabia's strong standing in the OECD AI Policy Navigator as evidence of its comprehensive policy framework. The partnership with the OECD on the AI Incident Monitoring Observatory also extends coverage to Arabic-language and MENA region contexts.
She noted that Saudi Arabia is 'currently ranked third globally in the OECD AI Policy Navigator with more than 65 AI policies related on the navigator' , and that they 'partnered with them on the OECD AI Incident Monitoring Observatory, which is now including more monitoring in Arabic language and the MENA region as well' .
The Kingdom collaborated with the ITU on AI readiness work since 2022 and is currently chairing AI readiness editing sessions while co-launching an AI readiness hackathon for universities - ITU AI readiness collaboration
Arg. 15Ms. Althenyan outlined Saudi Arabia's sustained collaboration with the ITU on AI readiness, beginning with a report launch in 2022 and continuing through leadership roles. The Kingdom is currently chairing AI readiness editing sessions and co-launching a hackathon for universities.
She stated that 'with the ITU, we have led with them their AI readiness work from back in 2022, where we launched the report, and then again in 2024 during the Global AI Summit here in Riyadh' , and that 'the kingdom is chairing the AI readiness editing sessions, as well as we have launched with the ITU the AI readiness hackathon for universities' .
Saudi Arabia partnered with the World Bank through the Digital Development Partnership to promote AI inclusion and cooperation with other countries - World Bank digital inclusion partnership
Arg. 16Ms. Althenyan described Saudi Arabia's partnership with the World Bank through the Digital Development Partnership as a mechanism to promote inclusive AI development and international cooperation. This partnership has evolved from its initial phase to a second iteration.
She noted that Saudi Arabia 'partnered with the World Bank back in 2020 with the DDP-1 and currently with the Digital Development Partnership 2.0 to ensure more inclusion when it comes to AI with self-cooperation with other countries' .
ICARE was established as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics, research, and responsible use - ICARE founding and mission
Arg. 1Dr. Alshehri explained that ICARE (International Center for AI Research and Ethics) was founded through a joint agreement between the Saudi government, represented by SDAIA, and UNESCO. Its overarching mission is to become a global lighthouse for AI ethics and responsible use.
He described ICARE as 'an initiative by the Saudi government to go beyond and expand their initiatives globally' , noting that 'there has been a joint statement, a joint agreement between the two entities, the Saudi government represented by SEDAIA and the UNESCO' . He stated that ICARE is 'aiming to become the lighthouse of AI globally through initiatives, programs, and partnerships' .
on: International governance frameworks, including UNESCO and OECD principles, underpin Saudi Arabia's national AI ethics approach
ICARE's priorities include AI ethics awareness, policy recommendations for trustworthy AI, capability building, and research to define the future human-machine relationship - ICARE strategic priorities
Arg. 2Dr. Alshehri outlined ICARE's four strategic priorities, which span awareness, policy, capacity building, and research. He emphasised the urgency of defining the terms of the relationship between human and machine intelligence before it is too late.
He listed ICARE's priorities as 'awareness of the best use of AI', 'policy recommendations on how we can make AI trustworthy and transparent', 'promoting the capability building', and 'research and development to define what would be the future that we want to have for AI' . He also referenced the UN Secretary-General's warning that 'today might be the last chance for the human beings to make a decision for the terms of relationship between human intelligence and machine intelligence' .
on: AI leadership requires vision, governance, ethics, and trust - not technology alone
on: Approach to AI ethics governance: top-down regulatory instruments versus bottom-up awareness and research
ICARE launched a multilingual AI glossary in Arabic, English, and French to provide a neutral, unified reference for AI terminology globally - Multilingual AI glossary
Arg. 3Dr. Alshehri described the development of a multilingual AI glossary as one of ICARE's concrete initiatives to support global understanding of AI concepts. The glossary is designed to be neutral and is open to expansion into additional languages.
He explained that ICARE 'launched a unique glossary, a dictionary that supports the terms in AI. We started with three languages, Arabic, English, French, and we are open to add more languages' . He emphasised that 'this is a neutral glossary. It's not targeting what companies believe should be written there. It's written by us in iCare and also a network of researchers' .
The Elevate programme trained and certified 6,000 women internationally in AI, with plans to expand the next cohort - Women in AI capacity building
Arg. 4Dr. Alshehri highlighted the Elevate programme as ICARE's international initiative to build AI capacity among women. The programme has already trained and certified 6,000 women, with plans to expand its reach in subsequent cohorts.
He stated that 'in terms of capacity building, we have launched an international program for women in AI, and we called it Elevate. 6,000 women have been trained and certified and graduated from the program' , with aims for 'the next cohort, more numbers to come, more certificates and kind of tracks of educations to be offered through that platform' .
on: Women's participation in AI is a shared priority requiring dedicated programmes and recognition
ICARE is developing a Master of AI Ethics blueprint in collaboration with a global network of universities, to be finalised and announced in September 2025 - Master of AI Ethics blueprint
Arg. 5Dr. Alshehri described ICARE's work to develop a Master of AI Ethics blueprint in partnership with universities worldwide. The blueprint is designed to be customisable by individual universities while providing a shared framework for AI ethics education.
He explained that ICARE is 'aiming to promote a master of AI ethics blueprint working with a network of universities to design that blueprint, giving the universities the chance to customize it the way they believe' , and that 'the final blueprint hopefully will be ready in September to be announced in Riyadh' .
ICARE targets youth as a priority group for AI usage guidance, with planned programmes to define safe and responsible AI engagement for children and young people - Youth AI engagement and protection
Arg. 6Dr. Alshehri acknowledged that youth AI engagement is an underexplored but critical area, and that ICARE plans to develop programmes specifically addressing how children and young people interact with AI. He described this as an 'invisible area' for many families and parents.
He stated that 'in terms of iCare we have the youth as one of our priorities when it comes to their usage of AI' , and that ICARE is 'aiming for some programs in next year and within these programs we are targeting to define certain dues and certain priorities on how to protect kids while being online and especially when they are getting access and services to what AI can offer them' .
on: Urgency and current readiness for addressing youth AI engagement
The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI will be hosted in Riyadh in September, co-organised by UNESCO, SDAIA, and ICARE, reflecting Saudi Arabia's role as a global convener on AI ethics - Hosting UNESCO Global AI Ethics Forum
Arg. 7Dr. Alshehri announced that the fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI will take place in Riyadh in September, co-organised by UNESCO, SDAIA, and ICARE. He provided practical details including the venue and website for registration.
He confirmed that 'the fourth UNESCO Global Forum will take place on Riyadh in September 14 to 17' , noting that 'that event will be a partnership and co-organized by UNESCO, SEDAIA from Saudi Arabia, and ICARE' . He also provided the website address as 'gfeai.icare.org' .
on: The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh in September 2025 is a landmark event for global AI ethics dialogue
Prince Sultan University signed an MOU with SDAIA to strengthen AI education, professional training, and workshop development, contributing to national capacity building - University-SDAIA partnership for AI education
Arg. 1Dr. Hoke described the formal partnership between Prince Sultan University and SDAIA as a concrete example of how universities are integrating into the national AI ecosystem. The MOU focuses on enhancing AI education and professional development.
She stated that 'at Prince Sultan University, we recently signed a memorandum of understanding with SADAYA, our Saudi data and AI authority, to strengthen AI education, professional training, and workshop development' , noting that 'the very millions that Al-Johar was talking, some of those millions are part of our very own students at Prince Sultan University' .
Universities across Saudi Arabia are preparing graduates with both technical expertise and ethical judgement, critical thinking, and responsible innovation skills - Holistic graduate preparation
Arg. 2Dr. Hoke argued that Saudi universities are not merely producing technically skilled graduates but are also cultivating ethical judgement and critical thinking. This holistic approach is seen as essential for leading in an AI-enabled world.
She stated that 'across the kingdom, universities are preparing graduates with not only technical expertise, but also ethical judgment, critical thinking, skills needed to lead an AI-enabled world' .
Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people, with Vision 2030 programmes preparing professionals across healthcare, engineering, education, and other sectors - People-first AI transformation
Arg. 3Dr. Hoke emphasised that the foundation of Saudi Arabia's AI transformation is investment in human capital rather than technology alone. Vision 2030 realisations programmes are preparing professionals across a wide range of sectors.
She stated that 'Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people' , and that 'through several Vision 2030 realization programs, universities and industries are preparing future healthcare professionals, engineers, scientists, educators, entrepreneurs, public leaders, and even astronauts while supporting a knowledge-based economy and sustainable development' .
on: Investment in human capital and capacity building is the foundation of Saudi Arabia's AI transformation
Prince Sultan University operates more than 20 research labs and centres, with over 50 researchers recognised among the world's top 2% of scientists, spanning AI, robotics, IoT, and human-centred technologies - University research excellence
Arg. 4Dr. Hoke highlighted Prince Sultan University's research capabilities as evidence of the Kingdom's broader commitment to AI research excellence. The university's interdisciplinary research spans multiple cutting-edge technology domains.
She noted that 'at Prince Sultan University, we have more than 20 research labs and centers, and over 50 researchers that have been recognized as part of the world's top 2% of scientists' , with work spanning 'artificial intelligence, also emerging autonomous systems, robotics, the Internet of Things, data science, sustainability, and human-centered technologies' .
Saudi Arabia hosts multiple major AI and technology conferences annually, such as LEAP and the Global AI Summit, which generate tangible agreements and partnerships between universities, companies, and government - Conferences as ecosystem drivers
Arg. 5Dr. Hoke argued that Saudi Arabia's numerous AI and technology conferences are not merely networking events but catalysts for concrete agreements and partnerships. She described the ecosystem of conferences as a key driver of the Kingdom's AI progress.
She noted that 'there are at least anywhere from five to eight AI-related conferences every year in Saudi Arabia' , and emphasised that 'those conferences translate into actions. There's usually memorandums of understanding what's happening behind the scenes of those conferences' , with 'major agreements that come out of there' .
on: No single country, institution, or sector can build AI alone - partnership and collaboration are essential
Prince Sultan University is co-organising ISCOV 2026 with the United Nations University under the patronage of Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority, and hosting the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University - International academic partnerships
Arg. 6Dr. Hoke highlighted two major upcoming international conferences co-organised by Prince Sultan University as evidence of the university's global academic partnerships. These events reflect the university's role in connecting Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem with the international academic community.
She described 'the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University, notably it's the first week of September, as well as ISCOV 2026, which we are honored this year to organize with the United Nations University under the patronage of the Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority' .
on: Women's participation in AI is a shared priority requiring dedicated programmes and recognition
Technology alone does not transform education; it requires dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions guided by ethical principles - Human-centred approach to AI in education
Arg. 7Dr. Hoke drew on her background in psychology and quality assurance to argue that AI's transformative potential in education can only be realised through human agency and ethical guidance. Technology is a tool, not a substitute for the human elements of education.
She stated that 'technology alone does not necessarily transform education. It takes dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions to ensure that innovations guided by ethical principles strengthen our communities and benefits future generations' .
on: AI leadership requires vision, governance, ethics, and trust - not technology alone
on: The role of AI in education: cautious human-centred augmentation versus adoption and integration
Universities must strengthen AI literacy, academic integrity, and ethical decision-making, supported by clear institutional policies and ongoing dialogue on responsible AI use - AI literacy and academic integrity
Arg. 8Dr. Hoke argued that as AI becomes more integrated into higher education, universities have a responsibility to build AI literacy and uphold academic integrity. This requires institutional policies and open dialogue with all stakeholders.
She stated that 'as AI becomes more integrated into higher education, universities must strengthen AI literacy, as well as academic integrity and ethical decision-making' , and that 'this also requires clear institutional policies, thoughtful procedures, and ongoing dialogue with faculty, students, and researchers about responsible AI use, academic freedom, intellectual property, privacy, and appropriate boundaries' .
The goal of AI integration in universities is not to replace student thinking but to enhance critical thinking, problem-solving, and responsible use of technology - AI as educational enhancer
Arg. 9Dr. Hoke articulated a clear philosophy for AI's role in higher education: it should augment rather than replace human cognitive processes. The aim is to help students think more critically and use technology responsibly.
She stated that 'our goal is not for AI to think for our students, but also to help students think more critically, solve more problems, and also use these technologies responsibly' .
Student engagement through hackathons, sustainability conferences, entrepreneurship programmes, and competitions translates classroom learning into practical solutions and leadership skills - Experiential learning for students
Arg. 10Dr. Hoke emphasised the importance of extracurricular and experiential learning opportunities in preparing students for the AI-enabled workforce. Participation in competitions and conferences transforms theoretical knowledge into practical skills.
She noted that 'students participate in entrepreneurship programs, sustainability initiatives, model United Nations conferences, AI-related projects, and other experiential learning opportunities that strengthen leadership, communication, problem-solving, and innovation while preparing them for the future workforce' . She also mentioned that 'our students are regularly recognized as top performers in prestigious competitions, including the Shell Echo Marathon, while actively participating in sustainability conferences and hackathons' .
The Saudi university ecosystem is closely integrated with government and industry bodies, enabling rapid translation of national AI strategy into educational practice - Ecosystem integration of universities
Arg. 11Dr. Hoke described the tight integration between Saudi universities, government agencies, and industry as a key strength of the national AI ecosystem. This proximity enables universities to rapidly translate national strategy into educational and research practice.
She stated that 'Saudi Arabia truly has built an ecosystem where universities, government, and industry and international organizations work together' , and noted that 'our university is less than 15 minutes from the organizations that are on the stage now' , illustrating the physical and institutional closeness of the ecosystem. She also highlighted that 'everything that's happening in CST, as well as in iCare and Sediya, are all affecting Prince Sultan University' .
Organisations working with underserved and marginalised communities need to ensure their knowledge is incorporated into the AI ecosystem to promote fairness - Inclusive AI for marginalised communities
Arg. 1Martha Lade from Women in Technology in Nigeria raised the importance of ensuring that underserved and marginalised communities are not left out of the AI ecosystem. She argued that their knowledge and perspectives must be actively inputted into AI development to achieve genuine fairness.
She explained that her organisation works 'with underserved communities, especially those that are marginalized, trying to ensure that their knowledge is imputed into the AI ecosystem for fairness' , and that they also work 'with young women in the universities as well in Nigeria and outside Nigeria' .
There is a need to understand at what age young generations begin engaging with AI and what the impact of social media on AI engagement is - Youth and AI engagement research gap
Arg. 2Eric Gonzalez from Mexico City raised the question of when young generations start engaging with AI and whether there is any research on the scope of this engagement and its intersection with social media. This points to a gap in understanding the developmental and societal implications of early AI exposure.
He asked 'do you know at what age young generations start to engage with AI? And if there is any scope on that, and the impact of social media, and AI' .
on: Urgency and current readiness for addressing youth AI engagement
Social enterprises and startups should be able to participate in and benefit from Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem, particularly given the country's unique opportunity to set global standards - Social enterprise inclusion in AI ecosystem
Arg. 3Sanaz, a social entrepreneur based in Dubai, highlighted the potential for Saudi Arabia to set global standards by integrating social enterprises into its AI startup ecosystem. She emphasised the intersection of psychology, humanity, and technology as a unique opportunity for the Kingdom.
She noted that Saudi Arabia has 'an amazing unique chance actually to set standards globally' and asked for elaboration on 'initiatives that are feeding into this startup or into the social enterprise ecosystem' , expressing interest in how external actors could participate in Saudi Arabia's AI journey .
Saudi Arabia's regulatory ecosystem for information technology, including space sector regulations, represents a significant and underappreciated dimension of its AI and digital development progress - Regulatory ecosystem for ICT and space
Arg. 4Linda Qasim, an international consultant on digital regulations and international trade, highlighted that Saudi Arabia's work on improving ICT laws and regulations, including opening the market to investors, was not sufficiently covered in the presentations. She specifically pointed to the space sector as a promising area where she personally contributed to drafting regulations.
She noted that Saudi Arabia 'has been working on improving the laws and regulations that are related to the sector, opening the market for investors to come and invest and supporting the ICT system when it comes to regulations' , and highlighted the space sector as one where 'Saudi now has established the space sector and started with it' , mentioning the Space Debris Conference as a landmark global initiative held in Saudi Arabia .
Session Knowledge Graph
Speakers · Topics · Arguments · Relationships
All speakers consistently emphasised that AI progress must be guided by responsibility, ethics, and governance frameworks. Ms. Althenyan stated that 'AI progress must be guided by responsibility' and that 'AI leadership is not only about technology. It is about vision. It is about governance, talent, infrastructure, and trust' . Dr. Alshehri described ICARE as 'aiming to become the lighthouse of AI globally' through ethics-centred initiatives. Dr. Hoke argued that 'technology alone does not necessarily transform education' and that ethical principles must guide innovation. Mr. AlSulaim framed the entire session around innovation, trust, and partnership , underscoring that responsible AI is a national priority.
Saudi Arabia's regulatory approach is risk-proportionate, adaptive, innovation-friendly, ethically grounded, and internationally collaborative - Regulatory guiding principles
ICARE's priorities include AI ethics awareness, policy recommendations for trustworthy AI, capability building, and research to define the future human-machine relationship - ICARE strategic priorities
Technology alone does not transform education; it requires dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions guided by ethical principles - Human-centred approach to AI in education
2026 has been designated as the Year of Artificial Intelligence in Saudi Arabia, signalling national priorities and commitment to AI leadership - Year of AI designation
All speakers explicitly agreed that collaboration is indispensable for AI progress. Mr. AlSulaim stated that 'no country, institution or sector can build a future of AI alone' . Ms. Althenyan described Saudi Arabia's extensive international partnerships with the UN, UNESCO, OECD, World Bank, and ITU . Dr. Alshehri noted that ICARE was founded as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO and is 'always open and available to partnerships' . Dr. Hoke affirmed that 'no university can advance artificial alone' and highlighted that 'Saudi Arabia truly has built an ecosystem where universities, government, and industry and international organizations work together' .
Saudi Arabia is a member of the UN AI Advisory Body and led the AI governance subgroup, having hosted the original consultation session that shaped the proposal for the body's creation - UN AI governance leadership
ICARE was established as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics, research, and responsible use - ICARE founding and mission
Prince Sultan University is co-organising ISCOV 2026 with the United Nations University under the patronage of Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority, and hosting the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University - International academic partnerships
Saudi Arabia hosts multiple major AI and technology conferences annually, such as LEAP and the Global AI Summit, which generate tangible agreements and partnerships between universities, companies, and government - Conferences as ecosystem drivers
Multiple speakers converged on the view that people, not technology, are the primary driver of AI transformation. Ms. Althenyan highlighted the SMAI programme which trained 1.3 million Saudis in AI and the Sediya Academy's continuous training programmes . Dr. Alshehri described ICARE's Elevate programme which trained 6,000 women internationally . Dr. Hoke stated explicitly that 'Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people' and described how Vision 2030 programmes are preparing professionals across multiple sectors .
The SMAI programme trained one million Saudis in AI, with a second cohort now reaching 1.3 million trained individuals - Million Saudis AI training programme
The Elevate programme trained and certified 6,000 women internationally in AI, with plans to expand the next cohort - Women in AI capacity building
Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people, with Vision 2030 programmes preparing professionals across healthcare, engineering, education, and other sectors - People-first AI transformation
All three institutional speakers highlighted women's inclusion in AI as a concrete priority backed by measurable outcomes. Ms. Althenyan noted that Saudi Arabia is 'ranked first globally where women surpass men in AI skills' . Dr. Alshehri described ICARE's Elevate programme for women in AI, which has trained and certified 6,000 women . Dr. Hoke highlighted the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University and noted that 'only women are allowed to speak at this conference' , reflecting a strong institutional commitment to women's leadership in AI.
Saudi Arabia ranks first globally in the category where women surpass men in AI skills, reflecting inclusive talent development - Women leading in AI skills
The Elevate programme trained and certified 6,000 women internationally in AI, with plans to expand the next cohort - Women in AI capacity building
Prince Sultan University is co-organising ISCOV 2026 with the United Nations University under the patronage of Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority, and hosting the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University - International academic partnerships
Both Ms. Althenyan and Dr. Alshehri emphasised the centrality of UNESCO and OECD frameworks in shaping Saudi Arabia's AI ethics approach. Ms. Althenyan noted that the National AI Ethics Principles are 'derived from the UNESCO recommendation on the ethics of AI, as well as the OECD AI Principles' and that Saudi Arabia was 'one of the first adopters of the recommendations on the ethics of AI' . Dr. Alshehri explained that ICARE was established through a joint agreement between SDAIA and UNESCO and is working with UNESCO on the readiness assessment methodology for countries .
More than 10 governance instruments have been launched, including National AI Ethics Principles derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks, covering fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, and accountability - AI ethics instruments
Saudi Arabia was among the first countries to adopt UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of AI and to complete the Readiness Assessment Methodology, and established ICARE as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre - UNESCO ethics leadership
ICARE was established as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics, research, and responsible use - ICARE founding and mission
Multiple speakers referenced and endorsed the upcoming UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh. Ms. Althenyan announced that 'the Kingdom will be hosting the fourth edition of the Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in September from 14th to 17th' . Dr. Alshehri confirmed that 'the fourth UNESCO Global Forum will take place on Riyadh in September 14 to 17' and provided the website address . Dr. Hoke also referenced upcoming conferences in September and encouraged all attendees to participate .
The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI will be hosted in Riyadh in September, co-organised by UNESCO, SDAIA, and ICARE, reflecting Saudi Arabia's role as a global convener on AI ethics - Hosting UNESCO Global AI Ethics Forum
Saudi Arabia was among the first countries to adopt UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of AI and to complete the Readiness Assessment Methodology, and established ICARE as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre - UNESCO ethics leadership
Both speakers emphasised that Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem is deeply integrated and mutually reinforcing across government, academia, and industry. Ms. Althenyan described SDAIA's three arms covering regulation, operations, and innovation , and the establishment of AI and data offices across more than 300 government entities . Dr. Hoke affirmed this integration from the university perspective, noting that 'everything that's happening in CST, as well as in iCare and Sediya, are all affecting Prince Sultan University' and that 'our university is less than 15 minutes from the organizations that are on the stage now' . Both Dr. Alshehri and Dr. Hoke shared a strong conviction that AI must be guided by human agency and ethical reasoning, not deployed as a replacement for human judgement. Dr. Alshehri referenced the UN Secretary-General's warning that 'today might be the last chance for the human beings to make a decision for the terms of relationship between human intelligence and machine intelligence' , and described ICARE's work to 'equip the people with the right skills they need to use, to develop, and also to utilize the power of AI in the future' . Dr. Hoke stated that 'our goal is not for AI to think for our students, but also to help students think more critically, solve more problems, and also use these technologies responsibly' . Both speakers highlighted the importance of ensuring that Arabic language and the MENA region are adequately represented in global AI governance and knowledge frameworks. Ms. Althenyan noted the partnership with the OECD on the AI Incident Monitoring Observatory 'which is now including more monitoring in Arabic language and the MENA region as well' , and the development of Alam, 'our sovereign Arabic LLM, which is currently ranked second globally as best generative language model in Arabic' . Dr. Alshehri described the multilingual AI glossary starting with Arabic, English, and French , aiming for 'a unified glossary covering all the languages on what is AI' . Both speakers emphasised the importance of translating AI ambition into practical, real-world outcomes through entrepreneurship and experiential learning. Ms. Althenyan described the AIM initiative to build 100 high-quality AI companies and the GAYA accelerator , while Dr. Hoke noted that students 'are regularly recognized as top performers in prestigious competitions' and that 'education prepares talent, but research transforms that knowledge into solutions' . All three speakers shared the view that AI ethics must be embedded at every level of the ecosystem - from national policy instruments to university curricula and international research frameworks. Ms. Althenyan described over 10 governance instruments including the National AI Ethics Principles . Dr. Alshehri described ICARE's Master of AI Ethics blueprint for universities . Dr. Hoke stated that 'as AI becomes more integrated into higher education, universities must strengthen AI literacy, as well as academic integrity and ethical decision-making' .
It was somewhat unexpected that Dr. Hoke, as a university representative, would explicitly highlight the physical proximity of Prince Sultan University to government AI bodies as a strategic asset. She noted that 'our university is less than 15 minutes from the organizations that are on the stage now' and that 'Riyadh is a nice, large city, but we're also really close together' . This geographic closeness was presented as enabling rapid ecosystem integration, a point that resonated with Ms. Althenyan's description of how SDAIA has embedded AI officers across 145 government entities . The consensus that physical co-location amplifies institutional collaboration was not a pre-announced theme but emerged organically.
An unexpected area of consensus emerged around the substantive, transactional value of conferences beyond their symbolic or networking function. Dr. Hoke explicitly stated that 'those conferences translate into actions. There's usually memorandums of understanding what's happening behind the scenes of those conferences' and that 'in between the photo ops as well as the sessions, you have major agreements that come out of there' . This was echoed by Dr. Alshehri's description of ICARE's participation in the WSIS Forum as a place to 'shake hands and also build on the future initiatives' , and by Ms. Althenyan's account of how the 2024 consultation session on the UN AI Advisory Body's report led to the establishment of the Global Dialogue for AI . The consensus that conferences are mechanisms for concrete governance outcomes was a notably practical and convergent insight.
An unexpected consensus emerged between Dr. Alshehri and an audience member (Eric Gonzalez from Mexico City) on the urgency of addressing youth AI engagement. The audience member raised the question of 'at what age young generations start to engage with AI' and 'the impact of social media, and AI' . Dr. Alshehri acknowledged this as a 'research question' and confirmed that ICARE has 'the youth as one of our priorities' , describing this as 'an invisible area for many people, many families and parents' . The convergence between an audience concern and an institutional priority - neither of which was a pre-announced theme of the session - represented a genuine and somewhat unexpected moment of consensus on a gap in current AI governance.
An unexpected consensus emerged when Linda Qasim, an international consultant, intervened to highlight that the regulatory ecosystem for ICT - including the space sector - had not been sufficiently covered in the presentations, yet was a critical enabler of Saudi Arabia's AI progress. She noted that Saudi Arabia 'has been working on improving the laws and regulations that are related to the sector, opening the market for investors to come and invest' and highlighted the space sector as a promising area . This aligned with Mr. AlSulaim's framing of the enabling environment as foundational , and Mr. AlSulaim himself referenced a forthcoming conference on 'connecting people from the skies' in October . The consensus that regulatory infrastructure is as important as technical infrastructure was an unexpected but substantive point of agreement.
The session demonstrated a remarkably high level of consensus across all speakers on the core themes of responsible AI governance, human capital investment, international collaboration, and the integration of ethics into every layer of the AI ecosystem. All speakers - representing national strategy and governance (SDAIA), international AI ethics research (ICARE), and higher education (Prince Sultan University) - consistently reinforced one another's arguments rather than presenting divergent perspectives. The session was structured to showcase complementary pillars of Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem , and the speakers delivered on this framing with coherent, mutually reinforcing narratives. Key areas of agreement included: the primacy of ethics and governance over technology alone ; the indispensability of partnership at all levels ; the centrality of human capital and capacity building ; the importance of women's inclusion in AI ; and the role of international frameworks such as UNESCO and OECD in grounding national policy . Unexpected consensus emerged on the substantive value of conferences as governance mechanisms , the urgency of youth AI protection , and the underappreciated role of regulatory infrastructure . Audience members from Nigeria, Mexico, Germany/Dubai, and Saudi Arabia also contributed perspectives on inclusive AI, youth engagement, social enterprise, and regulatory ecosystems that were broadly aligned with the speakers' positions rather than challenging them.
Ms. Althenyan emphasised Saudi Arabia's comprehensive suite of top-down regulatory and governance instruments, noting that 'we have launched more than 10 instruments to ensure the ethical and responsible deployment and use of AI in the Kingdom' , including the National AI Ethics Principles, the National AI Adoption Framework, and Gen AI guidelines . Dr. Alshehri, by contrast, framed ICARE's approach as awareness-driven and research-led, focusing on 'awareness of the best use of AI', 'policy recommendations on how we can make AI trustworthy and transparent', and 'research and development to define what would be the future that we want to have for AI' . While not contradictory, these represent meaningfully different emphases: one prioritising formal regulatory compliance, the other prioritising organic knowledge-building and global dialogue.
More than 10 governance instruments have been launched, including National AI Ethics Principles derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks, covering fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, and accountability - AI ethics instruments
ICARE's priorities include AI ethics awareness, policy recommendations for trustworthy AI, capability building, and research to define the future human-machine relationship - ICARE strategic priorities
Dr. Hoke articulated a cautious, human-centred philosophy, stating that 'technology alone does not necessarily transform education. It takes dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions to ensure that innovations guided by ethical principles strengthen our communities' , and that 'our goal is not for AI to think for our students, but also to help students think more critically, solve more problems, and also use these technologies responsibly' . She also warned of risks including 'misinformation, bias, over-dependence, and the erosion of human judgment' . Ms. Althenyan's presentation, by contrast, emphasised accelerating AI adoption across government entities and the private sector, with frameworks designed to drive uptake , reflecting a more proactive integration stance. While both support responsible AI, their framing of the pace and nature of integration differs.
Technology alone does not transform education; it requires dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions guided by ethical principles - Human-centred approach to AI in education
The National AI Index evaluates government entities across seven pillars and classifies their maturity level, serving as an innovative public sector governance tool - National AI Index
Audience member Eric Gonzalez raised the question of when young generations begin engaging with AI and the impact of social media , implying this is an urgent and current concern requiring immediate attention. Dr. Alshehri acknowledged the issue but indicated that ICARE has not yet initiated any programme for youth, stating 'as of today we haven't initiated any program for that but we are aiming for some programs in next year' . He described this as 'an invisible area for many people, many families and parents' , suggesting awareness of the gap but a future rather than immediate response. This represents a difference in perceived urgency between the audience and the panel.
ICARE targets youth as a priority group for AI usage guidance, with planned programmes to define safe and responsible AI engagement for children and young people - Youth AI engagement and protection
There is a need to understand at what age young generations begin engaging with AI and what the impact of social media on AI engagement is - Youth and AI engagement research gap
Audience member Linda Qasim explicitly noted that 'there's one thing that wasn't highlighted during the presentation' , namely the broader regulatory ecosystem for information technology, including market-opening laws and the space sector. She highlighted that Saudi Arabia 'has been working on improving the laws and regulations that are related to the sector, opening the market for investors to come and invest and supporting the ICT system when it comes to regulations' , and pointed to the space sector as a particularly promising area . The panel's presentations had focused primarily on AI-specific governance instruments and data protection frameworks , without addressing the broader ICT regulatory environment or the space sector, suggesting a gap between what the panel chose to emphasise and what practitioners in the field considered significant.
Saudi Arabia's regulatory approach is risk-proportionate, adaptive, innovation-friendly, ethically grounded, and internationally collaborative - Regulatory guiding principles
Regulatory ecosystem for ICT and space
It was unexpected that an audience member with direct professional experience working with SDAIA and CST would feel compelled to intervene to highlight a significant dimension of Saudi Arabia's digital development that the panel had not addressed. Linda Qasim noted that 'there's one thing that wasn't highlighted during the presentation' , specifically the regulatory ecosystem for information technology and the space sector. Given that the session was framed as a comprehensive overview of Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem , the omission of ICT market-opening regulations and the space sector - areas where Saudi Arabia has made notable progress - was surprising. This suggests that even within the Saudi delegation's own ecosystem, there are areas of emphasis that do not align, with practitioners in regulatory fields feeling their work is underrepresented in the dominant AI narrative.
It was unexpected that Dr. Alshehri, representing an organisation whose stated mission is to be 'the lighthouse of AI globally' and which lists youth as a priority , would acknowledge that 'as of today we haven't initiated any program for that' when directly questioned about youth AI engagement. The audience member Eric Gonzalez's question revealed a tension between ICARE's stated priorities and its actual programme delivery. Given that the session emphasised Saudi Arabia's comprehensive and proactive approach to AI governance and capacity building , the admission that youth-focused AI programmes remain aspirational rather than operational was an unexpected moment of candour that highlighted a gap in the current ecosystem.
While the session was broadly coordinated and collaborative, it was somewhat unexpected that Dr. Hoke - as part of the same Saudi delegation - explicitly named specific risks of AI in education, including 'misinformation, bias, over-dependence, and the erosion of human judgment' , and stated that 'technology alone does not necessarily transform education' . This contrasted with the predominantly optimistic and achievement-focused framing of Ms. Althenyan's presentation, which emphasised milestones, rankings, and adoption frameworks . Dr. Hoke also noted that 'in many sessions this week, I heard the word scary, and I think that's the most common word I hear when it comes down to artificial intelligence' , acknowledging public anxiety that the other speakers did not directly address. This internal divergence within the delegation on the risks versus opportunities framing was unexpected given the otherwise unified messaging.
The session was characterised by a high degree of alignment among the three Saudi institutional speakers (CST, SDAIA/ICARE, and Prince Sultan University), all of whom presented a coordinated narrative of Saudi Arabia's AI progress built on innovation, trust, and partnership. Meaningful disagreements were limited and largely emerged from differences in emphasis and approach rather than fundamental opposition. The most substantive divergences were: (1) between top-down regulatory governance (Ms. Althenyan) and bottom-up awareness and research-driven ethics (Dr. Alshehri); (2) between proactive AI adoption framing (Ms. Althenyan) and cautious human-centred augmentation in education (Dr. Hoke); (3) between ICARE's stated youth AI priority and its lack of current programmes (Dr. Alshehri vs. audience); and (4) between the panel's narrative focus and the broader ICT regulatory ecosystem highlighted by an audience practitioner (Linda Qasim). Audience interventions introduced the most pointed challenges, particularly regarding youth engagement , social enterprise inclusion , and regulatory ecosystem coverage .
All three speakers agreed that AI must be governed by ethical principles and that responsible use is a national priority. Ms. Althenyan described the Kingdom's regulatory instruments including the National AI Ethics Principles covering 'fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environment benefits, safety, transparency, explainability, and accountability' . Dr. Alshehri framed ICARE's mission around making 'AI trustworthy and transparent' . Dr. Hoke emphasised that universities are preparing graduates with 'ethical judgment, critical thinking, skills needed to lead an AI-enabled world' . However, they differed on the primary mechanism: Ms. Althenyan favoured formal regulatory instruments and compliance frameworks , Dr. Alshehri favoured awareness, research, and international dialogue , and Dr. Hoke favoured embedding ethics into educational curricula and institutional policy .
More than 10 governance instruments have been launched, including National AI Ethics Principles derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks, covering fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, and accountability - AI ethics instruments ICARE was established as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics, research, and responsible use - ICARE founding and mission Universities across Saudi Arabia are preparing graduates with both technical expertise and ethical judgement, critical thinking, and responsible innovation skills - Holistic graduate preparation
All three speakers agreed on the importance of international collaboration for AI governance and development. Ms. Althenyan highlighted Saudi Arabia's membership in the UN AI Advisory Body and leadership of its AI governance subgroup , as well as partnerships with UNESCO, OECD, ITU, and the World Bank . Dr. Alshehri described ICARE's founding as a joint initiative with UNESCO and its role in co-organising the fourth UNESCO Global Forum on AI Ethics . Dr. Hoke highlighted Prince Sultan University's partnerships with Stanford University and the United Nations University . However, they emphasised different levels and types of collaboration: Ms. Althenyan focused on intergovernmental and multilateral policy partnerships , Dr. Alshehri on research and ethics-focused institutional partnerships , and Dr. Hoke on academic and conference-based partnerships .
Saudi Arabia is a member of the UN AI Advisory Body and led the AI governance subgroup, having hosted the original consultation session that shaped the proposal for the body's creation - UN AI governance leadership The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI will be hosted in Riyadh in September, co-organised by UNESCO, SDAIA, and ICARE, reflecting Saudi Arabia's role as a global convener on AI ethics - Hosting UNESCO Global AI Ethics Forum Prince Sultan University is co-organising ISCOV 2026 with the United Nations University under the patronage of Saudi Arabia's Digital Government Authority, and hosting the Women in Data Science Conference in collaboration with Stanford University - International academic partnerships
Both speakers agreed that human capital development is central to Saudi Arabia's AI strategy. Ms. Althenyan highlighted the SMAI programme, which has trained 1.3 million Saudis in AI , and the Sediya Academy's continuous training programmes . Dr. Hoke affirmed that 'Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people' and noted that Prince Sultan University students are among those trained through national programmes . However, they differed in emphasis: Ms. Althenyan focused on large-scale national training programmes and quantitative milestones , while Dr. Hoke emphasised the qualitative dimensions of education, including ethical judgement, critical thinking, and experiential learning .
The SMAI programme trained one million Saudis in AI, with a second cohort now reaching 1.3 million trained individuals - Million Saudis AI training programme Saudi Arabia's AI transformation began with investment in people, with Vision 2030 programmes preparing professionals across healthcare, engineering, education, and other sectors - People-first AI transformation
Both Ms. Althenyan and the audience member Sanaz agreed that the startup and entrepreneurship ecosystem is important for Saudi Arabia's AI development. Ms. Althenyan described the AIM initiative to build 100 high-quality AI companies and the GAYA accelerator targeting both Saudi and foreign companies . However, Sanaz questioned whether social enterprises specifically were adequately included, asking about 'initiatives that are feeding into this startup or into the social enterprise ecosystem' and noting the intersection of psychology, humanity, and technology as an underexplored opportunity . Ms. Althenyan's response pointed to the AIM programme and the National Technology Development Programme but did not directly address the social enterprise dimension, suggesting a partial gap between the ecosystem's current focus and the needs of socially oriented entrepreneurs.
The AIM initiative aims to build 100 high-quality AI companies with a one billion riyal budget, supporting startups and entrepreneurs in the AI sector - AIM startup initiative Social enterprises and startups should be able to participate in and benefit from Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem, particularly given the country's unique opportunity to set global standards - Social enterprise inclusion in AI ecosystem
- Saudi Arabia established SDAIA in 2019, ahead of the generative AI boom, as the central authority overseeing data and AI regulation, operations, and innovation, demonstrating early institutional leadership in AI governance.
- The National Strategy for Data and AI was launched in 2020 with the aim of accelerating the Kingdom's transformation and positioning it among the leading AI nations globally.
- Saudi Arabia's regulatory approach is built on four guiding principles: risk-proportionate and adaptive; innovation-friendly and competitive; ethical and industry-growth focused; and internationally collaborative and locally relevant.
- More than 10 governance instruments have been launched, including National AI Ethics Principles derived from UNESCO and OECD frameworks, covering fairness, privacy, safety, transparency, explainability, and accountability.
- 2026 has been designated as the Year of Artificial Intelligence in Saudi Arabia, signalling national priorities and a strong commitment to AI leadership.
- ICARE (International Centre for AI Research and Ethics) was established as a joint initiative between SDAIA and UNESCO to serve as a global lighthouse for AI ethics, research, and responsible use, operating as a UNESCO Category 2 Centre.
- ICARE's strategic priorities include AI ethics awareness, policy recommendations for trustworthy AI, capability building, and research to define the future relationship between human intelligence and machine intelligence.
- The SMAI programme has trained 1.3 million Saudis in AI across two cohorts, reflecting a people-first approach to AI transformation.
- Saudi Arabia ranks first globally in the category where women surpass men in AI skills, and the Elevate programme has trained and certified 6,000 women internationally in AI.
- Saudi Arabia's sovereign Arabic large language model, Alam, is ranked second globally as the best generative language model in Arabic.
- The AIM initiative aims to build 100 high-quality AI companies with a one billion riyal budget, and the GAYA accelerator aims to create more than 50 emerging companies with a budget exceeding 600 million riyals.
- Saudi Arabia is a member of the UN AI Advisory Body, led the AI governance subgroup, and hosted the original consultation session that shaped the proposal for the body's creation.
- Saudi Arabia is ranked third globally in the OECD AI Policy Navigator with more than 65 AI policies listed, and partnered with the OECD on the AI Incident Monitoring Observatory to include Arabic-language and MENA region coverage.
- The fourth UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI will be hosted in Riyadh in September, co-organised by UNESCO, SDAIA, and ICARE.
- Prince Sultan University signed an MOU with SDAIA to strengthen AI education, professional training, and workshop development, contributing to national capacity building.
- Universities across Saudi Arabia are preparing graduates with both technical expertise and ethical judgement, with the goal of enhancing critical thinking and responsible use of technology rather than replacing student thinking.
- Technology alone does not transform education; it requires dedicated educators, innovative researchers, engaged students, and agile institutions guided by ethical principles.
- The Saudi university ecosystem is closely integrated with government and industry bodies, enabling rapid translation of national AI strategy into educational practice.
- Saudi Arabia's AI ecosystem is driven by collaboration across government, the private sector, academia, and international partners, with major conferences such as LEAP and the Global AI Summit generating tangible agreements and partnerships.
- ICARE is developing a Master of AI Ethics blueprint in collaboration with a global network of universities, to be finalised and announced in September 2025.
“AI leadership is not only about technology. It is about vision. It is about governance, talent, infrastructure, and trust. Countries that succeed in AI will be those that can turn ambition into practical capabilities while ensuring that innovation remains responsible, inclusive, aligned with human rights.”
“Today might be the last chance for human beings to make a decision for the terms of relationship between human intelligence and machine intelligence. And that could be true, because maybe in the future it will be already too late to make that decision.”
“Our goal is not for AI to think for our students, but also to help students think more critically, solve more problems, and also use these technologies responsibly.”
“We are aiming to promote a master of AI ethics blueprint working with a network of universities to design that blueprint, giving the universities the chance to customise it the way they believe.”
“As a psychologist working alongside engineers and computer scientists, I have the privilege of exploring not only what AI can do, but also how it influences learning, cognitive development, emotional intelligence, and well-being.”
“We are committed to making the world a better place for all... including misinformation, bias, over-dependence, and the erosion of human judgment.”
“We haven't initiated any program for that [youth and AI] but we are aiming for some programs in next year... We believe this is an invisible area for many people, many families and parents, and we would like to highlight that area for the good usage of AI for them.”
At what age do young generations start to engage with AI, and what is the impact of social media on AI usage among youth?
This is an important research gap identified during the discussion. Dr. Majed Alshehri acknowledged that iCare has not yet initiated programmes targeting youth AI usage and that this is an 'invisible area for many families and parents.' Understanding the age of first engagement with AI and the intersection with social media is critical for designing appropriate child protection frameworks, ethical guidelines, and educational interventions.
How can social enterprises and startups from outside Saudi Arabia participate in and contribute to the Kingdom's AI ecosystem?
The question highlights a need for clearer pathways and entry points for international social entrepreneurs and startups wishing to engage with Saudi Arabia's AI and technology ecosystem. This is relevant to the broader theme of partnership and inclusive innovation discussed throughout the session, and warrants further elaboration on specific programmes, eligibility criteria, and collaboration mechanisms.
What specific programmes or initiatives exist to protect children and young people from the risks associated with AI and online services?
Dr. Alshehri acknowledged that iCare is planning future programmes targeting youth AI safety but has not yet launched any. This represents an identified gap in the current AI governance and ethics framework, and further research is needed to define best practices, age-appropriate guidelines, and protective measures for minors interacting with AI-powered services.
How can the AI ethics glossary developed by iCare be expanded to cover more languages and achieve global adoption as a unified reference?
Dr. Alshehri mentioned that the iCare glossary currently covers Arabic, English, and French, and expressed openness to adding more languages. A unified, multilingual, and neutral AI glossary is essential for inclusive global AI governance. Further research and collaboration are needed to identify priority languages, engage linguistic communities, and ensure the glossary remains current as AI terminology evolves.
What is the blueprint for a Master's degree in AI Ethics, and how can universities globally contribute to and adopt it?
Dr. Alshehri described an ongoing initiative to develop a Master of AI Ethics blueprint in collaboration with a network of universities, with the final blueprint expected to be announced in September in Riyadh. This represents an open invitation for further research collaboration and institutional participation, and raises questions about curriculum design, accreditation, and how the blueprint will be customised across different cultural and regulatory contexts.
How does the National AI Index measure and improve AI maturity across government entities, and what lessons can be drawn from Cohort One for future iterations?
Ms. Althenyan introduced the National AI Index as an innovative public sector governance tool and noted that Cohort One was recently finalised. Further research into the methodology, findings, and lessons learned from Cohort One would be valuable for other nations seeking to develop similar national AI readiness assessment frameworks.
How effective are the AI Ethics Badges in driving responsible AI adoption in the private sector, and what evidence exists of their impact?
The AI Ethics Badges programme was presented as a mechanism to encourage ethical AI adoption among private sector companies. However, no data on uptake, compliance outcomes, or measurable impact was provided. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of such voluntary accreditation schemes and whether they translate into meaningful changes in AI development and deployment practices.
How is the Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM2) being redesigned to be more dynamic and accessible to global researchers, and what new insights is it expected to generate?
Dr. Alshehri mentioned that iCare and UNESCO are working on RAM2, a more dynamic successor to the original Readiness Assessment Methodology, which drew on reports from over 70 countries. Further research is needed to understand how RAM2 will improve upon its predecessor, what data visualisation and analytical tools will be incorporated, and how findings will be made accessible to policymakers and researchers globally.
How does AI integration in higher education affect academic integrity, intellectual property, and the boundaries of human versus machine-generated work?
Dr. Hoke raised concerns about the need for clear institutional policies on responsible AI use in education, including issues of academic freedom, intellectual property, and privacy. These are complex and evolving challenges that require interdisciplinary research involving educators, ethicists, legal scholars, and technologists to develop appropriate frameworks.
What is the psychological and cognitive impact of AI on student learning, emotional intelligence, and well-being?
As a psychologist working alongside engineers and computer scientists, Dr. Hoke highlighted her interest in exploring how AI influences learning, cognitive development, emotional intelligence, and well-being. This is an underexplored area of research that is critical for ensuring that AI integration in education supports rather than undermines human development.
How can the risks of AI in education — including misinformation, bias, over-dependence, and the erosion of human judgement — be systematically identified and mitigated?
Dr. Hoke explicitly named these risks as areas requiring attention as AI becomes more deeply embedded in educational settings. Further research is needed to develop evidence-based strategies for identifying, measuring, and mitigating these harms, particularly in the context of diverse student populations and varying levels of digital literacy.
How can international organisations and researchers engage with the UNESCO Global Forum on the Ethics of AI in Riyadh, and what are the submission criteria for research proposals?
Martha Lade's question about conference venues prompted a discussion about the UNESCO Global Forum on AI Ethics in Riyadh (14–17 September). Dr. Alshehri confirmed that a call for research abstracts is open. Further clarity on submission criteria, thematic priorities, and participation pathways would help ensure broad and inclusive international engagement, particularly from underrepresented regions such as Africa.
How can the work of organisations focused on marginalised and underserved communities — such as Women in Technology Nigeria — be integrated into AI governance and ethics frameworks to ensure fairness?
Martha Lade described her organisation's work on ensuring that knowledge from marginalised communities is incorporated into the AI ecosystem for fairness. This raises an important research question about how global AI governance frameworks can be designed to be genuinely inclusive of underrepresented voices, and what mechanisms exist to facilitate this integration.
What is the role of the regulatory ecosystem — including space sector regulations and ICT laws — in enabling AI investment and innovation in Saudi Arabia?
Linda Qasim highlighted the importance of Saudi Arabia's regulatory reforms in ICT and the space sector as enablers of investment and innovation, noting that this dimension was not covered in the presentations. Further research into how regulatory frameworks interact with AI development and deployment — and how they can be designed to attract international investment while protecting public interests — would complement the governance themes discussed in the session.
